part 16-elec buk(final)

8/11/2019 PART 16-Elec Buk(Final)

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1()2 Computers

II. CLASSI*ICATIONS

1. Accordng to De+gn

a. ,enera# P-ro+e Performs variety of operations

%ersatile enough to process diversified tass

/. Seca# P-ro+e Performs specific operations

E6ample is .utomatic $ire .lignment

2. Accordng to A#caton a. Scent0c

1mall volumes of data

Performs comple6 calculations using sophisticated formulas

/. -+ne++ 7arge volumes of date and involve simpler calculations

3. Accordng to +e a. Mcroco-ter+

3ften referred to as 2personal computers4

"ormally used by one person at a time #an be used independently or as terminal device

Te+

D e + 5 t o .

E#$c%r&n' Macro Integrated Tranng and Re!e" Center

L a . t o . c o 3 . - t e r

T o " e r C a + e



Computers 1(- 3

/. Mnco-ter+ May refer to 7." server

'idely used in retail businesses

1upports 0 to /8 computers

c. Man0rae Co-ter+ #apable of processing data at very high speeds-millions of instructions per

second and have an access to billions of characters Principal use is for processing vast amounts of data quicly

5sually used as a server for ban9s .$M

M a n * r a 3 e C o 3 . - t e r

d. S-erco-ter+ 7argest and most po!erful computer

Process billions of instructions per seconds

Its customers may involve agencies in the federal government

:equire for mammoth data manipulation of !orld!ide !eather forecasting and

!eapons research $ypically house in special rooms

Macro Integrated Tranng and Re!e" Center E#$c%r&n'



1()4 Computers

III. PARTS o0 t6e COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. 7ARD8ARE Physical components that mae up the computer system

a. In-t De!ce+ Interface or group of devices !here people tal to the computer

9e/oard $he eys on the computer eyboard are arranged in much the same !ay as

those on the type!riter

Mo-+e &evice that loos lie a little bit lie a mouse

$hose !ith ball inside is rolled on a flat surface usually the des on !hich the

computer sits !ith the rolling movement causes a corresponding movement onthe screen through the pointer or cursor

Scanner &evice that uses a light source to read te6t and images directly to the computer

1. Flatbed 7oos and behave lie a photocopier

;ou lay the item to be scanned on a glass plate and the scanning head passes

belo! the glass2. Sheetfed 7oos and acts lie a fa6 machine

$he page or item is fed into the machined scanned, then spit out on the other

end3. Hand 7o! cost alternative

Manual device you move over a flat surface <ust as you do !ith your P#9s

mouse

ar Code Reader &evice that uses a laser beam or reflected light to read special letters, numbers

or symbols of 5niversal Product #odes(5P#) and other type of bar codes

To-c6 Screen+




Computers 1(- :

Input directly from the source !ith human simply point to a selection in the

screen

/. O-t-t De!ce+ &evice that give out information coming from the computer

&evices !here computer interacts !ith the user

Montor;Screen Indispensable output device similar to a television

#:$ screen uses a technology called raster-scan technology

#omputer display screen that can be used for graphics is divided into dots

called addressable because they can be addressed individually by the graphics

soft!are #olor screen standards include C,A (color graphics adapter) !ith 08 6 088

pi6els, sharper E,A (enhanced graphics adapter !ith =8 6 /8 pi6els V,A(%ideo >raphics .rray) has =8 6 ?8 pi6els and SV,A (1uper %>.) offers ?886 =88 pi6els

Prnter+ &evice that produces printed paper output, no!n in the computer industry as

hard copy because it is tangible and permanent

1. Impact Printer 5se some sort of physical contact !ith the paper to produce an image,

physically striing paper, ribbon and print hammer together Dot atr< is an e6ample !hich uses print head to strie an ined ribbon

against paper lie a type!riter creating characters out of series of dots High quality impact printers print only one character at a time

2. Non –Impact Printers Places an image !ithout physically touching the page

La+er Prnter+ use light beam to help transfer images to paper producing

e6tremely high quality results and also it combines a magnetic roller !ithpo!dered in called toner to transfer high quality characters or image onto thepapers

In5)=et Prnter+ by spraying in from the multiple <et no@@les can print blac

and !hite and several different colors of in to produce e6cellent graphics

Ot6er+ Include speaers and other peripherals

c. Centra# Proce++ng Unt >CPU? #ontrol center that converts data input to information output




1()( Computers

Highly comple6, e6tensive sets of electronic circuitry that e6ecutes stored

program instructions #ommunicates !ith the InputA3utput devices and storage devices lie the

primary and the secondary storage . microprocessor on a chip is called #ogc c6 Main parts includes the #ontrol 5nit and the .rithmetic 7ogic 5nit

C P U C 7 I P

T O P 1 o t t o 3 > . n + ?

Contro# Unt #ontains circuitry that uses electrical signals to direct the entire computer

system to carry out, or e6ecute, stored program instructions #ommunicate !ith both the .rithmetic logic unit and the memory

Art6etc Logc Unt >ALU? #ontains circuitry that e6ecutes arithmetic and logical operations Mathematically, it can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

7ogically, it is use in comparison

$he computer can tae an action based on the result of the comparison

7o" CPU E<ec-te+ Progra In+tr-cton+@

* $he control unit fetches (gets) the instruction from memory0 $he control unit decodes the instruction (decides !hat it means) and directsthe necessary data be moved from memory to .75 $hese first 0 steps are calledinstruction time, I-time $he .75 e6ecutes the arithmetic or logical instruction .75 stores the result of this operation in memory or in a register1tep and are called e6ecution time, E-time

d. Meor Part of the computer that holds data and instructions for processing




Computers 1(-

Read On# Meor >ROM?

Permanent memory 1tores some operating system soft!are of the computer

1. Basic Input Output Sstem !BIOS" 3nly soft!are built in to the computer system

Provides control to all devices that require services of microprocessors

2. #omplementar $etal O%ide Semiconductor !#$OS" 'here the various parameters needed by the BI31 to perform its tased are

permanently saved3. #hipset Enables a set of instructions so the #P5 can communicate !ith other parts of

the motherboard

Rando Acce++ Meor >RAM? 'oring storage of the computer system

%olatile memory

Cac6e :elatively small amount of very fast memory that stores data and instructions

that are used frequently resulting in an improved processing speed

e. M+ce##aneo-+ Part+

Mot6er/oard $he main board of the computer

Manage all transactions of data bet!een #P5 and peripherals Houses the #P5 and the second level cache, the chipset, the BI31, main

memory, IA3 chips, ports for the eyboard, serial IA3, parallel IA3, diss andplug-in cards

Po"er S-# #onvert high voltage .# to a lo!er &# voltage to po!er up the computer9s

electronic components C/ % supplies electronic circuits on motherboards, adaptor cards and peripheral

devices C*0% is used mainly to po!er motors of dis device systems such as hard dis,

#&-:3M and floppy dis drive

Mode+ .llo!s transfer of data over standard telephone !ires !ith other computer

users




1()B Computers

P O R T C O N N E C T I O N S




Computers 1(-

2. SO*T8ARE :efers to all programs !hich can assist users of a particular type of computer

to mae the best use of their machines

a. Re#ated Terno#oge+

Progra &etailed list of steps or instructions !hich must be follo!ed to accomplish a

certain tas

ranc6ng .llo!s us to !rite one program that can do different things at different times

De/-ggng :unning the program to detect, locate and correct mistaes (logic errors)

De+5 C6ec5ng Mental checing or proofreading of the program before it is run

*#o"c6art Pictorial representation of the step by step solution or diagrammatic

representation of sequence of events

Loo . section of a program repeat over and over again

Strag6t Lne Progra . program in !hich each step is follo!ed by the ne6t !ithout any alternate

routes or paths

S-/ro-tne

. portion of the program !hich is called upon to perform a specific tas 'hen the tas is finished, the main part of the program is returned to

8a#5t6ro-g6




1()1 Computers

Process in !hich a group of programmers-your peers revie! the program and

offers suggestions in a collegial !ay

/. Prograng Lang-age+ 1et of rules for instructing the computer !hat operations to perform

Mac6ne Lang-age 7o!est level of programming language

:epresents data as *9s and 89s

A++e/# Lang-age 5se letters as mnemonic codes to replace the *9s and 89s of machine language

.ssembler program translate the assembly language into the machine

language

7g6 Le!e# Lang-age+ 5se advance commands

'ritten in English lie manner

. compiler converts high level into machine language

1. FO&'&(N Dormula $ranslation

$he first high level language introduced by IBM in *+/

&esign to e6ecute comple6 formulas

2. #OBO) #ommon Business 3riented 7anguage

Introduced in *+/+ by #3&.1;7

It has four divisions identification, environment, data and procedure

3. B(SI# Beginner9s .ll Purpose 1ymbolic Instruction #ode

Introduced in *+=/ by &art-mouth

&esigned to be easy for non professional programmers to learn and use

*. Pascal "amed after Drench mathematician Blaise Pascal

&eveloped by "iclaus 'irth

&esign to encourage the programmer to adhere to !hat is consider as 2

correct4 programming practice+. (,( #ountess .da 7ovelace

Introduced in *+?8 as standard language for !eapon systems-. # Invented at Bell 7abs

3ffers high level language features such as structured programming




Computers 1(- 11

Efficient as assembly language

Ver 7g6 Le!e# Lang-age Dourth generation language

"on procedural because it defines only !hat the computer should do

Fuery language is used to retrieve data from databases

*0t6 ,eneraton Lang-age+ "atural language because they resemble natural human language

Gno!ledge based system

c. So0t"are Entrerene-r+

Ste!e =o/+ #urrently the #E3 of .pple computers

Dormed .pple #omputer together !ith 1teve 'o@nia

.pple introduced increasingly po!erful line of computers !hich is current

popular as Macintosh 7ost control of .pple #omputer in *+?= but !ent out and started "e$

#omputer, Inc

## ,ate+ $he !orld9s richest man

$oo a la! degree in *+ in Harvard

$ogether !ith his friend Paul .llen, they dreamed of personal computers thatdoes not e6ist yet

$hey !rote soft!are to MI$1 and they eep the rights to their !ors and formed

their o!n company called Microsoft Microsoft at first has employed 0 people

>ates purchased an operating system !hich he and his cre! re!ored to

produce M1-&31 J Microsoft &is 3perating 1ystem M1 J &31 sent Microsoft to its meteoric rise

Mtc6 9aor Drom dis <ocey to a piano teacher to counselor to programmer

In *+?, he introduced a soft!are pacaged called 7otus *-0-

7otus added the term integrated pacage that describes the soft!are identity as

a combination of spreadsheet, graphics, database program

IV. *ILE OR,ANIATION and PROCESSIN,




1()12 Computers

1. *ILE OR,ANIATION

a. SeF-enta# *#e Proce++ng :ecords are in order according to a ey field

If a particular record in a sequential file is !anted , then all the prior records o

the file must be read before reaching the desired record

/. Drect *#e Proce++ng &irect access

.llo!s the computer to go directly to the desired record by using a record ey

:equires a device called &irect .ccess 1torage &evice

7a+6ng or randong is the name given to the process of applying a

formula to a ey to yield a number that represents the address

c. Inde<ed *#e Proce++ng 1tores record in the file in sequential order but the file contains an inde6 of eys

2. *ILE PROCESSIN,

a. atc6 Proce++ng $echnique in !hich transactions are collected in groups or batches to be

processed at the time !here the computer has fe! online users . master file is a semi permanent set of records

. transaction file contains all the changes made to the master file

/. Tran+acton Proce++ng $echnique of processing in any order they occur

Rea# Te Proce++ng means the transaction is processed fast enough for the

result to come bac an be acted upon right a!ay On Lne Proce++ng means that the terminals must be connected directly to

the computer




Computers 1(- 13

TEST YOURSEL* 16 Re!e" G-e+ton+

* 1tep by step instructions that runs the computer areKKKKKKKKa hard!areb #P5c documentsd programs

An+"er d programs

0 &estop and personal computers are other names ofLa microcomputersb minicomputersc mainframesd peripheral equipment

An+"er a minicomputers

$he ra! material hat is to be processed by the computer is calledKKKKKa programb soft!arec datad information

An+"er c data

. bar code reader is an e6ample of a processing deviceb input devicec output device




Computers 1(- 1:

** 'hich is not a computer classification

a ma6icomputer b microcomputer c minicomputer d mainframe

An+"er a ma6icomputer

*0 'hen all access and processing is done in one location, a computer system is said to beLa net!oredb centrali@edc distributedd lined

An+"er b centrali@ed

* .n input device that translates motion of a ball rolled on a flat surface to the screen is theLa !and reader b bar code reader c eyboardd mouse

An+"er d mouse

* $he most po!erful computers are theKKKKKKKKKa superinisb supermainframesc supermicros

d supercomputers

An+"er d supercomputers

*/ 7aser beam technology is used forKKKKKKKa terminalsb optical disc eyboardsd magnetic tape

An+"er b optical dis

*= $his is a small amount of very fast memory deigned for the specific purpose of speeding up theinternal transfer of data and soft!are instructions

a baes

b cachec flashd stane

An+"er b cache




1()1( Computers

* $he comple6 set of electrical circuitry that e6ecutes program instructions is called theL

a register b accumulator c central processing unitd bus line

An+"er c central processing unit

*? . bus line consist ofKKKKKKKa registersb parallel data pathsc accumulatorsd arithmetic operators

An+"er b parallel data paths

*+ $he primary storage units are also no!n asLa storage registersb mass storagec accumulatorsd memory

An+"er d memory

08 &ata and instructions are put into primary storage byLa memoryb secondary storagec the control unitd the .75

An+"er c the control unit

0* :egisters that collect the results of computations areKKKKKKKKa general purposeb storage registersc main storaged accumulators

An+"er d accumulators

00 &uring E-time, the .75KKKKKKKa e6amines the instructionb e6ecutes the instructionc enters the instructionsd elicits the instructions

An+"er b e6ecutes the instruction

0 'hen the control unit directs the .75 to perform an operation on the data, the machine cycle isinvolved I itsKKKKKKK

a first step




Computers 1(- 1

b second step

c third stepd fourth step

An+"er c third step

0 #omputer operations are synchroni@ed byLa the #P5 clocb the binary systemc the octal systemd E-time

An+"er a the #P5 cloc

0/ 'hat is a logic chipa P:3M

b microprocessor c memoryd :3M

An+"er b microprocessor 0= &ata is represented o a computer by means of a t!o-state onAoff system calledKKKKKKK

a a !ordb a bytec the binary systemd :.M

An+"er c the binary system

0 Memory capacity may be e6pressed inKKKKKKKa microsecondsb bitsc ilobytesd cycles

An+"er c ilobytes

0? . type of computer that is faster because it has fe!er instructionsLa symbolicb .1#II-?c :I1#d :3M burner

An+"er c :I1#

0+ .n emerging technology that provides non-volatile memory chips isL

a flash memoryb #M31c P:3Md #I1#

An+"er a flash memory




1()1B Computers

8 $he data coding scheme that is .merican 1tandard isL

a .1#IIb 1IMMc GBd gigabyte

An+"er a .1#II

* .n organic chip is called a KKKKKKa storage chipb microchipc biochipd silicon chip

An+"er c biochip

0 Entering data into the system as a by product of the activity that generates the data is calledLa source data automationb discrete !ord systemc #.&A#.Md MI#: entry

An+"er a source data automation

$he rate of screen refreshment is calledKKKKKKKKa pi6el speedb bit-map speedc raster rated scan rate

An+"er d scan rate

Imaging uses !hat device to input dataa scanner b bar code reader c icond tablet

An+"er a scanner

/ . printer that forms characters from a series of dots is calledKKKKKKKa dot matri6b MI#:c scanner d plotter

An+"er a dot matri6

= $he density of data stored on magnetic tape is e6pressed asLa units per inchb tracs per inch




Computers 1(- 1

c pacs per inch

d bytes per inch

An+"er d bytes per inch

.ssigning more sectors to outer dis tracs is calledLa @one recordingb data transfer c randomi@ingd sectoring

An+"er a @one recording

? $he ability to return a changed dis record to its original location is calledLa magneto opticalb multimedia

c rotational delayd updating in place

An+"er d updating in place+ Processing transactions in groups is calledL

a data transfer b transaction processingc head s!itchingd batch processing

An+"er d batch processing

8 Hashing to get an address is the process of applying formula to aKKKKKKKa eyb file

c recordd character

An+"er a ey

* $he time required for the access arm get into position over a particular trac isKKKKKKKa rotational delayb see timec data transfer d head s!itching

An+"er b see time

0 $he speed !ith !hich a dis can find data being sought is calledLa access timeb direct timec data transfer timed cylinder time

An+"er a access time




1()2 Computers

. !ay of physically organi@ing data on a dis pac to minimi@e see time usesKKKKKKKK

a sequential fileb the cylinder methodc removable hard dis cartridged 'inchester technology

An+"er b the cylinder method

#entrali@ed processing but !ith the access from terminals is no!n asa teleprocessing systemb telecommutingc ring net!ord dial up system

An+"er a teleprocessing system

/ $he presence of both data and its related instructions in an ob<ect isKKKKKa #CCb orientationc encapsulationd inheritance

An+"er c encapsulation

= &uring the development of a program, dra!ing a flo! chart is a means toLa plan the solutionb define the problemc code the programd define the problem

An+"er a plan the solution

$he process of detecting, locating and correcting logic errors is calleda des checingb debuggingc translatingd documenting

An+"er b debugging

? $he ability of an ob<ect to interpret a message using its o!n method is calledKKKKKKa polymorphismb inheritance

c encapsulationd messaging

An+"er a polymorphism




Computers 1(- 21

+ $he lo!est level of programming language is theKKKKKKKK

a non procedural languageb B.1I#c assembly languaged machine language

An+"er d machine language

/8 $he language 1malltal isKKKKKKKKKa procedural orientedb problem orientedNc document orientedd ob<ect oriented

An+"er d ob<ect oriented


part 16-elec buk(final)

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