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Science 10 Name:

Part 1: Biomes & ecosystems

Biomes (Chapter 3.1)

• _____________ are regions with similar ____________ & ______________ components (ex.

BC & New Zealand are similar biomes because they are similar

_____________________________________ and they have similar wildlife)

• _______________ are classified based on many characteristics: _______________________,

____________________ & _____________________________________.

Distribution of Biomes

• ___________________ & ___________________ are 2 of the most important

_________________________________ in identifying biomes.

• Other identifying factors include:

• ______________ influences both temperature & _____________.

• Ex. The tropical zone has very warm temperature & high precipitation because

the ______________________________ air holds more moisture than cooler air.

• __________________ is the height above sea level

• Higher elevations have less air & therefore less heat is retained.

• Windward sides of mountains are wet, leeward sides are very dry.

• ____________________ carry __________ & _______________ to coastal areas.

• Where warm currents meet land, _____________ biomes are found.

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Climatographs

• _____________: the average pattern of weather conditions over a period of several years.

• A climatograph shows the ___________________________ & ___________________

for a location over a period of 30+ years.

• Climatographs show the ____________________________ on the left hand _______,

________________ on the right hand _________ and ______ along the _____ (bottom)

Types of adaptations (Chapter 3.2)

1. ________________________ - a _______________ feature that helps an organism survive.

ex. A wolf has _______________ to help it run in snow.

2. _________________________ - a ______________________________ event inside the

body of an organism that allows it to survive.

ex. A wolf maintains a constant body temperature.

3. ____________________________ - a __________________ that helps an organism to survive.

ex. Wolves hunt in packs to capture large prey.

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Assignment:

• Chapter 1 key terms • Read text pages: 3.1 (pages 51-59)

Ecosystems (Chapter 2.1)

• ____________________ – a part of a biome in which ________ (non-living) factors interact

with __________ (living) components

• Can be many hectares of land, or

the size of an old log.

• Within an ecosystem, there are many ___________

 (the natural home or environment of an

__________________________, or other organism.)

Abiotic Interactions in Ecosystems

• It is the ____________ components that allow the ____________ components to survive in

an ________________.

• Abiotic factors include:

• _______________ - produced by green plants & micro-organisms.

• ______________ - necessary for all life.

• ______________ - for growth.

• _____________ - required for photosynthesis.

• ____________ - contains water & nutrients.

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Biotic Interactions in Ecosystems

• ______________________: all organisms that interact within an ecosystem.

• ____________________: all members of a certain species within an ecosystem.

• ____________________: all organisms within an ecosystem that have the same structure &

who can reproduce with each other (and produce fertile offspring).

Symbiosis (Chapter 2.3)

• ______________ can have many types of relationships in a population.

• _____________ refers to the interaction between the members of two different species.

• ___________________ - one species benefits, one is not affected

For example, the barnacles on a whale

• _____________ - both species benefit

For example, a bee gathering nectar from a flower

• _________________ - one species benefits, the other is harmed

For example, hookworm living in dogs

Niches, Competition and Predation (page 68)

• ____________: the _______ an organism has within an ecosystem. In other words: The

__________ or _________ of a given organism within its ecosystem

• ____________________: occurs when a limited resource is desired by 2 or more individuals in

a niche.

• this limits the size & health of individual organisms, & perhaps the population .

• _________________: the relationship between the “eaters” & the “eaten”.

• ______________ have adaptations to help them catch prey.

• Prey have adaptations to help avoid predators.

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• Eg. spines & shells, camouflage and mimicry.

Biodiversity in Ecosystems (page 64)

• _________________: the variety & number of different individuals & species in an ecosystem.

• ________ ecosystems generally have ______ biodiversity.

• Most biodiversity losses occur from the _________________.

• ______________ often have a _____________ impact on biodiversity.

Assignment:

• Read text 2.1 (pages 21-23), 2.3 (pages 30-31), part of 3.3 (page 68 only), and page 64. • Types of symbiosis WS • Do 1.2 Biotic Interactions WS

*****QUIZ COMING*****

Part 2: Energy Flow & Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems

Energy Flow in Ecosystems (Chapters 2.2 & 2.4)

• ______________ is the total mass of all living things in a given area.

(measured in g/m2 or kg/m2)

• Organisms interact with the _________________ by:

1. ___________________________ from the ecosystem

2. ____________________________ to the ecosystem

Energy Flow in Ecosystems

• _____________ are called ______________ because they make carbohydrates during

_____________________________.

CO2 + H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + O2

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• ________________ get their energy by ____________ on producers or other

consumers.

• ____________________ break-down wastes & dead organisms, through the process of

_____________________.

Energy Flow & Energy Loss in Ecosystems

• Methods to represent _____________ moving through ecosystems:

• __________________: show the flow of ____________ in an ecosystem.

• _________________: represent _____________________ food chains. They model the

feeding ____________________ in an ecosystem

• ____________________: show the changes in available energy from one trophic level to

another in a food chain. They’re also called _____________________________.

Food Chains

• Each step is a _____________________

• _________________

= 1st trophic level

• _______________________

= 2nd trophic level

• ________________________

= 3rd trophic level

• _________________________

= 4th trophic level

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• Consumers in a ___________________ can be classified as:

1. ____________________ (________________) - obtain energy & nutrients from

___________ organisms & _________ matter.

w they have their own, separate ______________ & they feed on every trophic

level.

w Eg. small insects, earthworms, bacteria & fungi

2. ______________________ - primary consumers

w eat _________ (producers) only

w Ex. Horse eating hay

3. ___________________ - secondary or tertiary consumers

w Secondary consumers eat non-producers (herbivores)

• Eg. Frog eating a grasshopper

w Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers

• also called top predators, top carnivores or top consumers

• Eg. Lions eating humans

4. _________________ - consumers that eat both plants & animals

• Eg. include humans and bears

Food Webs

• Most organisms are part of many ____________.

• ________ in a food web represent the flow of

____________________________.

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• Following the arrows leads

to the top carnivore(s).

Food Pyramids (Chapter 2.5)

• ____________ enters at the ___________________ (producers), where there is a large

amount of ______________ & therefore a lot of energy

• It takes large quantities of organisms in one tropic level to meet the energy needs of the next

trophic level.

• ______________ of energy taken in by consumers is used

in ______________ in the body, or is lost as

__________________.

• The amount of life an ecosystem can sustain is based on the bottom level of the

_________________________, where producers capture energy from the sun.

• This shows the importance of maintaining large, ________________ populations at the lowest

levels of the food pyramid.

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Assignment: • Key terms 2 Worksheet • Read text 2.2 (pages 25-28), 2.4 (pages 33-36), and 2.5 (pages 39-40) • Do food chains, food webs, & food pyramids WS • do Energy Flow Vocab. & Energy Transfer WS

Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems (Chapter 4.1)

• ______________________________ – the flow of nutrients ________ and __________ of the

land, ocean, atmosphere and deep rock.

• The health of our ecosystems depends on the balance of:

o _____________________________________________________________________

The Carbon Cycle (Chapter 4.2)

A. Carbon Facts:

• ______________ is found in all __________ matter.

• Places that carbon is found are called _______________________.

Short-term Stores Long-term Stores

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B. How Carbon Changes Form:

1. ____________________________ (in plants, algae and cyanobacteria)

Ø CO2 + H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + O2

2. ______________________________ (in cells of all living things)

Ø C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ENERGY (energy is used for__________ etc.)

3. ____________________ (rotting) – done by bacteria/fungi

Ø cellulose à CO2

4. _________________________: moves CO2 around the world

Ø CO2 sinks in cold ocean waters à flows to the warm equator and evaporates

into the air.

5. _________________________: (burning, engines, volcanoes, forest fires)

Ø fossil fuels + O2 à CO2 + H2O + ENERGY

Ø (fossil fuels: oil, gas, natural gas, coal)

C. Human Activities & CO2

1. ____________________________

§ CO2 in atmosphere has increased 30% in past 160 years.

§ In the 160,000 years before that, it only increased 1-3%.

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§ __________ is removed from long-term storage as we mine coal & drill for oil and gas.

§ CO2 is also a ___________________, (traps heat in atmosphere)

2. ________________________

§ Trees __________ CO2, so when they are cut down, CO2 is ____________ into the air.

§ Other crops don’t remove as much CO2

The Nitrogen Cycle (Chapter 4.3)  A. Nitrogen Facts

§ Makes up ________________ (muscle function).

§ Help _________ grow.

Where Nitrogen is Found:

§ _____________ (78% is N2)

§ Oceans

§ Organic matter in ______

§ Lakes, marshes, organisms

B. How Nitrogen Changes Form:

- _________ is not usable by plants or animals, so it has to be converted to other forms.

- Plants can use _______________ and _________________

1. _______________________

- Lightning changes: ______________ à ______________

- Rain washes ____________ into soil. (small amount)

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- Bacteria in soil (rhizobium) & cyanobacteria in water change

_____________ à _______________ (more)

2. __________________________________

NH4+ (ammonium) à _______________ à NO3

- (nitrate)

3. ____________________

• _________ is sucked into plants & used for growth.

• Herbivores eat plants & use ______ for making proteins & ________.

4. ______________________ (done by denitrifying bacteria & volcanic eruptions)

NO3- à ____

C. Human activities affect the nitrogen cycle.

The amount of nitrogen in the ecosystem has doubled in 50 years due to:

1. __________________ & sewage treatment.

• NO & _____ are byproducts

2. _________________ by burning.

• acid rain is formed which contains nitric acid (HNO3).

3. _________________

NH4+ & NO3

- leach into soil & waterways.

• huge growth in aquatic algae = ________________

• These ______________________ use up all CO2 & O2, block ___________ &

produce neurotoxins which ____________________ many aquatic organisms.

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Assignment:

• Read text 4.1 (pages 83-84), 4.2 (86-90), 4.3 (pages 92-94) • Do 2.2 Nitrogen Definitions & Nutrients T/F WS

The Phosphorous Cycle (Chapter 4.5)

A. Phosphorous Facts

• Phosphorous is a part of the molecule that carries _____________ in cells (ATP).

• Phosphorous helps root growth, stem strength and seed production.

• In animals, phosphorous is important for ______________.

Where Phosphorous is Found:

• ______ in atmosphere, but in phosphate _________ (PO43–, HPO4

2–, H2PO4) and

sediments on the __________________.

B. How Phosphorous Changes Form.

1. ___________________ (àbreaking down rock into smaller pieces).

a) _____________weathering: acid rain or lichens releases phosphates (PO43- )

b) _____________ weathering: wind, water and freezing release the phosphates.

2. ___________: plants suck up ________, then are eaten by animals.

3. _____________: Bacteria break down organic matter & phosphorous is returned to soil.

4. ___________________: when rocks under the ground are pushed up à mountains à

weathering.

C. Human activities affect the Phosphorous Cycle.

1. ______________: increases P in ecosystems quickly.

2. ________________________________: turns P into ash, which runs into waterways.

How Changes in Nutrient Cycles Affect Biodiversity

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Any significant changes to any of these nutrients (C, H, O, N or P) can greatly impact ____________.

1. _______________ changes à climate change & global warming.

2. Too much __________ can allow certain plant species to out-compete other species.

3. Decreased levels of _______________ à slow growth of algae (important producers).

Assignment:

• Read text 4.5 (pages 98-99) • Assignment: do 2.2 Nutrient Cycles WS – use Data Book

Effect of Bioaccumulation on Ecosystems (Chapter 5.3)

• __________________ are valuable _______________ of environmental health because

they’re sensitive to chemical changes.

• Since the 80s the world amphibian population has declined & birth deformities have increased.

• This may be due to: __________, increased UV rays, __________, habitat loss, parasites &

__________________.

Bioaccumulation

• _________________________: a slow build up of chemicals in the bodies of organisms.

• If bioaccumulation occurs in a ____________________, it can affect every other

organism in its far reaching _______________.

• Eg. bioaccumulation of PCBs in the B.C. Orcas.

• __________will affect the ________________ cycles of Orcas until at least 2030, even

though they were banned in 1977.

5.2: Pollutants in Ecosystem

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• Chemicals like __________ and _________ & other insecticides are called persistent organic

pollutants (__________).

• POPs contain _________, & remain in water & soil for many years

• ________, even at low levels (________) causes nervous, immune & reproductive

system disorders in animals.

• ppm = _________________

• This is a way of expressing _____________________________ of substances.

Just as per cent means out of a hundred, so parts per million or ppm means out

of a million.

• ______________ also ______________.

• Lead, cadmium & mercury are the most dangerous.

• __________ is not considered safe at any level, it can cause anemia, nervous &

reproductive system damage.

• ______________ is toxic to earthworms & causes many health problems in fish.

• ______________ causes lung diseases, cancer, nervous & immune system

damage in humans (exposure to cigarette smoke).

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Ø _____________ enters ecosystems through burning of fossil fuels, waste incineration, mining

& the manufacture of batteries.

§ Coal burning adds 40% of the mercury released.

§ Mercury _________________ in the brain, heart & kidneys of many animals (Fish

____________________ mercury, adding risk for any organisms eating fish).

Ø Reducing the effects of chemical pollution

§ If chemicals are trapped in the soil, they cannot enter the _______________ as easily.

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§ ______________________: micro-organisms or plants are used to help clean up, and

are then removed from the ecosystem.

Eg. The oil industry will often use bacteria to “______” oil spills.

Biomagnification

____________________: the consumers in each trophic level receive ___________ doses of

accumulated chemicals than the one before it.

Ø The bioaccumulation of PCBs begins with the ________________ of the chemicals by

microscopic plants and algae.

Assignment:

• Read 5.3 (pages 120-124) and 5.2 (pages 113-117) • do “Bioaccumulation” & “PCB’s & the Orca” WS • do Heavy metals w.s

******QUIZ COMING******

Part 3: Natural and Artificial Changes in Ecosystems

How Changes Occur Naturally in Ecosystems (Chapter 3.2)

• ______________________ - process where individuals with advantages are better able to

reproduce and pass along their traits.

• A salmon with a smaller tail may never have a chance to spawn because it can’t swim

to the correct location.

• Example: The Finches of the Galapagos Islands (off the coast of Ecuador)

Finches: There are 13 species on the island…

• All the species are descended from ________________ on the mainland.

• Each species has unique characteristics that allows them to thrive in

their own niche, and not compete with other finches for resources.

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• ______________________ - a form of natural selection when many different species appear

from one original species.

Succession (Pages 71-72)

1) Steps of _______________________

a. Starts with bare rock.

b. Wind carries spores of ___________ that can survive on bare rock.

c. ________________ breaks down rock à soil begins to form

d. __________________ make/improve soil

e. other plants can grow

f. animals appear

g. form a ___________________ (stable and change slowly)

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_____________________ are the first organisms to survive and reproduce.

• Examples: _______________________

2. _________________ Succession:

§ when an area already has soil, but has had a _____________ like a forest _____ or _______.

§ Happens more __________ than primary because there are already seeds, insects, worms

etc., in the soil.

Disturbances that Might Cause Secondary Succession (Chapter 5.1)

• ______________

• Leads to _____________________, spread of pollutants and harmful bacteria

associated with _____________

• ___________________ and global warming may be increasing incidents of flooding.

• A ___________ occurs when huge waves from large earthquakes, flood coastal areas.

• ____________

• ___________________

• Most insects are helpful, but when normal conditions change, infestations can occur.

• Example: Mountain Pine Beetle: Usually it is not a problem…it helps remove old trees,

but…. in our forests in BC there are a lot of old trees, the climate is warming, and the

bugs are not dying in the winter.

-Pine beetle has blue stain fungus in its mouthparts, which it transmits to the

trees (______________________).

-Fungus slows down resin production on trees so the beetle can _____ the tree

more easily.

Assignment:

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• Read text 3.2 (pages 61-65), pages 71-72, 5.1 (107-111) • Key Terms 3 • Do Change in Ecosystem WS • Do Primary and Secondary Succession WS

How Humans Influence Ecosystems (Chapters 5.4)

• Human intrusion has caused many BC wetlands to disappear.

• In the past 100 years up to 70% of the wetlands in the lower Fraser Valley have been

lost.

• ___________________ are special ecosystems that contain completely ________________

soil for long periods of time.

• wetlands contain high ____________, and also filter many impurities out of the water.

• because they hold large amounts of water, they can help prevent _______________.

“Sustainability” of Ecosystems

• Definition #1: “The ability for an ___________________ to maintain ecological processes”.

• ie. the ecosystem stays ___________________

• Definition #2: “_____________ using an ecosystem to meet their needs today without reducing

the function or health of the ecosystem in the future”

• Sustainable practices ________________________________, healthy ecosystems.

The Effects of Land and Resource Use

• All of the land around us, even in cities, was once a part of an __________________.

• We use the land for things like _________________________, agriculture, industry,

mining and forestry

• “__________________” refers to the ways we obtain and use naturally occurring materials.

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• Most products you use every day involve the use of some natural resources in their

production.

Habitat Loss

• Humans have impacted natural ________________ over the past 150 years.

• because of human expansion, ______________________________ or fragmented.

• “___________________________” is the splitting of large habitats into many

_________________ ones, resulting in disrupted natural activities for plants and

animals.

The Effects of Deforestation

• ______________________ is the clearing or logging of forests for human use.

• some land is never reclaimed or replanted.

• agricultural crops that are planted are often one species = _____________________

• This ___________________, and leaves the crop vulnerable to pests or disease.

• ______________________, of many plant species, are more economically and

biologically diverse.

• ____________________ is still occurring in many tropical rainforests.

• Deforestation results in ________________________ (moving wind & water erode

topsoil & leave bare land behind).

• _______________: the upper layer of soil, is where most of the nutrients, water

and air are found for plant growth.

The Effects of Agriculture

• In fields left without crops, water & wind can cause ______________.

• In wet areas the soil can become _____________.

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• Soil particles are squeezed together

• This is due to farm animals or vehicles.

• There is no room for _______________________ to enter the soil.

• Because of _______________________ water runs off the soil instead of soaking in.

• causes leaching of water and nutrients.

• _________________, which involves removing small plugs of soil, loosens soil & can

reduce run-off.

Resource Exploitation:

= ____________________

• Humans depend on resource exploitation for jobs, materials, food, shelter and energy.

• Exploitation can lead to habitat loss, soil degradation & contamination of water supplies.

• Many mining and resource exploitations require _____________ efforts.

• _________________ attempts to reduce environmental impacts of

exploitation, and tries to restore the original (or at least functional)

habitats.

Overexploitation:

• the extraction of resources until they are __________.

• Can result in _____________

• Example: passenger pigeon

• Food webs can be greatly affected for long periods of time especially in

_________________ species (species that greatly influence the population

numbers and health of an ecosystem)

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Traditional Ecological Knowledge:

• In Aboriginal cultures it is passed down from ____________________________________.

• This knowledge reveals what ________ conditions were like, and also how the

ecosystem and humans interact.

• Knowledge is found in ____________, songs, cultural beliefs, __________, community

laws and traditional practices.

• Current ecological _______________ and usage guidelines often involve this traditional

knowledge from Aboriginal representatives.

• Traditions such as the “Spring burn” allow for ecological renewal.

• ________________, enforced in BC for over 100 years, has led to recent issues

like the mountain pine beetle infestation and huge wildfire losses.

Assignment:

• Read Text 5.4 (pages 126-129) • Do Sustainability WS

How Introduced Species Affect Ecosystems (pages 69-70)

• ________________ naturally live in an area.

• __________________ (aka foreign species, non-native species, exotic species or alien

species).

• they have been introduced accidentally (& on purpose) here over the past 400 years

due to immigration.

• Many of these species are harmless, even beneficial.

Invasive Species

• ___________________: are introduced species that often take advantage of their new habitat.

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• They may have no _________, are aggressive ___________, & reproduce _______.

• Eg. Purple Loosestrife, negatively impacts native species, and often reduces

____________________ as a result.

The Impact of Introduced Species

• __________________: one species takes away resources from another.

• __________________: if the _____________________ is a ____________, it may have a

huge advantage, as the ____________________ may have no methods to survive.

• _________________________: by weakening certain species, a micro-organism invading an

ecosystem can drastically alter the entire ecosystem and the niches within it.

• _____________________: some ______________________ can change the physical

structure of the ecosystem by digging, burrowing, blocking sunlight or changing the chemistry

of the ecosystem.

Saving an Ecosystem Under Siege (This means saving an ecosystem that is not doing well)

• It often takes human intervention to save established ecosystems.

• Example: The Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team (GOERT) is trying to save several

areas of the Garry Oak ecosystem in BC because Garry Oak trees are a

_______________________________ and they may be better suited to survive in the

future than Douglas fir forests.

• Example: Scotch broom, English ivy and other plant species are its biggest threats.

Assignment:

• Read text 69-70 • Do the impact of introduced invasive species WS and invasive species in BC WS

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