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A parliament is a legislature whose function and power are similar to those dictated by the Westminster system of the United Kingdom. More generally, "parliament" may simply refer to a democratic government's legislature. The term is derived from the French parlement, the action of parler ("to speak"): a parlement is adiscussion. The term came to mean a meeting at which such a discussion took place.[when?] It acquired its modern meaning as it came to be used for the body ofpeople (in an institutional sense) who would meet to discuss matters of state.[1]Generally, a parliament has three functions: representation, legislation and parliamentary control (i.e., hearings, inquiries).

Legislatures called parliaments operate under a parliamentary system of government in which the executive is constitutionally answerable to the parliament. Parliaments usually consist of chambers or houses, and are usually either bicameralor unicameral although more complex models exist, or have existed (see Tricameralism).A nation's prime minister (PM) is almost always the leader of the majority partyin the lower house of parliament, but only holds his or her office as long as the "confidence of the house" is maintained. If members of the lower house lose faith in the leader for whatever reason, they can call a vote of no confidence and force the PM to resign.This can be particularly dangerous to a government when the distribution of seats among different parties is relatively even, in which case a new election is of

ten called shortly thereafter. However, in case of general discontent with the head of government, his replacement can be made very smoothly without all the complications that it represents in the case of a presidential system.The parliamentary system can be contrasted with a presidential system, on the model of the United States' congressional system, which operate under a stricter separation of powers whereby the executive does not form part of, nor is appointed by, the parliamentary or legislative body. In such a system, congresses do notselect or dismiss heads of governments, and governments cannot request an earlydissolution as may be the case for parliaments. Some states have a semi-presidential system which falls between parliamentary and congressional systems, and combines a powerful head of state (president) with a head of government (PM) responsible to parliament.

Since ancient times, when societies were tribal, there were councils or a headman whose decisions were assessed by village elders. This is called tribalism.[2]Some scholars suggest that in ancient Mesopotamia there was a primitive democratic government where the kings were assessed by council.[3] The same has been said about ancient India, where some form of deliberative assemblies existed, and therefore there was some form of democracy.[4] However, these claims are not accepted by most scholars, who see these forms of government as oligarchies.[5][6][7][8][9]Ancient Athens was the cradle of democracy.[10] The Athenian assembly (?????s?aekklesia) was the most important institution, and every citizen could take partin the discussions. However, Athenian democracy was not representative, but rather direct, and therefore the ekklesia was different from the parliamentary syste

m.The Roman republic had legislative assemblies, who had the final say regarding the election of magistrates, the enactment of new statutes, the carrying out of capital punishment, the declaration of war and peace, and the creation (or dissolution) of alliances.[11] The Roman Senate controlled money, administration, andthe details of foreign policy.[12]Some Muslim scholars argue that the Islamic shura (a method of taking decisionsin Islamic societies) is analogous to the parliament.[13] However, others highlight what they consider fundamental differences between the shura system and theparliamentary system.[14][15][16]

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In Anglo-Saxon England, the Witenagamot was an important political institution.The name derives from the Old English ?itena ?emot, or witena gemot, for "meeting of wise men". The first recorded act of a witenagemot was the law code issuedby King thelberht of Kent ca. 600, the earliest document which survives in sustained Old English prose; however, the witan was certainly in existence long beforethis time.[17] The Witan, along with the folkmoots(local assemblies), is an important ancestor of the modern English parliament.[18]