PART I:PART I:THE ORIGINS OF THE ORIGINS OF

CIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION

PART IPART I Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age

– Humans had spread around globeHumans had spread around globe– Humans were hunter-gatherersHumans were hunter-gatherers– Life style could not support large numbersLife style could not support large numbers– Man makes tools of stone, boneMan makes tools of stone, bone

Began around 9,000 BCEBegan around 9,000 BCE– Rise of agricultureRise of agriculture– Culture becomes increasingly complexCulture becomes increasingly complex

RISE OF NEOLITHICRISE OF NEOLITHIC Areas where Neolithic cultures aroseAreas where Neolithic cultures arose

– Harsh environmentsHarsh environments– Water shortagesWater shortages– Few reliable sources of foodstuffsFew reliable sources of foodstuffs

Causes of the Neolithic RevolutionCauses of the Neolithic Revolution– Development, spread of agricultureDevelopment, spread of agriculture– Domestication of animalsDomestication of animals– Improvement of technologyImprovement of technology

ASPECTS OF NEOLITHIC AGEASPECTS OF NEOLITHIC AGE

Effects of Neolithic AgeEffects of Neolithic Age– Sedentary culture developsSedentary culture develops– Surplus of food leads to increased Surplus of food leads to increased

populationspopulations– Rise of differentiated occupations Rise of differentiated occupations – Complex culturesComplex cultures– Gender relations change Gender relations change – Humans begin to change environmentHumans begin to change environment– Communicable diseases become commonCommunicable diseases become common

PALEOLITHIC vs. NEOLITHICPALEOLITHIC vs. NEOLITHIC

Many resist sedentarismMany resist sedentarism– PastoralistsPastoralists– Hunter-Gatherers survive until 20Hunter-Gatherers survive until 20thth

centurycentury Development uneven across regionsDevelopment uneven across regions Change often slowChange often slow Indigenous development vs. diffusionIndigenous development vs. diffusion

CIVILIZATION’S 1CIVILIZATION’S 1STST PHASE PHASE Five major centers beginning around 4,500 Five major centers beginning around 4,500

BCEBCE– Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia)Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia)– Nile River ValleyNile River Valley– Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley– Northern China (Huang He)Northern China (Huang He)– Central AmericaCentral America

Civilizations arose in few areas, spread outCivilizations arose in few areas, spread out Often arose around control of waterOften arose around control of water

– Called “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizationsCalled “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizations– Irrigation, flood control at center of power, Irrigation, flood control at center of power,

changeschanges Ancient period lasts generally to 1000 BCEAncient period lasts generally to 1000 BCE

THE CULTURE OF CIVILIZATIONTHE CULTURE OF CIVILIZATION

Permanent InstitutionsPermanent Institutions– Religious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheismReligious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheism– Political: Monarchy, aristocracy, militariesPolitical: Monarchy, aristocracy, militaries– Social: Rise of classesSocial: Rise of classes– Gender: Patriarchy Gender: Patriarchy

Trade and CommerceTrade and Commerce Systems of Record KeepingSystems of Record Keeping Intellectual TraditionsIntellectual Traditions

– Arts, ArchitectureArts, Architecture– LiteraturesLiteratures

WIDER CONTACTSWIDER CONTACTS

Each civilization had particular patternsEach civilization had particular patterns Effects of GeographyEffects of Geography

– Either facilitated, hindered communicationEither facilitated, hindered communication– Strengthened, weakened local cultureStrengthened, weakened local culture

ContactsContacts– War, Trade, DiseasesWar, Trade, Diseases– NomadsNomads– MigrationMigration

PROBLEMS OF WORLD PROBLEMS OF WORLD HISTORYHISTORY

Role of technology, effects on environmentRole of technology, effects on environment Comparisons between civilizationsComparisons between civilizations Importance of early heritagesImportance of early heritages

– How much did ancient influence later culturesHow much did ancient influence later cultures– How much is later, indigenous developmentHow much is later, indigenous development

When did ancient period end?When did ancient period end? Can we compare ancient, modern eras?Can we compare ancient, modern eras?