Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Domestic Animals in theHawaiian Islands!

JOSEPH E. ALICATA2

PARASITES OF ANIMALS have gained entranceto the Hawaiian Islands for a century or

. more largelywith the importation of infectedanimals from various parts of the world.Because of the mild climatic environmentand other favorable factors, these parasiteshave become established and now constitutean agricultural problem of considerable eco­nomic importance. To what extent the peo­ple of these islands will be successful inkeeping other animal parasites and vectorsfrom entering, especially with the expansionof air and sea transportation, remains to bedetermined. Much is being done, however,through .quarantine, inspection, and otherTerritorial and Federal regulatory measuresto prevent the introduction of additionaldisease-producing organisms and vectors ofdisease.

The parasites now present in domesticanimals in the Hawaiian Islands are to a largeextent the same as are found in continentalUnited States. This is true because most ofthe animals found in the Islands have comefrom that area. There are a few parasiticforms, however, which have undoubtedlybeen introduced from the Orient. Theseinclude, at least, Fasciola gigantica Cobbold,the common liver fluke of cattle, and Hy­menolepis exigua Yoshida, a tapeworm fre­quently found in chickens. In spite of themany parasitic diseases which have been in-

1 Publ ished with the approval of the Directorof the University of Hawaii Agricultural Experi­ment Station as Technical Paper 150. Manuscriptreceived November 25, 1946.

2 Parasitologist, Univers ity of Hawaii Agricul ­tural Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii.

troduced from continental United States,some of the important ones affecting theblood, such as. anaplasmosis and piroplas­mosis of cattle and dourine of horses, eitherhave not been introduced or have failed tobecome established.

The present paper represents a resume ofinternal and external parasites, and of theirintermediate hosts, if any, which have beenreported up to the present time from domes­tic animals in the Hawaiian Islands. Specialreference is given to certain species which areof economic importance. Whereas consider­able data are available on parasites of chick­ens, cattle, horses, and swine, information onthose of other animals is up to the presenttime inadequate or entirely lacking. Thechief sources of information on the externalparasites reported in this paper have beenthe scattered reports published by variousentomologists in the Islands . Data dealingwith internal parasites (protozoa, round­worms, tapeworms, and flukes) and any oftheir intermediate hosts have been securedlargely, except as indicated; from the variousreports and observations made by the writerduring the past several years.

PARASITES OF POULTRY

PROTOZOA

Coccidial organisms, Eimeria tenella Rail­liet and Lucet, are the most important pro­tozoa affecting chickens. Infection with theseparasites is as troublesome in Hawaii as it is .anywhere else.

Pigeons in H awaii are commonly infected

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with the malarial organism Haemoproteuscolumbae Celli and Sanfelice (Alicata,1939c). This protozoan lives in the red bloodcells and may be responsible for the produc­tion of anemia and low vitality. It is spreadamong pigeons through the bite of the pigeonfly, Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart),which is generally distributed (Bryan, 1934).H istomonas meleagridis (Smith) , the causa­tive organism of "blackhead" in turke ys, isresponsible for sporadic outbreaks of thisdisease in various parts of the .Islands.

ROUNDWORMS

Up to a few years ago gizzard-worms,Cheilospirura bamulosa (Diesing), werewidespread among chickens and turke ys inthe Territory and were responsible foranemia, emaciation, and deaths, especiallyamong chickens. The infection was checkedafter the discovery and control of the follow­ing arthropods, which were found serving asintermedi ate hosts (Alicata, 1936; 1938b ;1939c): ( COLEOPTE RA ) Cerpopbilus dimi­diatus Fabricius, Dactylosternum abdominale(Fabricius), D ermestes vu lpinus Fabricius,Bpitragtls dire mptus Karsch, Eux estus sp.,Gonocephalus seriatum (Boisd.), Litargusbalteatus Lec., Oxydema fusiform e Woll.,Palorus ratzeburgi (W issm.), Sitopbilusoryzae (Linn.) , T eneb roides nana Melsh.,T ribolium castaneum (Herbst ), and T yphaeastercorea Linn.; · ( ORTHO PT ERA) Atracto­morpba am bigua Bolivar, Conocephalus sal­tator (Sauss.), and Oxya chinensis (Thun.) ;(AM PHIPO DA ) O rchestia platensis Kroyer.

The eyeworm, Oxyspirura mansoni (Cob­bold) , which utili zes the burrowing roach,Pycnoscelus surinam ensis (Linn.), is com-

.mon in chickens in the Islands (Alicata,1936). This eyeworm has also been foundin the English sparrow ( Passer dom esticus[Linn.]) (Ill ingworth, 1931) , the mynahbird (A cridotheris tristis [Linn.]) , and theChinese dove (Streptopelia cbinensis [Sco­poli] ). On this account, these wild birds are

PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April , 1947

believed to assist in spreading the infectionin nature. The parasites are located in theinner corner of the eyeball and in the nictat­ing membrane. In heavy infestations thereis a puffin ess around the eye, and inflamma­tion frequently results in blindness. Infestedbirds often wink their eyes continually, andthe irritation causes the bird to scratch theeye with the claws for relief. The process ofscratching frequently causes mechan ical in­jury to the eyeball and development ofsecondary bacterial infection. Eyeworm in­fection is most prevalent in dry areas withloose sandy soil in which roaches thrive. Asa means of controlling this disease, the writerhas advocated the maintenance of giant toads,Eu f o marinas (Linn.), in poultry yards.These toads are insectivorous and devourroaches readily.

The poultry ascarid, A sc arid ia ga ll i(Schrank), and two species of cecal worms,H eterakis gallinae (Gmelin ) and Subtdurabrum pti (Lopez Neyra) , are common amongchickens. S. brumpti is the most prevalent, .and unlike H. gallinae requires an interme­diate host, which may be any one .of thefollowing (Alicata, 1939a; Cuckler and Ali­cata, 1944): (COLEOPTERA) Alphitobiusdiaperinus (Panz.) , Ammopborus insularisBoh., Dermestes oulpin«: Fabricius, Gono­cephalus seriatum (Boisd.), and T riboliumcastaneum .(Herbst ); (ORT HOPTE RA ) Cono­cephaltlS saltator (Sauss.L Oxya chinensis(Thun.); (DERMAPTERA) Buborellia ann u­lip es (Lucas). The intestinal roundworm,Ornitho strongylus quadriradiatus (Steven­son) , has ·been found common in pigeons inthe Islands and is believed responsible forunthriftiness and losses among pigeons (Ali­cata, 1939c) .

Other roundworms of chickens which re­quire an intermediate host include the cropworm, Gongylonema ingluviettla Ransom,and the proventricul ar worms, T etram eresam ericana Cram and Dispharynx spiralis(Molin ) . In continental United States G. in­glttv icula has been found to utilize the beetle

Parasites of Domestic Animals in Hawaii - A U CATA 71

ARTHROPODS

PODA) Orchestia platensis Kroyer; R. cesti­cillus: ( COLE OPT ERA ) D ermestes vulpinusand G onocephalus seriatum; R . tetragona:probably various species of ants, especiallythose of the genera Pbeidole and T etra­moriitm . Members of this group of ants(P. vinelandica and T. caespitum ) are knownintermediate hosts of R. tetragona in conti­nental United States (Jones and Horsefall,1935) .

Various species of lice are known to in­fest poultry in the Islands. These includethe following (Illingworth , 1928a) : chick­en body louse, Eom enacanthus stramineus(Nitzsch); chicken head .louse, Lip eurus

. heterograpbus Nitzsch. common hen louse,Menopon gallinae (Linn.), also found onturkeys and guinea hens; fluff louse ofchickens and turkeys, Goniocotes hologasterNitzsch; large chicken louse, Goniocotesgigas Taschenberg; large turkey louse, Goni- .odes styliier Nitzs ch; peafowl and guinea henlouse, M enopon ' phaeostomum (Nitzsch);turkey louse, Lipettrus gallipavonis Geoffroy;and the chicken wing louse, Lipeur»: caponis(Linn.) .

Mites found on chickens include the redmite, D ermanyssus gallin ae (De Geer) ; thewing mite, Pterolicbus obtusus Robin; andthe body mite, Me,gninia cubitalis (Megnis)(Alicata et al ., 1946). Included likewise isthe tropical fowl mite, Lyponysstts bursa(Berlese); this mite has also been reportedcommon in nests of English sparrows andmynah birds. It is known to invade houses,where it bites human beings and causes skinirritation (Zimmerman, 1944 ) .

Other arth ropo ds of poultry includethe sticktight flea, Echidnophaga gallinacea(Westwood) (Ill ingworth, 1916) ; thepigeon fly, Pseud olyncbia canariensis (Mac­quart) (= Lynchia maura Bigot), generallywidespread among pigeons (Bryan, 1934);and the biting louse of pigeons, Colum bicolacolumbae (Linn.) (Zimmerman, 1944).

FLUK ES

TAPEW ORMS

Copris minutus Drury as an intermediatehost. In Hawaii, the related beetle C. inc er­tus (Say) may be found to serveas a suitablehost. T. am ericana is known to utilize any .of the following as intermediate hosts in theIslands (Alicata, 1938c): ( COLEOPT ERA )

Dendropbilus sp. (p robably D. punctatusHerbst) , D erm estes vu lpinus Fabricius, Ep i­tragllS direm ptus Karsch, and Gonocephalusseriatum (Boisd. ) ; (ORTHOPTERA ) Blattellagermanica (Linn.}; and Conocephalus salta ­tor (Sauss.); ( DERMA PT ERA) Euborellia an­nuli pes (Lucas); .(AM PH IPODA ) Orchestiaplatensis Kroyer. The sow bug, ( ISOPODA )

Porcellio laevis Latr., serves as intermediatehosts for D. spiralis (Alicata, 1938c) , whichoften produces deep ulcerations of the pro­ventricular wall.

The cecal fluke, Postbarm ostom um galli­num (Witenberg), commonly infects adultchickens raised on the ground. Extensivececal hemorrhages have been found asso­ciated with infection by this parasite. Recentstudies have shown that two common landsnails, Eulota similaris (Fer.) and Subul inaoctona (Brug .), serve as intermediate hosts(A licata, 1940) .

Tapeworms are of common occurrence inchickens. Those known in Hawaii includethe following : Choanotaenia infundi bulum(Bloch ) , H ymenole pis carioca (Magalhaes),H ymenolepis exigua Yoshida, Raillietina ces- .ticillus (Molin ), and R. tetragona (Molin )(A licata, 1938c ).

Various arthropods in H awaii are knownto serve as intermediate hosts for the above­mentioned' tapeworms, as follows (Alicata,1938c; H all, 1929) : C. in fundibulum :(COLEOPTE RA ) D erm estes vulpinus Fabri­cius, Epitragus di rem ptus K arsch, Gono­cephalus seriatum (Boisd.) , and ( DIPT ERA )

MlISca do mestica Linn.; H. exigua: (AM PH I-

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PARASITES OF CATTLE

PROTOZOA

Four species of coccidia, Eimeria cylin­drica Wilson, E. bovis Zublin, E. zurniiRivolta, and E. bukidnonensis Tubangui,have been recovered from the feces of youngcalves (Cuckler and Alicata, 1943). Al­though no severe cases of bovine coccidiosishave been recorded in the Islands, reportselsewhere indicate that infection may pro­duce bloody diarrhea and emaciation.

ROUNDWORMS

In a recent survey involving the examina­tion of about 375 cattle raised on variousislands and slaughtered in Honolulu, thefollowing percentages of roundworm infec­tions were found (Cuckler and Alicata,1943): gullet worms, Gongylonema pul­chrum Molin, '54.3 per cent; stomach worms,

. Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi), 0.9 percent; intestinal roundworms, Bunostomumpblebotomum (Railliet), 6.7 per cent; Coop­erie punctata (v. Linstow), 4.0 per cent;C. pectinata Ransom, 0.3 per cent; and theskin filarid, Stephanofilaria stilesi Chitwood,89.8 per cent. Eggs of Trichuris ovis (Abild­gaard) and Strongyloides sp. (probablyS. papillosus) have at times been found inthe feces of cattle in Hawaii.

The intestinal roundworm, Oesophago­stomum radiatum (Rudolphi), and the lung­worm, Dictyocaulus viviparus (Bloch), havealso been noted by the writer. Lungworminfection is believed to be of considerableimportance, especiallyamong calves, in somesections of the Islands, and deaths resultingfrom this parasite have been recorded (Wil­lers, 1945).

Of the aboveroundworms, Stephanofilariastilesi and Gongylonema pulchrum requirean intermediate host in their development.The intermediate host for S. stilesi is un­known. G. pulchrum is known to utilize oneof various coprophagous beetles and roachesas intermediate host in continental United

PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

States (Alicata, 1935). Of insects reportedas hosts, Aphodius li vidus (Oliv.), Dermes­tes vulpinus Fabricius, and Blattella german­ica (Linn.) occur in Hawaii.

FLUKES

Two species of flukes have been recordedfrom cattle in the Islands. One species con­sists of an unidentified rumen fluke reportedby Hall (1936), and the other species is theliver fluke, Fasciola gigantica Cobbold.

Liver-flukeinfection is the most importantparasitic disease of beef,and dairy cattle. In­fection with this parasite was first reportedby Dr. A. Lutz (1892) as being common onfour of the larger islands. Although at thattime the parasites were reported as Fasciolahepatica Linn., more recent study has shownthem to be F. gigantica (Alicata and Swan­son, 1937). The importation of this flukeinto Hawaii is not clearly understood, but itis believed to have come from the Orientwith the introduction of water buffaloes. Itis of interest to note that the limnaeid snail,Fossaria ollula (Gould), which serves as theintermediate host, has Japan and China as itsgeographic range (Alicata, 1938a) . Thissnail is widely distributed in Hawaii and iscommon in streams and swampy lowlands.

The maintenance of fluke infection in Ha­waii, as elsewhere, is dependent on variousfactors of which topography, climatic condi­tions, and agricultural practices are very im­portant. The Hawaiian Islands represent thesummits of a 2,000-mile range of volcanicmountains which vary from coastal to centricor eccentric in position. The mountains de­scend to the ocean abruptly, in steep wallsor by gradual transition over relatively flatland with very little drainage. These poorlydrained lowlands and valleys, especially onthe windward side, often present rather ex­tensive swamps. Rainfall is most prevalentin winter months, but showers during otherseasons of the year are sufficient to maintainswampy conditions. These wet areas andthemild Hawaiian climate encourage snail prop-

Parasites of Domestic Animals in Hawaii - AUCATA 73

agation the year round as well as the de­velopment and hatching of fluke and otherparasite eggs. Moreover, agricultural prac­tices in the Islands have encouraged ratherthan hindered the maintenance of fluke in­fection. With ample supplies of vegetation,cattle have been allowed to graze continu­ously. Many dairymen have long been inthe habit of feeding cut forage from wet orswampy areas to cattle. These practices havebeen largely responsible for the widespreadfluke infection. This disease is gradually be­

.ing brought under control largely through( 1) use of copper sulfate for the controlof the snail vector in swamps or streams,(2) use of forage grass cut from dry areas,and (3) treatment of infected animals withhexachloroethane. This synthetic compound,although firstused in fluke control in Europein 1926 (Thienel, 1926), was first utilizedon a large scale in the United States by theUniversity of Hawaii Agricultural Experi­ment Station (Alicata, 1941a).

TAPEWORMS

The infective larval stage "bladderworrn"of Taenia saginata Goeze has occasionallybeen found present in the musculature ofcattle in the Islands, according to a personalcommunication received from Dr. A. H.Julien, Federal meat inspector. The larvaereach maturity in the intestine of man, fol­lowing ingestion of improperly cooked beef.Cattle acquire the infection as a result ofeating vegetation contaminated with humanfeces containing eggs of this parasite. It isgenerally believed that most cases of humaninfection occur among immigrants from theOrient, especially the Philippines.

ARTHROPODS

Several dipterous larvae are known to beparasitic on cattle. In a recent examinationof 303 animals (Cuckler and Alicata, 1943),26.1 per cent showed evidence of the cattlegrub, Hypoderma lineata (De Villers), a fly

first reported in the Islands in 1906 (Bryan,1934). This parasite is recognized as veryinjurious to cattle, causing loss of flesh anddecreasing the value of the skin for leather.Some years ago, Mr. O. A. Pickerill of theHawaii Meat Company in a personal corn­munication reported that during the year1934, of' 15,099 hides examined, 4,252, or28.16 per cent, were grubby.

In recent years a report was made of at­tacks or "fly strike" of blowflies on youngcalves on ·the island of Kauai (Holdaway,1943; 1945). Observations indicated thatthree species of flies were involved, Chry­somia megacephala (Fabricius), C. rufifacies(Macquart), and Lucilia sericata (Meigen}."These flies ordinarily breed in carcasses andother animal matter. However, they may de­posit eggs in a number of different places onrecently born calves. The eggs hatch and thelarvae or maggots feed on the surface layerand cause an inflamed, malodorous wound.Infested calves become spiritless and, unlesssuitably treated, die in a few days.

Auricular myiasis of cattle caused by thelarvae of C. megacephala, C. rUfifacies, andFannia sp. have been reported by Zimmer­man (1944). Species of adult flies whichare pestiferous on cattle in the Islands in­clude the horn fly, Siphona irritans (Linn.)(= Lyperosia/ irritans [Linn.]), and thestable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linn.) (Bry­an,1934) .

Lice, Haematopinus eurysternus '(N itzsch )(Cuckler and Alicata, 1943) and Bovicolabovis (Linn.) (Zimmerman, 1944), haveoccasionally been found on cattle. Generalemaciation or unthriftiness is usually asso­ciated with infestation.

The spinose ear tick, Otobius megnini(Duges}, which was first noted in recentyears (Alicata, 1941b; Cuckler and Alicata,1943; Zimmerman, 1944), is widespread onbeef cattle. Of 357 cattle examined from

3 According to a personal communication fromF. G. Holdaway, the identification of Lucilia istentative. .

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Hawaii, Oahu, and Maui, 160, or 44.8 percent, showed infestation (Cuckler and Ali­cata, 1943). In several instances the tickswere found in large numbers filling the en­tire ear canal. These ectoparasites are knownto puncture the tender skin of the ear andsuck blood. The wounds thus caused oftenulcerate and a condition known as ear cankerresults.

PARASITES OF SWINE

PROTOZOA .There are two types of protozoa infecting

swine in the Islands. They are frequently thecause of dysentery, especially among younganimals. Included are the coccidia, Eimeriadebliecki Douwes, E. scabra Henry, andE. spinosa Henry, and the ciliate, Balanti­dium coli (Malmsten). Various forms ofunidentified amoebae and flagellates of un­known . pathogenicity are also frequentlynoted in the feces of swine.

ROUNDWORMS

In 1938 an examination of the feces of103 grown pigs from the islands of Oahuand Kauai (Alicata, 1939b) revealed thefollowing incidence of parasite eggs: Ascarissuum Goeze, 21 per cent; Oesophagostomumdentatum (Rudolphi), 32 per cent; Strongy­loides sp., 43 per cent; Tricburis suum(Schrank), 7 per cent.

Adult roundworms which have been re­covered at necropsy from swine includethe following (Alicata, 1938d): stomachworms, Ascarops strongylina (Rudolphi)and Hyostrongylus rubidus (Hassall andStiles); kidney worms, Stephanurus denta­tus Diesing; lungworms, Choerostrongyluspudendotectus Vostokov and Metastrongyluselongatus (Dujardin). Larvae of Trichinellaspiralis (Owen) have also been found en­cysted in the musculature of a domestic pig.

Kidney worms and lungworms are mostfrequently found among hogs raised in open

PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

hog lots. According to a personal commu­nication received from Dr. R. N. Beddow,Veterinarian, Territorial Board of Health, of25,234 hogs slaughtered in Honolulu dur­ing 1945 and 1946, 2.8 per cent showedadult kidney worms in the kidney fat. Thisundoubtedly represents a partial incidence ofinfection in swine, since no observation was

.apparently made on the .presence of youngmigrating worms, which are frequentlyfound in the liver and other parts of thebody.

Of the above roundworms, lungwormsare known to require earthworms as an in­termediate host. At least two species of un­identified earthworms recovered from hoglots around Honolulu have been found bythe writer to harbor infective lungwormlarvae. It is reported that in Hawaii thereare about a dozen species of earthworms ofthe genus Pberetima (Williams, 1931). Thestomach worm, A. strongylina, utilizes oneof various coprophagous beetles as interme­diate host in continental United States (Ali­cata,1935); in Hawaii, beetles of the genusAphodius possibly serve in this capacity.

Because of the occurrence of the firstlaboratory-proved case of human trichinosisin Hawaii in 1936 (Alicata, 1938e), thewriter, under the auspices of the TerritorialBoard of Health, conducted a survey to de­termine the source and prevalence of trichinainfection in nature. This survey revealed thefollowing informati~n: of 61 domestic and41 wild hogs examined from the island ofHawaii, 1 and 6, respectively, were foundinfected; of 2,130 rats and 70 mongoosesexamined, 57 and 17, respectively, showedinfection. No trichinae were found in 92,130, and 30 domestic hogs examined fromthe islands of Maui, Oahu, and Kauai, re­spectively. Of 1,904 rats and 22 mongoosesexamined on Maui, 1 and 2, respectively,were found infected. Of 352 and 601 ratsexamined from Oahu and Kauai, respec­tively, none showed infection.

It is of interest to point out that from

Parasites of Domestic Animals in Hawaii - ALICATA 75

1936 to 1945, 58 cases of human trichinosishave been reported in the Islands by theTerritorial Board of Health. Most of the in­fected persons had eaten, or were suspectedof having eaten, improperly cooked wildpork or products made from wild pork (Ali­cata, 1938e). According to records of theTerritorial Board of Agriculture and Fores­try, during the 8-year period from 1933through 1940 inclusive (Tinker, 1941),32,724 wild hogs, or an average of 4,090 ayear, were killed on five of the larger islands.Because of the moderately high incidence oftrichinosis in wild hogs, meat from theseanimals is believed to constitute a healthmenace unless proper precautions in cook­ing, preserving, and refrigerating are taken.Mention may also be made that of 133human diaphragms examined at random atautopsy in Honolulu, 7.4 per cent harboredtrichinae larvae (Alicata , 1942) .

FLUKES

No flukes are known to be present indomestic hogs in Hawaii. However, the liverfluke of cattle, presumably Fasciola gigan­tica, has been reported from wild pigs (Ship­ley, 1913). Wild hogs are descended fromdomestic forms which have escaped and nowroam wild in the mountains, swamps, andwaste lands of the Islands.

TAPEWORMS

No adult tapeworms are found in swine,but the infective larval stage' 'bladder worm"of Taenia hydatigena Pallas has been foundattached to the liver and omentum of swine(Alicata, 1938d). These larvae are knownto reach maturity in the intestinal tract ofdogs.

ARTHROPODS

The hog mange mite, Sarcoptes scabieisuis Linn., is prevalent on swine in theIslands. The louse, Haematopinus adventi­cius (Neum.) (= H . suis [Linn. ) ), is also

present (Illingworth, 1928b). Infestationwith these ectoparasites is very often asso­ciated with malnutrition and unhygienic sur­roundings.

PARASITES OF HORSES

PROTOZOA

No reports are available on protozoanparasites of horses in the Islands.

ROUNDWORMS

According to a recent survey (Foster andAlicata, 1939), horses in Hawaii harbor atleast 25 species of roundworms, as follows:Strongylus equinus Mueller, S. edentatus(Looss), S. vulgaris (Looss), Triodon­tophorus serratus (Looss), T. brevicauda(Boulenger), .Gyalocephalus capitatus Looss,Poteriostomum imparidentatum Quiel, Cya­thostomum coronatum (Looss), Cyllcocercuscatinatus (Looss ), C. goldi (Boulenger ) ,C. pateratus (Yorke and Macfie), Cylicoste­phanus calicatus (Looss), C. longibursatus(Yorke and Macfie), C. minutus (Yorkeand Macfie), C. asymetricus (G. Theiler),Cylicocyclus nassatus (Looss), C. lepto­stomus (Kotlan), Cylicodontophorus bicoro­natus (Looss), C. euproctus (Boulenger),Trichostrongylus axei (Cobbold}, Parascarisequorum (Goeze}, Oxyuris equi (Schrank),Probstmayria vivipara (Probstmayr) , H a­bronema muscae (Carter), and H. micro­stoma (Schneider). Of the above parasites,S. vulgaris has been found to be somewhatcommon, a fact suggesting that verminousarthritis and aneurism, caused by the larvalstage of this roundworm, are not infrequentamong horses in the Islands . .

The roundworms of the genus Habronemalisted above are known to utilize elsewherevarious species of flies as intermediate hosts(Hall, 1929) . In Hawaii, . the house fly,Musca domestica Linn., may transmit H. mus­cae and H. microstoma, and the stable fly,Stomoxys .calcitrans Geoffroy, may transmitH. microstoma.

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FLUKES

According to a report by Hall (1936),liver flukes collected in 1894 from a horse inHonolulu were sent to the U, S. Bureau ofAnimal Industry. These flukes were orig­inally diagnosed as Fasciola hepatica Linn.,but a recent re-examination by Mr. A. Me­Intosh of that Bureau revealed that they areF. gigantica (Cobbold). Moreover, veteri­narians on the island of Kauai have verballyreported to the writer the finding of fas­ciolid flukes in livers of horses. Thus far thewriter has not confirmed these observations.In recent years the examination of the liversof five horses pastured in known fluke­infested areas failed to reveal liver fluke in­fection. In addition, a horse and a mule fedexperimentally 650 and 2,300 infective liverfluke cysts, respectively, failed to show evi­dence of flukes or fluke lesions when autop­sied a few months later (Alicata and Swan­son, 1938). It appears that equines onlyrarely become infected with liver flukes.

TAPEWORMS ·

Two species of tapeworms, Anoplocephalaperfoliata (Goeze) (Foster and Alicata,1939) and A. magna (Abildgaard) (Swan­son, 1939), have been reported from horsesin the Islands. The intermediate host foreach of these parasites is unknown.

ARTHROPODS

The larvae of the "bot flies," Gastro­philus intestinalis (De Geer) and G. nasalis(Linn.) (Foster and Alicata, 1939), arecommonly found attached to the stomachwall of horses in the Islands. Adult flies,Stomoxys calcitrans (Linn.) , are also pesti­ferous on horses.

PARASITES OF SHEEP AND GOATS

PROTOZOA

No reports are available on the protozoaof sheep and goats in the Islands.

PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

ROUNDWORMS

A recent examination (Cuckler, 1943) ofa group of sheep from the island of Kahoo­lawe revealed the following incidence ofroundworms: stomach worms, Haemonchuscontortus (Rudolphi), in 6 of 15 examined,and Tri chostrongylus instabilis Railliet in 3of 10 examined; intestinal worms, Cooperiapunctata (V. Linstow) , in 3 of 10 examined,and Nematodirus spathiger (Railliet) in 1of 10 examined.

FLUKES

Specimens of liver flukes collected fromsheep in Honolulu were submitted to theU. S. Bureau of Animal Industry in 1892(Hall, 1936). These specimens, which wereoriginally identified as Fasciola hepaticaLinn., are doubtlessly F. gigantica, since theformer is not known to have occurred in theIslands.

TAPEWORMS

Unidentified larval tapeworms or "bladderworms," probably those of Taenia hydati­gena Pallas, attached to the liver and peri­toneum of sheep have been noted by Dr. A.H. Julien, Federal meat inspector (personalcommunication). The larvae of T. hydati­gena are known to reach maturity in theintestinal tract of dogs.

ARTHROPODS

In the examination of 60 sheep from theisland of Kahoolawe (CiIckler, 1943) , 43harbored the spinose eartick, Otobius meg­nini (Duges ) . Reports also indicate theoccurrence on sheep of the "sheep tick,"M elophagus ovinus (Linn. ) (Bryan, 1933;Muir, 1928); the "head maggot," Oestrusovis Linn. (Bryan, 1933); and the "Orientalblowfly," Chrysomyia megacephala (Fabri­cius) (Bryan, 1934). The sucking louse,Linognathus africanus Kdlog and Paine, andthe biting louse, Bovicola caprae (Gurlt),

Parasites of Domestic Animals in Hawaii - ALICATA 77

have been reported from goats (Zimmerman,1944) .

PARASITES OF DOGS

PROTOZOA

Canine coccidiosis (species unknown) IS

known to be present in dogs in Hawaii.

ROUNDWORMS

The roundworms known from dogs inHawaii include the following: intestinalroundworms, Toxocara canis ' (W erner ) ,Toxascaris leonina (V. Linstow), Ancylos­toma caninum Ercolani, Trichuris vulpis(Frohlich) , and the heartworm, Dirofilariaimmitis (Leidy). Heartworrns are believedto be common in the Islands. Of the threespecies of mosquitoes in Hawaii, Culex quin­quefasdatus Say, Aedes aegypti (Linn.), andA. albopictus (Skuse), the first two havealready been Incriminated as intermediatehosts for heartworms (Hall, 1929). In acheck list of parasites of dogs and cats, Dik­mans (1945) lists the lungworm Filariodesosleri (Cobbold) from Hawaii. The lifecycle of this parasite is unknown.

TAPEWORMS

Dipylidium caninum (Linn.) is the onlytapeworm noted in dogs in Hawaii. Thistapeworm is known to utilize fleas and lice asintermediate hosts (Hall, 1929). Ctenoce­phalides [elis (Bouche) (Pemberton, 1926)and Trichodectes latus Nitzsch (Swezey,1931), which could serve as hosts, are foundon dogs in Hawaii. Infective larvae "bladder 'worms" of Taenia hydatigena Pallas have

, been found attached to the liver and omen­tum of swine (and sheep ?) in the Islands;from this finding it may be inferred that theadult stage of this parasite is found in dogs.

ARTHROPODS

Arthropods present on dogs in Hawaiiinclude the following: fleas, Ctenocepha-

lides felis (Bouche) (Pemberton, 1926)and Bchidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood);lice, Trichodectes latus Nitzsch (Swezey,1931); a species of kangaroo lice. , Hetero­doxus longitarsus Piaget, collected from adog in Honolulu (Pemberton, 1934); ticks,Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (VanZwaluwenburg, 1934); and undeterminedspecies of mange mites.

PARASITES 'OF CATS

PROTOZOA

No reports are available on the protozoanparasites of cats in the Islands.

ROUNDWORMS AND TAPEWORMS

Little information is available on round­worms and tapeworms of cats in the Islands .The following were collected by the writerfrom a stray cat in Honolulu: (ROUND­WORMS) stomach worms, Ph ysalopterapraeptttialis Von Linstow; hookworms, An­cylostoma caninum Ercolani; lungworms, Ae­lurostrongylus abstrusus (Railliet); (TAPE­WORMS ) Taenia taeniaeformis (Batsch) andDipylidium caninum (Linn.). Immatu~e

acanthocephalids, determined by Dr. H. J.Van Cleave as Arhythmorhynchus sp., havebeen collected by the writer from 'the smallintestine of a cat. Dr. Van Cleave believesthat the cat is not the natural host. Acantho­cephalids of this genus are predominantlyparasites of water birds.

Among the above parasites, the life cycleof the stomach worm is unknown. The lung­worms are known to require snails or slugsas intermediate' hosts (Hobmaier and Hob­maier, 1935). The land snail Subulinaoctona (Brug.) was reported byVanVolken­berg (1937) as serving as intermediate hostin Puerto Rico; in Hawaii the writer hasfound that the land snails S. octona andBulota similaris (Fer.) may serve for thatpurpose. Cats may also acquire lungwormsfrom eating infected mice, the latter acquir-

78

ing the parasite as a result of eating infectedsnails. In mice, the larvae of lungwormsmigrate to the musculature, where they be­come encysted (Van Volkenberg, 1937) .The tapeworm, T. tneniaejormis, is knownto utilize rats or mice as intermediate hosts;the infective larval forms, "bladder worms,"are commonly found in the liver of theserodents in Hawaii. The tapeworm, D. cani­num; utilizes fleas or lice as an intermediatehost (see parasites of dogs) .

ARTHROPODS

The cat flea, Ctenocephalide s [el is(Bouche) , and the sticktight flea, Echidno­phaga gallinacea (Westwood), are commonon cats in Hawaii; the former is also com­monly found under houses frequented bycats. The biting louse, Felicola subrostrata(Nitzsch ), has been collected from cats(Zimmerman, 1944).

PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

PARASITES OF R ABBITS

Very little is known about parasites ofrabbits in the Islands . Liver coccidia,Eimeriastiedae Lindemann, have been noted by thewriter on several occasions. The scab mite,Psoroptes comm unis FUrstenberg (Pember­ton, 1946), which is commonly found inthe ears, has been reported from rabbits.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Th e writer wishes to acknowledge theassistance of Drs . E. W. Baker, H . S. Barber,E. A. Chapin, H. E. Ewing, W.S. Fisher,J. O. Maloney, C. R. Shoemaker, E. W. Staf­ford , and F. X. Williams, who from time totime have assisted in identifying various localarthropods reported in this paper. Acknowl­edgment is also made to Dr. F. G. Holdawayand Mr. C. E. Pemberton for helpful sugges­tions made in connection with some of theentomological aspects of this paper.

SUMMARY OF HOST LIST OF ·P ARASIT ES AND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS RECORDED IN HAWAII

CAT (Felis domestica)

N AME OF PARASITE

Roundworms :Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

Ancylostoma caninumPhysaloptera praeputialisA rhyt hmorhynchus sp.

T apeworms:Dip ylidium caninum

Taenia taeniaeformis

Arthropods :Ctenocephalides [elisEchidnoph aga gallinaceaFelicola substrata

LOCATION IN HOST

Lungs

Small intestineStomachSmall int estine

Small intestine

Small intestine

Extern alAttached to skinExtern al

INTERMEDI ATE HOST*

Gastropoda : Subulina octona.' Eulotasimilaris"

Rodentia: Mus musculus'

(Unknown )(Unknown )

Siphonaptera and Anoplura (see parasitesof dog )

Rodenti a : Mus musculus ,' Rattus rattusalexandrinus,' Rattus rattus ·noruegicus?Rattus rattus rattus"

Protozoa:Eimeria bovisEimeria buk idnon ensis

CATTLE (Bos taurus)

Small intestineSmall intestine

* Legend : (l)=infection found in nature ; (") =determined experimentally; (") =reported elsewherefor animals similar to those occurring in H awaii.

Parasites of D omestic Animals in Hawaii - ALICATA 79

Eimeria cylindricaEimeria zu rnii

Roundworms :Bunostomum phlebotom umCooperia pectinata •Cooperia punctataD icty ocaulu s viviparusGongylonema pulchrum

Haemonchus contortus

Oesophagosto mum radiatu mStephanofilaria stilesiSt rongyloides sp. (p apillo sus? )Trichuris ovis

Flukes:Fasciola gigantica(Rumen fluke)

Tapeworms :T aenia saginata (cysticercus)

Arthropods :Bovicola bovisChrysom yia megace phala

(larva )Chrysomyia rufijaci es (larva)

Fann ia sp. (larva )Ha ematopinus eurysternusH ypoderma lin eatumLucilia sericata? (see text)

(larvae)Otob ius megnini

Small intestineSmall intestine

Small intestineSmall int;stineSmall intestineLungsEsopha gus

Fourth stomachor abomasum

Cecum and colonSkinSmall intestineCecum

LiverRumen

Muscles

ExternalIn wounds and

externalIn wounds and

externalExternalExternalUnder skinExternal

Inside ears

Coleoptera: Aphodius lividus,· Dermestesoulpinus" .

Orthoptera : Blattella germanica'

(Unknown)

Gastropoda: Fossaria ollu la:(Unknown)

Artiodactyla: Bos taurus' (cattle are inter­mediate hosts; man is the final host )

CHICKEN (Gallus gallus)Protozoa:

Eim eria tenellaRoundworms:

As caridia galliCheilospirura hamulosa

Dispharynx spiralisGongylonem a ingluviculaH eteraki s gallinaeOxyspirura mansoniSu bulura brumpti

Ceca

Small intestineGizzard

Proventri culusCropCecaConjunctival sacCeca

Coleoptera: Carpophilus dimidiatus,'Dactylosternum abdominale? De rmestesvulpinus; Epitragus diremptus? Euxes tussp.," Gonocephalus seriatum" Litargusbalt eatus," Oxydema ju sijorme," Palorusratzeburgi,"Sitophilus oryzae," Tene­broides nana? Tribo lium castaneum."T yp haea stercorea'

Orthoptera: Atractomorpha ambigua; Co-nocephalus saltator," Oxya cbinensis'

Amphipoda : Orchestia platensis"Isopoda : Porcellio laeuis"(Unknown ; probably coprophagous beetles )

Orthoptera : Pycnoscelus surinam ensis'Coleoptera : Alphitobius diaperinus/ Am­

mophirus insularis? D ermestes oulpinus ?

* Legend: (') =infection found in nature; (") =determined experimentally; (") =reported elsewherefor animals similar to those occurring in Hawaii.

DOG (Canis [amiliaris)

80

Tetrameres americana

Flukes:Postba rmostomum gallinum

Tapeworms:Choano taenia infundibulum

H ym enolepis exiguaRaillietina cesti cillus

Railli etina tetragona

Arthropods:D ermanyssus gallinaeBchidnophaga gallinaceaBom enacanthus stram ineusGoniocotes gigasGoniocotes hologasterGon iad es stylifer .Lipeurus caponisLip eurus beterograpbusLyponyssus bu rsaM egninia cubitalisM enopon gallinaePterolicbus obtusus

Protozoa:(Coccidia of undetermined

species)Roundworms:

Ancylostoma caninumD irofila ria immitis

Filariodes asleri (see text)To xascaris leoninaTo xoca ra canisTrichuris vulpis

Tapeworms:Dipylidium caninum

Taenia hydatigena ?Arthropods:

Ctenocephalides [elis

Proventriculus

Ceca

Small intestine

Small intestineSmall intestine

Small intestine

ExternalExternalExternal .

.ExternalExternalExternalExternalExternalExternalExternalExternalExternal

Intestine

Small intestineHeart and pulmo-

nar y arteryLungsSmall intestineSmall intestineCecum

Small intestine

Small intestine

External

PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

Gono cephalus seria·tum/ Triboliumcastaneum"

Orthoptera: Conoc ephalus salt ator? Ox yacbin ensis' .

Dermaptera: Eub orellia annulipes:Coleoptera : Dendropbilus sp.,' D ermestes

vulpinus/ Bpi tragus dir emp tus/ Gono­cepha lus seriatum:

Orthoptera: Blattella germanica? Cono-cephalus ·saltator

Dermaptera: Eubo rellia annulip es:Amphipoda: Orcb estia platensis:

Gastrop oda: Bul ota sim llaris: Subulinaoctona:

Coleoptera: D ermestes vu lpinus,' Bpitragusdiremptus,' Gonocephalus seriatum'

Diptera : M usca domestica'Amphipoda: Orcbestia platensis'Coleopter a: Derm estes cu lpinus? Gono-

cephalus seriatum:(Probably ants of the genera Pb eidole and

T etram orium )"

Diptera: A edes aegypti,a Cul ex quinquefas­. ciatus"

(Unknown )

Siphonaptera: Ctenocephalides f elis; Pul exirritans"

Anoplura: T richodectes latus'Artiodactyla (see parasites of swine)

* Legend: (l)=infection found in nature; (')=determined experimentally; (')=reported elsewherefor animals similar to those occurring in Hawaii.

Parasites of Domestic Animals in Hawaii - AUCATA 81

Echidnophaga gallinaceaH eterodoxus longitarsusRhipicephalus sanguinousTrichodectes latus(Mites of undetermined species)

Arthropods :Bovicola capraeLinognatbus africanlts

ExternalExternalExternalExternalExternal

GOAT ( Capra hircus)

ExternalExternal

Arthropods:M enopon gallinaeMenopon phaeostomum

GUINEA FOWL (Numida meleagris ]

ExternalExternal

HORSE ( Equus caballus)Roundworms :

Cyathostom um 'coronatumCylicocercus catinatusCylicocercus goldiCylicocercus pateratusCylicocyclus lepto stomusCylicocyclus nassatusCylicodontophorus bicoronatusCylicodontopho rus euproctusCylicostepbunus calicatusCylicostepbanus longibursatusCylicostephanus minutusCylicosternus asym etricusGyalocephalus capitatusHa bronema microstoma

Habronema muscaeOxyuris equ]Parascaris equom mPateriostomum im paridentatumProbstmayria viviparaStrongylus edentatusStrongylus equinusStrongyl us vulgarisT richostrongylus axeiT riodontophorus brevicaudaT riodontophorus serratus

Flukes :Fasciola gigantica

Tapeworms :Anoplocephala magnaA noplocephala perfoliata

Arthropods:Gastrophilus intestinalis

(larvae )Gastrophilus nasalis (larvae)

Large intestineLarge intestineLarge intestineLarge intestineLarge intestineLarge intestineLarge intestineLarge intestineLarge intestineLarge intestineLarge intestineLarge intestineLarge intestineStomach

StomachColonSmall intestineLarge intestineColonLarge intestineLarge intes tineLarge intestineStomachLarge intestineLarge intestine

Liver

Small intestineCecum

StomachStomach

Di ptera: Musca domestics ." Stomoxyscalcitrans'

D ip tera : M usca domestics'

Gastropoda : Fossaria ollula'

(Unknown)( U nknown)

* Legend : (') =infection found in nature; (') =determined experimentally; (") =reported elsewherefor animals simi lar to those occurring in Hawaii.

82

Arthropods:Meno pon phaeostomum

PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April , 1947

PEAFOWL (Pavo cristatus)

External

PIGEON (Columba livia domestica)Protozoa:

H aemoproteus columbaeRoundworms:

Ornitbo strongylusquadriradiatus

Arthropods:Columbicola columbaePseudolynchia canariensis

Blood

Small intestine

ExternalExternal

Diptera: Pseudolynchia canariensis"

Protozoa:Eime ria stiedae

Arthropods :Psoropt es communis

RABBIT (Oryctolagus cunicularisJ

Liver

External

SHEEP (O vis aries)Roundworms:

Cooperia punctataHaemonchus contortusN ematodirus spathiger

Flukes:Fasciola sp. (gigantica ?)

Tapeworms:T aenia hyda tigena ?

(cysticercus)

Arthropods:Chrysom yia megacephala

(larvae)Melophagus ooinusOestrus ovis (larvae)

Otobius megnini

Small intestineFourth stomachSmall intestine

Liver

Att ached to liver,mesentery, andomentum

In wounds andextern al

ExternalNasal cavities and

sinuses of headInside ears

Gastropoda: Fossaria ollula:

Art iodactyla (see parasites of swine)

Protozoa:Balantidium coliEimeria deblieckiEimeria scabraEim eria spinose

Roundworms:Ascaris suum

SWINE (Sus scrota domestica)

.Large intestineLarge intestineLarge intestineLarge intestine

Small intestine

* Legend: e)=infection found in nature; (") =determined experimentally; (") =reported elsewherefor animals similar to those occurring in Ha waii.

Parasites of D omestic Animals in Hawaii - ALIcATA 83

TURKEY (Meleagris gallopavo)

A scarops strongylina

Cboerostrongylus pudendotectus

Hyostrongylus rubidus. M etastrongylus elongatus

Stephanurus dentatus

Strongylo ides sp.Trichinella spiralis

Trichuris mumFlukes :

Fasciola sp. (gig antica ?)Tapeworms :

T aenia hydatigena(cysticercus)

Arthropods:Ha ematop inus adventiciusSarcopt es scabiei suis

Protozoa :Histomonas meleagridis

Roundworms :Cheilospirura hamulosa

Arthropods:Goniocotes hologasterGon iodes styliferLipeurus gallipavonisM enopon gallinae

Stomach

Lungs

StomachLungs

Adults in kidneys. ~nd kidneyfat ;

Immature formsin liver andother internalorgans

Adults in smallintestine, larvaein muscles

Cecum

Liver

Attached to liver,mesentary, andomentum

ExternalExternal

Intestine, liver

Gizzard

Extern alExternalExternalExternal

(Unknown; probably coprophagous beetlesof genus Aphodius)

Macrodrili (ea rthworms, probabl y of thegenus Pheretima)

Macrodrili (earthworms, probably of thegenus Pheretima )

Gastropoda : Fossaria ollula"

Artiodactyla : Sus scrofa domestica]: Ouisaries;' Csnis fami/iaris' is the final host

(See parasites of the chicken )

* Legend : (' )~ infection found in nature ; (') =deter mined experimentall y; (") =reported elsewherefor anim als similar to those occurring in Hawaii.

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