part i - ohio epaepa.ohio.gov/portals/30/brownfield_conference/docs/2014... · part i –...
TRANSCRIPT
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Part I – PeroxyChem Overview
Klozur® Persulfate Chemistry
Residual LNAPL Treatment and Considerations
Klozur® Persulfate Dosing Considerations
Part 2 – ORIN Approach
Free Product Removal (FPR) Strategy
Case Studies
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April 15, 2014
Persulfate Anion:
S2O8-2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2HSO4
-1
E0 = 2.12 v
Persulfate Oxidation Principles
“Direct Oxidation”:
Examples:
15 S2O8-2 + C6H6 + 12 H2O 6 CO2 + 30 HSO4
-1
2 S2O8-2 + C2Cl4 + 4 H2O 2 CO2 + 4 Cl- + 4 H+ + 4 HSO4
-1
45 lb / lb
7 lb / lb
Note: Activated persulfate » SO4•- has an E0 = 2.6 v,
and is kinetically much faster
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Klozur® Activated Persulfate
produces a radical which is more powerful and kinetically fast
PeroxyChem always recommends using an activator
proper activation method is based on contaminant, site lithology, and hydrogeology
S2O8
-2 + activator SO4•- + (SO4•- or SO4-2)
Heat Iron H2O2 High pH
Purchase of PeroxyChem’s Klozur® Persulfate includes rights to practice
the inventions covered by the patents in the purchase price of the product.
Sustainable Solution: Utilizes Hydroelectric Power
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April 15, 2014
1. Heat
• Fast kinetics
• Treats wide range of organics
• 35 – 45 C
2. Metal Chelates
[FeEDTA]
• Slower kinetics
• Chlorinated ethenes, BTEX,
MTBE, PAHs
S2O8-2 + heat 2 SO4•
M+2
Chelant
Four Primary Methods to Activate Klozur® Persulfate
3. Hydrogen Peroxide
• Fast kinetics
• Treats wide range of
organics
• ~ 0.7 lb H2O2 / lb persulfate
4. High pH
• Moderately fast kinetics
• Treats wide range of
organics
• Target pH 10.5 - 12
S2O8-2 + H2O2 2SO4• + 2OH•
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Contaminants + Oxidant + Soil → CO2 + oxidized soil components + stable intermediates
Stoichiometric Demand
• Contaminant demand is based on 2-electron transfer of persulfate anion
Natural Decomposition Demand
• Demand can be dependent upon activation chemistry
Soil Oxidant Demand (SOD)
• SOD arises from reactions with naturally occurring soil organics and reduced metals
• Average SOD = 1 g persulfate / kg soil, but will be site dependent
• PeroxyChem’s Klozur Demand Test ($600 / soil & gw sample)
Note: It is important to account for SOD, or the oxidant will be under-dosed and will not
meet the contaminant demand
Mineralization Soil Oxidant Demand Stoichiometry
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Customer & Site Product &
Activation Method Target Result
Earth Tech, Edwards
AFB, CA (Pilot)
Alkaline activated
Klozur with A/S
CVOCs and JP-4 LNAPL CVOCs and LNAPL oxidized
WSP, Coastal Plains
of Florida
Klozur CR and
PermeOx Plus
Petroleum LNAPL and
dissolved phase plume
LNAPL reduced from 1-3 to < 1 cm,
70% dissolved plume area decrease
MECx, Trento, Italy
(Pilot)
Klozur and CHP with
recirculation
PAH LNAPL LNAPL eliminated,
dissolved PAHs to < 50 µg/L
MECx, Kentwood, LA
Klozur with low dose
H2O2 and ferrous
iron
Refined petroleum
products (pipeline) LNAPL
0.1 to 1 foot LNAPL eliminated,
70% dissolved TPH decrease
MECx, Dallas/Fort
Worth, TX
Klozur with low dose
H2O2 and ferrous
iron
LNAPL and light HC
dissolved phase
LNAPL eliminated,
BTEX reduced 95%,
MTBE reduced 66%
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Physical Removal Typically Used First
• ISCO is best for thin, recalcitrant LNAPL Layers (‘Residual NAPL’)
Poor Characterization Often a Problem
• Good understanding of nature and extent needed
• Long term contaminant rebound
High Dissolved Concentrations May Indicate Residual NAPL
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Contact is Essential
• Klozur is hydrophyllic, aqueous-phase reactions
Klozur Solution Densities
Klozur Persulfate Solution Properties
Solution wt% 5 10 15 20 25
Specific Gravity 1.031 1.066 1.104 1.145 1.189
Methods that Enhance Contact
• Heat activation (improves solubility and increases reactivity)
• H2O2 activation (localized heat)
• High pH activation (surface tension, charge)
• Klozur persulfate with surfactants (used by several implementation firms)
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Distribution
• GW and Soil, horizontal and vertical
Compounds
• Much more than just BTEX & SOD
What’s the driver?
• LNAPL itself?
• GW concentrations?
• Both or something else?
• Overall – Targeting a % removal or destruction goal
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Target Suitable Fraction of Residual LNAPL Mass
• % Reduction Needed » Remove residual LNAPL, target contaminant
concentration, etc?
Identify Injection Approach
• Scenario 1 – high concentration, low volume injection (20 – 30 wt%)
• Scenario 2 – low concentration, higher volume injection (< 5 wt%)
Consider Multiple Injections if Required
• More dilute solutions and high concentrations may require
Stoichiometric v Practical Loading
• Our estimates are often for 100% destruction (unless otherwise requested)
• Practical implementation plan/design
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April 15, 2014
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Treatment chemistry mobilizes adsorbed contaminants
Facilitates removal of contaminated groundwater and/or NAPL
Less demand on the oxidant
Assists in treatment chemistry distribution
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Injection and Extraction Cross Section
Extraction/Monitoring well Injection point
Treatment chemistry
Cone of Depression
Ground surface
Injection point
Hydraulic gradient Water table
- - - - - - - - - - -
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Injection and extraction cross section
Extraction/Monitoring well Injection point
Treatment chemistry
Ground surface
Injection point
Hydraulic gradient Water table
- - - - - - - - - - -
Cone of Impression
Smear Zone
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Hydraulic Control
• Draw treatment chemistry to impacted areas
• Create cones of impression and depression
Prevent excessive mounding of groundwater
Improve desorption and injection efficacy
• Extract at multiple locations simultaneously
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In-Situ Chemical Oxidation w/ Vacuum
Extraction
Free Product
Removal
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Active Gas Station – Bamberg, South Carolina
Soil: Clayey sand
Depth of contamination: 8-16 ft bgs
Area: Approximately 3000 sq feet
Contaminants: 0.53 feet of Mobile LNAPL
Oxidant injected: 15% Klozur® Sodium Persulfate activated with PermeOx Plus®
Number of injection points: 34
Number of days of injecting: 2
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5.3 inches of LNAPL removed
No free product returned with decreasing dissolve phase
Site Status: No Further Action/Closed
Stoichiometric
Loading based on oxidant demand
(pounds)
Implementation cost utilizing
Stoichiometric Demand
chemical loading
ORIN’s chemical loading strategy
(pounds)
Implementation cost utilizing
ORIN’s chemical loading
Cost Savings
26,101 $141,000.00 7,295 $53,280.00 $87,720.00
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In-Situ Chemical Oxidation w/ Vacuum Extraction
Free Product Removal
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Active Gas Station – Muscatine, Iowa Soil: Silty Sand Depth of contamination: 9-15 ft bgs or 14-20 ft
bgs depending on depth to groundwater Area: Approximately 6500 sq feet Contaminants: BTEX and 7.4 inches of LNAPL Oxidant injected: 17-20% Klozur® Sodium
Persulfate activated with PermeOx Plus® Number of injection points: 51 Number of days of injecting: 3
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7.4 inches of LNAPL removed
No free product returned
Site Status: No Further Action/Closed
Stoichiometric
Loading based on oxidant demand
(pounds)
Implementation cost utilizing
Stoichiometric Demand
chemical loading
ORIN’s chemical loading strategy
(pounds)
Implementation cost utilizing
ORIN’s chemical loading
Cost Savings
28,462 $203,996.00 7,119 $74,220.00 $129,776.00
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In-Situ Chemical Oxidation w/ Vacuum Extraction
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Active Gas Station – Davidson, Michigan
Soil: Clay and Silty Clay
Depth of contamination: 4-8 ft bgs
Area: Approximately 10,000 sq feet
Contaminants: BTEX(LNAPL desorbed during injection activities)
Oxidant injected: 17-20% Klozur® Sodium Persulfate activated with PermeOx Plus®
Number of injection points: 47
Number of days of injecting: 4
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Par
ts P
er
B
illio
n
Pre-treatment
Post-treatment
Most Contaminated Monitoring
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8 inches of LNAPL removed
No free product returned
Site Status: No Further Action/Closed
Stoichiometric
Loading based on oxidant demand
(pounds)
Implementation cost utilizing
Stoichiometric Demand
chemical loading
ORIN’s chemical loading strategy
(pounds)
Implementation cost utilizing
ORIN’s chemical loading
Cost Savings
114,766 $475,000.00 4,500 $46,500.00 $428,500.00
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In-Situ Chemical Oxidation w/ Vacuum Extraction
Free Product Removal
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Former Industrial Facility- Butler, Pennsylvania Soil: Clayey sand and gravel Depth of contamination: 6 to 10 ft bgs Area: Approximately 5500 sq feet Contaminants: BTEX, Waste Paint and 18 inches of
LNAPL Oxidant injected: 18% Klozur® Sodium Persulfate
activated with PermeOx Plus ® Number of injection points: 30 drilled injection wells
and 25 DPT locations Number of days of injecting: 3.5
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1.9 feet of LNAPL removed
No free product returned
Site Status: Applying for no further action
Stoichiometric
Loading based on oxidant demand
(pounds)
Implementation cost utilizing
Stoichiometric Demand
chemical loading
ORIN’s chemical loading strategy
(pounds)
Implementation cost utilizing
ORIN’s chemical loading
Cost Savings
220,007 $813,550.00 32,518 $206,325.00 $607,225.00
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John Valkenburg, MS, PE
Technical Sales Manager/Senior Engineer
PeroxyChem
Phone: 517.669.5400
www.peroxychem.com
Larry Kinsman
ORIN RemediationTechnologies
Office: 608-838-6699
Cell: 608-445-7707
www.orinrt.com
Any Questions?