part 1: based on the carboeurope sysnthesis study eu-peatlands: current carbon stocks and trace gas...

Part 1: based on the CARBOEUROPE sysnthesis study EU-Peatlands: Current carbon stocks and trace gas exchange(Kennenth Byrne, Bogdan Choinicki, Torben R. Christensen, Matthias

Drösler, Annette Freibauer, Thomas Friborg et al., 2004)Report 7/2004 Specific Study 4 available at

http://gaia.agraria.unitus.it/ceuroghg/ghg.html

Part 2: with new contributions especially for the crete conference from

Margaret Anderson-Dunn, Jürgen Augustin, Mika Aurela, Lindsey Bergmann, Bogdan Choinicki, Annette Freibauer, Dimmie Hendriks, Hermann Jungkunst, Colin Lloyd, Markus Lund, Mats Nilson, Janusz

Olejnik, Janne Rinne, Arina Schier, Marc Sutton

EU-wetlands: Hotspots for GHG-emission?

Matthias Drösler, TUM, DE &

Elmar Veenendaal, WUR, NL

wetland

fen(minero-trophic)

bog(ombro-trophic)

usednaturalused

mire

swampnon-peatforming

fresh-water

marshnon-peatforming

salt-water influenced

peatland

EU-peatlands: Hotspots for GHG-emission? Drösler & Veenendaal

after Joosten & Clarke 2002

peatlands Carbon stock 270-450 Pg C

~ 1/5 – 1/3 of world soil carbon~ 1/2 of CO2-C of the atmosphere

~ just 3% of the surface


1. Russia European part 21.30 Mha 2. Finland 8.50 3. Sweden 6.60 4. Norway 2.80 5. Belarus 2.35 6. United Kingdom 1.75 7. Germany 1.30 8. Poland 1.25 9. Ireland 1.1510. Estonia 1.00

Top 10 in Europe – 2002 area based

Total peatland area*

*Source: Wise use of mires and peatlands, background and principles including a framework for decision-making, 2002, edited by H. Joosten and D.Clarke.

Peatland, area with or without vegetation with a naturally accumulated peat layer at the surface, including mires drained for forestry, agriculture, horticulture and energy production

Total mire area* 1. Russia European part 15.00 Mha 2. Sweden 5.50 3. Finland 4.50 4. Norway 2.20 5. Belarus 1.14 6. Ukraine 0.58 7. Latvia 0.47 8. Iceland 0.35 9. Estonia 0.30 10. Ireland 0.21(11. Poland 0.20)(12. United Kingdom 0.10)

Mire, a peatland where peat is currently being formed


Emission factorsfor CO2, CH4 and N2O

BOGFEN

PEAT CUT

bogs: Nitrous oxide m

g N

2O-N

m-2

a-1

0

1000

5000

6000

pea

t cu

t

aban

do

ned

fore

st

dra

inag

e

arab

le

gra

ssla

nd

rest

ore

d

nat

ura

l

n=7 n=16 n=2 n=1 n=1 n=2 n=4 n=9


bogs and fens: Nitrous oxide m

g N

2O-N

m-2

a-1

0

1000

5000

6000

pea

t cu

t

aban

do

ned

fore

st

dra

inag

e

arab

le

gra

ssla

nd

rest

ore

d

nat

ura

l

n=7 n=16 n=2 n=1 n=1 n=2 n=4 n=9n=20 n=10 n=60 n=15 n=1 n=2


bogs: Methane

g C

H4-

C m

-2 a

-1

0

10

20

30

40

pea

t cu

t

aban

do

ned

fore

st

dra

inag

e

arab

le

gra

ssla

nd

rest

ore

d

nat

ura

l

n=14 n=9 n=2 n=1 n=9 n=4 n=5 n=16


bogs and fens: Methane

g C

H4-

C m

-2 a

-1

0

10

20

30

40

pea

t cu

t

aban

do

ned

fore

st

dra

inag

e

arab

le

gra

ssla

nd

rest

ore

d

nat

ura

l

n=13 n=7 n=13 n=2 n=2 n=4n=14 n=9 n=2 n=1 n=9 n=4 n=5 n=16


bogs: Carbon dioxide

g C

m-2

a-1

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

pea

t cu

t

aban

do

ned

fore

st

dra

inag

e

arab

le

gra

ssla

nd

rest

ore

d

nat

ura

l

n=8 n=6 n=5 n=1 n=11 n=4 n=5 n=12


Source +

Sink -

bogs and fens: Carbon dioxideg

C m

-2 a

-1

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

pea

t cu

t

aban

do

ned

fore

st

dra

inag

e

arab

le

gra

ssla

nd

rest

ore

d

nat

ura

l

n=8 n=6 n=5 n=1 n=11 n=4 n=5 n=12n=4 n=4 n=5 n=3 n=0 n=4


Source +

Sink -

bogs and fens: climatic relevance (GWP100)

g C

eq

uiv

. m-2

a-1

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

pea

t cu

t

aban

do

ned

fore

st

dra

inag

e

arab

le

gra

ssla

nd

rest

ore

d

nat

ura

l



C-balance vs. GWP-balance

g C m-2 a-1

0200400600

GW

P-b

alan

ce:

g C

eq

uiv

. m-2

a-1

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

14

1 arable (fen)2 grassland (fen)3 arable (bog) 4 abandoned after peat cut (bog)5 grassland (bog)6 peat cut (bog)7 drainage (bog)8 restoration (bog)9 drainage (fen)10 natural (fen)11 restoration (fen) (but without NEE!)

12 natural (bog)13 forest (fen)14 forest (bog)

1113

1298

7

65

4

3

2

1

10

Belarus11%

Finland3%

Germany14%

Russia European

42%

Sweden8%

Ukraine4%

Poland8%

Iceland2%

Ireland2%

Norway6%


Out of 43 European countries the ten biggest peatland emitters are contributing 46300 Gg CO2-C equivalents

or 90% of total European GHG emissions from peatlands.

Less than half these emissions are from EU-25.

For EU-25 the significance of peatland GHG emissions is about 2-3% of anthropogenic emissions.

For Germany peatland emissions represent 2.3-4.5 % of the anthropogenic emissions and are a major source in the land sector.

So even in a highly industrialized country like Germanypeatland emissions are a hotspot.


Significance

Sources for the EU-peatlands GHG-exchange compilation: Alm et al. (1999); Augustin et al. (1996); Augustin et al. (1998 a); Augustin et al. (1998 b) ; (Augustin 2001); Aurela (2002); Dörsch et al. (inprep) ; Drösler (2005); Flessa et al. (1998); Friborg (unpubl.); Glatzel et al. (2003); Glatzel & Stahr (2002); Harding et al. (2001); Heikkinen et al. (2002); Hillebrand (1993); Höper & Blankenburg (2000); Jaakkola (1985); Joosten & Clark (2002); Kasimir Klemedtsson (1997); Klemedtsson (1997) ; Komulainen et al. (1998); Laine & Minkkinen (1996) ; Laine et al. (1996) ; Langenveld etal. (1997); Lustra ( 2002); Maljanen et al. (2001); Martikainen et al. (1993) ; Martikainen (1995) ; Meyer (1999) ; Minkkinen et al. (2002) ; Mundel (1976) ; Nilsson et al. (2001); Nykänen et al. (1995) ; Nykänen et al. (1998); Regina et al. (1996); Silvola (1986); Sundh et al. (2000); Tuittila (2000); Van den Pol-van Dasselaar (1999); Velthof & Oenema (1993); Velthof & Oenema (1995); Velthof et al. (1996); Weslien et al. (in prep.);

Report 7/2004 Specific Study 4 available athttp://gaia.agraria.unitus.it/ceuroghg/ghg.html


bogs : Carbon dioxide

g C

m-2

a-1

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

pea

t cu

t

aban

do

ned

fore

st

dra

inag

e

arab

le

gra

ssla

nd

rest

ore

d

nat

ura

l

n=8 n=6 n=5 n=1 n=11 n=4 n=5 n=12

Tadham Moor, temperate, UK, 2002

Lloyd, 2006



g C

m-2

a-1

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

pea

t cu

t

aban

do

ned

fore

st

dra

inag

e

arab

le

gra

ssla

nd

rest

ore

d

nat

ura

l

n=8 n=6 n=5 n=1 n=11 n=4 n=5 n=12


Lloyd, 2006

Fäjemyr, temperate, SE, 2005

Lund et al.



g C

m-2

a-1

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

pea

t cu

t

aban

do

ned

fore

st

dra

inag

e

arab

le

gra

ssla

nd

rest

ore

d

nat

ura

l


Lloyd, 2006

Fäjemyr, temperate, SE, 2005

Lund et al.

Auchencorth, temperate, UK

semi-natual

very low sheep grasing intensity

2003 -6 g C

2004 +3 g C

Andersen et al.

n=8 n=6 n=5 n=1 n=11 n=4 n=5 n=12


bogs and fens: Methane

g C

H4-

C m

-2 a

-1

0

10

20

30

40

pea

t cu

t

aban

do

ned

fore

st

dra

inag

e

arab

le

gra

ssla

nd

rest

ore

d

nat

ura

l

n=13 n=7 n=13 n=2 n=2 n=4n=14 n=9 n=2 n=1 n=9 n=4 n=5 n=16


fens, natural: Methane

g C

H4-

C m

-2 a

-1

0

5

10

15

20

25EU-average(till 2004)n=4

RzecinPL,2004 temp. Olejnik, 2005

KaamanenFI, subarctic Hargreaves, et al. 1 a ave

SiikanevaFI, borealRinne,et al.2005


fens, grassland: Methane

g C

H4-

C m

-2 a

-1

0

5

10

15

20

25

EU-average(till 2004)n=13

Oukoop,NL,temp 2005/6Schrier et alin prep.

Stein,NL,temp 2005/6Schrier et alin prep.

PeenetalDE, temp 2005Augustinet al.in prep

DonauriedDE, temp2005Freibauer et al. in prep.


fens, grassland: Methane

g C

H4-

C m

-2 a

-1

0

5

10

15

20

25


Oukoop,NL,temp 2005/6Schrier et alin prep.

Stein,NL,temp 2005/6Schrier et alin prep.

PeenetalDE, temp 2005Augustinet al. In prep

DonauriedDE, temp2005Freibauer et al. in prep.


fens, restoration: Methane

g C

H4-

C m

-2 a

-1

0

50

100

150

200

250


Peenetal,DE, 20051st year afterrestorationAugustin & Choinicki

Horstermeer,NL, 200512 years afterrestoration,Hendriks etal.

Donauried,DE, 200525 yearsafter restorationFreibaueret al.


fens, restoration: Methane

g C

H4-

C m

-2 a

-1

0

50

100

150

200

250


mean WT (cm): 0 - 50 - 5 - 10 < - 10



Donauried,DE, 200525 yearsafter restorationFreibaueret al.


fens, natural: Carbon dioxide

g C

m-2

a-1

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0


RzecinPL, temp. Olejnik, 2004

KaamanenFI, subarctic Aurela, 6 a ave

SiikanevaFI, borealAurela,2005

DegeröStomyr,SE, borealNilsso,2004-2005


fens, grassland: Carbon dioxide

g

C m

-2 a

-1

0

200

400

600

800


Oukoop, SteinNL, temp. NL, temp 2004/05

Veenendaalet al., in prep.

Donauried,DE, temp. 2005Drösler et al. in prep.


GPP= -1462 -1528 -1560Reco= 1548 1520 2070

fens, restoration: Carbon dioxide

g C

m-2

a-1

-700

-600

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100



Donauried,DE, 200525 yearsafter restorationDrösleret al.



Peenetal, DE, temperate 2005, 1st year after restoration

Horstermeer, NL, temperate, 200510+ years after restoration

Donauried, DE, temperate, 200525 years after restoration

Siikaneva, FI, boreal, 2005, natural

Kaamanen, FI, subarctic6a average, natural

Rzecin PL, temperate, 2005, natural


Carbon dioxide vs. Methane

NEE g CO2-C m-2 a-1

-800-600-400-2000200

g C

H4-

C m

-2 a

-1

0

50

100

150

200

250

Stein, NL, temperate,2005, grassland extensive man.

Oukoop, NL, temperate2005, grassland intensive man.

Peenetal, DE, fen, temperate 2005, 1st year after restoration

Horstermeer, NL, fen, temperate, 200510+ years after restoration

Donauried, DE, fen, temperate, 200525 years after restoration

Siikaneva, FI, fen boreal, 2005, natural

Kaamanen, FI, fen, subarctic6a average, natural


Carbon dioxide vs. Methane

NEE g CO2-C m-2 a-1

-800-600-400-2000200

g C

H4-

C m

-2 a

-1

0

50

100

150

200

250

Stein, NL, fen, temperate,2005, grassland extensive man.

Oukoop, NL, fen, temperate2005, grassland intensive man.

Rzecin PL, fen, temperate, 2004, natural

NEE CO2-C [g m-2 a-1]

-2000200400600

CH

4-C

[g

m-2

a-1

]

0

10

20

30

40

50

relation of CH4-C balances with CO2-C balancesKendlmühlfilze, DE, bog, temperate

r2= 0.87, p<0.001


Drösler 2005



g C m-2 a-1

0200400600

GW

P-b

alan

ce:

g C

eq

uiv

. m-2

a-1

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1312

987

65

4

3

2

1

10

11

14

1 arable (fen)2 grassland (fen)3 arable (bog) 4 abandoned after peat cut (bog)5 grassland (bog)6 peat cut (bog)7 drainage (bog)8 restoration (bog)9 drainage (fen)10 natural (fen)11 restoration (fen) (but without NEE!)

12 natural (bog)13 forest (fen)14 forest (bog)


g C m-2 a-1

-600-400-20002004006008001000

GW

P-b

alan

ce:

g C

eq

uiv

. m-2

a-1

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200



Horstermeer, NL, temperate, 200510 years after restoration






Rzecin PL, temperate, 2004 natural


g C m-2 a-1

-600-400-20002004006008001000

GW

P-b

alan

ce:

g C

eq

uiv

. m-2

a-1

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200










Carbon sequestration

Clim

ate

miti

gatio

n











g C m-2 a-1

-600-400-20002004006008001000

GW

P-b

alan

ce:

g C

eq

uiv

. m-2

a-1

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Carbon sequestration

Clim

ate

miti

gatio

n


g C m-2 a-1

-600-400-20002004006008001000

GW

P-b

alan

ce:

g C

eq

uiv

. m-2

a-1

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200










?


Conclusions

Spatial variability matters:-water table -vegetation type-management-peat characteristics-…..

Peatland-Landscape composed by a small scale mosaic of parameter combinations => specific requirements for site

selection, measurement techniques and upscaling approaches

Temporal variability matters:-interannual variability -time since restoration

Multiyear measurement programmes and/or revisiting of sites required

German BMBF-funded project within the programme on climate mitigation:

GHG-exchange at 6 sites across german peatland regions

Partners: TUM (coordination)IÖWLBEGMPIZALF

associated via EU-TOK: University of PoznanRzecin-site

Map from Schopp-Guth (1999)

2006-10

2006-10

2004-10

2006-10

2006-10

2006-102006

1999/00

2005


2006-10

Fen meadow landscapescale experiment: Netherlands

Institute(s) :Free UniversityWageningen UniversityECN Petten, TNO MEP

HorstermeerNature Reserve

Water level -10 cm

Oukoop

Intensive dairy farm

Mown in winter

Water level -60 cm

Stein

Meadow bird reserve

Mown in winter

Water level -60 cm

Being raised to –20 cm dynamic

level

Thanks for your attention!

further needs• Only few year round GHG budgets based on continuous

measurements for peatlands.

• Representation of different climate zones up to now only limited. • Peat depths and bulk density profiles are not well-known in much of

Europe, and are a key item in calculating current carbon stocks and long term accumulation rates.

• There is particular need for more data about GHG budgets of peatlands under particular land uses: a) bog: grassland, cropland, land abandoned after peat cut, restoration, forest chronosequences, N2O fluxes in general. b) fen: abandoned after harvest, restoration, CO2 fluxes in general. General: differentiation of intensity.

• There are insufficient data to characterize greenhouse gas flux sensitivity from peatlands to the full potential of weather variability and climate change.

• The assessment of restoration effects on GHG-fluxes needs more measurement programs and process studies, to cover variability in time and space.


Messung von CO2, CH4 und N2O Flüssen auf unterschiedlichen Skalen: Eddy-Kovarianz, automatische und manuelle Hauben

undisturbed gas-exchange ++ +/- (cross-checks!) +/- (cross-checks!)

integration over spatial variability

++ - (quantity of chambers vs.

mosaic)

- (quantity of chambers vs.

mosaic)

direct measurement of the spatial variability

-- ++ ++

tracking temporal variablity ++ ++ - (campaigns as basis for modelling)

costs -- -- ++

workload ++ + --

performance under all climate conditions

+/- +/- ++

Eddy vs. Chamber GRI 15/160604Rank 2 Eqn 1 y=a+bx

r^2=0.93834285 DF Adj r^2=0.93273766 FitStdErr=2.5360529 Fstat=350.03055a=0.12189638 b=0.99558323

-20 -10 0 10Fc Eddy [µmol/(m²s)]

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

Fc

Ch

am

be

r [µ

mo

l/(m

²s)]

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

Eddy and Chamber Fc [µmol m-2 s-1] GRI 150604

-25.00-20.00-15.00-10.00-5.00

0.005.00

10.0015.00

Fc

[µm

ol

m-2

s-1

]

Aggregated land-cover types and peatland-use in Europe(source Joosten & Clarke, 2002)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Russia Finland Sweden Norway Belarus

kha

Residual

Forestry

Production

Agriculture

Aggregated land-cover types and peatland-use in Europe(source Joosten & Clarke, 2002)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Russia Finland Sweden Norway Belarus

kha

Residual

Forestry

Production

Agriculture

0200400600800

100012001400160018002000

United K

ingdom

Germ

any

Poland

Irelan

d

Estonia

Ukrain

e

Latvi

a

Nether

lands

Franc

e

Denmar

k

kha

Emission factorsfor CO2, CH4 and N2O

BOGFEN

PEAT CUT

Cernusca et al, 2002; verändert

fertilizer

de

po

sit

ion

N

NN

N

N

N

NBP

NEP ( = NEE )

NPP

animalsnew

phytomassoldN

CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2CO2

CO2 soil respiration

litter

GPP

PS products

mortality

manure

growth Ra

Ra(

roo

ts)

Ra(

abo

ve P

P)

Rh (l

itte

r)

h

Rh(g

razi

ng

an

imal

s)

carb

on

loss

es o

ff s

ite

new active SOM

grazingharvest

recycled CO2

NN

N

passive

Reco

CH4 N2O

EU peatlands: Current carbon stocks and trace gas fluxes

Lund, Sweden, 21-22 October 2003

EU peatlands : Current carbon stocksand trace gas fluxes

Authors: Kenneth A. ByrneBogdan ChojnickiTorben R. Christensen (ed.)Matthias DröslerAnnette FreibauerThomas Friborg (ed.)Steve FrolkingAnders LindrothJulia MailhammerNils MalmerPirkko SelinJukka TurunenRiccardo ValentiniLars Zetterberg

Structure of specific study 4

• Carbon storage in peatlands and long-term apparent rate of C accumulation (LORCA)

• Methodologies for measurements of GHG fluxes• Current annual rates of GHG exchange in

“undisturbed” mires• Peatland management in EU

– Extent and utilization– Effects and emission factors

• GHG budgets• Gaps in knowledge

EU fens, grassland: Carbon dioxide

g C

O2-

C m

-2 a

-1

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700


Donauried,DE, temp. 2005Drösler et al.

Oukoop, SteinNL, temp. NL, temp 2004/05

Veenendaalet al., in prep.


GPP= -1462 -1528 -1560Reco= 1548 1520 2070

part 1: based on the carboeurope sysnthesis study eu-peatlands: current carbon stocks and trace gas...

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