parental time in the uk: the role of parental education
DESCRIPTION
PARENTAL TIME IN THE UK: THE ROLE OF PARENTAL EDUCATION. Cristina Borra 1 Almudena Sevilla 2 1 Department of Economics University of Seville (Spain) 2 School of Business Management Queen Mary University of London ( UK) 15 th May 2014. QUESTION. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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PARENTAL TIME IN THE UK: THE ROLE OF PARENTAL EDUCATION
Cristina Borra1 Almudena Sevilla2
1Department of EconomicsUniversity of Seville (Spain)
2School of Business ManagementQueen Mary University of London (UK)
15th May 2014
QUESTION
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How has parents’ time with children changed in the UK since the 1970s? :
We compare trends for parents with and without post-secondary education
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WHY DO WE CARE?
Crucial from a child development perspective:
1 hour more of maternal childcare per week increases test scores by 22% of a standard deviation, moving a child about five positions up in a class of 30 (Villena-Roldán and Ríos-Aguilar, 2012: PSID-CDS)
Crucial for policies aimed at inequality and social mobility:=> Growing inequality in resources (time and money) invested in children
MAIN FINDINGS
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Time parents spend with children tripled for mothers and increased six fold for fathers over this period
Parents with and without post-secondary education spent the same amount with their children at the beginning of the period (70s)
Until the mid 1990s parents with post-secondary education increased the time they spent with their children by twice as much
At the end of the period (in 2005) all parents were spending about the same amount of time with their children. However:
Parents with post-secondary education spent more quality time (doing educational activities) with their children
increases in the time devoted to studying and doing homework over this period, particularly for children with more educated parents
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DATA : UK MTUS
UK: 1975,1983, 1995, 2000, 2005
Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS)
an ex post harmonized cross-time comparative time use database
constructed from national representative random sample
time-diary
Main sample
mothers and fathers aged 18 to 64 with co-resident children
Time Start Time Finish
Primary Activity
7:00 7:15 wash face
…
7:30 7:37 Wake up child
…
9:00 9:30 Take child to school
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TIME DIARY- AN EXAMPLE
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TRENDS IN PARENTAL TIME INVESTMENTS IN THE UK
Notes: Average minutes per day devoted to parental time investments. Source: MTUS. Sample includes mothers (fathers) 18-64 who are not students or retired, with children between 6 and 18 years old in the household.
010
2030
4050
6070
8090
100
110
120
130
1974 1983 1995 2000 2005
Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers
College Educated Less Than College Educated
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PARENTAL TIME INVESTMENTS OVER TIME-FAMILES WITH OLDER CHILDREN
Notes: Average minutes per day devoted to parental time investments. Source: MTUS. Sample includes mothers (fathers) 18-64 who are not students or retired, with children between 6 and 18 years old in the household.
010
2030
4050
6070
8090
1974 1983 1995 2000 2005
Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers
College Educated Less Than College Educated
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PARENTAL TIME INVESTMENTS OVER TIME-FAMILES WITH YOUNGER CHILDREN
Notes: Average minutes per day devoted to parental time investments. Source: MTUS. Sample includes mothers (fathers) 18-64 who are not students or retired, with children younger than 6 years old in the household.
020
4060
8010
012
014
016
018
0
1974 1983 1995 2000 2005
Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers
College Educated Less Than College Educated
TYPES OF PARENTAL TIME
General care (less interactive care)
Physical and medical care, unspecified care
Childcare-specific travel, organizing activities, making appointments
Recreational care
Talking to, reading to, and/or playing with a child
Educational care
Teaching, helping with homework
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EDUCATION GRADIENTS IN CHILDREN BASIC CARE
Notes: Average minutes per day devoted to basic by educational attainment. The samples include all mothers 18-64 who are not students or retired co-resident with children.
Source: UK- MTUS data.
010
2030
4050
6070
80
1983 2000
Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers
College Educated Less Than College Educated
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EDUCATION GRADIENTS IN RECREATIONAL CARE
Notes: Average minutes per day devoted to recreational care by educational attainment. The samples include all mothers 18-64 who are not students or retired co-resident with childrenSource: MTUS data.
02
46
810
1214
1618
2022
24
1983 2000
Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers
College Educated Less Than College Educated
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EDUCATION GRADIENTS IN EDUCATIONAL CARE
Notes: Average minutes per day devoted to educational care by educational attainment. The samples include all mothers 18-64 who are not students or retired co-resident with children.
Source: MTUS data.
01
23
45
67
89
10
1983 2000
Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers
College Educated Less Than College Educated
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EDUCATION GRADIENTS IN EDUCATIONAL CARE-FAMILIES WITH OLDER CHILDREN
01
23
45
67
89
10
1983 2000
Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers
College Educated Less Than College Educated
Notes: Average minutes per day devoted to educational care ( time helping with homework (main 29) by educational attainment. The samples include all mothers 18-64 who are not students or retired co-resident with children.Source: MTUS data.
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EDUCATION GRADIENTS IN EDUCATIONAL CARE-FAMILIES WITH YOUNGER CHILDREN
01
23
45
67
89
10
1983 2000
Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers
College Educated Less Than College Educated
Notes: Average minutes per day devoted to educational care ( time helping with homework (main 29) by educational attainment. The samples include all mothers 18-64 who are not students or retired co-resident with children.Source: MTUS data.
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CHILDREN’S EDUCATION GRADIENTS IN HOMEWORK AND STUDY
Notes: Children’s average minutes per day devoted to Study and Homework by maternal educational attainment
Source: MTUS data.
010
2030
4050
6070
8090
100
Tim
e In
vest
men
ts (
min
per
day
)
1974 1983 2000
Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys
Homework and Study-UK
College Educated Less Than College Educated
Hypothesized explanation to our findings?Competition for University Places
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Did the increase in parental time with children
Particularly for parents with post-secondary education
Particularly for educational-type activities
has anything to do with increases in competition for university places?
• Did the increase in children’s time doing homework and studying
• Particularly for children from more educated parents
has anything to do with increases in competition for university places?
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HIGHER EDUCATION ENROLMENT RATES AT ELITE UNIVERSITIES-ANCIENT UNIVERSITIES
Notes: Ancient Universities are Oxford, Cambridge, St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Edingburg, all founded in the Middle Ages.
Source: University Statistical Records microdata (1972-1993)
02
505
007
501
000
125
0N
umb
er o
f stu
dent
s (T
hou
san
ds)
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
Ancient UniversitiesPre-92 UniversitiesPre and Post-92 Universities
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HIGHER EDUCATION ENROLMENT RATES AT ELITE UNIVERSITIES (ANCIENTS & REDBRICK)
Notes: Ancients are Oxford, Cambridge, St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Edingburg, all founded in the Middle Ages. Redbrick Universities are Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Shefield, Bristol, founded in the major industrial cities of England before World War I.Source: University Statistical Records Microdata (1972-1993)
02
505
007
501
000
125
0N
umb
er o
f stu
dent
s (T
hou
san
ds)
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
Ancient/Redbrick UniversitiesPre-92 UniversitiesPre and Post-92 Universities
IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL MOBILITY (I)
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Parents with post-secondary education increased time investments compared to parents without post-secondary educated
Particularly during a period coinciding with increased competition for university places (since the mid 80s to the mid 90s)
At the end of the period- in a context of high competition for university places and substantial amount of time that parents spend with children- there are no differences in parental time for parents with and without a post-secondary education. However:
• Parents with post-secondary education spent relatively more time in educational activities with children- driven by parents of older children
• Children of more educated parents spend more time in educational activities themselves (doing homework and studying)
Thanks!
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