part 91
DESCRIPTION
Part 91. Subpart A General Operating and Flight Rules. 91.3 PIC Responsibility/Authority. Final authority Directly responsible for operation of aircraft Emergency situation May deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet the emergency Request from Administrator - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Part 91Subpart A
General Operating and Flight Rules
“The key to successful leadership today is influence, not authority”
Ken Blanchard
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91.3 PIC Responsibility/Authority• Final authority• Directly responsible for operation of aircraft• Emergency situation
– May deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet the emergency
• Upon request from Administrator– Written report of that deviation
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91.5 PIC >1 Required Pilot• Meet requirements of Part 61.58
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91.9 Civil Aircraft Requirements• No person may operate a civil aircraft
without complying with the operating limitations in the – Flight Manual– Markings– Placards
• No person may operate a U.S. registered civil aircraft unless there is (in aircraft)– A current, approved flight manual– Approved manual material, markings, and
placards, or any combination thereof
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91.11 Crewmember Interference– No person may assault, threaten,
intimidate, or interfere with a crewmember in the performance of the crewmember’s duties aboard aircraft
91.13 Careless or Reckless Operation– No person may operate an aircraft:
• In a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another
• Other than for the purpose of air navigation, on any part of the surface of an airport used by aircraft for air commerce in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another
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91.17 Alcohol or Drugs• No person may act or attempt to act as a
crewmember of a civil aircraft:– Within 8 hours after the consumption of any
alcoholic beverage– While under the influence of alcohol– While using any drug that affects the person’s
faculty in any way contrary to safety– Having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or
greater• Except in an emergency
– No pilot may allow anyone who appears to be intoxicated or who demonstrates by manner or physical indications they are under the influence of drugs to be carried in that aircraft
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91.17 Alcohol or Drugs• Crewmember shall do the following:
– At the request of a law enforcement officer• Submit to test to indicate alcohol concentration in the
blood when • Officer is authorized to conduct test• Submission is to investigate suspected violation state
or local law– Whenever FAA has reasonable basis that person
may have violated sections of this part• Request from Administrator:
– Furnish results of each test taken within 4 hours after acting or attempting to act as a crewmember
– Test info may be evaluated in determining qualifications for any airman certificate
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91.19 Carriage of Drugs• No person may operate a civil aircraft within
the U.S. with knowledge that:– Narcotic drugs, marijuana, and depressant or
stimulant drugs are carried in the aircraft– Does not apply to any substances authorized by
Federal or State statue/agency
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91.21 Portable Electronic Devices• Not allowed on any U.S. register civil aircraft
– Operated by holder of air carrier operating certificate or operating certificate
– Any other aircraft while it is operated under IFR• No person may operate any portable
electronic device except for:• Portable voice recorders• Hearing aids• Heart pacemakers• Electric shavers• Any other portable electronic device the operator
of the aircraft has determined will not cause interference with navigation or communication system of the aircraft
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91.25 Aviation Safety Reporting• FAA will not use reports submitted to NASA
under the Aviation Safety Reporting Program (ASRP) in any enforcement action– Except information concerning accidents or
criminal offenses• NASA Form provides form of immunity if:
– Violation was inadvertent and not deliberate– Violation did not involve criminal offense,
accident, or action which “discloses lack of qualifications
Warning: If criminal offense or accident is revealed, NASA will forward to FAA, NTSB, Department of Justice
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91.25 Aviation Safety Reporting• NASA Form provides form of immunity if:
– Reporter has not been found to have committed any prior FAA enforcement action in the last 5 years
– Reporter proves that, within 10 days after the event, has filled out and sent NASA form
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Part 91Subpart B
Flight Rules – General
“Do not seek answers,But rather to understand the question”
Caine
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91.103 Preflight Action• Before beginning a flight
– Each PIC shall become familiar with all available information concerning the flight, including:• For a flight under IFR or a flight not in the vicinity of an
airport– Weather reports and forecasts– Fuel requirements– Alternatives available if the planned flight cannot be completed
• For any flight, runway lengths at airports of intended use and takeoff and landing distance information
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91.105 Flight Crewmembers• During takeoff and landing, and while
enroute, each required crewmember shall:– Be at the crewmember station unless absence is
necessary to perform duties in connection with the operation of the aircraft
– Keep the safety belt fastened while at the crewmember station• Does not apply if the seat at the crewmember’s station
is not equipped with a shoulder harness, or• The crewmember would be unable to perform required
duties with the shoulder harness fastened
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91.107 Safety Belts, ETC• No pilot may takeoff an aircraft unless:
– Each person on board is briefed on how to fasten/unfasten their safety belt/shoulder harness
• No pilot may cause an aircraft to be moved on the surface, takeoff, or land unless:– Each person on board has been notified to
fasten their safety belt/shoulder harness• Each person on board must occupy:
– An approved seat or berth with a safety belt/shoulder harness during movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing
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91.111 Operating Near Other Aircraft• No pilot may operate an aircraft:
– So close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard
– In formation flight except by arrangement with the pilot in command of each aircraft in the formation
– Carrying passengers for hire, in formation flight
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91.113 Right-of-Way Rules• Vigilance shall be maintained by each
person operating an aircraft so as to see and avoid other aircraft
• In Distress– An aircraft in distress has the right-of-way over
all other air traffic• Converging (same category)
– When aircraft of the same category are converging at approximately the same altitude, the aircraft to the other’s right has the right-of-way
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91.113 Right-of-Way Rules• Converging (different categories)
– Balloon has the right-of-way over any other category aircraft
– Glider has the right-of-way over an airship, powered parachute, weight-shift-control aircraft, airplane, or rotorcraft
– Airship has the right-of-way over a powered parachute, weight-shift-control aircraft, airplane, or rotorcraft
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91.113 Right-of-Way Rules• Approaching Head-on
• When aircraft are approaching each other head-on, or nearly so, each pilot of each aircraft shall alter course to the right
• Overtaking– Aircraft being overtaken has the right-of-way and
each pilot of an overtaking aircraft shall alter course to the right to pass well clear
• Landing– Aircraft, while on final approach to land or while
landing, have the right-of-way over other aircraft in flight or operating on the surface
– 2 or more aircraft approaching airport, aircraft at the lower altitude has the right-of-way
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91.117 Aircraft Speed• < 10,000 feet MSL
– No more than 250 knots• Within 4 NM of the primary airport of a Class
C or D airspace– Unless authorized, no person may operate an
aircraft at or below 2,500 feet above the surface– At an indicated airspeed of more than 200 knots
• Airspace underlying a Class B airspace area designated for an airport or in a VFR corridor through Class B airspace– No person may operate an aircraft at an indicated
airspeed > 200 knots
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91.117 Aircraft Speed• If the minimum safe airspeed for an
operation is greater than the maximum speed prescribed– Aircraft may be operated at that minimum speed
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91.119 Minimum Safe Altitudes• Anywhere
– An altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without due hazard to persons or property on the surface
• Congested areas (or assembly of persons)– Altitude of 1,000 feet about the highest obstacle
within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft
• Other than congested areas– Altitude of 500 feet about the surface, except
over open water or sparsely populated areas
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91.121 Altimeter Settings• Operating an aircraft by maintaining the
cruising altitude/flight level by reference to an altimeter set when operating– Below 18,000 feet MSL:
• Current reported altimeter setting of a station along the route and within 100 NM of the aircraft
• If there is no station available, the current reported altimeter setting of an appropriate available station
• Aircraft not equipped with radio, elevation of the departure airport or an appropriate altimeter setting available before departure
– At or above 18,000 feet MSL:• 29.92
• Lowest usable flight level– See chart in Part 91
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91.123 Compliance with ATC Clearances• No PIC may deviate from an ATC clearance
unless– An amended clearance is obtained– An emergency exists– Deviation is in response to a traffic alert and
collision avoidance system resolution advisory– May cancel IFR flight plan if:
• Operation conducted in CFR conditions• Not in Class A airspace
• Uncertain of ATC directions?!?!?!– Immediately request clarification
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91.123 Compliance with ATC Clearances• ATC control is exercised in an area
– May not operate an aircraft contrary to ATC instruction, unless• An emergency exists
– TCAS alert or emergency situation causes deviation from ATC instructions – Actions?• Notify ATC of that deviation ASAP
– You’re given priority by ATC in emergency situation – Actions?• Submit detailed report of emergency• Within 48 hours• Manager of that ATC facility, if requested
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91.125 ATC Light SignalsSurface In-flight
Steady green Cleared for takeoff Cleared to land
Flashing green Cleared to taxi Return for landing
Steady red Stop Give way to other aircraft and
continue circling
Flashing red Taxi clear of runway Airport unsafe – do in use not land
Flashing white Return to starting Not applicable point on airport
Alternating red Exercise extreme caution
And green
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91.126 Operating in Class G Airspace• When approaching to land at an airport
without an operating tower– Make all turns to the left unless– Airport displays approved light signal or visual
markings indicating right turns should be made• Communication with control towers
– Two-way radio communication has to be maintained between aircraft and control tower
– Communications must be established prior to 4 NM from airport, up to and including 2,500 AGL
– If radio fails in-flight, PIC may operate/land if: • Weather is at or above basic VFR weather minimums• Visual contact with tower is maintained• Clearance to land is received
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91.127 Operating in Class E Airspace• Must comply with requirements of Class G
airspace• Departures
– Must comply with any traffic patterns established for that airport in Part 93
• Communication with control towers– Two-way radio communication has to be
maintained between aircraft and control tower– Communications must be established prior to
4 NM from airport, up to and including 2,500 AGL– If radio fails in-flight, PIC may operate/land if:
• Weather is at or above basic VFR weather minimums• Visual contact with tower is maintained• Clearance to land is received
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91.129 Operating in Class D Airspace• Must comply with requirements of Class E &
G airspace• Communications
– Must have two-way radio communication• Arrival or through flight• Departing flight
– If communication fails during:• IFR – comply with 91.185 section• VFR – May operate and land if:
– Weather conditions are at or above VFR weather minimums– Visual contact with tower is maintained– Clearance to land is received
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91.129 Operating in Class D Airspace• Minimum altitudes
– Must enter traffic pattern• At least 1,500 feet above the elevation of the airport and• Maintain at least 1,500 feet until further descent is
required for a safe landing• Approaches
– Circle the airport to the left• Departures
– Comply with established departure procedures– Climb to 1,500 feet above surface ASAP
• Noise abatement• Takeoff, landing, taxi clearance
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91.130 Operating in Class C Airspace• May takeoff or land only when:
– In compliance with FAA arrival and departure traffic patterns
• Traffic Patterns– Cannot takeoff or land from satellite airport
within airspace without FAA compliance
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91.130 Operating in Class C Airspace• Two way communications requirement
– Arrival or through flight• Establish with ATC facility• Maintain communication
– Departing – control tower• Establish and maintain with control tower
– Departing – No control tower• Establish and maintain communications with ATC
facility having jurisdiction
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91.130 Operating in Class C Airspace• Equipment
– Operable coded radar beacon transponder• Without a transponder, request to enter airspace must
be made at least one hour before the proposed operation
– Mode C capability• Automatic pressure altitude reporting
• Deviations
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91.131 Operating in Class B Airspace• Operating Rules
– In compliance with Part 91.129– Receive ATC clearance– Operate above designated floors of airspace
• Pilot requirements– Hold at least private pilot certificate– Student pilot requirements (61.94 or 61.95)
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91.131 Operating in Class B Airspace• Communication and navigation equipment
– IFR• Operable VOR or TACAN receiver or • An operable and suitable RNAV system
– All operations• Operable two-way radio capable of communications
with ATC on appropriate frequencies for than airspace• Transponder requirements
– Operable transponder and automatic altitude reporting equipment
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91.133 Restricted & Prohibited Areas• Cannot operate within these areas unless
– Using or controlling agency gives permission
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91.135 Operating in Class A Airspace• IFR only and
– Clearance• Can only operate when ATC clearance • Received prior to entering airspace
– Communication• Operable two-way radio capable of communications
with ATC on appropriate frequencies for their airspace• Must maintain two-way communication with ATC
– Transponder requirements• Operable transponder and automatic altitude reporting
equipment (91.215)– Airspace
• From 18,000 feet to and including FL600Requests for deviation from any provision must be submitted
in writing, at least 4 days before proposed operation
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91.137 & .138 Temporary Flight Restrictions• FAA will issue NOTAM
– No person may operate an aircraft within designated area unless participating
91.139 Emergency Air Traffic Rules• When FAA determines emergency condition
exists, or will exist– Immediately issues effective air traffic rule or
regulation– May use NOTAM system to provide notification
of rule or regulation– No aircraft may operate within designated area
unless authorized
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91.141 Presidential Flight Restrictions• May not operate over or in the vicinity of any
area to be visited or traveled by the President, Vice President, or other public figures
91.143 Space Flight Operations• May not operate within areas designated in
a NOTAM for space flight operations
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91.145 Major Events• Issue NOTAM designating airspace See page 17491.146 Passenger-carrying flight charitable
See page 17591.147 Passenger carrying flights –
compensation or for hire• See page 176
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91.151 Fuel Requirements in VFR• Enough fuel to fly to the first point of
intended landing and (under normal cruise)– Day – fly after that for at least 30 minutes– Night – fly after that for at least 45 minutes
91.153 VFR Flight Plan Requirements• See page 176 for list
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91.155 Basic VFR Weather MinimumsAirspace Visibility Distance cloudsClass A NA NAClass B 3 SM Clear of cloudsClass C 3 SM 1,000 ft above
500 ft below2,000 ft horizontal
Class D 3 SM 1,000 ft above500 ft below2,000 ft horizontal
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91.155 Basic VFR Weather MinimumsAirspace Visibility Distance cloudsClass E 3 SM 1,000 ft above(< 10,000 ft MSL) 500 ft below
2,000 ft horizontalClass E 5 SM 1,000 ft above(>= 10,000 ft MSL) 1,000 ft below
1 Sm horizontalClass G 1 SM Clear of clouds(1,200 ft or less/Day)
Class G 3 SM 1,000 ft above (1,200 ft or less/Night) 500 ft below
2,000 ft horizontal
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91.155 Basic VFR Weather MinimumsAirspace Visibility Distance cloudsClass G 1 SM 1,000 ft above(>1,200 ft, <10,000 ft/Day)500 ft below
2,000 ft horizontalClass G 3 SM 1,000 ft above(>1,200 ft, <10,000 ft/Night) 500 ft below
2,000 ft horizontalClass G 5 SM 1,000 ft above(>=10,000 ft) 1,000 ft below
1 SM horizontal
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91.157 Special VFR Weather Minimums• Only conducted
– With an ATC clearance– Clear of clouds– Flight visibility is at least 1 SM– Between sunrise and sunset
• May takeoff and land when– Ground visibility is at least 1 SM– If ground visibility is not reported, flight visibility
is at least 1 SM*Special VFR clearance is designed to allow a pilot to
depart from an airport in a control zone (Class D) when weather is below VFR minimums, but normal VFR flight is possible once clear of zone
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91.159 VFR Flight Levels• Operating below 18,000 MSL
– Mag course of 000 to 179 degrees• Odd thousand foot MSL + 500 ft*
– Mag course of 180 to 359 degrees• Even thousand foot MSL + 500 ft**Except when holding in a holding pattern of 2 minutes or
less, or while turning• When operating above 18,000 MSL, maintain
flight level assigned by ATC
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91.167 IFR Fuel Requirements• Carry enough fuel to
– Complete flight to the first airport of intended landing
– Fly from that airport to the alternate airport****Does not apply if:
• Standard instrument approach is available and• Appropriate weather reports and weather forecasts
indicate - ETA+ 1 hour
- Ceiling will be at least 2,000 ft above airport elevation- Visibility will be at least 3 SM
Fly after that for 45 minutes at normal cruising speed
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91.169 IFR Flight - Information Required• Same info as VFR flight plan plus• Alternate airport unless
– Standard instrument approach to the first airport of intended landing, and
– Appropriate weather reports and weather forecasts indicate - ETA+ 1 hour
- Ceiling will be at least 2,000 ft above airport elevation- Visibility will be at least 3 SM
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91.169 IFR Flight - Information Required• IFR alternate airport weather minima
– At estimated time of arrival, use alternate airport minima
– If no minima are specified, use standard airport minima• Precision
– Ceiling 600 feet and visibility 2 SM• Non-precision
– Ceiling 800 feet and visibility 2 SM
• If no instrument approach procedure has been published– Ceiling and visibility minima are those allowing
descent from the MEA, approach, and landing under basic VFR
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91.169 IFR Flight - Information Required• Cancellation of activated flight plan
– PIC shall notify• FAA Flight Service Station or,• ATC facility
91.173 ATC Clearance and Flight Plan– File an IFR flight plan– Receive appropriate clearance
91.175 Takeoff and Landing under IFR– See page 180
91.177 Minimum Altitudes for IFR OperationsSee page 183
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91.179 IFR Flight Levels• Controlled airspace
– Maintain FL assigned by ATC• Uncontrolled airspace
– Operating below 18,000 MSL• Mag course of 000 to 179 degrees
– Odd thousand foot MSL• Mag course of 180 to 359 degrees
– Even thousand foot MSL– Operating above 18,000 MSL but <FL290
• Mag course of 000 to 179 degrees– Any odd FL
• Mag course of 180 to 359 degrees– Any even FL
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91.179 IFR Flight Levels• Uncontrolled airspace
– Operating >=FL290• Mag course of 000 to 179 degrees
– 4,000 foot intervals– Beginning at (including) FL290
• Mag course of 180 to 359 degrees– 4,000 foot intervals– Beginning at (including) FL310
– RVSM airspace• Mag course of 000 to 179 degrees
– 2,000 foot intervals– Beginning at (including) FL290
• Mag course of 180 to 359 degrees– 2,000 foot intervals– Beginning at (including) FL300
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91.183 IFR Radio Communications• Maintain appropriate frequency and report:
– Time and altitude of passing each designated reporting point, or points designated by ATC
– Any unforecast weather conditions encountered– Any other information relating to safety of flight
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91.185 Two-way Radio Communications Failure• VFR conditions
– Continue flight under VFR and land as soon as practicable
• IFR conditions– Continue flight according to:
• Route – Last assigned by ATC, or what ATC advised may be expected in a
further clearance– Absence of these, by the route filed in the flight plan
• Altitude– Highest of the FLs being flown, or last assigned by ATC– Minimum altitude for IFR operations
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Part 91Subpart E
Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and Alterations
“Laws control the lesser man.Right conduct controls the greater one”
Old Chinese Proverb
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91.403 General• Owner/Operator of aircraft is primarily for
maintaining aircraft in airworthiness condition
• No person may perform maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations on aircraft other than prescribed in this part
• Airworthiness Limitations• Altering of aircraft
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91.405 Maintenance Required• Aircraft
– Inspected as prescribed– Between Inspections
• Have discrepancies repaired• Maintenance personnel
– Make appropriate entries in• Aircraft maintenance records• Aircraft approved for return to service
• Inoperative instrument/item of equipment– Repaired, replaced, removed or inspected– Next required inspection
• Inoperative instruments or equipment– Placard installed as required
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91.407 Operation After Alteration• Approved for return to service
– By authorized person– Maintenance record entry
• Aircraft maintenance appreciably – Changed flight characteristics– Substantially affected operation in flight
• Appropriately rated pilot• Operational check of maintenance performed or
alteration made• Logs flight in aircraft records
• Aircraft does not have to be flown if– Not changed flight characteristics– Not substantially affected operation in flight
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91.415 Changed to Aircraft Inspection• Revise approved program
– Administrator approves if• Necessary for continued adequacy of program• Notify Administrator• Make any changed found necessary by Administrator
• May petition Administrator– Filed petition to FSDO– Within 30 days after receiving notice– Petition stays notice pending decision
• Except in case of emergency requiring immediate action
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91.417 Maintenance Records• Maintenance, preventive, or alteration
– 100-hour, annual, progressive, other required or approved inspections• Description of work performed• Date of completion of work performed• Signature and certificate number of person approving
aircraft for return to service• Records retention
– Until work is repeated/superseded by other work– 1 year after work is performed
• Available for inspection – Administrator– Authorized representative of NTSB– Form 337 for law enforcement officer
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91.417 Maintenance Records• Records containing following information
– Total time in service of airframe, engine, propeller, and rotor
– Current status of life-limited parts of each airframe, engine, propeller, rotor, and appliance
– Time since last overhaul of all items installed on aircraft that are required to be overhauled on a specific time basis
– Current inspection status of aircraft– Current status of applicable airworthiness
directives (AD) • Method of compliance• AD number• Revision date• Recurring action – date when next action required
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91.417 Maintenance Records• Records retention
– Retained and transferred with aircraft if sold– List of defects until defects are repaired and
aircraft approved for return to service
91.419 Transfer of Maintenance Records91.421 Rebuilt Engine Maintenance Records• Signed statement of date engine rebuilt• Each change made as required by AD• Each change made in compliance with
manufacturer’s service bulletins