Part 1Part 1

Getting StartedGetting Started

A journey of a thousand miles begins with A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.a single step.

- Chinese Proverb- Chinese Proverb

Why Study Public Why Study Public Speaking?Speaking?

EmpowermentEmpowerment EmploymentEmployment

“ “ I will pay more for a person’s ability to I will pay more for a person’s ability to speak and express himself than for any speak and express himself than for any

other quality he might possess.” other quality he might possess.”

Charles M. SchwabCharles M. Schwab

Speaking & ConversationSpeaking & Conversation Public Speaking is plannedPublic Speaking is planned Public Speaking is formalPublic Speaking is formal The roles of public speakers & the The roles of public speakers & the

audiences are clearly definedaudiences are clearly defined

The Communication The Communication ProcessProcess

MESSAGE

RECEIVERFEEDBACK

The Speaker- the originator of the The Speaker- the originator of the communication messagecommunication message

Message- ideas and feelings presented to Message- ideas and feelings presented to an audience through words, sound, and an audience through words, sound, and action symbols that are selected and action symbols that are selected and organized by the speaker and interpreted organized by the speaker and interpreted by members of the audience.by members of the audience.

The Speech- contains the messageThe Speech- contains the message

Encoding- the process of transforming Encoding- the process of transforming ideas and feelings into words, sounds, and ideas and feelings into words, sounds, and actionsactions

Decoding- the process of transforming Decoding- the process of transforming messages back into ideas and feelingsmessages back into ideas and feelings

The Channel- both the route traveled by The Channel- both the route traveled by the message and the means of the message and the means of transportation (Visual & Auditory)transportation (Visual & Auditory)

The Audience- your entire reason for The Audience- your entire reason for speakingspeaking

The Context- the interrelated conditions of The Context- the interrelated conditions of communicationcommunication

Physical Setting- the location, time of day, Physical Setting- the location, time of day, light, temperature, distance between light, temperature, distance between communicators, and seating arrangement.communicators, and seating arrangement.

Historical setting-previous communication Historical setting-previous communication episodesepisodes

Psychological Setting- the manner in Psychological Setting- the manner in which people perceive both themselves which people perceive both themselves and those with whom they communicateand those with whom they communicate

Noise- any stimulus that gets in the way of Noise- any stimulus that gets in the way of sharing meaningssharing meanings

External Noise- sights, sounds, and other External Noise- sights, sounds, and other stimuli that interfere with intended stimuli that interfere with intended meaningmeaning

Internal Noise- thoughts and feelings that Internal Noise- thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaninginterfere with meaning

Semantic noise- alternate meanings Semantic noise- alternate meanings aroused by speakeraroused by speaker

Feedback- verbal/non-verbal responses to Feedback- verbal/non-verbal responses to messagemessage

VocabularyVocabulary Elocution- the expression of emotion Elocution- the expression of emotion

through posture, movement, gestures, through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression, and voice.facial expression, and voice.

Declamation- The delivery of already Declamation- The delivery of already famous address.famous address.

Rhetoric- the use of words and symbols Rhetoric- the use of words and symbols to achieve a goalto achieve a goal

Speaking Speaking EthicallyEthically

ETHICSETHICS Beliefs, values, and moral principles by Beliefs, values, and moral principles by

which people determine what is right or which people determine what is right or wrongwrong

Free speech?Free speech?(Must be balanced by responsibility to speak (Must be balanced by responsibility to speak

ethically)ethically)

SPEAKING ETHICALLYSPEAKING ETHICALLY HAVE A CLEAR, RESPONSIBLE GOALHAVE A CLEAR, RESPONSIBLE GOAL USE SOUND EVIDENCE & REASONINGUSE SOUND EVIDENCE & REASONING BE SENSITIVE & TOLERANT OF BE SENSITIVE & TOLERANT OF

DIFFERENCESDIFFERENCES BE HONESTBE HONEST AVOID PLAGIARISM & AVOID PLAGIARISM &

PLAGIAPHRASINGPLAGIAPHRASING

DO YOUR OWN WORKDO YOUR OWN WORK ACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCESACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCES

VOCABULARYVOCABULARY Ethnocentrism: self culture is superior to Ethnocentrism: self culture is superior to

othersothers Cultural Intelligence: Skilled & flexibleCultural Intelligence: Skilled & flexible

ListeningListening

Seven laws to better Seven laws to better listeninglistening

Spend more time listeningSpend more time listening Find interest in the other personFind interest in the other person Stay out of the wayStay out of the way Listen to what people mean between the Listen to what people mean between the

lineslines Make notesMake notes Assume the proper stanceAssume the proper stance Be aware of your filtersBe aware of your filters

We spend more time listening than We spend more time listening than reading, writing, and speaking.reading, writing, and speaking.

Hearing is a physiological process Hearing is a physiological process that occurs when you’re in the vicinity of that occurs when you’re in the vicinity of vibration. It is basically a passive process vibration. It is basically a passive process occurs without any attention or effort on occurs without any attention or effort on your part.your part.

I. I. The Listening ProcessThe Listening Process

Receiving(stimuli)

Under-standing

(assign meaning)

Remembering(reconstructive)

Evaluating(pos. or neg.)

Responding(back-channeling cues or feedback)

II.II. Listening, Culture,Listening, Culture, GenderGender

A.A. Effects:Effects:1.1. SpeechSpeech2.2. Nonverbal BehaviorsNonverbal Behaviors3.3. Direct and Indirect StylesDirect and Indirect Styles4.4. CredibilityCredibility5.5. FeedbackFeedback

III.III. Styles ofStyles of Effective Effective ListeningListening

A.A. Participatory and Participatory and PassivePassivePassive listening – listening that is Passive listening – listening that is

attentive and supportive but occurs attentive and supportive but occurs without talking and without directing without talking and without directing the speaker in any nonverbal way. the speaker in any nonverbal way. Also used negatively to refer to Also used negatively to refer to inattentive an uninvolved listening.inattentive an uninvolved listening.

A.A. Purposes of Active Purposes of Active ListeningListening1. Increases Accuracy2. Validation of Others Feelings3. Prompts the Speaker to

Explore Their Own Thoughts & Feelings

B.B. TechniquesTechniques1. Paraphrase Speaker’s

Meaning2. Express Understanding

of Speaker’s Feelings

3. Ask Questions

B.B. Empathic and Empathic and ObjectiveObjective

Empathic listening – listening that Empathic listening – listening that warrants that you feel and see what warrants that you feel and see what speaker feels and sees. speaker feels and sees.

Objective Listening- the ability to gather Objective Listening- the ability to gather information beyond what you see and information beyond what you see and hear.hear.

Non-judgmental listening-and listening Non-judgmental listening-and listening with an open mind. with an open mind.

Critical listening- listening to evaluate Critical listening- listening to evaluate the quality, value, appropriateness and the quality, value, appropriateness and importance of what you hear.importance of what you hear.

STYLES,CONT’DSTYLES,CONT’D PEOPLE ORIENTEDPEOPLE ORIENTED

THEY EXPRESS FEELINGS & EMOTIONSTHEY EXPRESS FEELINGS & EMOTIONS ARE HIGHLY EMPATHETICARE HIGHLY EMPATHETIC SEEK COMMON GROUNDSEEK COMMON GROUND

ACTION ORIENTEDACTION ORIENTED INFORMATION WELL ORGANIZEDINFORMATION WELL ORGANIZED EVIDENCEEVIDENCE

CONTENT ORIENTEDCONTENT ORIENTED PREFER COMPLEX INFORMATIONPREFER COMPLEX INFORMATION DETAILSDETAILS MAKE GOOD LAWYERS/JUDGESMAKE GOOD LAWYERS/JUDGES

TIME ORIENTEDTIME ORIENTED SUCCINCT MESSAGESSUCCINCT MESSAGES BRIEFBRIEF

• Informative Speech– Provides the

audience with new information, insight, ways of thinking about a topic

• Persuasive– Intended to

influence the attitudes, beliefs, values, or acts of others

Types SpeechesTypes Speeches

• Introduction- speech designed to pave the way for the main speaker 2-3min

• Presentation- Speech that present an award, a prize or a gift to an individual or a group 3-5 min

• Acceptance- a response to a presentation 1-2 min

Ceremonial Ceremonial SpeechesSpeeches

• Welcoming- speech that expresses pleasure for the presence of a person or an organization 2-3 min

• Tribute- speech that praises someone’s accomplishments 4-6 min– Roasts & Toasts– Eulogies

Speeches of Inspiration• Commencement address- a speech presented by a

major political, business, or a social figure, or a prominent alumnus, during graduation ceremonies

• Keynote address- a speech presented near the beginning of an organization’s conference or convention that is designed to inspire participants in their work

• Commemorative address- speeches that are presented to celebrate national holidays or anniversaries of important dates and events

Special Occasion Speech Special Occasion Speech AssignmentAssignment

• Choose any type of special occasion speech that you would like to present

• Time 2-3 minutes

• Outline: Required

• Notes: 1 side of 1 3x5 index card

• Visuals: 1 required

Speaking with Speaking with ConfidenceConfidence

FEARFEAR• HUMILIATION• NOT BEING PREPARED• ONE’S LOOKS• PRESSURE TO PERFORM• PERSONAL INSECURITY• AUDIENCE’S INTEREST• LACK OF EXPERIENCE• MAKING MISTAKES• FAILURE

• Nervous- a state of fear or anxiety about public speaking interaction

• Cognitive nervousness- thinking about how nervous you are likely to be

• Behavioral nervousness- physically displaying characteristics of nervousness

• YOU ARE GOING TO FEEL MORE NERVOUS THAN YOU LOOK

• ALMOST EVERY SPEAKER EXPERIENCE SOME DEGREE OF NERVOUSNESS

• ANXIETY CAN BE USEFUL

BUILD YOUR CONFIDENCEBUILD YOUR CONFIDENCE• DO NOT PROCRASTINATE• KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE• APPROPRIATE TOPIC• BE PREPARED• BE WELL ORGANIZED• KNOW YOUR INTRODUCTION AND

CONCLUSION• RE-CREATE THE ENVIRONMENT

• USE DEEP BREATHING TECNIQUES• CHANNEL YOUR NERVOUS ENERGY• VISULAIZE SUCCESS• GIVE YOURSELF A MENTAL PEP TALK• FOCUS ON YOUR MESSAGE RATHER

THAN YOUR FEAR• LOOK FOR A POSITIVE LISTENER• SEEK SPEAKING OPPORTUNITIES• AFTER THE SPEECH FOCUS ON YOUR

ACCOMPLISHMENT

YOUR FIRST SPEECHYOUR FIRST SPEECH• Speech goal- what you want your

listeners to know, believe, or do• General goal- the type of speech you

are intending to give- informing, or persuading

• Specific goal- a complete sentence that specifies the exact response the speaker wants from the audience

• Speech material- the factual, humorous, exciting, or interesting information that you have gathered to present in your speech

• Chronological organization- following an order that moves from first to last

• Topical organization- following the order of headings

• Adaptation- relating a speech to the audience interests and needs

• Visual Aids- they help clarify, emphasize, or dramatize the verbal information

• Language- ideas communicated through verbal and nonverbal means

• Delivery- how you effectively use your voice and gestures while giving a speech

Effective speech planEffective speech plan• Determine a goal• Gather information• Organize information• Develop a strategy• Create visual aids• Practice wording• Practice delivery

FIRST SPEECH ASSIGNMENTFIRST SPEECH ASSIGNMENT• Introduction Speech• Time Limit: 2-3 min• Notes Allowed: 1 side of 1 3x5 index card• Outline: None• Visual Aids: Optional• Sources: Yourself • Express yourself! Who are you? What are your

likes and dislikes? You have two minutes to introduce yourself to the class. What are the important details of your life that you would like to share?