Part I: Petrine Era (2)

L03 Petrine State-Building Reforms

• Supreme Power

• Administration

• Finances

• Military

• Church

I. Main Themes

1. Systematization, rationalization

2. Petrine, not Peter’s, reforms

3. Multiple Western models, but adapted

4. Shifting focus: mil/financial to new areas

5. Upgrading, not integrating, the Church

6. Uneven impact

II. Supreme Power

1. Personal absolutism:

a. Theorize: Truth of the Monarch’s Will

b. Romanize

c. Personalize

d. Bureaucratize

II. Supreme Power

2. The Missing Cabinet

a. Demise of the Boyar Duma

b. 1699: “Near Duma” (blizhniaia duma)

c. 1708: “Consilium of Ministers”

II. Supreme Power

3. Senate

a. Why established?

b. Subsequent elevation

c. Supreme administrative organ

d. Post-Petrine: Senate role, claims

Senate (St. Petersburg)

Petrine Senate (1912 painting)

Senate Chamber1993

Senate Interior (Archive)

III. Administration

1. Early measures:

a. 1699: Urban and provincial reform

b. Creating, abolishing prikazy

III. Administration

2. 1708-15: Decentralization

a. 17th Century: Prefects (voevoda)

b. Guberniia reform 1708

c. Dolia (fractions), 1711-15

III. Administration

3. Collegial reform, 1715-1718

a. Foreign models

b. Initial system (1717)

c. Modifications

d. Durability Leibniz to Peter: “There cannot be good administration

except with colleges; their mechanism is like that of watches, whose wheels mutually keep each other in movement.”

Colleges

Original 9 (1717) Additional (by 1721)

Foreign Relations Manufacturing College

State Revenues Spiritual College (Synod)

State Expenditures

State Control

Justice

Army

Admiralty

Commerce

Extractive Industry

Missing Units

• Interior

• Agriculture

• Education

• Court

III. Administration

4. Provincial Reform (1718)

a. Model and enactment

b. Structure

c. Shortcomings

III. Administration

5. Judiciary

a. Antecedents

b. Law: proliferation, failure to codify

c. Political police

d. Judicial reform (1717-1719)

III. Administration

6. Civil Service

a. Key problems

b. Building a bureaucratic class

c. Table of Ranks (1722)

Menshikov

Boris I. Kurbatov

Iaguzhinskii: Procurator-General

IV. Finances

1. Emergency measures: debasement, special levies, trade monopolies, tariffs

2. Household tax: problem of “population decline”

3. Poll tax (1718)

4. Impact of poll tax system

5. Petrine state budget

Population “Loss” 1678-1710

• 154,000 Households (19.5%) vanish. Reasons from reports on 19,000:37% Landlord, state exactions

20% Conscription

1% Brigandage

42% Natural causes (death, pestilence)

Impact of Poll Tax

1. Social: freezes social order (males)

2. Bifurcation

3. Amalgamation

4. Immiseration

5. Collective barrier to flight

6. Religious resistance: Old Believers

State Budget

Year Nominal Amount

Adjusted for Inflation

1680 1.5 million rubles

1.5 million rubles

1724 8.5 million rubles

4.5 million rubles

V. Military

1. Problems:

a. Ineffective

b. Unreliable

c. Evasion

d. weak administration

V. Military

2. Reformsa. Recruitmentb. Structure (shtat of 1711)c. Logistics, provisioningd. Military Code (1716)e. Administration:

Military Prikaz (1701)Military Chancellery (1706)Military College (1718)

V. Military

3. Officer Corpsa. Key problemsb. Recruitingc. Trainingd. Russifying

1711: reduce by 1/3

1714: dismiss unfit1720: Ban on new foreign hires

1722: Foreigners beneath Russian in rank

V. Military

4. Navya. Costsb. Military role

1705 expendituresFleet: 175,000 rublesArtillery: 263,000 rublesAdministration: 12,166 rublesEducation: 3,786 rubles

V. Military

5. Impact of Petrine military reforms

a. Regularization paradigm

b. Military experience of elites

c. Education

d. Social and economic costs

VI. Church Reform

1. Why reform? Politics, finances, culture, efficiency

2. Finances: De facto secularization (Monastery prikaz, 1701-24)

3. Church Role: auxiliary servitor

4. Synodal reform (1718-1721)

5. “Spiritual Command”

Patriarch Adrian

Stefan Iavorskii

Feofan Prokopovich

VII. Conclusions

1. Growing complexity, deliberation of reform

2. Shortcomings: lack of human, material resources

3. Indigenize, not westernize

4. Military paradigm

5. Political culture: identity of ruler, elites