part 2 - jica · rehabilitation programme is described in the final report part 1, which was...

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JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)

URGENT REHABILITATION SUPPORT PROGRAMME IN KANDAHAR (URSP-KDH)

Part 2FINAL REPORT ON

THE URGENT REHABILITATION PROJECTS

MARCH 2005

PACIFIC CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL

PREFACE

In response to a request from Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan, the Government of Japan decided to conduct the Urgent Rehabilitation Support Programme in Kandahar and entrusted the programme to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

JICA selected and dispatched a study team headed by Mr. Shozo KAWASAKI at Pacific Consultants International from August 2002 to March 2005.

The team held discussions with the officials concerned of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and other international donors, and conducted field surveys as well as rehabilitation programme such as construction of school and roads in Kandahar City. Upon returning to Japan, the team prepared this final report to summarize the result and impacts of the programme.

I hope that this report will contribute to the enhancement of friendly relationship between our two countries.

Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan for their close cooperation extended to the study.

March 2005

Kazuhisa MATSUOKA,

Vice President

Japan International Cooperation Agency

March 2005

Mr. Kazuhisa Matsuoka

Vice-President

Japan International Cooperation Agency

Tokyo, Japan

Letter of Transmittal

Dear Sir;

We are pleased to submit herewith the Final Report of “Urgent Rehabilitation Support Programme in

Kandahar (URSP-KDH)” which is the third package of URSP committed by the Government of

Japan in March 2002.

This report compiles the process and results of the study and rehabilitation projects, which were

conducted from September 2002 through February 2005 by the Study Team organized by Pacific

Consultants International.

During the period of project implementation, URSP-KDH faced many difficulties such as unstable

security situation, and insufficient human and social capital in the post-conflict situation.

Nevertheless, URSP-KDH was completed successfully totally owing to the effective assistance

given by all parties concerned, including JICA, the Japanese Embassy, counterpart agencies, and the

untiring efforts exerted by the Team and Afghan Contractors involved.

Afghanistan is still faced with a severe situation requiring further reconstruction and development,

and so we truly hope for your continuous concern and support to future projects in Afghanistan.

We would like to express our sincere appreciation to all the parties concerned and for your kind and

effective cooperation for the successful implementation of URSP-KDH.

Very truly yours,

Shozo KAWASAKI

Project Leader,

Urgent Rehabilitation Support Programme

in Kandahar (URSP-KDH)

Project Maps

MAP OF SOUTHERN REGION OF AFGHANISTAN

Malalai School

Ahmad Shah Baba School

Mirwais Hospital

LOCATION MAP OF URGENT REHABILITATION PROJECT IN KANDAHAR CITY

Roads for Paving

To Kabul

To AirportTo Spin Boldak

LEGEND

JICA/PCI Project Office

Batch1 ProjectBatch 2 Project

URSP-KDH Final Report Part 2

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ABBREVIATION LIST

AACA Afghan Assistance Coordination Authority AG Advisory Group AIA Afghan Interim Administration AIMS Afghanistan Information Management System ANA Afghan National Army ARI Acute Respiratory Infection ATA Afghan (Islamic) Transitional Authority CG Consultative Group CMS Construction Management Service(s) DF/R Draft Final Report DOE Department of Education DOPH Department of Public Health F/R Final Report GOJ Government of Japan HABITAT United Nations Centre for Human Settlement (UNCHS Habitat)/ United Nations

Human Settlements Programme IA Implementation Arrangement ICMC International Catholic Migration Commission IC/R Inception Report ICRC International Committee of Red Cross IT/R Interim Report JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KDH Kandahar K-K Kabul-Kandahar LCB Local Competitive Bidding MOPH Ministry of Public Health MSF Medicine Sans Frontieres NDB National Development Budget NDF National Development Framework NGO Non-governmental Organization PAMA Department of Housing and Town Planning PCI Pacific Consultants International PIMA Pakistan Islamic Medical Association PR/R Progress Report


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UN Habitat United Nations Centre for Human Settlement (UNCHS Habitat)/ United Nations Human Settlements Programme

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund URSP Urgent Rehabilitation Support Programme URSP-EHB Urgent Rehabilitation Support Programme in Afghanistan, Education, Health,

and Broadcasting Sectors URSP-KDH Urgent Rehabilitation Support Programme in Kandahar URSP-SWPT Urgent Rehabilitation Support Programme in Afghanistan, Rehabilitation Study

for South-Western Area & Public Transportation Study of Kabul WFP World Food Programme

Executive Summary

URSP-KDH Final Report Part 2 (1)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE FINAL REPORT, PART 2, ON THE URGENT REHABILITATION SUPPORT PROGRAMME

IN KANDAHAR (URSP-KDH)

1. BACKGROUND

The international community has been at the forefront in the effort to rebuild Afghanistan after the collapse of the Taliban regime. At the International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan held in January 2002 in Tokyo, financial assistance amounting to about US$ 4.5 billion was pledged for the next two‐and‐a‐half years toward this end. Of this amount, the Japanese Government has pledged the amount of US$ 500 million over the said period toward urgent humanitarian assistance in the sectors of education, health and medical care, resettlement of repatriated refugees, landmine clearance, and empowerment of women’s participation in society.

Since April 2002, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has been conducting what is called Urgent Rehabilitation Support Programme (URSP). First to benefit is Kabul city, which has seen the programme embark on urgent rehabilitation for school buildings and medical facilities, broadcasting of the Emergency Loya Jirga, teacher training and so on.

Following the URSP in Kabul is the Urgent Rehabilitation Support Programme in Kandahar city (hereinafter called “URSP‐KDH”), which is the centre of the south‐western region of Afghanistan. URSP‐KDH was formulated according to the Implementing Arrangement (IA) agreed upon by the Afghan Assistance Coordination Authority (AACA), Kandahar Provincial Government, Ministry of Planning and Ministry of

Reconstruction of the Afghanistan Islamic Transitional Authority (ATA) on 8 August 2002.

This report summarizes the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects of URSP‐KDH covering education, health, road and sanitation, the constraints of implementation and measures taken to address these constraints, and the school maintenance improvement programme, which constitutes the soft component of URSP‐KDH. An evaluation of the urgent rehabilitation projects is also included.

1.1 Scope of URSP‐KDH

The following tasks are covered under the URSP‐KDH:

(1) Establishment of Urgent Rehabilitation Programme: This is to formulate a short‐term rehabilitation programme covering not only the physical infrastructure sectors but also other pertinent sectors, in order that the urgent rehabilitation projects are rightly positioned and seamlessly sustained towards future reconstruction. (Proposed Urgent Rehabilitation Programme is described in the Final Report Part 1, which was submitted in February 2003 by the Study Team.)

(2) Implementation of Urgent Rehabilitation Projects: This is to rehabilitate/ reconstruct damaged and destroyed facilities and structures, especially roads, educational and medical facilities.

Executive Summary


1.2 Urgent Rehabilitation Projects

The table below shows the list of Urgent Rehabilitation Projects, which are divided into two batches. Both Batch 1 and Batch 2 cover education, health, and road sectors; sanitation sector is included only in Batch 2. Moreover, Batch 2 projects are linked with Urgent Rehabilitation Programme, and consolidated in coordination with other donors’ activities.

Sector Batch 1 Batch 2 Education Construction of:

• Ahmad Shah Baba High School (including rehabilitation for destroyed roof of existing building)

• Zahir Shahi High School

• Malalai High School

Construction of: • Sufi Saheb High School

• Aino Middle School

• Kaka Sayed Ahmad School

• Mirwais Mena School

Health • Rehabilitation of building and supply of new equipment for kitchen and laundry in Mirwais hospital

• Supply 5 commuter buses for the Kandahar Nursing School

Road • Construction of 6‐km By‐pass City Road

• Rehabilitation of Kabul‐Kandahar Road (K‐K Road)

• Construction of 2.3‐km City road reaching from the city centre to the Mirwais Hospital.

Sanitation • Supply 3 cargo vehicles for collecting solid waste for Kandahar Municipality

2. IMPLEMENTATION OF URGENT

REHABILITATION PROJECTS

In the process of construction and rehabilitation, the URSP‐KDH sought to revive the Afghan economy through employment of Afghan contractors by local competitive bidding. However, the Study Team realized that the decades‐long conflicts have eroded the technical capacity of local contractors and laborers. To address this issue, the Study Team established the Construction Management

Services Team to not only manage and supervise the work of Afghan Contractors, but most importantly, to train the Afghan engineers through “on‐the‐job training.” In addition, materials available in local market or neighbouring countries are given top priority for construction use to provide ease and economy of operation and maintenance. This arrangement was adopted in the implementation of the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects below.

2.1 Education Sector

The plight of education in Afghanistan was evident immediately from a UNESCO report, which showed that Afghanistan is expecting the worst education indicators in the world, especially the indicators on education of girls and rural populations. The years of conflict and destruction have taken their roll on school facilities, teachers and pupils.

UNICEF made education a key priority in post‐war Afghanistan. Their Back‐to‐School Campaign saw the returning to school of a large number of children when the new school year commenced on September 7, 2002 in Kandahar. Available teachers also went back to teaching. Due to natural population growth and rapid inflow of returnees into the cities, Kandahar City faced the need for thousands of additional classrooms by year 2004.

As of 2002, there were 211 primary schools in the province. An estimated 80% of school buildings at all levels were damaged or destroyed. Particularly, the surrounding area of the City were more heavily damaged and destroyed. The work of rehabilitating schools was a long and arduous task.

In the selection of schools for Batch 1, the Study Team placed a priority on heavily damaged schools or those schools that

Executive Summary


needed rebuilding or additional classrooms; the reason for this was to complement the work of international donor agencies and NGOs that were choosing only slightly damaged schools for quick results.

After discussions with the DOE and other donors in October 2002, the Study Team was able to set the criteria for the selection of schools. In the end, one girls school (Malalai High School) and two boys schools (Ahmad Shah Baba and Zahir Shahi) were selected for construction. Work was carried out from December 2002 to October 2003.

For Batch 2, the Study Team, together with some DOE personnel, visited candidate sites, as well as other schools within Kandahar city and surrounding areas of the city, to see how other donor agencies were going about their construction projects and to assess the technical practicability for construction work within a set timeframe. After assessing the situation, the Study Team selected four schools: namely, Sufi Saheb High School, Mirwais Mena School, Kaka Sayed Ahmad School and Aino Middle School. Construction commenced in June 2003 and was completed in September 2004.

In general, the design criteria of the selected schools is as follows: (i) seismically sound school structure; (ii) appropriate number of rooms (40 students per room); (iii) two‐story building to accommodate an increasing demand while having more playground space for children; (iv) a fence/boundary wall; (v) separate toilets for male and female students and teachers; and (vi) a deep well for water supply. In addition, Batch 1 schools have a storeroom and a staff room and Batch 2 schools have a Head Teacher’s Room, a Teachers’ Room/Meeting Room and a storeroom.

2.2 Health Sector

Afghans used to depend on non‐governmental sources for much of their health concerns. This was during the pre‐war period when popular medical alternatives included local healers, traditional midwives, and bonesetters. The health services at that time were curative based and clinically oriented.

The southern region has 83 health facilities in total. Out of this number, 65 (82%) are managed by NGOs, and only 18 are managed by DOPH.

Kanadahar City has 13 health facilities, which are categorized as public hospitals and clinics, 6 facilities are managed by DOPH and 7 are overseen by NGOs. Health service in government facilities in Afghanistan are free of charge, but in Mirwis Hospital, patients have to pay 1,000 afg (1 new afg) for the first examination and direct expense of X‐rays.

For human resources development of medical staff, the faculty of medicine of Kandahar university accepts both male and female students. It operates under the ministry of higher education, and teaching doctors come from Mirwis Hospital. Also, there are 5 nursing schools in the country, one of them being in Mirwis hospital.

Under Batch 1, the target of urgent rehabilitation is Mirwais Hospital—the biggest hospital in the southern region and the top referral hospital in Afghanistan. However, no rehabilitation work on the building facilities or upgrade of its medical equipment has been performed since 1980. The hospital survey conducted by the Study Team revealed that total renovation of the hospital would need a long time and serious consideration. Considering the limited timeframe, the Study Team decided only to renovate the Kitchen & Laundry facilities of Mirwais Hospital, including supplying them with

Executive Summary


new equipment, in order to improve the food service and hygiene of the hospital. This whole process took just three months, from December 2002 to March 2003.

For Batch 2 health sector project, the Study Team turned its attention to the transportation of female students and teachers from their houses to Kandahar Nursing School. (This is a problem brought about by custom, making it difficult for women to travel alone even if they live nearby the school.) The answer to this problem was to supply the school with three commuter buses and two microbuses to transport 91 students and teachers of Kandahar Nursing School. Seats could be added in case of student increase in the future. The vehicles were delivered in June 2003.

2.3 Road Sector

Kandahar connects two national roads. One of them is the Kabul‐Kandahar‐Heart road, which is approximately 600 km. The other is the Kanhdar‐Spin Boldak Road extending to Pakistan, which is about 180 km.

There are about 100 km of city roads of which approximately 30 km are paved by asphalt and the remaining 70 km are not yet paved.

The following are the roads selected for urgent rehabilitation:

1) 6.0‐km By‐pass Road. This by‐pass road is formed by five roads with a total length of 6.0 km. Many trucks use this road, which serves as a by‐pass of the existing national highway running through the city centre. Most of the sections of this by‐pass road are not paved.

2) Kabul‐Kandahar Road. The Study Team decided to rehabilitate this road from 5 km point to 20 km point to meet the growth of long‐haul traffic.

3) 2.3‐km City Road. This road passes from the city centre to Mirwais Hospital. Many people go to the hospital by vehicle, are dropped off in front of the hospital, and later wait for their rides in front of the hospital. There are also many buildings that house donor agencies and NGOs along this road. With traffic being busy throughout the day and considering the unpaved condition of the road, a large amount of dust is generated and becomes a serious problem.

Planning and design of the first two roads were commenced from September 2002, and the implementation was started from December 2002. Three months after the URSP‐KDH began, rehabilitation of Kabul‐Kandahar road was completed and in September 2003, construction of the 6.0‐km by‐pass road was completed.

2.4 Sanitation Sector

Solid waste of Kandahar city is classified as scrap of sundry bricks and mud from construction sites, agro‐wastes including kitchen waste, plastics and night soil from houses. The garbage is not removed totally and much remains on the roadsides and gutter.

Kandahar has no solid waste management plan and the trucks used to collect waste are old and dilapidated. The problem of solid waste is adversely affecting the environment as well as the health of the urban population of the municipality.

Based on the estimations of the Study Team, it was decided to supply the urgent need of three trucks for waste collection to Kandahar municipality.

Executive Summary


3. CONSTRAINTS AND MEASURES TO IMPLEMENT THE URGENT REHABILITATION PROJECTS

The URSP‐KDH Project Team had to face challenges presented by the following constraints during the course of implementation. The corresponding measures taken to deal with them are also given below. Obviously, there were some things that the Project Team members just had to cope with the best they could.

• Contractorʹs absolute lack of financial capacity to sustain project cash flow.

This matter was taken care of by cancelling advance payments and 10% retention was applied from each payment instead of a bank guarantee.

• Limited ability of local contractors.

The CMS Team arranged on‐the‐job training for concrete mixing, sampling specimen of concrete cube, slump test, re‐bar arrangement, form works and so on. Furthermore, the CMS Team provided detailed drawings and shop drawings for the construction works to local contractors for easy reference.

• Lack of skilled labourers

Foreign workers were hired for jobs that required advanced skills. But the consequence is that construction costs become inflated because wages for skilled labour goes up. This constraint affected construction schedules.

• Unstable price of construction materials.

The CMS Team set up a special advanced payment arrangement to be able to keep an adequate stock of construction material.

• Rising temperatures during the months of June‐August that could adversely affect concreting works.

The temperature of concrete casting was carefully and frequently checked at the site during the summer season.

The concrete compression testing equipment brought in by the CMS Team was used to check the actual concrete strength of the concrete test pieces from every site. The one‐week concrete strength and the four‐week concrete strength were checked by the test machine, and the proper measures were executed to solve any insufficient grade of the concrete casting.

• Lack of banking system in Kandahar.

• Unstable security situation in Afghanistan

Note: The building the capacity of contractors and adopting a multi‐criteria approach to contractor selection (ex. cash flow management, project portfolio, and organizational abilities) are key to the satisfactory outcome of the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects implementation.

4. SCHOOL MAINTENANCE

IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME

The construction and rehabilitation projects were complemented by a soft component of URSP‐KDH named School Maintenance Improvement Programme. The programme sought to enable teachers, students and other stakeholders to utilise the rehabilitated school facilities effectively; to establish a maintenance system for the effective use of school facilities in Kandahar city; and to improve the hygiene conditions in the community.

The main components of the programme were:

Component 1: Study of an appropriate maintenance system for school facilities in Kandahar city

Executive Summary


Component 2: Training on operation and maintenance of the school facilities

Component 3: Hygiene education

The Study Team subcontracted the programme to a capable international NGO named International Catholic Migration Commission (ICMC) as the implementing partner. Training courses were conducted at three schools: namely, Ahmad Shah Baba School, Zahir Shahi School, and Malalai School.

The Department of Education (DOE) was involved in the programme because it is expected to play a key role in expanding the programme to all schools in Kandahar city in the future.

4.1 Results of the Programme

• The interviews and group discussions carried out by ICMC under Component 1 all pointed out lack of resources as being the major obstacle to proper maintenance of schools. Taking this into consideration, the ICMC proposed a maintenance plan to cover their lack of resources that emphasised the importance of community involvement, school initiative to undertake minor maintenance activities, and maintenance training.

There were 36 teachers and students that attended Component 2. They were there because they are expected to be responsible for maintenance activities in their schools. The training curriculum covered the “why’s” and “how’s” of maintenance, the use of maintenance tools/materials, and budgeting, among other important topics. Trainees were provided maintenance kits for a better understanding of topics under discussion.

A total of 36 participants comprising headmasters, teachers, and students were taught proper hygiene under Component

3. Besides personal hygiene, the training‐seminar covered such areas as drug abuse, proper use of toilets, and importance of daily habits and clean environment for good hygiene. Training handouts prepared by “Save the Children Alliance” in Kabul and UNICEF were distributed to the attendees.

4.2 Conclusion and Recommendations

According to the observation by the Study Team in January 2005, the three schools are implementing the programme on maintenance, hygiene, and keeping the facilities clean, despite some problems. The proposed maintenance plan, on the other hand, has been mentioned by the DOE staff since its submission. However, the plan has not been institutionalised as a maintenance system of DOE yet because of the frequent replacement of directors and lack of their support. It is necessary for DOE to integrate the plan into its maintenance system. 5. EVALUATION OF URGENT

REHABILITATION PROJECTS

This chapter brings together the comprehensive evaluation for all projects and consolidates future aid activities in post‐war Afghanistan.

Government policy and peacebuilding needs to play a large part in the evaluation of the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects. With that in mind, it can be said that the projects are relevant, that they contributed to not only increasing the number of facilities but also recovering the functions of schools and medical institutions. To the people of Kandahar, the projects, which were completed in a relatively short amount of time, were visible proof of positive changes giving them a feeling of hope.

Executive Summary


A summary of the evaluation of urgent rehabilitation projects is given in the Table below.

5.1 Education Sector

The situation of the Education Sector is much improved by the additional 98 classrooms built by the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects, even though problems still exist such as double/triple sessions, overcrowded classrooms and tent classrooms.

There are concerns that bad behaviour of students may have caused some damage in the completed school facilities like broken handles, desks and toilet flushes. Teachers and parents can meet for discussion of this issue and teachers can give some guidance to parents in order that they will impact their children. In addition, teachers and older students can help through monitoring of the maintenance activities.

The Study Team also found that some schools have decided to use the additional rooms differently from their original design in order to meet their needs, the number of pupils and shifts they have, and their syllabus and curriculum.

5.2 Health Sector

The newly renovated kitchen facility and laundry room have tremendously improved services and sanitation in Mirwais Hospital. There are better meals served to patients, and linens are washed by washing machines with hot water rather than by hand. It is recommended, however, that Mirwais Hospital establish a “preventive maintenance system” for sustainable use of the facilities. Training of managers as well as staff on hospital management may have to be considered as well.

5.3 Road Sector

The road paving project in Kandahar city, which involves a 6 km by‐pass road, recently named Ogata road, has drastically improved road and traffic conditions. Now, Kandahar Municipality has started to pave other roads on their own to create a good environment and smooth flow of transportation.

5.4 Sanitation Sector

The trucks travel more than 75 km per day collecting and disposing of garbage in Kandahar city. However, it is still necessary for the municipality to establish a solid waste management programme.

Executive Summary


Evaluation Summary of the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects

Evaluation Items

Rehabilitation of seven schools and Soft Component

Renovation of kitchen and laundry at Mirwais Hospital

Commuter Buses

Pavement of City Roads

Garbage Trucks

Relevance Meet the NDB and huge needs of classrooms in Kandahar City

Meet the NDB and needs of Improved Equitable Distribution of Quality Health Services


Meet the NDB and needs of urban infrastructure

Meet the NDB and needs of Urban Planning & Management

Effectiveness Constructed 98 classrooms accommodating pupils who were in temporary classrooms (tents) More than 18,000

students (including 4,500 girls) can study at the constructed classrooms Teachers have positive

ideas for maintenance of school facilities

Improvement of food services and hygiene condition in the hospital Kitchen provides

meals for 410 (300 inpatients and 110 duty staffs) More than 180 linens

and gowns are washed by provided washing machine

72 female students and 16 female teachers are using the provided 5 commuter buses.

6.0‐km By‐pass road and 2.3 km road was paved Creation of

the smooth transportation Reduction of

clouds of sand dust caused by the vehicular traffic.

3 trucks collect garbage in Kandahar city running 75km/day/each

Efficiency There were delays of construction or implementation due to unstable security conditions Scale and design of

school building seem to be over local capacity (capacity of local contractors was insufficient)

There were delays of construction or implementation due to unstable security condition

There were delays of distribution due to unstable security condition

There were delays of construction due to unstable security condition


Impact Increase enrolment and attendance of pupils Capacity building of

local contractors through construction works Generate employment

Renovated dining room is used as place for workshops which are conducted by donors and government agencies Capacity building of


‐ Reduce dust Capacity

building of local contractors through construction works Generate

employment

‐

Sustainability Maintenance of school buildings seems to be insufficient Some of facilities are

broken especially in toilet

Insufficient use of renovated dining room Some provided

machines are broken sometimes

There is an out of operation bus due to lack of budget

Kandahar municipality continues to pave city roads by its own initiative

UN Habitat supports Municipality financially

Quick Response

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Visibility Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Executive Summary


5.5 Recommendations

The Study Team faced many challenges in the URSP‐KDH projects experience. It has therefore come up with the following recommendations by group for better project implementation in the future.

1) For the Stakeholders of URSP‐KDH Projects

• To share their experience and provide facilities to other projects/programmes in the future;

• To establish “Preventive Maintenance System” for better maintenance and sustainable use of the constructed facilities and provided equipment, and to perform regular monitoring;

• To be involved in the planning, design and implementation phases to enhance sense of ownership of and responsibility to the rehabilitated facilities, and to hold regular stakeholder meetings before implementation to discuss the activities and maintenance issues after construction

2) For the Local government in Kandahar

• To take the initiative for reconstruction and development of the region;

• To participate in the process of planning, monitoring and evaluation to secure sustainability of the projects;

• To enhance its institutional capacity especially for monitoring, accounting and management by inviting foreign experts and participating in domestic/overseas training.

3) For Donors

• To decide the scale and design of support projects considering capacity of counterparts, national staff, and local contractors or NGOs;

• To secure quality, in the strictest sense, in construction, training, and institutional building;

• To collaborate on the different schemes of donor support such as dispatching experts, grant aid, and overseas training to succeed in the outcomes of URSP‐KDH;

• To place in‐house consulting engineers (CEs) in the country office instead of bringing in CEs from abroad, for quick and flexible response;

• To exercise flexibility in project scope to respond to changing situations.

• To increase their security information gathering capacity to reduce risks, because security is the most important issue for aid workers.


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Table of Contents for URSP‐KDH Report Part 2 Final Report on the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects

Preface Letter of Transmittal Map of Southern Region of Afghanistan / Location Map of Urgent Rehabilitation Project in Kandahar City

History of URSP‐KDH Abbreviation List

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Page

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 ‐ 1

1.1. Background ............................................................................................................... 1 ‐ 1 1.2. Scope of URSP‐KDH................................................................................................ 1 ‐ 2 1.3. Formulation of the Urgent Rehabilitation Programme....................................... 1 ‐ 2 1.4. Selection of the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects .................................................... 1 ‐ 3 1.5. Implementation of the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects........................................ 1 ‐ 3

CHAPTER 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF URGENT REHABILITATION PROJECTS ................. 2 ‐ 1

2.1. Approach and Methodology for the Implementation......................................... 2 ‐ 1 2.2. Education Sector ....................................................................................................... 2 ‐ 2

2.2.1. Overall View of the Education Sector ...................................................... 2 ‐ 2 2.2.2. Selection of the Projects .............................................................................. 2 ‐ 5 2.2.3. Post‐Implementation Review of Selection Criteria................................. 2 ‐10 2.2.4. Design Policy and Concept ........................................................................ 2 ‐13 2.2.5. Determination of Facility Scale.................................................................. 2 ‐16 2.2.6. Contractual Arrangement .......................................................................... 2 ‐19 2.2.7. Implementation of the Projects ................................................................. 2 ‐20 2.2.8. Operation and Maintenance ...................................................................... 2 ‐24 2.2.9. Workshop on Effective School Management........................................... 2 ‐25

2.3. Health Sector ............................................................................................................. 2 ‐27 2.3.1. Overall View of the Health Sector ............................................................ 2 ‐27 2.3.2. Selection of the Projects .............................................................................. 2 ‐33 2.3.3. Design Policy and Concept ........................................................................ 2 ‐34 2.3.4. Contractual Arrangement .......................................................................... 2 ‐34 2.3.5. Implementation of the Projects ................................................................. 2 ‐35 2.3.6. Operation and Maintenance ...................................................................... 2 ‐37

2.4. Road Sector................................................................................................................ 2 ‐37 2.4.1. Overall View of the Road Sector ............................................................... 2 ‐37


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2.4.2. Selection of the Roads................................................................................. 2 ‐40 2.4.3. Design Policy and Concept ........................................................................ 2 ‐40 2.4.4. Implementation of the Projects ................................................................. 2 ‐41 2.4.5. Operation and Maintenance ...................................................................... 2 ‐42

2.5. Sanitation Sector ....................................................................................................... 2 ‐42 2.5.1. Overall view of Sanitation Sector/ Garbage of Kandahar City ............. 2 ‐42 2.5.2. Selection of the Project................................................................................ 2 ‐44 2.5.3. Design Policy and Concept ........................................................................ 2 ‐44 2.5.4. Implementation of the Project ................................................................... 2 ‐45 2.5.5. Operation and Maintenance ...................................................................... 2 ‐45

CHAPTER 3 CONSTRAINTS AND MEASURES TO IMPLEMENT THE URGENT REHABILITATION PROJECTS....................................................................... 3 ‐ 1

3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 3 ‐ 1 3.2. Constraints ................................................................................................................ 3 ‐ 3 3.3. Measures Against the Constraints ......................................................................... 3 ‐ 5 3.4. Conclusions and Recommendations...................................................................... 3 ‐ 7

CHAPTER 4 SCHOOL MAINTENANCE IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME (SOFT COMPONENT)................................................................................... 4 ‐ 1

4.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 4 ‐ 1 4.2. Scope of the Programme.......................................................................................... 4 ‐ 1 4.3. Implementation of the Programme........................................................................ 4 ‐ 2 4.4. Conclusions and Recommendations...................................................................... 4 ‐ 4

CHAPTER 5 EVALUATION OF URGENT REHABILITATION PROJECTS .......................... 5 ‐ 1

5.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 5 ‐ 1 5.2. Rationale .................................................................................................................... 5 ‐ 1

5.2.1. Conflict Prevention ..................................................................................... 5 ‐ 1 5.2.2. Government Policy...................................................................................... 5 ‐ 2

5.3. Evaluation of Urgent Rehabilitation Projects ....................................................... 5 ‐ 3 5.4. Seminar on URSP‐KDH........................................................................................... 5 ‐ 7 5.5. Recommendations .................................................................................................... 5 ‐ 8

1-1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background

After the collapse of the Taliban regime, the Afghan people have been struggling to reconstruct Afghanistan in collaboration with the international community. The international community agreed to seriously address the urgent rehabilitation and reconstruction of the country by pledging financial assistance amounting to about US$ 4.5 billion over two and a half years as the transitional period. The pledge was made at the International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan held in January 2002 in Tokyo.

Accordingly, the Government of Japan (GOJ) pledged to share financial assistance of US$ 500 million for the said period particularly for urgent humanitarian assistance in the sectors of education, health and medical care, resettlement of repatriated refugees, landmine clearance, and empowerment of women.

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has conducted the Urgent Rehabilitation Support Programme (URSP) since April 2002. The first URSP was commenced under the chaotic situation in Kabul immediately after the collapse. The URSP quickly responded to the changeable needs in the post‐conflict situation in Kabul city including situation analysis, establishment of short‐term rehabilitation plans in several sectors, urgent rehabilitation for roads, school buildings and medical facilities, broadcasting of the Emergency Loya Jirga, teacher training and so on.

Following the commencement of URSP‐EHB and URSP‐SWPT in Kabul,1 the Urgent Rehabilitation Support Programme in Kandahar (hereinafter called “URSP‐KDH” or simply “Programme”) was formulated to cover Kandahar city (the centre of the south‐western region of Afghanistan) according to the Implementing Arrangement (IA) agreed upon by the Afghan Assistance Coordination Authority (AACA), Kandahar Provincial Government, Ministry of Planning and Ministry of Reconstruction of the Afghanistan Islamic Transitional Authority (ATA) on 8th August 2002.

URSP‐KDH includes the following projects/programme: (1) Establishment of Urgent Rehabilitation Programme (2) Implementation of Urgent Rehabilitation Projects

1 Urgent Rehabilitation Support Programme in Afghanistan – Education, Health and Broadcasting Sectors (URSP‐EHB), Duration: April 2002 – August 2004, and Urgent Rehabilitation Support Programme in Afghanistan – Rehabilitation Study for South‐Western Area & Public Transportation Study of Kabul (URSP‐SWPT), Duration: July 2002 – February 2003.


1-2

Under the existing unstable and changeable situation, it might be difficult to set up quantitative or qualitative data to justify project formulation or feasibility. Nevertheless, the Study Team tried to plan or design the urgent rehabilitation projects based on the available very limited information for better project formulation and implementation. One of the objectives of this report is to present the challenges and struggles of post‐conflict reconstruction in Afghanistan and their lessons.

1.2. Scope of URSP‐KDH

Along the line of the commitment made by the GOJ, the Programme aims at realizing the earlier implementation of URSP‐KDH, with the scope as follows:

• Establishment of Urgent Rehabilitation Programme to formulate a short‐term rehabilitation programme covering not only the physical infrastructure sectors but also other pertinent sectors, so that the urgent rehabilitation projects should be rightly positioned and seamlessly sustained towards future reconstruction and development

• Implementation of Urgent Rehabilitation Projects to rehabilitate/reconstruct damaged and destroyed facilities and structures, especially roads, educational and medical facilities

1.3. Formulation of the Urgent Rehabilitation Programme

The urgent rehabilitation programme is a support strategy and a list of rehabilitation and development projects for Kandahar region recommended by the Study Team. The programme is expected to be utilised as a strategic support framework to the region, formulating projects and programmes, which will be supported and funded by donor agencies.

Considering the National Development Framework (NDF) prepared by the Board of AACA, discussions for the regional rehabilitation by the local government, donors and NGOs, and Japan’s assistance policy for Afghanistan, the following five pillars can be set as essential support strategy to Kandahar region:

• Responding transition from relief, rehabilitation to development

• Building efficient institutions

• Enhancing regional stability

• Creation of sustainable livelihoods

• Promoting equality between urban and rural as well as regions


1-3

Proposed Urgent Rehabilitation Programme is described in the Final Report Part 1 published in February 2003 by the Study Team.

1.4. Selection of the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects

In order to achieve expeditious implementation, the Study Team divided urgent rehabilitation projects into two components, namely batch 1 and batch 2. The Study Team selected proposed projects for education, health, and road sectors during the first field survey as Batch 1 Component. For Batch 2 Component, the Study Team selected proposed projects linked with the Urgent Rehabilitation Programme, and in coordination with other donors’ activities. Table 1.1 lists the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects.

Table 1.1 Urgent Rehabilitation Projects

Sector Batch 1 Component (from Sep 2002) Batch 2 Component (from Nov 2002) Education Construction of

• Ahmad Shah Baba High School (including rehabilitation of a destroyed roof)

• Zahir Shahi High School • Malalai High School

Construction of • Sufi Saheb High School • Aino Middle School • Kaka Sayed Ahmad School • Mirwis Mena School

Health • Rehabilitation of building and supply of new equipment for kitchen and laundry in Mirwis hospital

• Supply 5 commuter buses for the Kandahar Nursing School

Road • Construction of 6.0 km By‐pass City Road

• Rehabilitation of Kabul‐Kandahar Road (K‐K Road)

• Construction of 2.3 km City road reaching from the city centre to the Mirwis Hospital.

Sanitation • Supply 3 cargo vehicles for collecting solid waste for Kandahar Municipality

1.5. Implementation of the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects

(1) Batch 1 Component

Planning and design was commenced from September 2002, and the implementation was started from December 2002. Just three months after the URSP‐KDH began, in March 2003, projects of the rehabilitation of Mirwis hospital and the K‐K Road were completed. Construction of the school buildings and the 6.0 km By‐pass Road were completed in May 2004 and September 2003, respectively.


1-4


Commuter Buses for Kandahar Nursery School and Cargo Trucks for Kandahar Municipality were delivered in June 2003. Construction of the school buildings and the 2.3 km Road were started from June 2003. The road was completed in September 2003 and the school buildings were completed in September 2004.

(3) Soft Component

The Study Team conducted the School Maintenance Improvement Programme as a soft component programme. The purpose of the programme was effective utilisation of the school facilities that were rehabilitated/reconstructed by the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects. The programme was implemented from August to November 2003 after the completion of the construction of school buildings under the Batch 1 Component.

Figure 1.1 Schedule of Implementation of Urgent Rehabilitation Projects

2002 2003 2004 2005

Sep. Dec.Jan. Dec.Jan. Dec.Jan. Mar.

Batch-1 ComponentBasic DesignDetailed DesignCost Estimate

Tender / Tender EvaluationSite Preparation

Construction & Renovation Work

Batch-2 ComponentBasic DesignDetailed DesignCost Estimate

Tender / Tender EvaluationSite Preparation

Construction

Installation of Farniture

Supply of Vehicles

Soft ComponentInstallation of Farniture

△ △ △ △ △IC/R PR/R IT/R DF/R F/RReporting

Ramadan

Winter

Ramadan

Winter

Ramadan

Winter

2-1

Chapter 2 Implementation of

Urgent Rehabilitation Projects 2.1. Approach and Methodology for the Implementation

The construction industries in Afghanistan were completely devastated, both in terms of human resources and technical expertise along with the destruction of their own construction equipment. After collapse of Taliban regime, many Afghan contractors who escaped to the neighbouring countries, have come back to Afghanistan and begun works. However their skill tends to be insufficient for the huge demand for reconstruction of country because of lack of experienced engineers and technicians as well as their low financial capacity.

In September 2002, the provincial government of Kandahar focused on rehabilitation and rebuilding activities assisted by international donor agencies. Their goal is to revive the destroyed economy of the region. However, international donor agencies have faced problems in that the progress and quality of their activities had not been appropriate in accordance with their specifications, although they employed Afghan contractors to implement the works. Thus, there is the need to strengthen the capacity of Afghan contractors in parallel with implementation of rehabilitation and rebuilding activities.

As part of the project, the Study Team has employed Afghan contractors and local engineers for the rehabilitation works such as rehabilitation of seven selected schools, Mirwis Hospital, the roads, and so on. To implement the urgent rehabilitation project in Kandahar and provide extra technical training which is missing in Afghanistan, the Study Team organized the CMS (Construction Management Services) team. The team plans not only to manage and supervise the work of Afghan Contractors, but most importantly, to train the Afghan engineers through “On‐the‐job training” such as leveling, marking, and concrete mixing to assure that the quality of their work is maintained in accordance with contract the documents.


2-2

2.2. Education Sector

2.2.1. Overall View of the Education Sector

(1) General

By any statistical measure, the educational system in Afghanistan was seriously undermined by more than 20 years of war. A UNESCO report 1 showed that Afghanistan’s education indicators were among the worst in the world, with girls and rural populations had been particularly disadvantaged. Even before the war, the gross enrolment rates (GER) for boys and girls at the primary level were 54% and 12% respectively. This was especially in the southern region such as Kandahar, given that girl’s enrolment was negligible even prior to the Taliban regime. During the 6 years of Taliban regime, educational standards clearly deteriorated as girls and female teachers were not allowed in schools, nothing secular was allowed to be taught in educational institutions, and most schools were essentially converted to religious schools leaving no room for school rehabilitation or teacher development or training. In fact, there was only one formal school called “Shpay Lyee School” in Kandahar.

It is widely recognized that the situation of the education sector infrastructure in Afghanistan, as a whole, and within Kandahar, in particular, was quite dismal. The more than 20 years of war either badly damaged or destroyed almost all schools in Kandahar. As the situation worsened, many good teachers left the country in hopes of getting jobs in the refugee camps where international NGOs were financing some type of schooling for refugee children.

However, after the September 11 attack, when the Taliban regime fell and donors flocked into Afghanistan, education became a priority issue for all, including local NGOs and the interim government of Afghanistan. A large number of children of school age and available teachers went back to school since the Back‐to‐School Campaign2 commenced in March 2002. Considering the natural population growth and rapid inflow of refugees into the cities, it was likely that Kandahar city would face a need for thousands of additional classrooms by year 2004 based on the number of destroyed classrooms, plus the accelerated population growth due to returning refugees. The latest information showed that 894,020 girls were attending classes, making up 30% of the total number of pupils in Afghanistan as a whole. The ratio between girls and boys was relatively similar across the country. However there were some differences between certain sectors of Afghanistan – in Kabul, girls enrolment

1 UNESCO, EFA (2000) Afghanistan Draft Final Report 2 Back‐to‐School Campaign: Spear‐headed by UNICEF and financed by several donor agencies, including

the GOJ, aimed to bring a large number of children of school age and available teachers back to schools. The campaign has supported school‐age children and teachers in Kandahar since its commencement, although the new school year in Kandahar started on 7th September 2002.


2-3

made up over 40% of pupils, while in Kandahar rates were just 10% of the student population. Although Kabul established a co‐education system which include girls and boys from grades 1 through 6, Kandahar had co‐education school only for grades 1 through 3; there was not enough school capacity for girls. Nonetheless, given that girl’s enrolment was negligible in the southern region even prior to the Taliban regime, some comfort should have been taken from these figures. According to a World Bank report3, the primary gross enrolment rate was estimated as 43% for boys and 3% for girls.

As the number of students and teachers increased, the educational infrastructure needed to be rehabilitated on urgent basis in Kandahar city. Most donor agencies and NGOs that were working in Kandahar city made school rehabilitation a priority so that students and teachers could have some shelter. Although a lot remains to be done, signs of progress in Kandahar city were obvious, and slowly but surely the city is coming back to life.

The following section provides a summary of situation at that time and available statistics (however not completely reliable) for primary and secondary education in Kandahar city and lay out the basis for the Education Rehabilitation Programme and future intervention by stakeholders.

(2) Primary and Secondary Education

1) School Facilities in Kandahar

It was said that some 2,000 schools were destroyed during the turmoil in Afghanistan and there was a vast need for school rehabilitation and reconstruction everywhere in the country. In Kandahar province, there were 211 schools. An estimated 80% of school buildings at all levels were damaged or destroyed due to more than 20 years of conflict. Particularly, the surrounding area of Kandahar city was more heavily damaged and destroyed. Table 2‐1 shows the damage levels of the schools in Kandahar province at that time. Table 2‐2 shows the results of the Rapid Assessment of Learning Spaces in Afghanistan (RALS) implemented by UNICEF in June 2002.

Table 2‐1 Damage Level of School for Kandahar Province Level 1 2 3 4 5 N/A

No. of School 33 51 29 24 65 9 Source: UNICEF, Kandahar, * Damage Level: Level 1 ‐ Minor cosmetic repair only, Level 2 ‐ Minor damage only, Level 3 ‐ Partially destroyed building, Level 4 ‐ Mostly destroyed building, Level 5 ‐ Completely destroyed

3 World Bank (2002) Technical Annex for an Emergency Education Rehabilitation and Development

Project


2-4

Table 2‐2 Summary of Second School Assessment for Kandahar Province (As of July 2002)

No. Name of District Total Number of Schools

Total Number of Girl Pupils

Total Number of Boy Pupils

Total Number of Female Teachers

Total Number of Male Teachers

1 City 35 7,415 25,368 193 664 2 Panjwai 39 150 6,611 7 222 3 Dand 25 42 3,759 2 134 4 Arghandahb 16 6 4,300 0 125 5 Maruf 31 98 4,179 0 138 6 Arghistan 11 0 1,241 0 46 7 Spin Boldak 7 258 2,758 0 83 8 Maiwand 7 18 1,221 1 48 9 Nish 8 0 965 0 23 10 Shahwali 8 12 750 0 36 11 Khak Riz 6 0 695 0 25 12 Shiga 9 68 404 3 18 13 Daman 3 64 220 0 9 14 Ghorak 5 0 224 0 14 15 Mian Nishin 1 0 100 0 3

Total 211 8,131 52,795 206 1,588 Source: UNICEF Kandahar

Several NGOs and donor agencies started rehabilitation of schools in Kandahar city and the rehabilitation work is at various stages of completion. In October 2002, UNICEF and other concerned donors, in collaboration with the Department of Education (DOE), decided to coordinate school rehabilitation efforts by preparing a list of schools where rehabilitation was needed and which donor was contributing to each school. This list was updated on a regular basis to reflect the changing situation and time.

2) Girls School

As mentioned above, formal education was strictly prohibited for about 6‐7 years by the Taliban government. Students, especially girl students had huge gap of formal education. There were eight schools in Kandahar city. Zhainab, Kaka Sayde Ahmad, Aino Middle were closed for various reasons. For example, in Zainab School, people had been living illegally in the school facilities since the school closed caused by the prohibition of the female education. Even though the girls schools reopened, some schools tended to be co‐educational or boys schools. In addition, there were no female students over 9th grade due to the huge gap created during the Taliban regime. Table 2‐3 shows the situation of girls schools at that time in Kandahar city.


2-5

Table 2‐3 Profile of Girls Schools in Kandahar City (As of September and December, 2002)

Name G‐1 G‐2 G‐3 G‐4 G‐5 G‐6 G‐7 G‐8 G‐9 G‐10 G‐11 G‐12 Total

M 730* (120)**

1000 (100)

100(120)

50 (60)

‐ (60)

‐ (60)

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 1880(520)Zhagona Ana

Middle F

300 (360)

600 (980)

100(120)

50 (60)

40( ‐ )

30( ‐ )

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 1120(1520)

M ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Zhagona Ana High F

380 (210)

880 (920)

220(250)

220(150)

90(80)

45(50)

40(40)

20( ‐ )

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 1895(1700)

M 326 (194)

424 (341)

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 750 (535)

Malalai High

F 228 (244)

238 (220)

55 (70)

53 (50)

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 574 (584)

M ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Aeno High

F 380

(1500) 786 (25)

137( ‐ )

120( ‐ )

40( ‐ )

25( ‐ )

15(23)

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 1503(1550)

M 825 (270)

794 (590)

200(130)

150(138)

50(50)

30(35)

20 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 2089(1213)

Sufi Sahib High

F 316 (120)

295 (280)

70 (20)

2 (2)

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 683 (422)

M 160 (130)

519 (440)

101(90)

59 (72)

19(32)

11(15)

13(15)

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 882 (794)Mirwis Mena

High F

56 (62)

97 (88)

25 (40)

26 (35)

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 204 (225)

Source: URSP Team; * Upper; Data in December, ** Lower; Data in September

3) Learning and teaching materials

Distribution of learning and teaching materials was completed to the primary sections of almost all schools in Kandahar city and was in progress in Kandahar province as a whole under UNICEF’s Back‐to‐School Campaign. During the Study Team’s school visits, it was found that, as the enrolment continued to increase on a daily basis, and so there was a lack of UNICEF kits for the newcomers. As a result, schools were trying to maximise the usage by asking the old students to share stationeries with the new students.

2.2.2. Selection of the Projects


Given the circumstances in September 2002, URSP‐KDH placed great emphasis on coordination with other agencies involved in school rehabilitation in the city. Discussions with NGOs and donor agencies revealed that many of them are choosing to help schools with relatively lighter damage level to obtain quick impact of their inputs. Therefore, the Study Team placed more emphasis in playing a complementary role by placing priorities on heavily damaged schools or those schools that needed rebuilding or additional classrooms.


2-6

The Study Team visited many schools to see whether URSP‐KDH could cover their rehabilitation or reconstruction, but it seems that the donors and local NGOs have chosen almost all schools in Kandahar city. Although international donors are doing a more thorough job, most NGOs are performing minor works in schools such as painting, installation of windows and doors, basic plastering and other minor repairs.

The Study Team focused on the schools that require more than simple rehabilitation, and they were selected as the target sites. After discussions with DOE and other donors in October 2002, the Study Team set criteria for the selection of schools that were used in the final investigation as follows:

• Damage degree/needs for reconstruction • Whether the school includes primary grades • Location of the school • Whether the school have enough students and teachers • Whether the classrooms were severely damaged • Whether they have access roads for rehabilitation /reconstruction activities • Whether there is available space for reconstruction • Whether the land is owned by the DOE • Whether the scale is feasible to consider as an urgent rehabilitation project. • Whether there are assistance in reconstruction/renovation from other donors • Gender equality • The number of existing classrooms • The number of shifts • Availability of water • Availability of latrine • Availability of fence • Availability of electricity

The Study Team, together with dedicated personnel from DOE, visited sites proposed by DOE, as well as other schools in different districts within Kandahar city in order to find out how other donors and agencies are implementing the construction projects. The purpose of these visits was to assess technical practicability for construction work within a set timeframe.

As mentioned above, although all schools were eligible for reconstruction in terms of rehabilitation/reconstruction needs and according to the above criteria, four schools were dropped because, among other reasons, they were already given assistance by other donors. The final list included one girls school and two boys schools for reconstruction (see Table 2.1).

In October 2002, the Study Team and DOE also organized school community meetings for all selected schools and parents of students, teachers and community leaders were


2-7

invited. Discussions emphasized needs for construction and participants possible contribution to schools.

Given the needs of the community, the Study Team, together with the relevant personnel from DOE, carefully revisited each school to investigate needs and came up with a viable school construction/rehabilitation option4. In accordance with the design needs, each school would be provided with the following:

Seismically sound school structure

Appropriate number of rooms (big enough to accommodate 40 students in one room)

Two‐story buildings to accommodate an increasing demand while having more playground space for children5

Fence/boundary wall6

Separate toilets for male and female students and teachers

Deep Well (water supply)

On that occasion, at least one of the schools selected was holding three shifts, since there was no space for students to sit in. Given the design of the school, based on sound construction, the Study Team believed that it would lessen the burden on students and teachers in terms of reduction in school shifts and more space for students.

As a result, the following three (3) schools were selected as the Batch 1 component.

(i) Zahir Shahi High School

(ii) Malalai High School

(iii) Ahmad Shah Baba High School

4 UNICEF has made a guidance note for school rehabilitation. Facilities included in the note such as

provision of water, toilets and boundary walls have been taken into consideration under URSP‐EHB. 5 A two‐story and strong structured building can be justified from viewpoint of long‐term needs and

durability, and land use, although small‐scale building may be better as ‘urgent’ rehabilitation. 6 Boundary wall seems to be important to obstruct the view from outside of school, because it is necessary

especially for female students to secure such space from an Afghan standpoint.


2-8

Table 2‐4

School Selection Criteria – Batch 1 Component

①

Zah

ir Sh

ah

Hig

h Sc

hool

②

Mal

alai

H

igh

Scho

ol

③ S

ufi S

ahab

H

igh

Scho

ol

④ Z

hago

na

Ana

Hig

h Sc

hool

⑤ Z

hago

na

Ana

Mid

dle

Scho

ol

⑥ S

hah

Hus

ain

Scho

ol⑦

Mirw

is

Min

a Sc

hool

⑧

Ahm

ad S

hah

Baba

Hig

h Sc

hool

1.

D

egre

e of

Dam

age/

Nee

ds

for r

econ

stru

ctio

n H

igh

(o

bvio

us la

ck

of c

lass

room

s)

Hig

h

(obv

ious

lack

of

cla

ssro

oms)

Hig

h

(obv

ious

lack

of

cla

ssro

oms)

Hig

h

(obv

ious

lack

of

cla

ssro

oms)

Hig

h

(obv

ious

lack

of

cla

ssro

oms)

Hig

h

(obv

ious

lack

of

cla

ssro

oms)

Hig

h

(obv

ious

lack

of

cla

ssro

oms)

Hig

h

2.

Gra

de L

evel

P

rimar

y,

Mid

dle,

Hig

h P

rimar

y,

Mid

dle,

Hig

h P

rimar

y,

Mid

dle

Prim

ary,

M

iddl

e, H

igh

Prim

ary,

M

iddl

e P

rimar

y,

Mid

dle

Prim

ary,

M

iddl

e P

rimar

y,

Mid

dle,

Hig

h 3.

Lo

catio

n

Dis

trict

6

Dis

trict

5

Dis

trict

6

Dis

trict

6

Dis

trict

6

Dis

trict

6

Dis

trict

6

Dis

trict

6

4.

Stat

us o

f cla

ssro

oms

Parti

ally

but

to

o m

any

stud

ents

ou

tsid

e

Reh

abili

tate

d bu

t too

man

y st

uden

ts

outs

ide

Reh

abili

tate

d bu

t too

man

y st

uden

ts

outs

ide

Reh

abili

tate

d bu

t too

man

y st

uden

ts

outs

ide

Reh

abili

tate

d bu

t too

man

y st

uden

ts

outs

ide

Reh

abili

tate

d bu

t too

man

y st

uden

ts

outs

ide

Reh

abili

tate

d bu

t too

man

y st

uden

ts

outs

ide

Yes

5

Num

ber o

f st

uden

ts/G

ende

r (w

ith p

opul

atio

n m

ovem

ent S

ep-O

ct 2

002)

(as

of S

EP

14)

Tota

l: 64

00

M-T

: 72,

F-T

: 43

(as

of S

EP

16)

Boy

s:64

51(1

-12)

Girl

s: 2

52 (1

-3)

M-T

: 73,

F-T

: 37

(as

of S

EP

24)

Boy

s:62

49(1

-12)

Girl

s: 2

52 (1

-3)

M-T

: 73,

F-T

: 39

(as

of O

CT

2)

Boy

s:62

89(1

-12)

Girl

s: 2

75 (1

-3)

M-T

: 73,

F-T

: 42

(as

of S

EP

14)

Boy

s: 6

50

Girl

s: 5

00

M-T

: 18,

F-T

: 7

(as

of S

EP

16)

Boy

s: 4

50 (1

-3)

Girl

s: 4

78 (1

-4)

M-T

: 18,

F-T

: 11

(as

of S

EP

24)

Boy

s: 5

35 (1

-2)

Girl

s: 5

84 (1

-4)

M-T

: 16,

F-T

: 8

(as

of O

CT

2)

Boy

s: 5

19 (1

-2)

Girl

s: 7

30 (1

-4)

M-T

: 15,

F-T

: 9

(as

of S

EP

17)

Boy

s: 1

083

(1-6

)G

irls:

422

(1-4

) M

-T: 2

1, F

-T: 1

1

(as

of S

EP

16)

Boy

s: 0

G

irls:

170

0 (1

-7)

M-T

: 0, F

-T: 3

5

(as

of S

EP

16)

Boy

s: 9

00 (1

-4)

Girl

s: 1

140

(1-6

)M

-T: 3

, F-T

: 31

(as

of O

CT

5)

Boy

s: 0

G

irls:

0

M-T

: 0, F

-T: 0

(as

of S

EP

14)

Boy

s: 2

320

Girl

s: 1

80

M-T

: 24,

F-T

: 1

(as

of S

EP

17)

Boy

s: 1

729

(1-7

)G

irls:

72

(1-2

) M

-T: 2

9, F

-T: 1

(a

s of

SE

P 24

) B

oys:

163

7(1-

7)G

irls:

0

M-T

: 29,

F-T

: 0

(as

of S

EP

14)

Boy

s: 9

57

Girl

s: 1

20

(as

of S

EP

17)

Boy

s: 7

94

Girl

s: 2

25

M-T

: 28

F-T:

0

(as

of S

EP

17)

Boy

s: 1

765(

1-11

) G

irls:

0

M-T

: 50,

F-T

: 0

(as

of S

EP

24)

Boy

s: 1

925(

1-11

) G

irls:

0

M-T

: 50,

F-T

: 0

(as

of O

CT

5)

Boy

s: 2

224(

1-11

) G

irls:

0

M-T

: 50,

F-T

: 0

(as

of O

CT

9)

Boy

s: 2

304

1-11

) G

irls:

0

M-T

: 54,

F-T

: 0

6.

Acc

ess

road

for

reha

bilit

atio

n /re

cons

truct

ion

activ

ities

O

K

O

K

O

K

O

K

O

K

O

K

O

K

O

K

2-9


①

Zah

ir Sh

ah

Hig

h Sc

hool

②

Mal

alai

H

igh

Scho

ol

③ S

ufi S

ahab

H

igh

Scho

ol

④ Z

hago

na

Ana

Hig

h Sc

hool

⑤ Z

hago

na

Ana

Mid

dle

Scho

ol

⑥ S

hah

Hus

ain

Scho

ol⑦

Mirw

is

Min

a Sc

hool

⑧

Ahm

ad S

hah

Baba

Hig

h Sc

hool

7.

Sp

ace

avai

labi

lity

for

reco

nstru

ctio

n

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

R

ecom

men

ded

for

reha

bilit

atio

n 8.

La

nd o

wne

d by

DO

E

OK

O

K

OK

O

K

OK

O

K

OK

. O

K.

9.

Feas

ible

sca

le fo

r urg

ent

reha

bilit

atio

n

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

10

. O

ther

don

ors’

ass

ista

nce

Non

e U

NIC

EF

has

reha

bilit

ated

ex

istin

g cl

assr

oom

s bu

t the

re a

re

still

man

y cl

asse

s w

ithou

t cl

assr

oom

s.

U.S

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ated

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istin

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t the

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re

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ish

Gov

. ha

s re

habi

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ed

exis

ting

clas

sroo

ms

but t

here

are

st

ill m

any

clas

ses

with

out

clas

sroo

ms.

Isla

mic

Rel

ief

has

reha

bilit

ated

ex

istin

g cl

assr

oom

s bu

t the

re a

re

still

man

y cl

asse

s w

ithou

t cl

assr

oom

s.

UN

ICE

F ha

s re

habi

litat

ed

exis

ting

clas

sroo

ms

but t

here

are

st

ill m

any

clas

ses

with

out

clas

sroo

ms.

UN

ICE

F ha

s re

habi

litat

ed

exis

ting

clas

sroo

ms

but t

here

are

st

ill m

any

clas

ses

with

out

clas

sroo

ms.

Non

e

11.

Gen

der

Boy

s S

choo

l G

irls

Sch

ool

Girl

s S

choo

l G

irls

Sch

ool

Girl

s S

choo

l B

oys

Sch

ool

Girl

s S

choo

l B

oys

Sch

ool

12.

No.

of e

xist

ing

clas

sroo

ms

40

9 12

19

15

13

9

35

13.

No.

of s

hifts

3

2 2

2 2

2 2

2 14

. Av

aila

bilit

y of

wat

er

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

15.

Avai

labi

lity

of la

trine

Ye

s (b

oys-

girls

to

geth

er)

Yes

Yes

(boy

s-gi

rls

toge

ther

)

Yes

Yes

(boy

s-gi

rls

toge

ther

)

Yes

(boy

s-gi

rls

toge

ther

)

Yes

Yes

16.

Avai

labi

lity

of fe

nce

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

17.

Avai

labi

lity

of e

lect

ricity

Ye

s Ye

s Ye

s Ye

s Ye

s Ye

s Ye

s Ye

s C

oncl

usio

n

S

elec

ted

S

elec

ted

N

ot S

elec

ted

N

ot S

elec

ted

N

ot S

elec

ted

N

ot S

elec

ted

N

ot S

elec

ted

S

elec

ted

Source: Study Team


2-10


School construction projects were prioritised among the Urgent Rehabilitation Programme in the stakeholder meeting in December 2002. Following the discussions, several schools were nominated as candidates of the project based on the request from the Kandahar provincial government. URSP‐KDH, together with dedicated personnel from DOE, visited the candidate sites, as well as other schools within Kandahar city and surrounding areas of the city in order to find out how other donors and agencies were implementing the construction projects. The purpose of the visits was to assess technical practicability for construction work within a set timeframe (by the end of year 2003).

As a result, the following four (4) schools were selected as the Batch 2 component.

(i) Sufi Suhab School

(ii) Mirwis Mena School

(iii) Kaka Sayed Ahmad School

(iv) Aino Middle School

2.2.3. Post‐Implementation Review of Selection Criteria

For the purpose of future implementation of “urgent rehabilitation”, the Study Team evaluated the relevance of the selection criteria as follows:

• Damage degree/needs for reconstruction

The Study Team chose the schools whose buildings were severely damaged or obviously lack of classrooms. The conditions dictated they were unsuitable for proper school activities, and buildings were being used without any repair or maintenance. Compared to other school renovation projects, which aimed to restore them to their original condition, rehabilitation of those selected school buildings had much more impact and met the needs of educational activities. In addition, visible rehabilitation gave positive impact to the people in the surrounding area which had become stagnant due to the effects of war.

• Whether the school includes primary grades

A large number of children of school age and available teachers returned to their schools when the Back to School Campaign was spearheaded by UNICEF and financed by several donor agencies, including the government of Japan, which was commenced in March 2002. As the number of students and teachers increased, the educational infrastructure, especially school buildings for primary grades, needed rehabilitation


2-11

and construction on urgent basis in Kandahar city. Under these circumstances, the support for primary grades was significantly important7.

• Location of the school

The Study Team selected the central area of Kandahar city as a target area, because the area has severe problems in regard to school activities, which is obviously brought about by lack of classrooms, although some donors have rehabilitated most of schools. On the other hand, the Team did not select the surrounding area of Kandahar city where there were few destroyed schools, since the Team had given priority to the survey and support activities elsewhere.

• Whether the school has enough students and teachers

This criterion was very important; the number of students has increased since the first survey in September 2002 as expected; therefore, it was seen that the lack of teachers might cause the inefficiency or malfunction of educational activities. However, to provide enough classrooms for students is essential.

• Whether the classrooms was destroyed severely

This criterion is almost same as “Damage degree/needs for reconstruction”, it will better to delete for future project.

• Whether they had assistance for reconstruction/renovation from other donors

It was comparatively easy to renovate the classrooms that were damaged lightly; therefore many donor agencies, which aimed at quick impact, had prioritised the renovation of those schools. But the Study Team, which had enough capacity to implement technically difficult and large construction works, had selected renovation and reconstruction of schools, whose classrooms were damaged severely or students are having class under tents.

• Whether there are access roads for rehabilitation /reconstruction activities

• Whether there is available space for reconstruction

It is indispensable for large‐scale construction works to keep proper access and space around the construction site to prevent accidents and also to manoeuvre materials and machinery efficiently. The Study Team checked carefully both access roads and space

7 Especially in Kandahar, there were huge demand to enrol schools in primary level not only of children of primary level school ages but also of elder children who were deprived their educational opportunity during the war and the Taliban regime.


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around the schools for selection; consequently, no accident occurred in all sites during the construction works.

• Whether the land is owned by the DOE

The Study Team confirmed that all school sites are owned by DOE, so that there was no conflict or dispute concerning land ownership.

• Whether the scale is feasible as an urgent rehabilitation project.

The school buildings of the six schools were two‐story structures, and they contributed to increase the number of classrooms. Reconstruction of school buildings should be considered not only urgent needs but also long‐term needs, although, the URSP aims to respond urgent needs for improvement of educational environment. Double story and strong structured building can be justified from view of long‐term needs, durability and land use, although, small‐scale building may be better as ‘urgent’ rehabilitation.

• Gender equality

The Study Team selected three schools for girls as Batch 1 and Batch 2 component for reconstruction to contribute increasing enrolment rate for girls in Kandahar. As of October 2002, there were approximately 1,300 female students enrolled in the target schools. As of January 2005, the rehabilitated schools accommodated approximately 4,500 girls in total.

• The number of existing classrooms

Several donors rehabilitated most of school buildings in Kandahar city. Not only the numbers of students in each school, but also, existing classrooms that were available. This was an essential factor for calculation and adjustment of the number of planned classrooms.

• The number of shifts

Because of the shortage of classrooms, one of the selected schools was running three shifts, compared to the rest, which were running two shifts due to lack of space to sit in. It was expected that the rehabilitation of the school building could ease this condition, but contrary to expectations, the number of students increased as soon as the rehabilitation finished. As a consequence, most of the schools are still running two or three shifts. Although it is clear that the rehabilitation of school buildings contributed to improving the educational environment, the number of shifts remained the same. This shows that the number of shifts is not a suitable criterion.


2-13

• Availability of water • Availability of latrine • Availability of electricity

Facilities of selected three schools of Batch 1 component, such as water supply, latrine, electricity, were rehabilitated by some donors. But the school buildings of four schools were designed to be provided with electricity, water supply system, and latrine. Therefore, these must be checked before examining the appropriateness of each plan.

• Availability of fence

According to the survey, it was understood that the fences or boundary‐walls were indispensable not only for residential buildings but also for the public buildings including school buildings in Afghanistan. Taking this cultural and specific social aspect to Afghanistan into consideration, all the school buildings were designed to be provided with boundary fences. The DOE and UNICEF also recommended providing boundary fences to the Team.

These selection criteria used by the Study Team focused on the two viewpoints of the availability of construction site and reliability of educational activities after reconstruction. In other words, one is the viewpoint of hardware, such as availability of space and access to sites, and the other one is viewpoint of software including things such as gender. At the time of the first survey in September 2002, the Team implemented both criteria simultaneously. This caused some confusion and inefficiency for selecting schools for rehabilitation. For effective selection of target schools, it was better to put priority within the selection criteria: the viewpoint of software should be assessed prior to viewpoint of hardware.

2.2.4. Design Policy and Concept


The design concepts for rebuilding the 3 schools are based on the results of the field investigation by the Study Team, and also, consideration of the environmental and socio‐economic conditions of Kandahar, market conditions for construction and procurement, affordability of post‐rehabilitation maintenance and management, and the implementation schedule of URSP‐KDH.

Each school should be provided with:

(i) Appropriate number of classrooms,

(ii) Storeroom,

(iii) Staff room,


2-14

(iv) Appropriate number of furniture (shelf, blackboard, etc.), and

(v) Playground space.

1) The definitive structural plan and details for the school buildings should be determined after reviewing the prepared site, subsoil conditions and topographic survey. The structure should be designed after reviewing the soil bearing capacity to be free of defects such as excessive deflection, settlement, and so on. In addition, the buildings should have adequate safety and durability against earthquakes, strong winds, and other anticipated loading conditions. Consideration should also be given to the technical and financial levels for proper construction and maintenance locally available at present.

2) Consideration of the relationship to the existing buildings is important. There should be proper space orientation in order to access existing buildings based on their layout orientation taking into consideration the yearly climatic conditions in Kandahar, in order to take advantage of good ventilation, natural lighting, and also providing noise barriers without special measures. In principle, Kandahar has strong sunlight to consider; therefore, deep eaves are provided for sunshade. At the same time, open space should be considered in order to facilitate natural lighting and ventilation.

3) In order to shorten the construction work schedule, materials and construction methods should be standardised as much as practicable by utilising best possible methods practiced locally. To achieve this, adoption of a standard classroom module having standardised structural dimensions is essential.

4) Locally available construction methods and materials should be mainly considered, and materials available in neighbouring countries should also be given top priority for use, as much as possible, in order to encourage local contractor and supplier participation, to reduce overall construction costs, and to provide ease and economy of operation and maintenance after construction.

5) The building design should take into account potential problems after construction to enable easy maintenance operations and maintenance costs to match the technical levels and maintenance systems currently available in Afghanistan.

The renovation of the Ahmad Shah Baba High School is not aimed to restore the school to its original features, but rather to meet the required minimum rehabilitation requirements of the building. The rehabilitation design in the project is based on the following design policies from the results of the field survey conducted by the Study Team, and in consideration of the construction and procurement conditions in Kandahar, and the implementation schedule of URSP‐KDH.


2-15

(i) Building renovation is planned taking into consideration the contents and levels of the curriculum to be taught in the building.

(ii) Building design is planned in compliance with the basic concept of utilising the existing building structure as much as possible.

(iii) Design concepts and materials selection were determined to enable easy maintenance with minimal maintenance and operational costs, taking into consideration the procurement conditions of materials as well as the technical and financial levels currently affordable for operation and maintenance in Kandahar city.

(iv) Building materials for renovation works will be selected based on the survey of the existing building, and taking into consideration the local procurement of construction materials, cost reduction, quality control, as well as ease of maintenance and cleaning.


The design concepts for rebuilding the four schools are based on the results of the field investigation by URSP‐KDH, and also consideration of the environmental and socio‐economic conditions of Kandahar, market conditions for construction and procurement, affordability of post‐rehabilitation maintenance and management, and the implementation schedule of URSP‐KDH as well as the Batch 1 Component. Each school should be provided with the following facilities together with the design policy and concept of the Batch 1 Component.

(i) Head teachers’ room/Meeting Room

(ii) Male and female students and teachers

(iii) Water Supply (deep well)

(iv) Head teachers room/Meeting Room

The renovation of the existing facilities of the former Aino Middle School is not aimed to restore its original features, but to meet the required minimum rehabilitation of the building. Aino Middle School was used as the facility of the DOE until February 2003 and some sections will remain in the existing facilities.

The rehabilitation design in the project is based on the following design policies based on the results of the field survey conducted by the Study Team, and in consideration of the construction and procurement conditions in Kandahar, and the implementation schedule of URSP‐KDH.

(i) Building renovation is planned taking into consideration the contents and levels of the curriculum and activities to be conducted in the building.


2-16

(ii) Building design is planned in compliance with the basic concept of utilizing the existing building structure as much as possible.

(iii) Design concepts and materials selection were determined to enable easy maintenance with minimal maintenance and operational costs, taking into consideration the procurement conditions of materials as well as the technical and financial levels currently affordable for operation and maintenance in Kandahar city.

2.2.5. Determination of Facility Scale


The design criteria described below were considered to determine the sizes and dimensions of each school, reflecting to solve its specific conditions and problems.

1) Standardisation of classroom unit

DOE has lost standard school drawings during the chaotic period of wartime. Moreover, DOE has not yet established the educational policy that should cover appropriate classroom‐student ratios, teacher‐student ratios, and so on.

In Kandahar, the classroom size varies school by school, and narrow spaces such as corridors are often used as classrooms. Mixed primary and middle high school education system is common in Afghanistan. Under this circumstance, students of different ages and grades often share one classroom. Moreover, since the number of students from Grade‐1 to Grade‐12 is ten times as many as other higher Grades, so schools to accommodate these Grades (primary and middle/high schools) should be given priority consideration.

As a result of discussions with the DOE, it was decided to adopt the design criteria of 40 students per classroom in this Project.

2) Application of current operational systems

In Kandahar, a two‐ or three‐shift operation system has been practiced in many schools due to shortage of classrooms. The shortage of classrooms has also influenced school hours in that the actual number of school hours differs from one school to another. The number of school hours per student shows a reduced tendency from the two‐shift to three‐shift systems. Moreover, as adequate numbers of classrooms are not available in many schools at the time of investigating the sites, lessons are often held in destroyed or damaged school buildings or even outside in the schoolyard. Probably, increasing students of returning refugees will share considerable portion of the future demand of


2-17

classrooms. The number of required classrooms based on a current operation basis is to be applied to the Project, even considering the students who are taught outside, in the schoolyard.

3) Examination for the total number of school children

Since the number of students in each grade differs greatly and the changes in the required number of classes for each grade also differ significantly every year, the number of classes for each grade is extremely difficult to estimate and therefore, not taken into consideration. Instead, the following formula will be applied: number of classes = total number of students of the school / 40 persons.

4) Calculation and adjustment of the number of planned classrooms

(i) When existing classrooms can be used under the present condition, the number will be deducted from the number of planned classrooms.

(Adjusted number of classrooms) = (Planned number of classrooms calculated as above) – (The number of existing classrooms in which continuous use is possible)

(ii) Since single‐story classroom buildings cannot be built due to site limitations, two‐story buildings should be considered. If the total number of classrooms to be built in two‐story buildings is not sufficient, then the maximum number of classrooms that can be built is fixed even though it cannot meet the number of classrooms required.

(iii) The principal objective is to design and provide a reasonably satisfactory building, with size that can be completed in less than one year, taking into consideration the urgency of this Project.

As per the discussions and studies as described above, the number and category of rooms and their floor areas are summarized in Table 2‐5.


2-18

Table 2‐5 Required Rooms and Floor Areas

School Name Room Name Number of Rooms

Room Area (m2)

Ahmad Shah Baba High School Classrooms 20 947.20 Storeroom 1 44.89 Sub‐Total 988.16Zahir Shahi High School Classrooms 10 473.60 Storeroom 2 17.80 Sub‐Total 491.40Malalai High School Classrooms 9 426.24

Staff room Storeroom

12

71.0464.09

Sub‐Total 561.37 Total 2,040.93

Source: Study Team


The design criteria of Batch 1 component should be applied to determine the sizes and dimensional requirements of each school, resolving its specific conditions and problems for the Batch 2 component. As per the discussions and studies described above, the number and category of rooms and their floor areas are summarised in Table 2‐6.

Table 2‐6 Required Rooms and Floor Areas in New Classroom Building

School Name Room Name Number of Rooms

Room Area (m2)

Sufi Suhab School Classrooms 21 994.56 m2

Head Teachers Room 1 47.36 m2

Teachers Room 1 47.36 m2

Storeroom 1 47.36 m2

Others 1,012.84 m2

Sub‐Total 24 2,149.48 m2

Mirwis Mena School Classrooms 15 710.40 m2




Others 618.28 m2

Sub‐Total 18 1470.76 m2

Kaka Sayed Ahmad School Classrooms 15 710.40 m2




Others 608.17 m2

Sub‐Total 18 1460.65 m2

Aino Middle School Classrooms 8 320.00 m2


Sub‐Total 9 380.00 m2

Source: Study Team


2-19

2.2.6. Contractual Arrangement


In order to commence the rebuilding of the selected 3 schools from early December 2002, arrangements were made for bid processing. In accordance with the ordinary bid processing on a Local Competitive Bidding (LCB) basis, the bid documents are to be prepared for distribution to the contractor(s). Notice of the Bid was announced to all the qualified bidders selected and short‐listed in advance, by means of telephone and direct notification on November 25, 2002. The bid was closed at the URSP‐KDH Project Team Office in Kandahar at 12:00 noon on December 2, 2002. Qualified bidders were selected and short‐listed through the process of interviewing, visiting their construction sites, and meeting for clarification in order to assess their technical capacity and equipment availability. As a result, fourteen (14) contractors were short‐listed, of which all fourteen (14) contractors collected Bid Documents and ten (10) contractors eventually submitted the Bid Documents.

The assessment of the Bids was made taking the following three steps:

1) Documents Compliance

2) Technical Evaluation

3) Detailed Evaluation

All ten (10) contractors passed the above documents compliance and technical evaluation. As a consequence of the bid evaluation and in accordance with the aforementioned procedure, the successful bidders for each sub‐project are listed below.

Table 2‐7 Conclusion of Bid Bidder’s Name Sub‐project Name Reasons for Selection

Haji Abdul Qayum Construction

Malalai High School • The bid price is lowest for all sub‐projects. • The bidder has no capacity to rebuild all 3 sub‐projects.

• The bidder is keen to do this sub‐project. Arghandab Rehabilitation Organization

Zahir Shahi High School • The bid price is second lowest for other 2 sub‐projects.

• The bidder has no capacity to rebuild plural sub‐projects.

• The bidder is keen to do this sub‐project. Engineer Hayatullah Construction Unit

Ahmad Shah Baba High School

• The bid price is third lowest.

Source: Study Team


In order to commence the rebuilding of the selected 4 schools from May 2003, arrangements were made for bid processing. Qualified bidders were selected and short‐listed through the process of interviewing, visiting their construction sites, and


2-20

meeting for clarification in order to assess their technical capacity and equipment availability. As a result, twelve (12) contractors were short‐listed, of which all twelve (12) contractors collected Bid Documents and ten (10) contractors eventually submitted the Bid Documents. As a consequence of the bid evaluation and in accordance with the aforementioned procedure, the successful bidders for each sub‐project are listed below.

Table 2‐8 Conclusion of Bid Bidder’s Name Sub‐project Name Reasons for Selection

Bureau of Humanitarian Aid and Development

Sufi Saheb School • The bid price is lowest for this sub‐project. • The bidder is keen to do this sub‐project.

Hayatullah Construction Unit Aino School • The bid price is lowest for this sub‐project. • The bidder is keen to do this sub‐project.

Haqyar Reconstruction Agency for Afghanistan

Kaka Sayed Ahmad School

• The bid price is lowest for this sub‐project.

Afghanistan Society Scientific Association for Development

Mirwais MenaSchool • The bid price is lowest for this sub‐project.

Source: Study Team

2.2.7. Implementation of the Projects

Constructions of Batch 1 component was completed around middle of May 2004, and the construction of Batch 2 component was completed by the beginning of September 2004. The completion dates of these works were originally June 2003 and November 2003, respectively. The construction schedule was revised due to time delay in the quality control of reinforcement bar arrangement for foundation, and lack of skilled labours.

(1) Ahmad Shah Baba School（Batch 1）

The whole construction works including Site Clearing, grading works, electrical works and Supply of Furniture and Installation works were completed by the middle of June 2004. The concrete strength for each test cube was confirmed safe for construction use by the test equipment purchased by the Study Team.

The two‐story classroom building of Ahmad Shah Baba School was planned as a facility with enclosed courtyard in order to secure appropriate access from the entrance gate to the main building and to where some community activities will be held. Also, the roof, windows and doors of the severely damaged existing buildings were mostly rehabilitated under the appropriate supervision.


2-21

Figure 2‐1 Ahmad Shah Baba School

(2) Zahir Shahi School（Batch 1）

The whole construction works including Site Clearing, grading works, electrical works and Supply of Furniture and Installation works were completed by the middle of May 2004. The concrete strength for each test cube was confirmed safe for construction use by the test equipment purchased by the Study Team.

The two‐story classroom building has been constructed along the north‐side boundary wall in order to secure the flow line between an existing building and the new classroom building. Also, the terrace in front of the playground was considered for use to avoid circulation problems when crowded with pupils.

Figure 2‐2 Zahir Shahi School

(3) Malalai High School（Batch 1）

The whole construction works including Site Clearing, grading works, electrical works and Supply of Furniture and Installation works were completed by the middle of May 2004. The concrete strength for each test cubes was confirmed safe for construction use by the test equipment purchased by the Study Team.

Bearing in mind the customs of girl’s school, an L‐shaped building was designed and piloti court between new and existing buildings was considered as circulation space for


2-22

the new classroom building, and in order to have access to the back‐side and harmonise with the space enclosed by the existing building.

Figure 2‐3 Malalai School

(4) Sufi Saheb School（Batch 2）

The whole construction works including electrical works, construction of well, boundary wall, guardhouse and toilet, and Supply of Furniture and Installation works were completed by the beginning of September 2004. The concrete strength for each test cube was confirmed safe for construction use by the test equipment purchased by the Study Team.

The two‐story classroom building of Sufi Saheb School was planned as a facility with enclosed courtyard in order to secure appropriate access from the entrance gate to the main building, and direct approach harmonised from the entrance gate to the playground.

Figure 2‐4 Sufi Saheb School

(5) Aino middle School（Batch 2）

The whole construction works including electrical works, construction of well and boundary wall and toilet, and Supply of Furniture and Installation works were completed by the end of August 2004. The concrete strength for each test cube was


2-23

confirmed safe for construction use by the test equipment purchased by the Study Team.

Although the existing building was used as an office of DOE, after dividing the portion with the boundary wall and securing the exclusive line of flow for schools, it was repaired to a classroom. Furthermore, in order to design comfortable open space and playground, harmonising the layout of new school buildings with several existing buildings was taken into account.

Figure 2‐5 Aino Middle School

(6) Kaka Sayed Ahmad School（Batch 2）

The whole construction works including electrical works, construction of well and boundary wall and toilet, and Supply of Furniture and Installation works were completed by the end of August 2004. The concrete strength for each test cube was confirmed safe for construction use by the test equipment purchased by the Study Team.

Kaka Sayed School was located within the current site of Zahir Shahi School. The girls school was closed by the prohibition of female education under the Taliban regime and so the Zahir Shahi School expanded into this facility due to a shortage of classrooms. Although the facility was available for renovation as a classroom building, a new classroom building was constructed to alleviate shortage of classrooms.


2-24

Figure 2‐6 Kaka Sayed Ahmad School

(7) Mirwis Mena School（Batch 2）

The whole construction works including electrical works, construction of well, boundary wall, guardhouse and toilet, and Supply of Furniture and Installation works were completed by the beginning of September 2004. The concrete strength for each test cube has been confirmed safe for construction use by the test equipment purchased by the Study Team.

Mirwis Mena Girls School was closed by the prohibition of female education under the Taliban regime. The new Mirwis Mena School was built in the new site by URSP‐KDH. In consideration of customs of girls school, an L‐shaped classroom building with circular playground, boundary wall and guardhouse was considered within the sloped campus.

Figure 2‐7 Mirwis Mena School

2.2.8. Operation and Maintenance

Concerning Batch 1 (3 schools), There was no need to add teachers and cleaning staff even if the number of classrooms increases since it was simply a matter of moving classes to actual classrooms from the temporary tents, which UNICEF provided. Also concerning Batch 2 (4 schools), the Study Team confirmed that DOE was able to recruit the additional teachers and staffs before completion of construction works.


2-25

However, lack of skills and systems for school maintenance was obvious in each existing school. There was no efficient support programme to develop the maintenance system of school facilities. The Study Team decided to conduct School Maintenance Improvement Programme as Soft‐component Programme under URSP‐KDH. Details of School Maintenance Improvement Programme are contained in Chapter 4.

In addition, materials available in local market or neighbouring countries were given top priority for construction use in order to facilitate and provide economy of operation and maintenance.

2.2.9. Workshop on Effective School Management

For the purpose of effective and sustainable use of school facilities which were constructed by the Programme, the Study Team held a workshop on “Educational Development in Kandahar” in 29 January 2005. The workshop was held at Dining room in Mirwis Hospital as half day workshop including presentation of “The History of Japan’s Educational Development”8, and discussions concerning effective school management and maintenance.

Figure 2‐8 Discussion about school maintenance at the workshop (January 2005)

Fifteen participants from the seven schools and DOE exchanged their experiences in each school, and discussed how to improve their practice concerning school management and maintenance after they watched the video. The major ideas of participants were the following:

8 The presentation was conducted using a video “The History of Japan’s Educational Development (JICA,

2004)”.


2-26

Table 2‐9 Ideas for Effective School Management Topics Ideas Management Teachers cooperation with each other

Experienced teachers should try their best for better school management office

Establishment of teachers committee in each school and then arranging regular meetings to tackle school issues

Strengthening teachers association for good school administration Experienced, qualified and hard working principal can make better

management Teachers and admin staff should have sympathy to school and students Teachers should be professional Control of students attendance to class Management staff should be more active Teacher‐Student association should be founded Selection of students representatives through elections in school, and then

calling them to regular meetings Good relations with school neighbours

Cleanliness School facilities better maintenance require cleaning at the first stage School Students Inspection Groups need to cooperate for cleaning with

school staff Better discipline creates cleanliness Students Hygienic Condition inspection by School Teachers Students cleaning groups and cleaning duty schedules should be made Creation of Hygiene Training Groups from teachers and senior students Student participation in cleaning and informing students of their

responsibilities Maintenance School Furniture, Teaching Materials, Laboratories and Compound need

regular maintenance monitoring Maintenance Training by teachers to students Each class should have its two oldest students to supervise the facilities

daily and report to teacher Good control of primary students in school Inspection of class furniture and facilities at the end of each shift by

responsible students Identifying maintenance faults on time Maintaining Democratic Environment in School Establishment of PTA in each school Regular meetings on maintaining the school in a good way All school beneficiaries should feel the school is theirs

Source: Study Team


2-27

2.3. Health Sector

2.3.1. Overall View of the Health Sector

(1) General

In the pre‐war period, Afghans used non‐governmental sources for much of their health: namely, local healers, traditional midwives, bone‐setters, medicine sellers, and shopkeepers. These were the first line health approach for the population. The health services at that time were highly clinically oriented and curative based.

In the mid 1970’s, centralized, hospital‐oriented curative care began to shift to more decentralized, community‐centered primary care. Besides administrative reforms of health management, local responsibility for services also made progress. Unfortunately, the coup of 1978 changed the supportive environment for the health action. During the time of the Taliban, in Kandahar, that plan was discontinued.

In 1995, the Health Sectoral Working Group (HSWG) for the southern region was established in Kandahar. The HSWG was composed of WHO, Department of Public Health (DOPH), UNICEF, AHDS, Al‐khidmat Al‐hajeri, Guardians, Health Net, Ibnsina, ARCS, IAHC, UNOCHS, WFP, CI, ISRA (and ADAG, MSF IFRC, ICRC and HI attended as observers). The activities of major donors and NGOs are described in Table 2‐10.

Table 2‐10 Health Partners in Southern Region Donor /NGO Activities 1 WHO Donor program, Technical and financial support to DOPH, capacity building,

strengthening primary health care, Polio eradication program, AFP surveillance, Mother child healthcare, Control of endemic diseases, response to the outbreaks, up grading health facilities for essential drugs and equipment. Coordination of health activities.

2 AHDS Primary healthcare program through 37 health facilities in Kandahar and Urozgan provinces.

3 Ibnsina Primary healthcare program, in 10 health facilities including IDPs in Helmand and Kandahar provinces.

4 IAHC Five Health facilities in Kandahar province (maternity centre, MCH clinics). 5 MSF‐H Working in emergency healthcare, early warning system, IDPs camp in Zhary

dasht district, infectious disease ward. 6 MC Primary healthcare program through five health facilities in Helmand province

(Garamsir and Khanashin districts). 7 Health Net Health Net International providing Malaria control program with support of

WHO through 37 malaria units in the region. 8 Guardians Providing orthopaedic care for disabilities in the region. 9 ICRC Supporting surgical ward of Mirwis hospital in Kandahar. 10 IFRC Providing support to Afghan Red Crescent Society. Emergency healthcare, in

Provinces of Kandahar, Zarnag, Helmand, Zabul and mobile teams. 11 NGO from Kuwait, providing healthcare through Al‐khidmat hospital (12 beds)

in Kandahar city. 13 ADAG NGO running MCH clinic in Kandahar city. 14 MDM Support to TB program and MCH clinic in Kandahar city. Source: WHO Kandahar


2-28

The Department of Public Health, Kandahar, (DOPH) is supposed to be the main implementing body and provides support to all health activities in Kandahar province. They have regular meetings every month and the minutes are circulated to all concerned organizations, and they are discussing the situations and future plans in terms of sharing information about health activities.

The condition of health services in rural areas of the southern region is totally different. In the southern region, there were 52 districts and 21 of them had no health facilities except for some private pharmacies. A detailed list of health facilities in May 2002 in southern regions is shown in Table 2‐11.

There were in total, 83 facilities in southern region, and 65 (82%) of facilities were managed by NGOs, and only 18 were managed by DOPH; this was less than the 36 facilities managed by AHDS. Even now there are imbalances in both institutions, in terms of facilities and incentives. For example, salaries and incentives in NGO‐managed health facilities were nearly double or three times higher in comparison with DOPH‐run health facilities, and they had new equipment because of the donor support.

Coordination of DOPH, Donors and NGOs is very important for equality in health services for people as well as cost effectiveness for MOPH and donors, in the future.


2-29

Table 2‐11 Health Resources for Districts of Southern Region Afghanistan Revised on 20 May, 2002

gg

yH

ealth

Fac

ility

No.

of b

eds

Hum

an R

esou

rces

/Hea

lth p

erso

nnel

MF

MF

MF

MF

MF

MF

MF

MF

MF

124

01K

anda

har

456,

177

MO

PH, I

AH

C, I

CRC

, IFR

C1

02

00

02

150

213

104

2434

195

887

4413

66

134

01

415

021

814

224

02Bo

ldak

46,2

68M

OPH

00

10

00

018

66

012

31

70

20

10

20

00

10

12

00

00

324

03Sh

ega

8,04

40

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

20

00

04

2404

Dan

d15

3,54

1A

HD

S, Ib

nsin

a0

00

10

00

35

50

101

11

11

01

01

02

00

01

61

201

155

2405

Dam

an31

,361

AH

DS

00

01

12

02

00

00

21

11

20

10

10

00

00

12

14

030

624

06A

rghi

stan

32,6

59A

HD

S0

00

10

20

15

50

101

11

11

01

01

00

00

01

21

40

407

2407

Kha

krez

21,6

43A

HD

S0

00

10

30

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

02

00

00

20

80

08

2408

Gho

rak

9,06

5Ib

nsin

a0

00

10

00

10

00

01

00

01

00

01

00

00

00

20

00

09

2409

Nes

h12

,790

00

00

00

04

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

1024

10Sh

raba

k10

,876

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

1124

11Re

g1,

814

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

1224

12A

rgha

ndab

82,4

48A

HD

S, IA

HC

00

02

10

02

55

010

21

21

20

20

30

20

00

16

120

130

1324

13Pa

njw

ai12

2,83

2IA

HC,

AH

DS

00

01

10

011

55

010

32

31

20

10

10

00

00

14

120

10

1424

14M

aiw

and

68,4

30A

HD

S0

00

10

00

55

50

104

21

12

01

04

00

00

01

42

10

4015

2415

Shah

wal

ikot

67,5

80A

HD

S0

00

11

60

15

50

101

11

11

01

02

02

00

01

41

140

5016

2416

Mar

uf31

,300

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

02

00

00

Kan

daha

r1,

156,

828

10

310

413

219

924

914

024

413

113

1810

451

276

151

500

94

160

2946

2291

320

5

123

01La

shka

rgan

Bus

t92

,557

MO

PH0

10

00

01

4540

5060

150

276

385

10

40

80

10

40

56

40

050

223

02Re

g28

,063

00

00

10

00

00

00

01

02

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

323

03N

ahr-e

-ser

aj11

4,95

7M

OPH

, Ibn

sina

00

10

00

125

24

410

51

30

20

20

50

40

10

52

20

010

423

04Sa

rban

Qal

a27

,046

MO

PH0

00

10

00

320

00

08

13

00

01

05

00

00

03

20

00

05

2305

Mos

a Q

ala

61,0

19M

OPH

00

00

00

015

00

00

52

40

00

20

30

50

10

12

00

00

623

06K

ajak

ai11

4,48

8M

OPH

00

00

00

010

00

00

51

40

00

10

30

20

10

12

00

00

723

07N

auza

d55

,219

MO

PH, I

bnsin

a0

01

00

01

122

44

104

16

01

01

04

04

00

02

11

00

08

2308

Was

her

19,0

130

00

00

00

40

00

00

02

10

00

00

00

00

01

20

00

09

2309

Gar

amse

r83

,316

MC

I0

01

40

01

182

44

104

14

11

01

03

05

01

02

20

00

010

2310

Nad

-e-A

li11

1,97

9Ib

n+M

OPH

00

01

00

06

00

00

10

40

10

20

40

00

00

22

00

00

1123

11N

awa

Bara

kzai

88,0

79M

OPH

00

01

00

05

00

00

31

20

00

00

20

20

00

15

00

00

1223

12Ba

ghra

n77

,265

MO

PH0

00

10

00

30

00

01

02

00

00

01

02

01

01

00

00

013

2313

Des

hu25

,386

00

00

00

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Hel

man

d89

8,38

70

13

81

04

176

4662

7218

063

1572

96

014

038

025

09

024

267

00

60

Midlevel/Assist/Doctor

X-Ray-Technian

Vaccinators

VHV/BHW/CHW

Female

Children

Total

TBA

Midwife

Physician

Nurse

Pharmacist/Assist

Dentis/Assist

Lab-technician

Pharmacy

Male

District Hospital

BHC

Sub-Center

Health Post

Supporting Agency

Regional hospital

Provincial hospital

Polyclinic

No

District Code

District Name

Population 2002 Unidata

2-30


Source: W

HO Kan

daha

r

Hea

lth F

acili

tyN

o. o

f bed

sH

uman

Res

ourc

es/H

ealth

per

sonn

el

MF

MF

MF

MF

MF

MF

MF

MF

MF

126

01Te

rinko

t71

,468

MO

PH, A

HD

S, IA

HC

01

00

06

033

3010

040

11

42

21

10

20

01

00

12

210

020

92

01

02

2602

Kha

s U

rozg

an64

,874

MO

PH0

00

10

00

1010

100

201

02

01

00

00

00

00

00

20

00

01

00

03

2603

Deh

raud

67,6

17A

HD

S0

00

10

60

3010

100

201

01

11

01

01

00

00

01

20

110

233

10

10

426

04D

aiku

ndi

175,

728

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

526

05Sh

ahris

tan

122,

990

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

626

06C

hora

h39

,520

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

726

07A

jeris

tan

57,5

340

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

20

00

01

00

08

2608

Giz

ab61

,918

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

02

00

00

10

00

926

09K

ejra

n64

,714

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Uro

zgan

726,

363

01

02

012

073

5030

080

31

73

41

20

30

01

00

210

221

044

26

02

0

125

01Q

alat

32,0

83M

OPH

, IFR

C, A

RC

S0

10

10

00

2230

300

606

09

12

01

03

00

01

02

23

00

02

20

02

2502

Jald

ak16

,247

00

00

00

03

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

02

00

00

10

00

325

03M

ezan

a12

,950

00

00

00

04

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

02

00

00

10

00

425

04Sh

ahjo

y55

,424

MO

PH0

00

10

00

200

00

01

14

01

00

01

00

00

00

20

00

01

00

05

2505

Arg

hand

ab30

,939

MO

PH0

00

10

00

40

00

01

04

01

00

00

00

00

00

20

00

01

00

06

2506

Day

e C

hopa

n74

,342

00

00

00

010

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

02

00

00

10

00

725

07Sh

inka

y22

,279

MO

PH0

00

10

00

60

00

01

04

01

00

01

00

00

00

20

00

02

00

08

2508

Atg

har

8,23

00

00

00

00

30

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

20

00

01

00

09

2509

Sham

olza

i42

,349

00

00

00

06

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

02

00

00

10

00

Zab

u l29

4,84

30

10

40

00

7830

300

609

121

15

01

05

00

01

02

183

00

011

20

0

122

01Za

ranj

50,7

41M

OPH

, IFR

C0

10

10

01

2410

103

237

23

324

02

01

01

01

02

42

00

53

00

02

2202

Kan

g49

,382

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

322

03C

hakh

ansu

r38

,515

MO

PH0

00

10

00

10

00

00

01

01

00

00

01

00

00

20

00

21

00

04

2204

Khs

hrod

21,2

94M

OPH

00

01

00

00

00

00

10

10

10

00

10

10

00

02

00

00

10

00

522

05C

harb

orja

k41

,067

MO

PH0

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0N

imro

z20

0,99

90

10

30

01

2510

103

238

25

326

02

02

03

01

02

82

00

75

00

0

124

00K

anda

har

1,15

6,82

81

03

104

132

199

249

140

2441

311

318

104

5127

615

150

09

416

029

4622

913

205

2219

181

223

00H

elm

and

898,

387

01

39

00

417

646

6272

180

6414

747

61

140

380

250

90

2426

70

060

139

62

326

00U

rozg

an72

6,36

30

10

20

120

7350

300

803

17

34

12

03

00

10

02

102

210

442

60

20

425

00Za

bul

294,

843

01

04

00

078

3030

060

91

211

50

10

50

00

10

218

30

00

112

00

522

00N

imro

z20

0,99

90

10

30

01

2510

103

238

25

326

02

02

03

01

02

82

00

75

00

0So

uthe

rn R

egio

n3,

277,

420

14

628

425

755

138

527

299

756

197

3621

165

688

341

980

375

270

5910

836

112

371

457

3026

3

Midlevel/Assist/Doctor

X-Ray-Technian

Vaccinators

VHV/BHW/CHW

EPI Fixed Centers

Malaria Center

MCH Clinics/Services

TB Control Centers

Female

Children

Total

TBA

Midwife

Physician

Nurse

Pharmacist/Assist

Dentis/Assist

Lab-technician

Pharmacy

Male

District Hospital

BHC

Sub-Center

Health Post

Supporting Agency

Regional hospital

Provincial hospital

Polyclinic

No

District Code

District Name

Population 2002 Unidata


2-31

(2) Health Service in Mirwis Regional Hospital

Within the health facilities in Kandahar city, 6 facilities were managed by DOPH, 7 facilities were managed by NGOs; all these 13 facilities were categorized as public hospitals and clinics. Basically, in government facilities in Afghanistan, health service are free of charge, but in Mirwis hospital, a patient has to pay Afg. 1 for the first examination and direct expenses of X‐rays. Most NGOs collect some fee for laboratory tests and drugs. Service and conditions of DOPH facility are described below.

Mirwis Regional Hospital is the biggest hospital in Southern region and the top referral hospital (listed as 250 beds, but actually 328 beds are installed). The number of patients is shown in Table 2‐12. The hospital was managed by DOPH under the support of NGOs. ICRC provided support for surgery, MSF provided support for infectious disease. Other sections faced the lack of medical services and employee salaries due to non‐support from NGOs.

Table 2‐12 Number of Patients in OPD and IPD of Mirwis Hospital (Jan‐Jun 2002) OPD IPD Total Ward

Male Female Male Female Male Female

Surgical 1,600 1,888 300 437 1,900 2,325Gynaecology/Obstetric 0 210 0 99 0 309ENT 220 376 23 47 243 423Eye 827 1,100 8 10 835 1,110Dental 500 511 0 0 500 511Paediatric 1,390 1,000 60 60 1,450 1,060Internal medicine 1,990 85 1,290 700 3,280 785

6,527 5,170 1,681 1,353 8,208 6,523Total 11,697 3,034 14,731

Source: DOPH, HIS Dept

(3) Human Resources

Kandahar University has a medical school for males and females. They study together in the same class but as the table shows, the number of female students is very low because of rare educational opportunity at high school. The property belongs to the Mechanical School and the whole university will move to the east part of the city in the near future.

The medical school is under the Ministry of Higher Education and teaching doctors are from Mirwis Hospital. The Principal expects to have their own teaching hospital under MOHE in the new location and retain doctors or lecturers.


2-32

Table 2‐13 Number of Students in Medical School Year MPCB 1 2 3 4 5 Master

Male 50 62 65 51 66 42 55 Female 2 ‐ 1 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

Source: Kandahar University

In reality, female workers in hospitals and clinics or nursing school students are facing difficulties to commute, the same as female patients. Female doctors, nurses and midwives are sorely needed; existing health workers also need further training.

Concerning the number of female workers, there is a world of difference between Kandahar and Kabul. In Kandahar, it is very difficult to find females who have medical potential for becoming doctors and nurses. Some NGOs are hiring them from Kabul for their BHC or MCH clinics but it is not that simple. The students of the nursing school are from various areas, mostly Kabul.

AHDS is one of the biggest NGOs having 8 CHC, 4 BHC, 11 BHP and 8 MCH clinics in Kandahar province. They have their own training programs for male and female medical practitioners as shown in Table 2‐14and Table 2‐15.

Table 2‐14 Training Centre Plan for Male Workers ACTIVITIES DURATION LOCATION INPUT

BHWs refresher course 1 week RTC BHWs Nurse refresher course 1 week RTC Nurse MLHWs refresher course 1 week RTC MLHWs Health educators refresher course 1 week RTC H.E Lab. Tech. Refresher course 1 week RTC Lab. tech. Detal Tech. Refresher course 1 week RTC Den. tech. PHC workshop 2 days RTC Doctors, MLHWs UTI workshop 2 days RTC Doctors, MLHWs Early warning system workshop 1 day RTC Doctors, MLHWs CDD workshop 2 days RTC Doctors, MLHWs HIS workshop 1 day RTC Doctors, MLHWs, RHB Nutrition / Malnutrition workshop 2 days RTC Doctors, MLHWs EPI plus workshop 2 days RTC Vaccinators Program Management workshop 2 days RTC Doctors, MHLWs Malaria workshop 2 days RTC Doctors, MHLWs Poisoning Seminar 2 days RTC Doctors, MHLWs Disaster Management & Firs aid workshop 2 days RTC Doctors, MHLWs Ari workshop 2 days RTC Doctors, MHLWs Source: AHDS


2-33

Table 2‐15 Training Centre for Female Workers DURATION LOCATION Disaster & Firs aid Management 2 days City Clinic HIS workshop 2 days City Clinic Poisoning Seminar 1 day City Clinic Ari workshop 2 days City Clinic Nutrition / Malnutrition workshop 2 days City Clinic PHC workshop 2 days City Clinic TBA Trainer Refresher Course 2 days City Clinic EMOC Workshop 1 week City Clinic Family Planning 2 days City Clinic Nurse refresher course 2 days City Clinic Health Educators refresher course 1 week City Clinic Medical Problems during pregnancy 1 week City Clinic CDD Workshop 2 days City Clinic Early Warning System Workshop 2 days City Clinic

Source: AHDS

There are 5 nursing schools in the country; one of them is in Mirwis hospital. There are 3 classes for males and 3 classes for females as shown in Table 2‐16. Most of the teachers are doctors of the hospital and hold several posts at that time. The school year begins in June every year and finishes after 9 months. All school expenses are free for students. Students who finish 9th grade, at the age of 14, can apply and take examinations. Most female students study in Kabul or Pakistan before entering.

Table 2‐16 Number of students in Kandahar Nursing School (Sep. 2002) Grade 1 2 3 Male 35 19 24 Female 18 24 37

Source: Kandahar Nursing School

In 2002, there were 75 male candidates and 25 females, of which 35 males and 18 females were accepted. At the end of each year, there is an examination for promotion to the next grade. After 27 months study including practical training, they become qualified nurses. The facility used to be a three‐storey building with a dormitory, and at that time, the ground and first floor were used for disabled people with artificial limbs. They do not have any practical plan for withdrawal.

2.3.2. Selection of the Projects


Mirwis Regional Hospital was constructed more than 28 years ago by Chinese Grant Aid. Since 1980, Medical Equipment and Building Facilities have not been replaced nor have maintenance work been performed. The hospital is managed by DOPH under the support of NGOs. ICRC provides support for surgery, MSF provides support for infectious diseases treatment and PIMA provides support for Gynaecology/Obstetrics. Other sections face the lack of medical services and


2-34

employee salaries due to non‐support from NGOs. According to the survey result of PAMA (Department of Housing and Town Planning), 88 items of the building require renovation works. During the survey in hospital, the Study Team also found that many places have to be repaired, but the total renovation of the hospital will need long term and serious consideration. Based on the limitation of the time, the Study Team decided to renovate Kitchen and Laundry of Mirwis Regional Hospital. The renovation aims at improvement of food service and hygiene condition of hospital.


Based on the discussions with DOPH, the Study Team decided to rate as high priority for the urgent project to supply commuter buses for transportation of female students and female teachers to Kandahar Nursing School.


(1) Renovation Works of Kitchen and Laundry of Mirwis Hospital (Batch 1)

The renovation work include interior and exterior repairs and electrical and mechanical repairs for plumbing work. Locally available materials were selected as much as possible in repair works to enable minimal maintenance and operational cost. The work also included supply and installation of kitchen and laundry equipment such as gas cooking system, stainless shelves, wash sink, cooking tables, furniture for dining hall, office furniture and automatic laundry machines. Local availability of spare parts was considered for selection.

(2) Commuter Buses for Kandahar Nursing School (Batch 2)

The Study Team decided on three commuter buses and two microbuses for transporting 91 (the number of students as of 2002) students and teachers. In addition, the following aspects were taken into consideration to provide sustainable use.

Popular car in Kandahar for easy maintenance Left‐hand‐drive car Diesel engine car

2.3.4. Contractual Arrangement


As a result of tender evaluation, the contract for building renovation work was signed on 30 December 2002, and the contract for supply and installation of the equipment was signed on 20 January 2003.


2-35


As a result of tender evaluation, the contract for supply of vehicles was signed on 16 June 2003. The vehicles were handed over to the Kandahar Nursing School/DOPH at the end of November 2003.



The renovation work was completed at the end of May 2003, including installation of the equipment, and officially handed over to the Ministry of Public Health in Kandahar on 31 May 2003. Trial cooking was held on that day: 40 kg of rice was cooked with vegetables and meat in local style and the occasion entertained a number of relevant people. Additionally, the Study Team decided to supply tableware such as cooking knives, ladles, plates, glasses, and spoons.

The list of equipment for kitchen and laundry is shown in Table 2‐17.

Table 2‐17 List of Equipment for Kitchen & Laundry Items / Qty. Items / Qty. Chest Freezer (556 litres) / 1 Bowls Sink with 3 Mixing Faucets

(1800Wx750Dx850H) / 1 Reach‐in Refrigerator (681 litres) / 1 Portable Table (900Wx600Dx850H) / 2 Reach‐in Refrigerator (1175 litres) / 1 Table (1500Wx750Dx850H) / 1 Refrigerated Show Case (165 litter) / 1 Table (1500Wx900Dx850H) / 2 Gas Table (2700Wx900Dx850H) / 1 Work Table (1800Wx750Dx850H) / 1 Gas Table (2100Wx900Dx850H) / 1 Clean Table (1800Wx750Dx850H) / 1 Gas Kwali Kettle (150 litre) / 2 Bench with Cabinet Base (1800Wx750Dx850H) /

1 Cutter Mixer / 1 Bench with Drain (1200Wx750Dx850H) / 2 Meat Chopper / 1 Rack Shelving (1518Wx613Dx1892H) / 2 Water Heater (40 litre) / 1 Rack Shelving (1821Wx613Dx1892H) / 1 Bain Marie / 1 Rack Shelving (1212Wx613Dx1578H) / 1 Work top Cabinet (1800Wx750Dx850H) / 1 Rack Shelving (1212Wx613Dx1892H) / 1 Wagon (1022Wx677Dx704H) / 3 Laundry Equipment / 1 Sink with Mixing Faucet / 1 Washing Machine (30kg) / 1 Washing Machine (10kg) / 1 Source: Study Team


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Figure 2‐9 Installed Equipment in Mirwis Hospital


The vehicles were handed over to the Kandahar Nursing School/ DOPH in the end of November 2003.

Specifications for the buses are shown in Table 2‐18.

Table 2‐18 Details of Commuter Bus and Microbus for Kandahar Nursing School Commuter Quantity 3 Unit Make & Model Mitsubishi Motors, P15WHLNL Type 4 x 2 Wheel Drive Passenger 12 Seats Others Manual Transmission, Seatbelt, Air Conditioner Microbus Quantity 2 Unit Make Mitsubishi Motors, BE637ELMSH Type 4 x 2 Wheel Drive Passenger 24 Seats Others Manual Transmission, Seatbelt, Air Conditioner Source: Study Team


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Figure 2‐10 Commuter Buses


(1) Dining Hall and Kitchen Department, and Laundry Department of Mirwis Hospital (Batch 1)

There is no need to add kitchen staff and budget. Even if the food demand increases, they can manage by using the new kitchen equipment. On the other hand, the Ministry of Public Health and WFP supply the food products and raw material. According to the new plan, constant supply of food items including meats and milk, etc. and raw material is to be managed by the Ministry of Public Health.

Also, there is no need to increase laundry staff or budget. Even if work volume increases they can manage using the new laundry machines.


During the survey and discussion with DOPH, the Study Team found that DOPH did not have enough capacity for proper maintenance and repair for public vehicle due to lack of spare parts and tools. The Study Team decided to provide spare parts and tools along with Commuter Buses for sustainable use.

2.4. Road Sector

2.4.1. Overall View of the Road Sector

(1) Existed Conditions of Road Development

By virtue of its geographic location, Kandahar city has prospered by trade not only with other domestic cities such as Kabul and Herat but also with neighbouring countries such as Pakistan and Iran.

There are two national roads; one is connecting Kabul, Kandahar and Herat, and the other is connection Kandahar to Spin Boldak down to Pakistan. The road lengths


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from Kandahar to Kabul and Kandahar to Spin Boldak are about 460 km and about 180 km, respectively. The conditions of these roads are very poor except for the parts in cities. The road pavement is mostly almost nonexistent or cracked severely at many parts. Moreover, almost all bridges of these roads collapsed. Japan, the U.S., and Saudi Arabia jointly committed to rehabilitate the road from Kabul to Kandahar down to Herat. Japan and the U.S. selected consultants to study and design this road section for reconstruction. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) also committed the rehabilitation of the road between Kandahar and Spin Boldak.

In the central area of Kandahar city, a national highway runs from east to west, and this road is very crowded with vehicles for various rehabilitation activities and for other economic activities. Constant traffic congestion is observed at the intersection in the city centre especially during the rush hours in the morning and evening.

Roads and streets, which form the city blocks, are allocated in a grid pattern in parallel to and at right angles with the national road. Many roads in the city have narrow width, and especially the roads in the old city area have only about 6 m width.

The Kandahar municipality has an old city master plan, which was prepared about 30 years ago, and the road network within the city has been constructed based on the plan. With the increasing inflow of returned refugees and IDPs, the surrounding area of the city is occupied with their settlement, and the roads in this area are used in a disorderly manner.

(2) Road Pavement

There are roads of about 100 km length in total in Kandahar city, of which about 30 km are paved by asphalt, and the remaining 70 km have not been paved. Because of less rainfalls and dry climate, unpaved roads are heavily covered by sandy dust. Every car driving on such unpaved roads lifts a cloud of dust in the air as it passed along, which leads to almost zero visibility. Also, dust causes various diseases, particularly respiratory diseases. The municipality sprinkles water on streets by using a sprinkler truck every morning and evening, and also spreads crushed stones on roads to control dust fling. However, it appears to be almost totally ineffective because of the extremely dry climatic condition.

There is a truck yard located in the old city area, where many heavy‐duty freight trucks with full loads go in and out. These trucks are in fact prohibited from entering the city centre. They enter and exit the truck yard, however, through the roads located in the southern part of the city. These roads are largely unpaved, and therefore, the vehicles driving through the roads raise heavy clouds of dust. The municipality has a plan to make these roads a by‐pass road of the existing national road that passes through the central area of the city.


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Old City

Mirwize Hospital

Court

Gate To Kabul

To Pakistan To Herat

National Highway

National Highway

Paved Road

Unpaved Road

Under Paving Road

Figure 2‐11 Road Network and Conditions of Road Paving in Kandahar City (2002)

(2) Road Constructions and Maintenance

Roads in Afghanistan were constructed, operated and maintained for a long time directly by governmental agencies. In Kandahar, the Kandahar municipality and the Public Works Authority (PWA which is under the control of the Ministry of Public Works in Kabul), are the responsible agencies for construction, operation and maintenance of roads. In principle, the municipality is responsible for the roads within the city area, and PWA is responsible for the roads outside the city area. These two agencies maintain staff, workers and construction machinery within the respective jurisdictions. Due to insufficient budgets and staff, as well as inadequate machinery in terms of quantity, performance and conditions, their operational performance appears to be quite low.

(3) Issues

1) Dust from Unpaved Roads within the City

The unpaved roads need to be paved as soon as possible, since they cause damage to the health of the city inhabitants. Paving of roads in Kandahar city is urgently needed.

2) Insufficient Construction Equipment of Public Sectors

The municipality and the PWA want to pave all roads in and around the city to improve the poor road conditions. However, they do not have adequate quality and quantity of equipment for road construction and maintenance, and they cannot improve the situation due to shortage of annual budget. There is a real need to provide them with reasonably adequate number and quality of equipment for road


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construction and maintenance as soon as possible. At the same time, workshops for proper maintenance of the equipment should be developed.

3) No Future Plan on the City and Road Development

The existing Master Plan was prepared almost 30 years ago and the situation of Kandahar city has completely changed over the period particularly due to continuous drought damages and long‐lasting civil war. A new master plan of Kandahar city associated with a road master plan needs to be formulated for the rehabilitation and development of the city.

2.4.2. Selection of the Roads

Based on discussions with the Kandahar Municipality, the Study Team decided to put high priority among the urgent projects to rehabilitate the following roads.

(1) 6.0 km By‐Pass Road (Batch 1)

This route consists of five roads with about 6.0 km length. These five roads exist in the southern part of the city and run from east to west. This route serves as a by‐pass of the existing national highway running through the city centre, and many trucks use this route. Except for some short sections, almost all the parts of this route are not paved yet.

(2) 2.3 km City Road (Batch 2)

This route has about 2.3 km in length reaching from the city centre to the Mirwis Hospital. This route is also unpaved. Many people visit the hospital by vehicle and then wait in front of the hospital for their ride. In addition, there are many donor and NGO buildings along the route. Therefore, many vehicles are driving through the route, which causes a serious problem of dust.

(3) Kabul‐Kandahar Road (Batch 1)

In addition, the Study Team decided to rehabilitate Kabul‐Kandahar Road from 5 km point to 20 km point in order to meet the growth of long‐haul traffic.


Design policy and concept can be summarised as follows:

‐ Asphalt pavement and construction of concrete ditches provided within the existing road width

‐ Alignment, width, and asphalt thickness of roads designed based on local experience


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‐ Existing houses/buildings along the route principally not demolished

‐ Future traffic volume and axle loads considered for the pavement design


(1) 6.0 km By‐Pass Road (Batch 1)

The outlines of the routes selected are shown below.

Table 2‐19 Outline of the Routes Road Length (m) Width (m) Remarks A 2,400 14.0~16.0 Unpaved B 840 13.0 Unpaved C 1,170 16.0 Unpaved D 550 16.0 Unpaved E 1,000 26.0 Unpaved, median

Total 5,950 Source: Study Team

The contract for road construction work was signed on 22 January 2003. The work started in January 2003 and was completed in August 2003.

(2) 2.3 km City Road (Batch 2)

The contract for road construction work was signed on 24 May 2003. The work started on May 2003 and was completed in August 2003.

Figure 2‐12 6.0 km By‐Pass Road Figure 2‐13 2.3 km City Road

(3) Kabul‐Kandahar Road (Batch 1)

The contract for road construction work was signed on 4 February 2003. The work started in December 2002 and was completed in March 2003.


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Figure 2‐14 Kandahar – Kabul Road


At this moment, the rehabilitated roads have no damage and Kandahar Municipality is concentrating on paving new roads. However, the municipality should monitor the exact condition of all rehabilitated roads; it should receive a share of some budget for maintenance before the road conditions begin to deteriorate.

2.5. Sanitation Sector

2.5.1. Overall view of Sanitation Sector/ Garbage of Kandahar City

(1) General

Solid waste of Kandahar city can be classified as the scrap of sundry bricks and mud from civil construction sites, agro‐wastes including kitchen waste, plastics and night soil from houses. Some people throw the solid waste into a garbage bin/bench; others throw it on roadside or gutter. The garbage is not removed totally and some remains in the same places. Data of garbage was not available, but a lot of soil and mud was found in garbage trucks and the poor sanitation in the city affects the health of the urban population.

General information from interviews and municipality profile:

Solid waste generated per day: 350 ton/day (630g/day/people) Solid waste removed per day: 108 ton/day (200g/day/people) Number of vehicles of municipality: 15 trucks but only 9 trucks are functioning Staff in the municipality for solid waste management: 210 Expenditure of municipality for solid waste (year of 2002):

a. Salary (2,700,000afg×210×12 month)= Afg. 6,804,000,000 (US$136,080‐) b. Fuel (70km÷7km/liter×4 trip×300 day×Afg. 11,000/liter×9 truck) = Afg. 1,188,000,000 (US$23,760‐)

c. Maintenance: N.A


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Total : Afg. 7,992,000,000 (US$160,000‐/year) Unresolved solid waste in city: 242 ton/day Industrial waste: N.A Medical waste: N.A Garbage dumping places (bin/bench): 270 places Dumping site: Koto moreha, 15 km from city to the north. Dumping site will be

replaced because it is affecting ground water resources.

(2) Existing Project for Solid Waste Management

The project of health education and community‐based waste collecting is ongoing at several areas in Kandahar city by collaboration of UN Habitat. This programme is an essential activity for health as well as proper management of solid waste. Due to limited funding, however, activity is still small scale. More funds are needed to expand the activity of health education in the city and surrounding area. Summary of the project is as follows:

1) Background and Activities:

It is impossible to collect garbage by truck in downtown area due to the narrow roads. Given this situation, groups were formed for garbage collection from these city areas. These groups collect the garbage from houses and transfer it to a rubbish bin/bench located on main road. Each house has to pay Afg. 30,000/month to the group leader for this work. At present, 450 households are participating in the activity. One group consists of 40 to 50 houses.

Simultaneously, female facilitators are going house‐to‐house in pairs to pass on the basic health and hygiene message to the families. In addition, some members go to girls schools, teaching about the benefit of having a clean environment and the need for a viable system of solid waste management with students.

2) Project duration

Project duration was one year from August 2002.

3) Project member:

Under one General Supervisor, several supervisors and facilitators carried out the project in communities as follows:

Table 2‐20 Member for the Project for Solid Waste Management District 1～4 (p) District 5 (p) District 6 (p) Total (p) Supervisor 1×4 2 8 8 Facilitator 4×4 8 8 32 Grand total 20 10 10 40 Source: Study Team


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2.5.2. Selection of the Project

Statistics on exact waste and population is not available in Kandahar city. According to interviews and field survey, solid waste is increasing due to the increasing population and this trend has continued since the collapse of Taliban regime. There is no proper management of municipal solid waste; therefore, construction waste and night soil are left on roadsides and garbage bins.

Kandahar city has 15 trucks with capacity of about 1 to 1.5 tons. All of the trucks are very old and 6 trucks were not functional in October 2002. UN‐Habitat donated four (4) second‐hand 3‐ton capacity trucks. At that time, maximum collection/ transportation capacity of these 13 trucks was estimated at about 100 tons a day.

There is no correct and reliable data on solid waste generation. According to the calculation made from the HABITAT study, about 350 tons of solid waste is generated in Kandahar city, but only about 250 tons of waste is transported out of the city daily.

There is no proper solid waste management in the city, so waste from construction sites and night soil is also thrown away and left in garbage bin/box. Solid waste management in Kandahar City is a major issue because of the lack of not only the collection system itself, but also planning as well as collection and transportation vehicles. Therefore, solid waste is affecting the municipality environment as well as the health of the urban population.

Because of this critical situation, even before making a solid waste management plan, additional vehicles are urgently needed. Upon discussion with the Municipality, the Study Team decided to supply cargo trucks for solid waste collection use as Batch 2 component.


The Study Team considered that the minimum number of trucks would be supplied as urgent need by Batch 2 component.

It might be possible to decrease 40% of the solid waste by controlling construction waste and night soil in the future. Requirement of additional trucks is as follows:

‐ 40% waste reduction, so 350 tons×60%＝210 tons (waste generated in one day)

‐ 210 tons of waste to be collected daily – present collection capacity of 100 tons = 110 tons (additional 110 tons required to be collected)

‐ 110 tons÷(3‐ton capacity/truck×4 times of collection/day) = 10 additional trucks (with capacity of 3 tons per truck)


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Due to lack of data and according to the working capacity of municipality, it is recommended that one third of the requirement, i.e., 3 trucks, be supplied as an urgent requirement.

Specification of trucks is as follows:

‐ Popular truck in Kandahar for easy maintenance

‐ Flat Bed type

‐ Left side steering

‐ Diesel engine car

2.5.4. Implementation of the Project

The vehicles were handed over to the Kandahar Municipality at the end of November 2003.

Figure 2‐15 Garbage Truck


(1) Staffing

One (1) driver, 1 policeman and 4 workers for a total of 6 persons are required per truck. That means 18 additional workers for 3 trucks. The municipality could manage these additional 18 workers from within its own manpower of about 210 at that time.

(2) Cost

• Fuel for trucks = round trip 30km/6km/liter×4 times/day×3 trucks×25 days/month×12 months×Afg. 20/liter = Afg.360,000/year (US$ 7,500)

• Others (spare parts, etc.) = Afg. 3,000×12 months×3trucks = Afg. 108,000/year (US$ 2,250)

Total expenditure for the operation of 3 trucks = Afg.468,000（US$9,750）


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(3) Operation and Maintenance

The municipality was under rehabilitation/restructuring and it seemed that it was difficult to manage all of the expenditures for the operation of the additional trucks. So temporarily, HABITAT is bearing the cost of operation and maintenance for two years. The municipality should prepare to shoulder this expense within two years.

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CHAPTER 3

Constraints and Measures to Implement the Urgent

Rehabilitation Project 3.1. Introduction

Due to the long‐lasting conflict and the accompanying socio‐economic problems, the construction industry in Afghanistan has been completely devastated along with the complete destruction of privately owned construction machinery and equipment. To make matters worse, many experienced engineers and skilled workers were forced to flee the country. As a result, few remaining local contractor companies have enough capacity to maintain work quality in accordance with the technical specification.

Since the collapse of the Taliban regime, a number of construction projects have started on various facilities, not only the public ones such as schools and hospitals, but also private offices and houses. Many local contractors and merchants have been engaged in various construction activities mostly with foreign investors. Therefore, it is not rare for a small construction company to receive more than one contract regardless of its limited capacity.

However, according to the Draft National Development Framework1 formulated in April 2002, one of the principal strategies of the Government is to use the external assistance to build the physical infrastructure that lays the basis for a private‐sector‐led strategy of growth, in such manner as to support the building of human and social capital. The Government considers that the recent rehabilitation and rebuilding activities assisted by international donor agencies and NGOs should work as an effective leverage to revive the damaged economy of Afghanistan.

Taking this Government’s strategy into consideration, URSP‐KDH plans to employ Afghan contractors for the urgent rehabilitation projects, although there are risks to complete projects with the limited capacity of Afghan contractors. As a result, the construction projects could contribute to job creation in the project area. Tables 3.1 and 3.2 show the number of workers employed by Batch 1 and Batch 2 construction projects.

1 The Draft was formulated for consultation with relevant agencies and organisations under the initiative of the

Board of the Afghan Assistance Coordination Authority (AACA).


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Table 3.1 The Number of Workers (Batch 1 Urgent Rehabilitation Projects)

Table 3.2 The Number of Workers (Batch 2 Urgent Rehabilitation Projects)

For managing the local contractors, the Study Team organised the Construction Management Service (CMS) Team, which consists of Japanese Site Representative and Chief Supervisor, and seven local Field Coordinators. They are manage quality assurance, progress control, contractual management, and other construction supervisory services on a day‐to‐day basis. The CMS Team prepared a Monthly Progress Report and submitted it to relevant Afghan and Japanese agencies, starting from November 2002 up to September 2004. The Monthly Progress Report covered the progress of work, certification of payments, problems encountered and the remedial actions undertaken, design changes approved or ordered, and other particular issues which occurred during the reporting month. Also, the Monthly Progress Report touched on the major activities to be undertaken in the following month. The organisation of the CMS Team is shown in Figure 3.1.

2003 2004

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

1,202 1,460 2,075 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

349 444 266 293 322 250 321 309 426 313 337 394 607 328

201 600 991 1,122 901 613 391 704 521 1,036 1,566 1,090 1,629 1,666

405 581 414 412 293 215 51 453 521 625 647 811 796 1,145

581 565 384 458 397 555 403 616 418 576 714 258 991 1,034

2,738 3,650 4,130 2,285 1,913 1,633 1,166 2,082 1,886 2,550 3,264 2,553 4,023 4,173

Mirwais Mena

TOTAL

Batch 2 UrgentRehabilitation Projects

Kaka Sayed Ahmad

City Road Batch 2

Aino

Sufi Saheb

2002 2003 2004

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

93 565 393 294 368 297 414 445 366 422 751 473 512 477 472 939 614 573 209

121 367 137 319 300 338 288 439 348 406 340 183 310 324 181 481 248 206 0

90 326 164 358 285 285 436 459 342 504 614 260 205 427 382 361 165 368 0

116 209 166 318 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 305 2,106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 680 1,103 3,549 5,124 4,716 5,257 4,275 810 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0420 2,147 2,268 6,944 6,077 5,636 6,395 5,618 1,866 1,332 1,705 916 1,027 1,228 1,035 1,781 1,027 1,147 209

Batch 1 UrgentRehabilitation Projects

Ahmad Shah Baba

Zahir Shahi

Malalai

Mirwais Hospital

KK Road

City Road Batch 0(1)(2)(2) TOTAL


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PCI Tokyo Head Quarter

Project Manager

Mr. S. KAWASAKI

Assistant Manager

Mr. H. KANAI

Chief Architect

Mr. T. SHIMOSEJICA/PCI Kandahar

PCI Kabul Office

Project Manager

Mr. S. KAWASAKI

ADMI. Team

JICA Kandahar Office

Government of Japan

Embassy of Japan

JICA Afghanistan Office

SC: Site Coordinator CC: Construction Coordinator

ARCHI. Team

Team Representative

Mr. T. MORIKAWA

Chief Supervisor

Mr. A. AIKAWA

C.C

Mr. Nazir

Coordinator

Mr. Khalid

Engineer (ME)

Mr. Hayat

Architect

Architect

Mr. Mohamad

SC

Mr. Ezzat

Chief Coordinator

Mr. K. YOSHIDA

Architect

Mr. Anwar

OM: Office Manager

OM

Mr. Usman

Secretary

Mr. Maqsood

Team Representative

Mr. K. OBARA

Guard

Guard

Guard

Guard

Guard

Guard

Office Boy

Mr. Asadullah

Receptionist

Mr. Yahya

Driver

Driver

Driver

Driver

Driver

Driver

Driver

Road Team

FE: Field Engineer RD: Road Coodinator

Team Representative

Mr. I. TANAKA

Chief Engineer

Mr. H Sherzai

Engineer

Mr. Toryalai

FE.

Mr. Majeed

Engineer

Mr. Zahir

RD.

Mr. Ali

Eng.

Mr. Naseem

Eng.

Mr. Mahmo

od

Soft Component

Figure 3.1 Organisation Chart of CMS Team

The CMS Team had difficulty in managing contractors that did not have enough experience in large‐scale construction projects during the war period, but as it is stated below, the transfer of construction technology to contractors and priority considerations practiced during the situation particular to the project area carried the project to success.

3.2. Constraints

(1) Contractorʹs Financial Basis

It is generally said that there is an absolute lack of financial capacity for reasonably sustaining project cash flow. No contractor was able to arrange a bank guarantee, although it was required for advance payment to the local contractor as performance security. In addition, some contractors faced lack of funds for implementation of the Project.

(2) Lack of Banking System in Kandahar

During the implementation period, in spite of the booming economy caused by a number of reconstruction projects, none of the local or international banks opened branches in Kandahar. The construction payment should have been paid though bank remittance from the viewpoint of security, but the CMS Team was obliged to make payment by cash.


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(3) Materials and Human Resource

Price of construction material was not stable due to the recent booming economy stimulated by the rush of construction projects including rehabilitation and rebuilding activities by international donor agencies and NGOs. In addition, there was shortage of labourers as well as experienced technicians in the project area. Especially during harvest and summer season, the contractors faced the lack of not only skilled workers, but also labourers. Many contractors tried to cover this constraint by hiring Pakistani workers, but these unsettled foreign workers tended to leave the construction site for their homeland especially when the security risks became high. Also, the contractor has been faced the problem of cost inflation of labour wages.

(4) Seasonality

The critical path of the construction work is concreting works due to the hot climatic conditions in Kandahar during the months of June‐August. As can be seen in the table below, the average of the temperature in summer season reached more than 40 degrees. Therefore, the temperature of concrete was carefully checked at the site during the summer season. In order to minimise risk, and to maintain the quality of concrete during the summer season when the temperature is high, water is sprinkled on the portion of the concrete casting.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

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Year/Month

pers

on

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Cel

sius

2,738 3,650 4,130 2,285 1,913 1,633 1,166 2,082 1,886 2,550 3,264 2,553 4,023 4,173 Avarage of Low Temparature

Figure 3.2 Relation Between Temperature and Number of Labourers at the School Construction Site


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0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Jan-00

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pers

on

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Cel

sius

Number of Workers (Accumulative) Avarage of Low Temparature

Figure 3.3 Relation Between Temperature and Number of Labourers at the Road Construction Site

(5) Security

The security situation in Afghanistan is still unstable, especially in southern provinces including Kandahar. The Team was sometimes forced to suspend the works or to leave Kandahar when a security alert was given.

3.3. Measures Against the Constraints

(1) Limited Ability of Local Contractors

In order to maintain quality standards in accordance with the technical specifications, the CMS Team arranged on‐the‐job training for concrete mixing, sampling specimen of concrete cube, slump test, re‐bar arrangement, form works and so on. Also, the CMS Team provided detailed drawings and shop drawings for the construction works to local contractors for easy reference.

The CMS Team also provided concrete compression testing equipment to the CMS office for checking the actual concrete strength of the concrete test pieces from every site. One‐week concrete strength and the four‐week concrete strength were checked by the test machine, and the proper measures were executed to solve any insufficient grade of the casting concrete.


3-6

(2) Contractorʹs financial basis

Due to absolute lack of financial capacity of contractors, advance payment was cancelled and 10% retention was applied from each payment instead of a bank guarantee. Monthly payment was applied based on the mutual understanding despite the original agreement between the CMS Team and the contractors for the smooth implementation of the work.

(3) Materials and Human Resource for Construction Works

To avoid shortage of materials, the CMS Team provided a special advanced payment arrangement to keep enough material stocks. The lack of skilled construction workers was addressed by hiring foreign workers for the works, which required advanced skills. But in exchange, the contractors faced cost inflation of skilled labour wages. These constraints affected construction schedule.

(4) Concrete Casting in Summer Season

The temperature of concrete casting was carefully checked at the site during the summer season. In order to keep the quality of concrete during the summer season


3-7

when temperature is high, the quality of the concrete was controlled directly by the CMS Team by curing the concrete carefully. Of course, the temperature at each site was checked more frequently and more carefully than usual.

3.4. Conclusions and Recommendations

There were various constraints on construction works in regard to establishing a fluid labor environment as described above. There were no simple measures to remove or loosen any of these constraints, but the following measures or approaches might have been the keys for successful outcome.

Building the Capacity of Contractors

As described above, few local contractors had enough capacity to maintain work quality in accordance with the technical specification. However, some contractors successfully developed their capacity by practice during the project. For example, a contractor who undertook the construction of one of the Batch 1 schools learnt various management skills such as progress management, quality management, cash flow management, and procurement management, so that the contractor developed enough capacity and accountability to receive another contract for a Batch 2 school.

A Multi‐Criteria Approach to Contractor Selection

As described above, contractors tend to receive several contracts regardless of their limited capacity. Therefore, special care should be taken in selecting contractors. In addition to document compliance, technical evaluation and bid price, more detailed criteria such as the ability for cash flow management, project portfolio, and organizational background should be applied for selection in order to minimise the risk caused by the lack of contractor ability.

4-1

CHAPTER 4

SCHOOL MAINTENANCE IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME (SOFT COMPONENT)

4.1. Introduction

School Maintenance Improvement Programme was a soft‐component programme under URSP‐KDH. The purpose of the programme was effective utilisation of the school facilities that were rehabilitated/constructed under the Programme. In addition to the reconstruction of physical facilities, it was necessary for efficient and sustainable utilisation of the constructed facilities to conduct a programme facilitating effective use of the facility.

Lack of maintenance skills, tools and system, however, are major constraints for effective use of school facilities in Kandahar city. There is no efficient support programme to develop the maintenance system of school facilities. Lack of hygiene knowledge such as on use of toilet, on the other hand, has caused diarrhoea and other infectious diseases specifically to children in the region. The programme strived to improve the condition of school maintenance, including hygiene issues.

4.2. Scope of the Programme

For the purpose of improvement of the above condition, main objectives of the programme were the following:

To enable teachers, students and other stakeholders to utilise the rehabilitated/constructed school facilities effectively;

To establish maintenance system for the effective use of school facilities in Kandahar city; and

To improve the hygiene conditions in the neighbouring communities.

Beneficiaries of the programme were the Department of Education (DOE) and selected three schools (Ahmad Shah Baba School, Zahir Shahi School, and Malalai School). The Study Team decided to implement the programme for three of the seven schools, because teachers of the remaining four schools were not available. 1 Therefore, training courses were conducted at the three schools. For the purpose of expanding to the remaining schools and establishing an effective school maintenance system for all schools in Kandahar city and providing a hygienic school environment in the future, DOE was involved in the programme implementation as a key player of school maintenance.

1 The remaining four schools were still under construction when the programme commenced.


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The main components of the programme were:



Component 3: Hygiene education

4.3. Implementation of the Programme

The Study Team subcontracted the programme to a capable international NGO named International Catholic Migration Commission (ICMC) as the implementing partner. The Study Team and the implementing partner carried out the programme at the three schools and used several methods in order to gather stakeholder opinions concerning improvement of hygiene conditions as well as effective use of the facilities. Also, the implementing partner studied ways of how to sustain an effective maintenance system for school facilities in Kandahar city.

The Study Team and ICMC held several discussions about detail contents and methodology of the programme beginning July 2003. On 11 August 2003, ICMC held a stakeholders workshop on school maintenance in the dining room in Mirwais Hospital (which was rehabilitated by URSP‐KDH), inviting a broad range of stakeholders such as governmental officers, principals, teachers, academics, donors and NGOs. The participants discussed the issues of past and existing maintenance systems and idea of appropriate school maintenance system. The programme was completed by the end of November 2003, after the implementation of training courses.

Figure 4.1 Stakeholders Workshop

The following is a summary of the results of the programme.

Around 40 participants discussed maintenance issues Stakeholders Workshop at Mirwais Hospital on 11 Aug 2003


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ICMC conducted a large number of interviews and group discussions with the provincial education department in Kandahar, school staff and students at the target schools and others in Kandahar city and Kabul. Interviews have also been held with the head of the maintenance department at the Ministry of Education in Kabul. All interviewees cited the lack of resources as being the major obstacle to proper maintenance of schools. The lack of resources cause the following effects:

Overcrowding Lack of discipline Lack of community involvement in the schools Low level of funding for maintenance Lack of staff dedicated to maintenance Lack of knowledge of staff generally

The implementing partner submitted a proposal for an appropriate school maintenance system in Kandahar to the DOE in November 2003 after a series of studies and discussions with the Study Team. The proposed maintenance plan emphasised the importance of community involvement, school initiative concerning small‐scale maintenance activities, and maintenance training. The specific aspects of maintenance of physical infrastructure covered the following areas:

The school surroundings The buildings and walls Carpentry items: desks, chairs, doors, windows, etc. Electrical systems and related materials Stores or warehouse Water sources, hand pumps, tube well Use of toilet Fruit‐bearing plants and flowers at school


The implementing partner conducted the training programme at the three schools in September 2003 parallel with the maintenance study. There were 36 trainees including teachers and students who were expected to be responsible for maintenance activities. The training curriculum, which was developed from the process of the maintenance study, covered the following areas:

What is maintenance? What needs to be maintained? Who does the maintenance? Using maintenance tools/materials


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Budgeting Avoiding potential pitfalls

For the purpose of practical training, in addition, maintenance kits such as spanners and hammers, among other tools, were distributed to the participants or schools as training materials.

Component 3: Hygiene Education

Hygiene education at the three schools was conducted in September 2003. A total of 36 participants including headmasters, teachers, and students learned about hygiene issues using hygiene education materials made by Save the Children Alliance in Kabul and UNICEF. The training curriculum covered the following areas:

Who to target for hygiene education? What is personnel hygiene? Drug abuse The importance of exercise for good health and hygiene The importance of a clean environment for good hygiene General health and hygiene message Proper use of toilets

In addition, ICMC distributed hygiene packs containing soap, toothbrush, tooth paste, nail clippers, and glycerine for dry skin to 7,500 students in the target schools.

The detailed result of the programme is shown in Part 3, Appendices on the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects.

4.4. Conclusions and Recommendations

As of the end of URSP‐KDH, maintenance tools have been distributed not only to three schools in Batch 1 component but also to four schools in Batch 2 component. The Study Team evaluated the Programme in January 2005. Principals and teachers of the three schools practice maintenance and hygiene activities continually, and keep the facilities clean, although timing of the training programme was inappropriate due to the delay of construction works of target schools.

The proposed maintenance plan, on the other hand, has been mentioned by the DOE staff since its submission. However, the plan has not been institutionalised as a maintenance system of DOE yet because of the frequent replacement of directors during the implementation period and lack of their support. For the purpose of promoting the proposed activities, the Study Team discussed the system with the Director and how to make effective use of it. The Director promised use of the proposal to improve school maintenance in Kandahar. It is necessary for DOE to integrate the plan into its maintenance system.

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CHAPTER 5

EVALUATION OF URGENT REHABILITATION PROJECTS 5.1. Introduction

A variety of rehabilitation and reconstruction needs in Afghanistan have emerged after the 23 years of prolonged war. The society of Afghanistan has been badly affected politically, economically, and socially by the war. In order to cope with the urgent needs, URSP‐KDH has undertaken the rehabilitation of seven schools, Mirwais Hospital, and city roads in Kandahar city. It is important for a post‐conflict country to consider the problems attributable to the conflict while responding to various urgent rehabilitation and reconstruction needs.

In this chapter, the Study Team evaluates the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects under URSP‐KDH considering the peacebuilding needs and the governmental policy of Afghanistan. In addition, a comprehensive evaluation for all projects using quantitative and qualitative methods was conducted during the final mission of URSP‐KDH in January 2005. Considerations on future aid activities in the post‐conflict situation, moreover, are to be given as recommendations. Such considerations have been formulated chiefly as a result of the seminar in January 2005 as well as discussions with the government of Afghanistan, donor agencies and NGOs.

5.2. Rationale

5.2.1. Conflict Prevention

Violent conflict is a serious obstacle to socio‐economic development and quality of life. It destroys civilian livelihoods, infrastructures, and environment. Thus, for sustainable development and durable peace it is important to reduce the causes of conflict in parallel to providing emergency relief and rehabilitation of destroyed infrastructures resulting from conflict. Also, for prevention of recurrence of conflict it is important to formulate projects considering conflict prevention.

Kandahar is a homeland of the Pashtun although there are small numbers of other ethnic groups such as Persion, and various tribal groups within Pashtun. In fact, Kandahar city as the urban area of Southern Afghanistan is a multi‐ethnic society and yet there is no significant ethnic confrontation. Thus, urgent rehabilitation projects were selected not by considering ethnic balance, but by other factors such as promotion of public education especially for girls. Promotion of public education and empowerment of women to contribute to the healthy modernisation and democratisation process of the post‐conflict Afghanistan.


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Also, visible improvements such as the construction of school buildings, paving of city roads, and supply of vehicles made civilians feel hopeful about positive change from war to peace.

5.2.2. Government Policy

For the purpose of establishing a strategic road map toward rehabilitation and development in Afghanistan, the National Development Framework (NDF), the vision of Afghan government, was prepared in April 2002 by the AIA in cooperation with donors. In accordance with NDF, the National Development Budget (NDB) and National Priority Program were established in October 2002, and then were revised responding to the transformation of rehabilitation and development needs of Afghanistan thereafter. Figure 5.1 lists the areas covered by the Consultative Group (CG) and Advisory Group (AG), which included chief ministries, donors, and UN agencies, and support to prepare the NDB. Since the establishment of NDB, basically all development activities in Afghanistan have been positioned in the NDB.

Figure 5.1 National Development Framework and Donor Support

Many of the urgent rehabilitation projects under URSP‐KDH were selected before the NDB was established. However, those projects were able to be positioned as Sub‐programs in the NDB as shown in Table 5.1.

Pillar 1: Social and Human Capital 1.1 Refugee & IDP Return 1.2 Education & Vocational Training 1.3 Health & Nutrition 1.4 Livelihoods & Social Protection 1.5 Cultural Heritage, Media & Sport

Pillar 2: Physical Infrastructure/ Natural Resources 2.1 Transport 2.2 Energy, Mining & Telecommunications 2.3 Natural Resource Management 2.4 Urban Management

Pillar 3: Public Administration Reform and Economic Management 3.1 Trade & Investment 3.2 Public Administration Reform and Economic Management 3.3 Justice 3.4 National Police & Law Enforcement 3.5 Afghan National Army (ANA) 3.6 Mine Action 3.7 Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)

A1 Gender A2 Environment A3 Humanitarian Affairs A4 Human Rights A5 Monitoring & Evaluation A6 Counter Narcotics

Consultative Group (CG) Advisory Group (AG)


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Table 5.1 NDB and Urgent Rehabilitation Projects Priority Program in NDB Sub‐program in NDB Urgent Rehabilitation Projects

Education Infrastructure Rehabilitation/ Construction of the seven schools

Education & Vocational Training

Teacher Development Teacher training on school maintenance Improved Equitable Distribution of Quality Health Services

Rehabilitation of Mirwais Hospital Commuter Buses for Kandahar Nursing School Health & Nutrition

Decrease Incidence of Communicable Diseases

Hygiene education

Urban Planning & Management

Pavement of city roads Urban Management

Urban Infrastructure Garbage trucks for Kandahar municipality Source: Study Team

5.3. Evaluation of Urgent Rehabilitation Projects

URSP‐KDH quickly responded to the rehabilitation needs in Kandahar city along with the government policy and peacebuilding needs. The projects were designed to be relevant in terms of meeting such needs. Also, the projects contributed to not only increasing the number of facilities, but also recovering the functions of schools and medical institutions. Quick and visible rehabilitation made people of Kandahar feel positive about change to peace from war.

Concerning school construction, on the other hand, local contractors and workers were able to increase their capacity through the construction works which were instructed and supervised by Japanese engineers. In addition, the projects contributed to employment generation of many construction workers (92,4861).

Evaluation of the urgent rehabilitation projects is summarised in Table 5.2.

1 See detail in “Final Report Part 3 Appendices” of the project.


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Table 5.2 Evaluation Summary of the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects Evaluation Items

Rehabilitation of seven schools and Soft Component

Renovation of kitchen and laundry at Mirwais Hospital

Commuter Buses

Pavement of City Roads

Garbage Trucks

Relevance Meet the NDB and huge needs of classrooms in Kandahar City



Meet the NDB and needs of urban infrastructure

Meet the NDB and needs of Urban Planning & Management

Effectiveness Constructed 98 classrooms accommodating pupils who were in temporary classrooms (tents) More than 18,000

students (including 4,500 girls) can study at the constructed classrooms Teachers have positive

ideas for maintenance of school facilities

Improvement of food services and hygiene condition in the hospital Kitchen provides

meals for 410 (300 inpatients and 110 duty staffs) More than 180 linens

and gowns a day are washed by provided washing machine

72 female students and 16 female teachers are using the provided 5 commuter buses.

6.0‐km By‐pass road and 2.3 km road was paved Creation of

the smooth transportation Reduction of

clouds of sand dust caused by the vehicular traffic.

3 trucks collect garbage in Kandahar city running 75km/day/each

Efficiency There were delays of construction or implementation due to unstable security conditions Scale and design of

school building seem to be over local capacity (capacity of local contractors was insufficient)

There were delays of construction or implementation due to unstable security condition


There were delays of construction due to unstable security condition


Impact Increase enrolment and attendance of pupils Capacity building of


Renovated dining room is used as place for workshops which are conducted by donors and government agencies Capacity building of


‐ Reduce dust Capacity

building of local contractors through construction works Generate

employment

‐

Sustainability Maintenance of school buildings seems to be insufficient Some of facilities are

broken especially in toilet

Insufficient use of renovated dining room Some provided

machines are broken sometimes

There is an out of operation bus due to lack of budget

Kandahar municipality continues to pave city roads by its own initiative

UN Habitat supports Municipality financially

Quick Response

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Visibility Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Source: Study Team

(1) Education Sector

Although 98 classrooms, which are built by the urgent rehabilitation projects, are insufficient to eliminate the practicing of double/triple shifts with overcrowded conditions in classrooms and/or holding classes outside classrooms, the situations have been much improved creating more available space for education through the


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implementation of the Programme. Approximately 18,600 students have attend the rehabilitated schools as shown in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 Number of Students (as of January 2005)

Name of School Gender Grades Total Grand total Teachers Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Ahmad Shah Baba Male 500 400 400 400 310 370 300 300 290 100 90 40 3,500 89High School Female 0 3,500 0 89

Zahir Shahi Male 310 370 370 377 420 436 472 417 347 299 169 112 4,099 99High School Female 205 156 290 190 841 4,940 27 126

Malalai Male 600 350 250 1,200 22High School Female 650 600 320 245 110 65 48 2,038 3,238 25 47

Sufi Suhab Male 560 462 467 596 182 118 72 40 35 12 2,544 58School Female 0 2,544 0 58

Mirwais Mena Male 0 3School Female 305 242 117 118 33 23 838 838 16 19

Kaka Sayed Male 400 240 490 750 240 360 200 45 2,725 39Ahmad School Female 0 2,725 9 48

Aino Male 0 1Middle School Female 300 150 180 100 50 20 800 800 19 20

Total Male 2,370 1,822 1,9772,123 1,152 1,2841,044 802 672 411 259 152 14,068 311 Female 1,460 1,148 907 653 193 108 48 4,517 18,585 96 407

Source: Study Team

Concerning maintenance of school facilities, some problems have emerged since the completion of construction. Some school facilities such as door handles and desks have been broken. Especially toilet flush system seems not to work very well. There are two factors for the problem. One is shortage of water due to frequent power failures. Another is behaviour of students. Some students, especially boys tend to use facilities roughly and break them, although teachers often remind them to use facilities carefully.2 Bad behaviour of students seems to be a serious constraint for maintenance of facilities. For the improvement of maintenance, it is necessary to strengthen monitoring activities not only by teachers but also by students themselves, especially older students, through enhancing ownership, and to guide parents through teachers/parents regular meetings such as PTA, as well as students. Fortunately, some principals have declared their willingness to tackle the issue during the workshop in January 2005.3

On the other hand, the Study Team found a positive aspect concerning the utilisation of the constructed facilities. Some schools have used classrooms differently from the original design. They allocated classrooms based on their educational needs

2 Teachers argue that a cause of bad behaviour of students seems to be lack of right guidance by their parents. These parents often are uneducated due to the prolonged turmoil in Afghanistan. (Interview with teachers and principals in January 2005)

3 See details in Chapter 2


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considering the numbers of pupils and shifts, syllabus and curriculum. It seems to be a good practise. Table 5.4 shows the utilisation of the classrooms as of January 2005.

Table 5.4 Utilisation of the Constructed Classrooms School Original Design Utilisation as of January 2005

20 Classrooms

18 Classrooms 1 Head Teacher/Teachers Room 1 Laboratory

1 Store Room 1 Store Room

Ahmad Shah Baba High School

Pupils: 2,304 Teachers: 54


10 Classrooms

8 Classrooms 2 Computer Rooms

1 Store Room 1 Store Room

Zahir Shahi High School



9 Classrooms

7 Classrooms 1 Head Teacher/Teachers Room 1 Art Room

1 Staff Room 1 Store Room

1 Kindergarten 1 Store Room

Malalai High School (Girls)



21 Classrooms 22 Classrooms 1 Head Teacher Room 1 Teachers Room 1 Store Room

1 Head Teacher/Teachers Room 1 Store Room

Sufi Suhab School

Pupils: - Teachers: -


15 Classrooms 16 Classrooms 1 Classroom on a septic tank

1 Head Teacher Room 1 Teachers Room 1 Store Room

1 Head Teacher/Teachers Room 1 Store Room

Mirwais Mena School (Girls)

Pupils: n.a Teachers: n.a

Pupils: 838 Teachers: 19

15 Classrooms 15 Classrooms 1 Head Teacher Room 1 Teachers Room 1 Store Room

1 Head Teacher Room 1 Teachers Room 1 Store Room

Kaka Sayed Ahmad School

Pupils: - Teachers: -


8 Classrooms 8 Classrooms 1 Store Room 1 Store Room

Aino Middle School (Girls)

Pupils: n.a Teachers: n.a

Pupils: 800 Teachers: 20

Source: Study Team

(2) Health Sector

Before the rehabilitation of those facilities, Mirwais Hospital served only Afghan bread, tea and some vegetable soup to the patients, and linens were washed by hand. Now Mirwais Hospital additionally serves rice and sometimes meat. Also, linens are


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washed by washing machines with hot water, making work conditions more sanitary. Through the implementation of the Project, the services and environment have been much improved.

As for commuter buses, due to the traditional customs, female students of Kandahar Nursing School found it difficult to go to school even if they lived nearby. Now school buses can pick them up right in front of their houses and families who have daughters can allow them to go to the school.

Concerning maintenance system of facilities and equipment in kitchen and laundry, however, it seems to be insufficient. Mirwais hospital does not have regular monitoring system for maintenance or any checklists, although it has a maintenance team which responds to problems. For better maintenance and sustainable use of provided equipment, it is necessary to establish “preventive maintenance system4” such as early warning through regular monitoring. The hospital may also have to consider training of managers as well as staff for hospital management.

(3) Road Sector

Road conditions in Kandahar city have been improved drastically due to the paving of roads. In addition, vehicle traffic no longer leaves a cloud of sand dust behind. Residents along the roads highly appreciate JICA’s visible support. The 6.0 km by‐pass road was named “Ogata road5” upon its completion. Now, Kandahar Municipality has started to pave other roads on its own to create a better environment and smooth transportation.

(4) Sanitation Sector

Kandahar Municipality is making effort to address the problem of garbage collection with the support from UN‐Habitat, although it has limited resources such as the lack of collection vehicles. The donated trucks are running more than 75 km per day to collect and dispose of garbage in Kandahar city. It is necessary to establish a solid waste management programme6 for the municipality.

5.4. Seminar on URSP‐KDH

For the purpose of better future collaboration among the stakeholders, a seminar on URSP‐KDH was held in January 2005 at the end of the Programme. The seminar venue was the dining room in Mirwais Hospital, which was renovated by the Programme.

4 Preventive maintenance system can work better than responding problems after it becomes serious. It is same as “preventive medicine” in health sector.

5 The name comes from Sadako Ogata, President of JICA (former UN High Commissioner for Refugees) 6 In the programme, institutional strengthening plan, budgeting plan, garbage collection system, and selection of dumping site, among other things, should be taken up.


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More than 20 participants including the Mayor of Kandahar city, Directors of DOPH and Planning Department, a representative of DOE, principals of the schools, and representatives of UN agencies7, JICA and the Study Team attended the seminar and discussed about effective use of the rehabilitated/constructed facilities by the Programme following a presentation of outcomes of URSP‐KDH.

Figure 5.2 Seminar on URSP‐KDH (January 2005)

During the seminar, the participants exchanged ideas concerning utilisation of the provided facilities to possible maximum extent. Some principals emphasised that their school facilities are open for use by neighbouring communities for the purpose of literacy training, although it seems difficult for quite a number of people in the communities to attend under the current security condition. At the end of seminar, the Study Team strongly recommended that stakeholders who were beneficiaries of the Programme should contribute to society and projects/programmes in the future. Most of participants appreciated the outcomes of URSP‐KDH and looked forward to cooperating with other projects/programmes of JICA in the near future. In addition, Afghan officials emphasised that other donors and UN agencies should learn from the Urgent Rehabilitation Projects, especially regarding the high quality of construction works.

5.5. Recommendations

The recommendations of the Study Team for better project implementation in the future are summarised by group below.

7 UN agencies: UNAMA, UN‐Habitat, and WHO.


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(1) To the Stakeholders of URSP‐KDH Projects

The stakeholders who are beneficiary of the Programme should share their experience and provide facilities to other projects/programmes in the future. They should contribute to their society.

For the purpose of better maintenance and sustainable use of the constructed facilities and provided equipment, “Preventive maintenance system” should be established. Regular monitoring is significantly important.

For the purpose of enhancing ownership and responsibility of rehabilitated facilities, stakeholders such as residents, teachers, and medical staff should be involved in planning and design phases as well as post‐implementation phase. It is necessary to hold regular stakeholder meetings before implementation to discuss the activities and maintenance issues after construction.

(2) To the Local government in Kandahar

The government should take the initiative for reconstruction and development of the region. It is necessary for the government to shake itself free from donor driven development and to enhance capacity instead.

Government officers should participate in the process of planning, monitoring and evaluation to secure sustainability of the projects.

For the purpose of securing budget and responsible organizations for operation and maintenance of the facilities and equipment, the government should enhance its institutional capacity especially for monitoring, accounting and management by inviting foreign experts and participating in domestic/overseas training.

(3) To Donors

Scale and design of support projects should be decided considering capacity of counterparts, national staff, and local contractors or NGOs. Sometimes challenges may bring unexpected impacts such as capacity building of local contractors.

After humanitarian emergency assistance phase, assistance projects concerning construction, training, and institutional building should be secured appropriate quality strictly.

Collaboration should be made among different schemes of donor support such as dispatching experts, grant aid, and overseas training to succeed in the outcomes of URSP‐KDH.


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For the purpose of quick and flexible response, donors should have in‐house consulting engineers (CEs) in the country office instead of bringing in CEs from abroad.

Scope of the project should be modified with flexibility to respond to changeable situations.

Security is the most important issue for aid workers, and so donors should increase their capacity for collecting information and reducing risks.