Part 61Subpart B

Aircraft Ratings and Pilot Authorizations

And so it goes

Aircraft Breakdown

• Category – Airplane– Rotorcraft– Glider– Lighter than air

• Class (Airplane)– Single-engine land– Multi-engine land

• Type– Specific make and model of aircraft• >12,500 lb at takeoff• Powered by one or more turbojets

61.63 Additional Aircraft Ratings

• Additional category rating– Received required training– Possess aeronautical experience– Endorsement in logbook/training record

• Authorized instructor• Competent in aeronautical knowledge areas• Proficient on areas of operation

– Pass required practical test– Need not take an additional knowledge test

61.63 Additional Aircraft Ratings

• Additional class rating– Endorsement in logbook/training record

• Authorized instructor• Competent in aeronautical knowledge areas• Proficient on areas of operation

– Pass required practical test– Need not meet specified training time

requirements– Need not take an additional knowledge test

61.63 Additional Aircraft Ratings

• Additional type rating– Hold/concurrently obtain appropriate instrument

rating– Endorsement in logbook/training record

• Authorized instructor• Competent in aeronautical knowledge areas• Proficient on areas of operation

– Pass required practical test• Performed in in actual or simulated instrument

conditions• May obtain “VFR only” limitation• Removed when passed in actual or simulated

conditions

– Need not take an additional knowledge test

61.65 Instrument Rating Requirements• General– Hold Current private pilot certificate– English (Read, speak, and understand)– Receive and log ground training – Receive logbook/training record endorsement– Receive/log training on areas of operation in

aircraft, flight simulator, or FTD– Pass required knowledge test– Pass required practical test – can be done in a(n)

• Airplane• Flight simulator• FTD (instrument approach procedures are limited to

one precision and one non-precision approach)

61.65 Instrument Rating Requirements• Aeronautical knowledge (Flight proficiency)– Preflight preparation– Preflight procedures– ATC clearances and procedures– Flight by reference to instruments– Navigation systems– Instrument approach procedures– Emergency operations– Postflight procedures

61.65 Instrument Rating Requirements• Aeronautical Experience– At least 50 hours of cross-country flight time

• At least 10 hours in airplanes for instrument rating

– 40 hours actual or simulated instrument time in area of operation• At least 15 hours of instrument flight time from

authorized instructor in aircraft category• At least 3 hours of instrument training from authorized

instructor within 60 days preceding date of test• At least one cross country flight performed under IFR &

– Distance at least 250 NM along airways or ATC-directed routing– An instrument approach at each airport– 3 different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation

systems

**If instrument training was provided in a flight simulator or FTD- Max of 30 hours in flight simulator or FTD if accomplished with Part 142

- Max of 20 hours in flight simulator or FTD if not accomplished with Part 142

61.67 Cat II or III Pilot Requirements

• General– At least private or commercial certificate or ATP

• Private/commercial with instrument rating

– Type rating for aircraft for authorization– Category and class rating for aircraft

• Experience requirements– At least 50 night flight time as PIC– 75 hours instrument time under actual or

simulated conditions not more than:• Combination of 25 hours in flight simulator or FTD, or• 40 hours of simulated flight time if under Part 142

– 250 hours of cross-country time as PIC

61.68 Cat II or III Pilot Requirements

• Practical Test Requirements– Either issuance or renewal of Cat II authorization– Add another type aircraft to Cat II authorization– If not passed practical test in preceding 12

months, then• Have performed at least 6 ILS approaches during the 6

calendar months preceding the month of the test• At least 3 of approaches must have been conducted

without the use of an approach coupler

Part 61Subpart C

Student Pilots

“Uncle” Anyone?

61.83 Student Pilot Eligibility

• At least 16 years old– At least 14 years old for glider or balloon

• Read, speak, write, and understand English• Application must be submitted to:– Designated aviation medical examiner if applying

for an FAA medical certificate– An Examiner– A Flight Standards District Office

61.87 Student Pilot Solo Requirements• Aeronautical knowledge– Pass knowledge test that meets

• Applicable sections of Parts 61 & 91• Airspace rules and procedures for airport where flight

will be performed• Flight characteristics and operational limitations for the

make/model aircraft

– Student’s authorized instructor must• Administer the test and review all incorrect answers• Authorize student to conduct solo flight

61.87 Student Pilot Solo Requirements• Pre-solo flight training• Received/logged flight training for maneuvers

and procedures• Demonstrated satisfactory proficiency and safety

• Student pilot must have an endorsement dated within the 90 days prior to the flight

• For solo flight at night, student pilot must receive: – Training at night in the vicinity of the airport– Flight training at night on night procedures that

include takeoffs, landings, approaches, and go-arounds

– Endorsement must be dated within the 90 days prior to the flight

61.89 Student Pilot General Limitations• Student pilot may not act as PIC:– That is carrying a passenger– That is carrying property for compensation/hire– For compensation/hire– In furtherance of a business– On an international flight– With a flight or surface visibility less than 3 SM

during daylight hours or 5 SM at night– When flight cannot be made with visual

reference to the surface– In a manner contrary to any limitations in the

pilot’s logbook

Student Pilot Solo CC Limitations

• Conduct solo CC flight• Flight >25NM from originating airport• Make solo flight and landing at airport other

than airport of origination

Student Pilot Solo CC Requirements

• For cross country solo flights, student pilots must:– Receive flight training from an instructor on the

maneuvers and procedures that are appropriate• Instructor training includes flight in both directions,

entering and exiting traffic patterns, and takeoffs and landings at the other airport

– Demonstrate cross country proficiency on the appropriate maneuvers and procedures• Satisfactorily accomplish pre-solo flight maneuvers

and procedures

– Instructor endorses student’s logbook authorizing flight• Comply with any limitations included in the instructor’s

endorsement

Stud Pilot Class B Airspace Operations• Operate in “B” airspace:

– Receive ground and flight training on airspace and flight training received in specific airspace area for solo flight

– Logbook endorsed by instructor within 90-day period preceding date of flight• Endorsement shows ground and flight training, and is

proficient to conduct solo flight in specific “B” airspace

• Operate at airport located in “B” airspace:– Receive ground and flight training from instructor

at specific airport for solo flight– Logbook endorsed by instructor within 90-day

period preceding date of flight• Endorsement shows ground/flight training, and is

proficient to conduct solo flight operations at specific airport

Part 61Subpart E

Private Pilots

“Does anyone really know what time it is?”

“DOES ANYONE CARE?”

61.103 Eligibility (General)

• At least 17 years of age• Able to read/speak/write/understand English• Receive logbook endorsement that:– Training was conducted or person’s home study

was reviewed on knowledge areas– Certified person is prepared for required

knowledge test

• Pass knowledge test• Receive flight training & logbook

endorsement• Training conducted in areas of operation• Certified person is prepared for practical test

– Pass practical test – Comply with Part 61

61.105 Aeronautical knowledge

Page 166

61.105 Flight proficiencyPage 168

61.109 Private single-engine rating

• At least 40 hours flight time, and includes– 10 hours of solo flight training in area of

operations– At least 20 hours of flight training, including

• 3 hours of cross country flight training in a single engine aircraft

• 3 hours of night flight training in a single engine aircraft– 1 cross country flight over 100 NM total distance

– 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop

• 3 hours flight training in a single engine aircraft on control & maneuvering solely by reference of instruments

• 3 hours flight training in preparation for practical test & performed with 60 days preceding date of test

• 10 hours of solo flight time in a single engine aircraft, consisting of at least

61.109 Private single-engine rating

• At least 40 hours flight time, and includes– 10 hours of solo flight time in a single engine

aircraft• 5 hours of solo cross country time• 1 solo cross country flight of at least 150 NM total

distance, with full-stop landings at a minimum of 3 points

• 3 takeoffs & 3 landings to a full stop at an airport with an operating tower

61.109 Private multi-engine rating

• At least 40 hours flight time, and includes– 10 hours of solo flight training in area of

operations– At least 20 hours of flight training, includes

• 3 hours of cross country flight training in a multi-engine aircraft

• 3 hours of night flight training in a multi-engine aircraft– 1 cross country flight over 100 NM total distance

– 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop

• 3 hours flight training in a multi-engine aircraft on control & maneuvering solely by reference of instruments

• 3 hours flight training in preparation for practical test & performed with 60 days preceding date of test

• 10 hours of solo flight time in a multi-engine aircraft, consisting if at least

61.109 Private multi-engine rating

• At least 40 hours flight time, and includes– 10 hours of solo flight time in a multi-engine

aircraft• 5 hours of solo cross country time• 1 solo cross country flight of at least 150 NM total

distance, with full-stop landings at a minimum of 3 points

• 3 takeoffs & 3 landings to a full stop at an airport with an operating tower

61.110 Night Flying Exceptions

• Reside in Alaska and receive flight training, but does not meet night requirements– May be issued pilot certificate with “Night flying

prohibited” limitation– Must comply with night flying requirements with

the 12-calendar-month period after pilot certificate is issued

• “Night flying prohibited” is removed when• Night flying training requirements are

accomplished• Training record endorsement in logbook from

authorized instructor is presented to examiner

61.113 Privileges & Limitations: PIC

• Not act as PIC of aircraft carrying property or passengers for compensation or hire

• May not act as PIC of aircraft for compensation or hire

• May act as PIC, for compensation or hire, in connection with business or employment if:– Flight is only incidental to business/employment– Aircraft does not carry passengers/property for

compensation or hire

• Private pilot may not pay less than pro rata share of operating expenses– Only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees

61.113 Privileges & Limitations: PIC

• May act as PIC of charitable, non-profit, or community event flight if sponsor & pilot comply with 91.146

• May be reimbursed for operating expenses directly related to search and rescue

• May demonstrate aircraft in flight to prospective buyer if he is an aircraft salesman and logged at least 200 hours

Part 61Subpart F

Commercial Pilots

Surely you can’t be serious

61.123 Eligibility: General

• For commercial pilot certificate, person must– Be at least 18 years of age– Be able to read, speak, write, understand English– Receive logbook endorsement

• Required ground training conducted• Prepared for knowledge test

– Pass required knowledge test– Receive training and logbook endorsement

• Required training conducted on areas of operation• Prepared for practical test

– Meet aeronautical experience requirements– Pass required practical test– Hold private pilot certificate

61.125 Aeronautical Knowledge

• Applicable FARs that relate to commercial pilot privileges, limitations, flight operations

• Accident reporting requirements of NTSB• Basic aerodynamics and principles of flight• Meteorology – wind shear added• Safe/efficient operation of aircraft• See remainder of list on page 193 of Part 61

61.127 Flight Proficiency

• See Part 61 Page 194 - 196

61.129 Commercial single-engine rating• At least 250 hours flight time, and includes– 100 hours in powered aircraft, 50 hours in

airplanes– 100 hours of PIC flight time

• 50 hours in airplanes• 50 hours in cross-country flight (10 in airplanes)

– 20 hours training in area of operation• 10 hours instrument training (5 in single-engine

airplane)• 10 hours training in airplane with retractable landing

gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller• One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in single-

engine in day VFR, total straight-line distance of more than 100 NM from original point of departure

61.129 Commercial single-engine rating

– 20 hours training in area of operation (con’t)• One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in single-

engine in night VFR, total straight-line distance of more than 100 NM from original point of departure

• 3 hours in single-engine airplane in preparation for the practical test, within 60-day period preceding date of test

– At least 250 hours flight time, and includes• 10 hours solo flight in single-engine including:

– One cross-country flight of not less 300 NM total distance with landings at a minimum of 3 points

– 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings at an airport with an operating tower» Each landing involves a flight in the traffic pattern

61.129 Commercial multi-engine rating

• At least 250 hours flight time, and includes– 100 hours in powered aircraft, 50 hours in

airplanes– At least 10 hours of PIC flight time

• 50 hours in airplanes• 50 hours in cross-country flight (10 in airplanes)

– 20 hours training in area of operation• 10 hours of instrument training ( 5 in multi-engine

airplane)• 10 hours training in airplane with retractable landing

gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller• One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in multi-

engine in day VFR, total straight-line distance of more than 100 NM from original point of departure

61.129 Commercial multi-engine rating• At least 250 hours flight time, and includes– 20 hours training in area of operation (con’t)

• One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in multi-engine in night VFR, total straight-line distance of more than 100 NM from original point of departure

• 3 hours in multi-engine airplane in preparation for the practical test, within 60-day period preceding date of test

– 10 hours solo flight in multi-engine including or 10 hours of flight time performing PIC in multi-engine:• One cross-country flight of not less 300 NM total

distance with landings at a minimum of 3 points• 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10

landings at an airport with an operating tower– Each landing involves a flight in the traffic pattern

61.129 Aeronautical Experience (Con’t)• Permitted credit for use of a flight simulator

or flight training device (not under Part 142)– Credit maximum 50 hours

• Permitted credit for use of a flight simulator or flight training device (under Part 142)– Credit maximum 100 hours

• Complete an approved commercial pilot course under Part 142, only 190 hours of total aeronautical experience required

61.131 Night Flying Exceptions

• Reside in Alaska and receive flight training, but does not meet night requirements– May be issued pilot certificate with “Night flying

prohibited” limitation– Must comply with night flying requirements with

the 12-calendar-month period after pilot certificate is issued

• “Night flying prohibited” is removed when• Night flying training requirements are

accomplished• Training record endorsement in logbook from

authorized instructor is presented to examiner

61.131 Privileges and Limitations

• Hold commercial pilot certificate, may act as PIC of an aircraft:– Carrying passengers or property for hire or

compensation if qualified and – In accordance with other applicable Parts 61

• Hold commercial pilot certificate, but not instrument rating for airplane:– Certificate contains limitation

• Carriage of passengers for hire in airplanes on cross-country flight in excess of 50 NM or at night is prohibited

Part 61Subpart G

Airline Transport Pilots

The Big Kahuna

61.153 Eligibility: General

• At least 23 years of age• Be able to read, speak, and write English• Be of good moral character• Meet one of the following requirements– Hold at least a commercial pilot certificate and

an instrument rating– Meet military experience to qualify for a

commercial pilot certificate and an instrument rating

– Hold either a foreign airline transport pilot or commercial pilot license and an instrument rating without limitations

61.153 Eligibility: General (Con’t)

• Meet aeronautical experience• Pass a knowledge test on aeronautical areas• Pass practical test on areas of operation

61.159 ATP Aeronautical Experience

• At least 1,500 hours or total time includes:– 500 hours of cross-country time– 100 hours of night flight time– 75 hours of instrument flight time (actual or

simulated)• No more than 25 hours of simulated instrument time in

a flight simulator or flight training device• Max of 50 hours of training in a flight simulator or flight

training device can be credited toward the instrument flight time requirement (under 142)

• Training in a flight simulator or flight training device must represent an airplane

61.159 Aeronautical Experience

• At least 1,500 hours or total time includes:– 250 hours of flight time as PIC or as SIC

performing duties as PIC under supervision:• 100 hours of cross-country time• 25 hours of night flight time

– Not more that 100 hours of total aeronautical experience obtained in flight simulator or flight training device• Person who has performed at least 20 night takeoffs

and landings to a full stop may substitute each additional night takeoff and landing to a full stop for 1 hour of night flight time, not to exceed 25 hours of night flight time.

61.159 Aeronautical Experience

• Commercial pilot may credit following SIC flight time or flight-engineer time toward the 1,500 hour total time– Second-in-command time:

• Required to have more than one pilot by flight manual• Engaged in operations under Subpart K of part 91, 121,

or 135

– Flight-engineer time:• Airplane required to have flight engineer by flight

manual• Acquired with engaged in operations under Part 121• Acquired while participating in pilot training program

approved under Part 121• Does not exceed more than 1 hour for each 3 hours of

flight engineer flight time for a total credited time of no more than 500 hours

61.159 Aeronautical Experience

• Applicant may be issued ATP with this endorsement:– “Holder does not meet the PIC aeronautical

experience requirements of ICAO” if applicant:• Credits SIC or flight-engineer time toward the 1,500

hours total flight time• Does not have at least 1,200 hours of flight time as a

pilot, including no more than 50 percent as SIC time and none as flight-engineer time

– Once pilot accumulates 1,200 hours of flight time as a pilot including no more than 50 percent as SIC time and none as flight-engineer time, ATP certificate will be issued without endorsement

61.167 Privileges

• ATP certificate is entitled to same privileges as commercial pilot certificate with instrument rating

• ATP may instruct other pilots in air transportation service and endorse logbook

• ATP may instruct in flight simulator and flight training device and endorse logbook

• Excluding briefing and debriefings, ATP may not instruct for more than:– 8 hours in any 24-consecutive-hour period– 36 hours in any 7-consecutive-day period

• May not instruct CAT II or CAT III operations unless trained and successfully tested

Part 61Subpart H

Flight Instructors

Now we are somebody!!

61.183 Flight Instructor Requirements• At least 18 years old• Read, speak, write, and understand English• Hold either commercial pilot certificate or

ATP• Receive logbook endorsement• Pass 2 knowledge tests• Pass required practical test• Log at least 15 hours as PIC in appropriate

airplane for instructor rating being sought

61.189 Flight Instructor Records

• MUST sign logbook of each person to whom instructor gave flight or ground training

• Must maintain logbook than contains– Name of each person they have endorsed for

solo flight privileges and date of endorsement– Name of each person they have endorsed for

knowledge or practical test, and also indicate the kind of test, date and results

• Must retain records for at least 3 years

61.193 Flight Instructor Privileges

• Give training and endorsements to:– Student pilot certificate– Pilot certificate– Flight instructor certificate– Ground instructor certificate– Aircraft rating– Instrument rating– Flight review– Practical test– Knowledge test

61.195 Limitation and Qualifications

• Hours of training– Any 24-consecutive-hour period– Conduct not more than 8 hours of flight training

• Instrument rating– Rating on flight instructor/pilot certificate– Appropriate to category and class of aircraft

• Student pilot endorsements– Must have given flight training required– Student prepared to conduct flight safely

61.197 Renewal CFI

• If certificate has not expired– Pass practical test

• Ratings listed on current flight instructor certificate• An additional flight instructor rating

• Present to authorized FAA FS Inspector– Within preceding 24 months

• Endorsed 5 students for practical test– 80% passed test on first attempt

• Served as company check pilot, chief flight instructor, company check airman, or flight instructor• Graduation certificate completing an

approved flight instructor refresher course– Within preceding 3 calendar months

61.211 Ground Instructors

• At least 18 years old• Read, speak, write, and understand English• Pass knowledge test on fundamentals of

instructing• Pass knowledge test on aeronautical

knowledge areas

61.217 Recent Experience Requirements• Within preceding 12 months– Served at least 3 months as ground instructor– Received endorsement for authorized ground or

flight instructor certifying person has demonstrated satisfactory proficiency in subject areas