THE DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISM IN NATURE

1-Introduction - from “vis plastica” to “information & self-organisation”

There are many kinds of matters in our nature and there is a kind of order and organisation between them, reflected as birth and death cycles. The question is: How is this order established? And why is life based on birth and death cycles? (This question was dealt exhaustingly in Gedik 2008 and a short version in English will be presented here.)

-Is there any other external player (force system) responsible for the order, beyond (or beside) the constituent components? -Or is the order and organisation established by mutual interactions of constituent parts? And if so, where is the information for this order stored?Our ancestors accepted the first case to be true and coined a term “vis plastica” (a divine

system) being responsible for the establishment and maintenance of this order. What means “vis plastica”, what should be understood from this term? The simplest way to understand our ancestor’s assumption about the natural force system is their explanations of fossil records in earth-history. As you know, during earth history, layers of sedimentary beds are continuously deposited at the bottom of oceans, including the rest of organisms living there. The first geologists being strongly influenced of traditional life view (creation) explained the development of fossils with the aid of a creator thought as a “vis plastica”, sculpting the body of organisms. Our ancestors assumed an omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, and omnibenevolent being outside of ourselves, being responsible for the creation and maintenance of nature. This extraordinary force was thought to sculpt and shape every thing in nature according to his intentions; That why a term “vis plastica” was coined, meaning “the sculpting or shaping force”.Our ancestors could not explain the cause of the birth and cycles and solved this problem with an assumption of a second life in another world. This kind of a belief was the dominant life-view among humans until the debut of Darwin’s evolution theory in 1859.Darwin rejected the idea of an external creator (or sculptor), and but assumed an other kind of invisible force system, called “natural selection” indicating again an extra force system beyond

the compositional elements. The force activators of this “nature” are never explained clearly. When scientists supporting

Darwinian-evolution-theory are confronted with the question “Nature consists of oceans, mountains, the sun and its system, stars, galaxies, etc. Who makes the selection? Is it oceans or mountains, or is it extra-terrestrial objects?” you get no answers. Force development and the selection system of nature are not described precisely by supporters of evolutionary theory,

including the most prominent ones like Gould, Eldridge, Ayala, etc. That is the situation in today’s world.

Humans are educated in the manner that they see the plants, animals, cells, molecules or atoms as non-conscious, randomly behaving “particles”, being guided by an extra-ordinary natural or divine force-system.

2. Evaluation of scientific data for elucidation of the problem

2.1. Relations between our cells and bodies as an example of lower-level - upper-level structures

Our bodies are structures constructed by the cells inside them. The cells construct the bodies as a shelter for themselves, to ensure them a better life-condition.

Your friend is ill and has fever. To monitor and control his fever you have attached a digital thermometer to his arm and watch it continually. To relieve and relax him, you have planned a picnic on the lawns beside a forest. You have had a good lunch and your stomachs are full. The

blood in your body is concentrated in your digestive system and you feel very relaxed. You inspect the thermometer on your friend’s arm and see that it is still high, reading 39ºC. At this moment, you see a bear at the edge of the forest coming towards you.

Figure 1: Hypothalamus-Pitiutary-Adrenal = HPA- Axis in our bodies. (From Lipton (2005))

Awareness of a big threat causes the “Hypothalamus-Pitiutary-Adrenal = HPA- Axis” to take the initiative (Figure 1). Cells of the hypothalamus arouse the pituitary-cells to send alarm-signals and they dispatch ‘adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)’ to the blood-system (Meerloo 1957, Englert 2003, Lipton 2005).

On receiving this alarm-signal, the adrenal glands send stress hormones into the body to instigate a fight or flight response. All of the blood allotted to the digestive system is withdrawn and directed to the brain and limbs, which are the most vital parts of the body at this instant. At this moment, you glimpse the thermometer attached to your friend’s arm and realize that it shows 37ºC. How could his body temperature drop so suddenly from 39ºC to 37ºC?

Cells of a body are aware when the body they have constructed is in great danger. In this instance, the brain must make a decision about whether to continue digestion or to address the greater threat; it will do your body no good to control bacteria in the digestive tract if you let a bear maul you. Therefore, a signal is sent to the thymus gland to “suppress the immune system” and not use any energy. When all immunologic actions are suspended, body temperature returns to its normal value (Lipton 2005). When threatened, the components of our bodies (our cells) claim possession of the whole.

To illustrate the mechanism of information development and storage, let us look at a specific human behaviour. When we are learning something, we require considerable time and we become stressed. For example, when we learn to drive a car we have to master five different operations in a coordinated manner: gas pedal, clutch pedal, brake pedal, steering wheel and gear-shift. It takes a great deal of effort and time to accomplish this. When we consider the many thousands of factors our cells have to master during a procedure, then we must confess that our efforts are negligible in comparison to the efforts of our cells. When we finally learn how to drive, then we can use the car without feeling stressed. Our cells have made the appropriate synaptic arrangements and the learning

process is accomplished. This shows that our cells can adjust their internal interactions to accommodate our bodies to changes in our environment. To enable them to accomplish this accommodation procedure, we must put ourselves through considerable stress; otherwise the cells do not make the appropriate synaptic arrangements. For each new learning process a new synaptic configuration plus a new protein synthesis is accomplished. Consequently, our cells do much more work than we do. Learning is a necessary process for us to accommodate changes in our environment. Information gathered by the learning processes is stored in structural and textural compositional changes of the components, as seen in the case of cells. All actions that occur often and have some regularity are tagged as a special signal and stored as certain stabilized protein-structures and synapses (Kandel 2001).

As seen, the owners of our bodies are its cells. Now the question: Is this valid throughout nature?

The theory of integrative levels (Feibleman 1954) gives the answer: ►Complexity of the levels increases upward. ►Each level organizes the level or levels below it plus one emergent quality. ►In any organisation, the lower level is directed by the higher. ►In any organisation, the higher level depends upon the lower. ►For an organisation at any given level, its mechanism lies at the level below and its purpose

at the level above. ►A disturbance introduced into an organisation at any one level reverberates at all the levels it

covers. This conclusion is further supported by the “exponential nature of information development”

(Gedik 2006 and 2008). (See Supplement)Consequently, all beings in nature are dependent on their components, because all beings are

dependent on energy, and energy has its source in the quantum domain.

2.2. Time, Life and Information Relations

2.2.1. What a Trip to the Past reveals us!

1. 100 years ago, there were no TV, no computers, no satellites, etc. so that humans were deprived of the benefits of those inventions.

2. 500 years ago, there were no electricity, no motors, no cars or trains, so that humans were deprived of the benefits of those inventions too. Consequently, the living standards of humans were very poor. There were very few people living on the earth, because no humans gaining their livings on those professions could exist.

3. Twenty thousand years ago there were no cities, no sheep or goat husbandry, no cereal and pulse cultivation, no pottery, etc. so that humans were deprived of the benefits of those inventions too. Consequently all humans gaining their livings on those professions couldn't exist; therefore there were only a few millions of mans on the whole earth surface.

These observations show clearly that humans have a continuously changing life styles and this life style is dependent on the degree of information potential of humans.

If we read the history of our world, written in geological formations, we see also a steady changing and evolving world.

4. When we let play back this "Film of World History", we reveal that our human ancestors disappears from the picture ca. 2.5 ma (million years) ago. At that time there is an other human-like creature on the picture, called "Australopithecus"; human-like, because he was walking like humans, but he look like more apes than human. Ca 6 ma ago this creature disappears also from the picture, and there are only apes, monkeys, and all other vertebrates and invertebrates on the picture. Ca 70 ma ago, nearly all mammals disappear from the picture, and we see a quite different animal type instead: "The Dinosaurs".

5. When we look at the geography of our world, we reveal that it is changing too: The Atlantic Ocean is getting ever smaller; the continents North and South America are getting closer to Europe and Africa. On the other hand, many countries are disappearing from the picture: Swiss Alps, Dinarids, Balkan countries, Anatolia, Persia, Himalayas have disappeared from the picture; in their places it appears an unknown ocean, called Tethys!

6. When we play this film further back, we see ca 350 ma ago, a quite different world: There is no Atlantic Ocean, there are no Alps, no Dinarides, no Karpathes, no Taurus, no Himalayas, etc.. The living world has changed too: The Dinosaurs disappeared from the picture, wee see far less land animals than before; the plants on lands are also quite different; there are no flowering plants, no trees with leafs; but we see big fern-like plants instead. Another 100 ma back, ca 450 ma ago, when we look at the life on the lands, we see nothings; all land areas are barren of life; life is restricted only to oceans!

7. When we follow further back, ca. 600 ma ago, all animals with hard parts, like echinodermata, bivalvia, arthropods, fishes etc. disappear from the picture; there are only a few soft bodied animals like annelids and jelly fishes and a few other unknown soft bodied animals in the marine world, known as Ediacaran fauna in geological history. The Ediacaran fauna disappear from the picture ca. 700 ma ago, and there are only single cells like prokaryotic bacteria , and eukaryotic amoeba and flagellate in the sea water at that time. And the geographic situation of the world has nothing common with our actual picture.

8- Going further back, ca 3.5 billion years ago, the eukaryotic cells disappear also from the picture and we see only prokaryotic bacteria as living components of the world in the marine environment. These first inhabitants of our world disappear from the picture ca 4 billions year ago, and we see then a wholly abiotic world without any life forms at all.

9. When we play this film further back, ca 5 billions year ago wee see that our world and our energy supplier sun with its other planets like Mars, Venus, and others disappear from the picture, and a big star (a super nova) appear in their places. In this star the atoms and molecules of our world are churning from more simple ones like H or He.

10- From that time on to the beginning, the film get more and more blurred, and wee can distinguish only that our universe, with its many galaxies and local groups, is shrinking

continuously until it reaches an ultimate minimal volume, consisting of subatomic particles. This time is estimated to be ca 14 billions years ago and here is "the end" of our film.

From this evolutionary development of our world and of our cosmos we can deduce, that:

a)- In organic world

1- material composition is changing continuously from simple, prokaryotic bacteria to complex eukaryotic cells and animals, which reflects clearly the amount of increasing genetic information stored in them.

Figure 2: Organic life developments during the earth history.

2- Information is stored in the material composition and structure of beings

(esp. in chromosomes).

b)- In inorganic world too, material composition is changing continuously from simple to complex ones: From subatomic units (Big-bang phase) , to single elements like H, C, Si, Fe, O, etc. (in the stars), to molecules (in the planets)

c)- "Time" is an indicator of changeovers due to improvements in information levels. Information potential of our world is increasing continuously, as indicated by earth-historical data. Material composition and structure of beings are changed according to the changes in information levels.

We are living in a continuously changing and metamorphosing world. Time develops as the consequences of those changeovers. If no changeovers, then no time! When all things in the cosmos were frozen like in a snapshot and no movements or actions were there, how could we perceive "the time"?

Figure 3: Time and space developments are irreversible. As evidenced by geological records, the development of our world shows a clear-cut unidirectional evolution. This polarity is observed both in organic and inorganic structures of the Earth. The organic content was evolved from simple, small prokaryotic cells to complex, big structures like eukaryotic cells, cell-colonies (animals) and animal-colonies (societies). The polarity in the inorganic system is manifested in the different levels of geological formations of the lithosphere, getting more complex,

diversified and thicker in one direction.

"Time" is an indicator of the changes and transformations fulfilled by energy-matter-interactions. Time was assumed by our ancestors as something eternal, connected with the eternality of a creator. But physical researches have revealed, that energy-matter interactions are not stable, especially at quantum-levels, so that space is not stable, but continuously changes; having time as the 4th

dimension! Consequently, time is the consequence of changeovers due to quantum-physical properties of fundamental particles of matters in universe.

Figure 4: Our cosmos consists of the same amount of energy and matters (particles). The difference between present and past lay in the degree of information potential, being reflected in the structural and textural compositions of the particles, with different order-parameters, hence with different force-fields or information potentials. In the past the information level was low, consequently, the combination-styles of matters were poor; today information level is higher, consequently the combination-styles of matters are more sophisticated.

It is heading towards a maximum information building, enabling the systems to use less energy and creating a more comfortable status with the aid of information. That is the secret behind the development of dynamical systems. That why information storage, manipulation and transmission are so much accredited by all life beings.

Time concept forcing everything in our universe to be in a continuous changeover system, let also:

► i- determines the meaning of life. Life, being a span of time, is singular steps in the changeover systems of organic developments; birth and deaths are transitions of these changeovers. Consequently each life-being takes its place with specific sensory and interpretative systems to record the relevant changeovers around itself.

► ii- When everything is forced to change, and each being is forced to follow up these changeovers with the aim of adaptation to them, a race between all life-beings get unavoidable; with the results that ever new informational-designs and corresponding new body-shapes follow each others. The consequence is: an exponential information development with a corresponding increase in diversity is the results in Earth history.

► iii- The act of transformation of one thing into another is neither a random process, nor a predestined one; but rather a process fulfilled with exchange of information between objects according to the rules of probability (see chapter ..). The information signals are simple at lower levels like sub-atomic-particles, but get more complex with the degree of combinations of these particles and their upper-level modules: atoms, molecules, cells, animal-bodies, societies, etc.

► iv- This exchange system gave birth to an integrative and exponential nature of information development.

2.3. Integrative and exponential nature of information development

First of all a definition of the term “information” is indispensable: it is used in its broadest sense and spectrum, encompassing the term “knowledge”.

i- Information is the address-tags of components to their targets, sensu Blobel (1999). In this sense it incorporates the target directed behaviours of all particles be it molecules or subatomic elements.

ii- Matters are anisotropic in their nature, with very distinct 3-dimensional structure and texture. That let them act as very different information carriers enabling them to transform the existing energy-form into other ones, like piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, thermoluminescence, etc. Hence, anisotropy is the signature of information storage. That means: it indicates which direction should transmit the signals (or energy) faster than other ways. These kinds of different energy transformation are much more diversified among organic components. (As seen information is stored in compositional structure and texture of matters being higher in organic domain.) Light or other energy sources are propagating with different velocities along different directions. In this manner information or force-carrying components (bosons) like photons get address-directed too. That means that they use distinct informational paths. In that sense, force fields are informational paths too.iii- The energy carriers like photons or electrons change their phase or polarisation during their travel in matters. Hence, force-fields (being energy flow paths) change themselves according to the structure of matters. In this manner energy carriers store information about their paths through the nature.vi- By writing a report where you explain how to construct a device, you transform your past efforts and experiences into a condensed form; that builds an information. A person having this report at hand is able to construct this device without losing so much time as you did to combine this information. v- The motors constructed at the begin of our century burned ca 20 lt oil per 100 km, whereas today’s motors burns ca 5 lt for 100 km. Hence information development heads toward more economic ones with time. vi- Information potential is a matter of combination-degree of matters. E.g. humans have nearly the same amount of matters, but they differ in their skills and intelligence, due to their different proteomics. Hence, force fields being reflections of information-potentials are inhomogeneous throughout our universe. vii Development of information requires much time and effort to be constructed.

2.3.1. Information Development of Humanity

-100 years ago we were deprived of electronic devices like computers, TVs, wireless communication devices, etc., because we had not developed the appropriate know-how's (information) to construct them.-500 years ago we were deprived of motor-driven vehicles, because we had not developed the appropriate know-how's (information) to construct them.-15000 years ago we were deprived of all kinds of metallic pots and pans, because we had not developed the appropriate know-how's (information) to construct them.-One million years ago, we were living in darkness at nights because we didn't know how to make fire.

If we plot the human achievements on a time-scale, we get the curve shown in Figure 1. We can call it "know-how development curve". As clearly seen, it is an exponential curve, expressed by exponential functions.

Figure 5: Know-how development curve of humanity. Humans culture started with stone cuttings ca. 2,5 millions years ago and progressed very slowly until ca. 30000 years ago; only with a few discoveries like fire-control ca. 500000 years ago and grave digging ca. 300000 years ago. Then came a rapid increase period of human achievements, spears ca. 32000 years ago, female figurines ca. 27000 years ago, finery ca. 17000 years ago, mud-brick houses ca. 9000 years ago, glasses ca.3500 years ago, printing-press 562 years ago, etc., leading to an exponential development. (Adopted from Gedik 1998)

As seen, the information development-system has an interdependent pathway, the later ones dependent always on previous ones. Without know-how for fire-making, no metallurgic know-how's; without know-how's for metallurgy, no know-how for motor-driven vehicles; without know-how's for motor constructions, no know-how for electrical-electronically devices! Each new created item prepares the developmental condition of the following items. Therefore, all beings or matters are dependent on each other and there is a heterarchical relationship between them.

Information develops at increments, each step depending on previous ones. Information consists of signals, independent of any body or material. It is transferred from one body to the others; from one cell to the next. It is the only continuously existing and developing system of nature, whereas matter components of nature are in a continuous changeover states, constructed, destroyed and re-constructed in accordance with the level of existing information potential.

The same kind of exponential development is observed in the history of life development in our world too.

2.3.2. Development of Life on the Earth and the Cambrian Explosion

Geological records indicate that life started with prokaryotic cells about 3.5 Ga (giga years) ago (10). Prokaryota have a single DNA loop in their cytoplasm as information storage medium. Life continued in prokaryotic level until ca. 2 Ga years ago; than eukaryotic cells appeared (11,12,13). Eukaryota have a distinct nucleus, where the genetic information material is stored. In this nucleus,

many strands of DNA are enrolled around special barrel-like structures, called histons, functioning as reels of DNA-threads. This histon-structure (reels of DNA-threads) enables storage of huge amounts of data in ordered fashion. This may be the main driving factor in the development of life-systems, then the eukaryotic cells, with their huge information storage and processing system, developed in an exponential manner, as seen in Figure 1.4.

Figure 6: The Cambrian Explosion. The exponential development of life in the Earth history has drawn the attention of palaeontologists and the term “Cambrian explosion” has coined for this outburst, liying nearly at the Cambrian-Proterozoic transition. Until this knick-point the faunal-floral diversity is very low; but after the knick-point it is very high.

The first multicellular organism emerged nearly 1Ga years ago and continued to diversify (14, 15, 16,17). And then the well known occurrences of palaeontological fossil taxa start their debuts. At the knick-point of this exponential curve lies the

Cambrian Explosion. Therefore one can assume that the integrative and exponential nature of information development may be one of the factors, influencing the burst of organic life diversity at this time interval.

2.3.3. The Meaning of Exponantial Nature of Information Development.It has three very important results:i- The derivations of exponential functions remain always as exponential functions,

meaning that towards smaller building components, know-how potential has to continue and never extinguishes. Consequently the smallest fundamental components (wave-structures sensu Wolff (2008)) of matters must have a basic exponential know-

how set (or basic information potential).ii- The second important result is, that this basic

information potential developed with time, yielding the maximum information principle of dynamical systems (Haken 2000).

iii- Information must be the driving force of nature, leading to order and organisation. Information potential of sub-atomic-units act as Maxwell’s demon and lead to the development of orderly structures. Hence, entropy (disorder) increase assumption of physicists is not valid in our universe.

Figure 7: The exponential nature of information necessitate a Hamiltonian or Lagrangian factor meaning “Get information and organize thyself”. Indeed, physical experiments reveal that subatomic particles of matters have the ability to sense their environments, make probability calculations, and behave according to the results of these calculations, as shown below.

The exponential nature of information development and polarity of time (time-arrow) was first proposed by Gedik 1998 and developed further by Gedik 2006 and 2008. Researches of the last decade enforced Gedik’s (2006, 2008) predictions (Haken 2000, Patel 2001-2008, Li et al. 2010).

The importance of information building is demonstrated best by the development of human beings.

3. Why are humans developed differently than other beings?

Humans consider themselves as being the only conscious life-beings on the Earth. But consciousness is a matter of relativity. The consciousness of a highly mentally retarded man is less then that of a dog. Therefore, a clear-cut definition of consciousness is not feasible. When we define consciousness as the fact of being aware of factors or forces acting or influencing on an item and its behaviour

according to them, then we have to accept that all kind of beings have their own consciousness level.

As outlined in the paragraphs above, we are living in a dynamical nature. The developments in dynamical systems are executed by probabilistic rules, which are based on information gathering (Haken 2000). Therefore dynamical systems theory is summarised as “Information & self-organisation” in physical sciences. “Maximum Information Principle” is one of the most important part of dynamical systems theory (Haken 2000). Therefore, information gathering or information-building must be very appreciated by cells.

Figure 8. Differences in cortical development of mammalians. Association area of human brains are more developed than sensory or motor area, in contrast to all other animals. They can build huge amounts of "scenarios" from a few sensory data. This is the weakest and strongest peculiarity of humans because they can invent and improvise with these few data huge ideas. Therefore these data must be very reliable. The slightest deviations from the reality can induce great reasoning disorders. Furthermore the data shouldn't be dogmatic, because the life are due to continuous changeovers. (Compiled from Bloom & Lazerson 1988)

After the compilation of the Human-genome project, many other animal genomes were deciphered too. A researchers team of 16 persons (Pollard et al. 2006) would like to know, why humans were very different from all other animals, what point in their genome were distinguishing them from other beings.

For this purpose they compared the human genome with the genomes of different animals like ape, dog, elephant, cat, mouse, etc., and found 49 major differing points, in which human genome were much more developed. They called them “Human Accelerated Regions 1-49”. The study of the first of these regions, called HAR1 (indicating = Human Accelerated Region 1) showed, that this part of chromosome was responsible in the development of neo-cortex of brains. The variability factor of this HAR1 was by humans 18, by chimpanzee 2, and by all other mammalians ca. 0.27 (Pollard et al. 2006).

The main difference between humans and other animals lays in the constitution of their brains. In all comparable animals (mammals) the brain has relatively more nerve cells for sensory and motor area than in humans. But humans have an extremely well developed, "association area" and less developed motor and sensory area! That means: humans have more cells in their brains for planning, forecasting, etc., than for moving or sensing their environments. Its results is that all comparable animals could "see, smell, hear, move or sense any way better" than humans; but humans can make more scenarios from the relatively few observational data than other animals. Humans can experience more vivid dreams, more hallucinations; humans can make more speculations, more future-scenarios, etc. than other animals. The few sensory data they gather has to be very reliable. And that is the Achilles' heel, the weakest point of humans: When sensory data reflect exactly the situations of the living environments, then the cells of the association-area can be wired appropriately, so that the developed scenarios match up to the environment. But if the sensory data doesn’t reflect the environmental situations, then the networking of the brain-cells will be not appropriate to the living environment; those brains will have reasoning defects! And just that is the case by humans: They made up myriads of hallucinatory scenarios, none of them having any counterparts in nature.

4. Chicken and egg – or - birth and death cycles: The upper-level – lower-level relations are best explained in the chicken and egg cycles. Why

are chickens laying always eggs and the eggs are developing continuously into chickens? And which one has started this game and why this cycle continue? In other words: Why is life based on birth- and death-cycles?

Physical-biological-geologic-palaeontological data combinations give the answer to this question. As shown in the paragraphs above, we are living in a continuously changing universe, and the changeovers are set by probabilistic rules and calculations carried out by the components themselves (Feynman 1985, Haken 2000). That means: The owners of our universe are their components, i.e. the subatomic components. They are not dead objects, as most of us might assume, but very agile basic components of our nature, monitoring their environment continuously and behaving accordingly.

This is shown evidently by the following facts:1-The integrative and exponential nature of information development necessitate its origin to be of subatomic components;2- Physical experiments ascribe conscious aspects to the subatomic components, as shown in physical experiments. 3-“Experimental Realization of Wheeler's Delayed-Choice Gedanken Experiment” carried out by Jacques et. al. 2007, show clearly that subatomic components are monitoring their environmental conditions continuously and behave accordingly. This behaviour is a requisite to be accepted as a clear sign of basic consciousness. 4- Quantum physical experiments show that quanta like electrons have a memory for the actions in their past cycles (Berry 1984, Yasuhara et al.2005, Leek et al. 2007.As stated by Johnston 2007: “If a particle such as a stone undergoes a cyclic process – it is heated slightly and then cooled to its original temperature, for example – there is no way of telling from the cooled stone how it was heated, or even if it was heated at all. However, the same does not apply to quantum particles such as electrons, which retain some “memory” of the path taken in a cyclic process. This memory is in the form of a difference in phase between the initial and final quantum states and was first proposed by Michael Berry in 1984.”5- Some mathematic-physicists claims already that: “the consequences of quantum computation and decoherence, leading to the argument that the border between the living and the non-living must be revised, and that quantum computation implies that a quantum system can already be considered as a living, individuated structure” (Gonçalves 2007).6- When we try to transmit oral information to someone else, we choose rather intelligent courier; a dull person can’t transmit a message appropriately. In electronic communication, we use electrons or photons as carrier of information. If they were dead and dull objects, how could they transmit the very complex information we impose them.

That why, all beings are aware of this continuous changeover-system in nature, imposing to monitor the changeovers in their environment and adjust themselves accordingly, being manifested as birth and death cycles.

4.1. The Evaluation of the Environmental Situations from the Viewpoints of Chicken And Egg

The simplest way to understand the basic relations between smaller and bigger systems is the solution of the chicken and egg cycles.

Considering the basic information cited above, we must assume that all life beings must be in continuous alert to follow the changeovers around themselves. Now let us see the situation from the viewpoints of chicken and egg system. They are aware of the fact that all things are in a continuous changeover. So they monitor and record the changeovers in their environment and adjust themselves accordingly.

A chick begins to interfere with its environment starting with its hatching. It tries to collect information with its sensory organs about the objects and facts in its living environment. Those data could not be the same, as that of its ancestors, because in this time interval, small or great changes are surely carried out in the environment. Those data are transmitted to the information processing

cells of the brain and an appropriate behaviour is determined. This is the information potential of chicken, consisting of contemporary data about the living environment. This information is stored in intercellular network. That is a very important distinction: Information relating the behaviour of a chicken is stored in intercellular network-system, and not in intracellular network of cells. Therefore, chicken-information gets lost when chicken die away.

The egg stores all the other information about the chicken: how to construct a chicken, how long it should live, how to process and store the information about chicken’s environment, how to digest the foods, how and when to reproduce new models of a chick, etc. These information are stored in the intracellular network of a single cell, therefore, they are transmitted throughout generations.

Consequently, it is the egg who decide about the destiny of the chicken. Because it knows exactly, that the environmental conditions will surely change, it construct only provisional body models, with just enough life-span that they die away after this period, so that the next model with more appropriate accommodations to environmental changeovers can be constructed. And so on! It should be foolish and irrational to build ever-lasting models, because they could not accommodate to the continuous changeovers of the environment.

Information potential of eggs comprise all information over major changeovers in the developmental history of chickens, comprising ca. 3.5 billions years of experiences. They are stored in cells structures and textures, including membrane proteins, cytoplasm and chromosomal structures within the nucleus and handed down to the next generations. Because there is changeovers expected in the environmental conditions always and new bodies are to design to adapt to these new changeover products, chickens are produced only for a limited time-span.

Figure 9: Chicken & egg cycles in natural developments with information flow to “ever lower levels”

Shortly, in eggs is stored information about the long-term changeovers, accumulated in the 3.5 billions years of cell-history, whereas in chicken, only the information for the present-time situations are stored and processed. Therefore, chickens and eggs are mutually dependent on each other; but in the long run, eggs are the dominant part of the system and they determine the future of the life-development, because they have the most important information data about their past developmental stages.

There is an arrow in the development of natural system. It starts with subatomic particles and develops into ever growing systems. Because information is growing exponentially and is dependent on previous steps, a continuous feedback is unavoidable between the bigger and smaller systems. Therefore chickens transfer their observations to their eggs, so that they can adapt their evaluation systems to the new conditions.

4.2. Encoder-Decoder Systems Between Chicken and Egg- Cycles

As revealed by animal experiments, the information gathered from the sensory organs outside of the body are processed by the cells of the nervous system. If they are new, new synapses and new proteins are constructed for encoding these information (Kandel 2001); that means, these sensory

information is stored and catalogued as new ones in genetic codes, written with 4 basic nucleotides: (A)denine, (T)hymine, (G)uanine and (C)ytosine. This information exchange system can be called as encoder-decoder system between eggs and chickens. There exists a continuous information flow from the chicken to the egg. All changeovers in the environments of the chicken are translated to the information-processing system of the egg, i.e. in the genetic code. This evaluation is very important, and then it means that the main information-processor lies at the site of eggs, not at chickens! This dependency system can be called “dependency on its components” and is known as instinctive behaviour in human tradition.

All our actions are guided by our cells; these are our cells that store the huge information how to construct and maintain the order of our bodies. Cells are very dense packs of information gathered and stored during billions of years of tiresome efforts to monitor the changeovers around them. What change occurred first and what one followed them; in which order they follow each other; what must occurs first and what has to follow to get to this or to that results; who or what depends on others; etc. This kind of information storage are inherent in all beings and their information is stored in the material structure and composition of beings (Kandel 2001). When something is learned, new synapses are constructed between the appropriate nerve cells, and a new type of protein is synthesized enabling the appropriate signal transfer between ligands and receptors, representing the new information. In this operation, the existing amino-acids in our bodies get re-organized, creating a new structure being able to resonate with signal received. Therefore, beings are changing their composition and structure according to their environments. That is the reason that a term “quorum sensing” was coined, to catch the attention that an organism is able to sense all factors for its basic existence and grow there. Cells are aware of the fact that they are living in a continuously changing and transforming nature. To make their offspring adaptable to their new environmental conditions, the offsprings are outfitted with mirror-cells (Rizzolatti et al.2001), copying the habits (behaviour etc.) of their parents and their society, to make full usage of the information potential of their ancestors. That is the reason why a chick hatchelled from its egg, accepts the first moving object around itself as its closest relative. (The enslaving of different animals is fulfilled in the same manner.) Information (necessary for decision or organization) is gathered by sensory organs. If the data gathered by sensory organs are not appropriate to the realities of the living environments, the evaluation-system-construction (networking) of cells in our bodies will be inevitably defective! If some of the behaviours of our ancestors are faulty, their descendants automatically copy them and this fault turns into a social illness. That is the problem of our societies. Because our cells control our behaviours, and they determine this control in accordance to data we deliver them with our sensory organs, we humans are wholly responsible for the appropriateness of their evaluations systems.

There must exist a continuous information flow and encoder-decoder system in descending order, from humans to sub-atomic-particles. We see and evaluate our environments with photons reflected from the surface atoms of matters. The photons are not reflected like balls on a billiard table; they get first absorbed by the atoms of matters; the electrons of the atoms make swings around the nucleus; the nucleons get aware of the arrival of a specific kind of photons; and afterwards the atom sends an other photon, with similar information potential, but with the signature of the atom or molecule (Feynman 1961, 1985). If the reflected photons were the same as the incoming photons, matters could not interfere with each others, or we (or other beings) could not distinguish the different matters (Wolff 1995, 2008).

Shortly:

When we consider societies as chicken, then humans correspond to eggs;

When we consider humans as chicken, then cells correspond to eggs;

When we consider cells as chicken, then molecules correspond to eggs;

When we consider molecules as chicken, then atoms correspond to eggs;

When we consider atoms as chicken, then sub-atomic-particles correspond to eggs;

Therefore, birth and death and other kinds of ecological interactions among organic and inorganic systems are necessary steps for maintaining this information-flow and encoder-decoder system. At first sight, it seems unrealistic that bigger systems get controlled and directed by its smaller components. But the natural system functions differently. The interactions governing our living nature are electro-magnetic interactions. Here, the first step of interaction is initiated by photons. Their signals stimulate the electrons around atoms or molecules and the stimulated electrons change their orbital around the molecules. This change in electron’s orbital lets molecules vibrate; the vibrations of molecules against each-other creates other kind of interaction modes like pressure, temperature, etc. In restricted, closed or semi-closed systems, variations in pressure, temperature, odour, salinity, etc. lead to the development of other kinds of interactions. An avalanche system is created in this manner, resulting in an integrative development of interaction systems, which is summarised as “information and self-organisation” in synergetics.

In this manner environmental changeovers gathered at upper-levels are transmitted to lower-levels, and lower-levels re-organize the upper-levels according to these changeovers! All natural events are developed in this manner.

Time development is anisotropic as shown in the chapter 1 above. Therefore, each signal (photon) emitted from an object ( be it a molecule or a cell) is different from the photons emitted in a previous day. Each day or year new beings are developed, and others are disintegrated. Therefore, photon (signal or information) exchange between matters must undergo changes too; and those changes must go until to the sub-atomic domains. “Pair building and pair annihilation” processes encountered in laboratory experiments (Feynman 1961, 1985, Martin 2006) should be seen as information-adjustments between past and present.

The ultimate data storage units are quanta, as evidenced by quantum physical experiments. A term “Berry’s phase” was coined to indicate that sub-atomic particles have memories concerning their past life cycles (Leek et al 2007). Therefore, birth and death and other kinds of ecological interactions among organic and inorganic systems are necessary steps for maintaining this

information-flow and encoder-decoder system. In this manner environmental changeovers

gathered at upper-levels are transmitted to lower-levels, and lower-levels re-organize the upper-levels according to these changeovers. All natural events are developed in this manner.

Mutation are changes of (A)denine - (T)hymine, (G)uanine - (C)ytosine base pairs. A-T pair has 2 hydrogen bond; G-C has 3 hydrogen bond. When we compare these two base pairs, we see that there is only a small difference between two pairs. It consist of: CH3 versus NH2. When 2H are subtracted from both sides, there remains CH versus N.

Figure 10: Adenine-Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine bonds

There exist quantum mechanical transformations between N and C atoms (Dawson & Brooks 2001, Martin 2006) as shown in the equations below :

1n + 14N → 14C + 1H (1)

14C 14N +e- + ύe (2) Further more, quantum tunnelling of protons and electrons is a widespread occurrence in

physics and biology (Kohen & Klinman 1999). Hence mutations can be seen as quantum mechanical phenomena depending on the energy conditions in the environment; and “the environment somehow be selectively driving evolution and … evolution, at least at the molecular level, is more Lamarckian than it is Darwinian” Goel 2008, p108).

Figure 11: Isotopes of Nitrogen and Carbon atoms. (From Dawson & Brooks 2001)

On figure 11 we can see the isotopes of N and C atoms.

Stable isotopes are shown in dark shading. Unstable isotopes are decaying into diagonally positioned stable isotopes. That means: 14C decay by beta emission into 14N; and 13N decay by positron emission into 13C.

McFadden (2003, p 240) writes: “It has been more than 50 years since Erwin Schrödinger made the startling proposal that life is based on quantum-mechanical principles. Yet most of his arguments remain valid today. Schrödinger pointed out that classical laws are all statistical, true for collections of billions of atoms or molecules but invalid at the level of individual particles. Life, he argued, was based on the dynamics of individual particles and thereby subject to quantum laws.

This was a remarkable prediction in 1944, when the inside of the cell was generally considered to be amorphous kind of jelly called protoplasm. But as molecular biologists have delved deeper into the workings of cells they have uncovered structure at all levels. The DNA double helix is only two nanometres (millionths of a millimetre) wide - not far above the atomic scale - and, along with proteins and other cellular constituents, has structure at less than one-tenth this size. Dynamics in these biomolecules is all about the motion of individual particles. Consider the enzymatic rotary engine, F1-ATPase, that makes ATP (the cell's chemical fuel). This tiny biological device is just ten nanometres across. The enzyme sits in the cell membrane where its rotation is driven by flow of protons through a central pore. But how rotary motion at these scales is converted into chemical energy is a mystery. Quantum dynamics are certainly involved.

Quantum tunnelling is thought to be involved in a wide range of biochemical processes including photosynthesis, respiration, mutation, and protein folding. For instance, enzymes that establish the proton gradient that drives the F1-ATPase are thought to use electron tunnelling to connect the proton transport process to proteins of the respiratory chain. Indeed both electron and proton tunnelling are considered by many to be the missing ingredients that account for the ability of enzymes to massively accelerate chemical reactions. Quantum tunnelling may also be involved in protein folding, the process by which a protein molecule searches through billions of possible structures to find its active form. And quantum tunnelling may be fundamental to the evolution of life on Earth. Watson and Crick first suggested that DNA base tautomerization - a chemical euphemism for proton tunnelling - within the double helix is responsible for mutations. This mechanism has been further explored by myself and Jim AI-Khalili to propose that quantum coherence may play a role in certain types of mutation.

The living cell is nature's nanotechnology. Just as engineers and physicists working at the nano-scale level must include and exploit quantum mechanics in their models, so evolution over three billion years must have incorporated quantum dynamics. Quantum mechanics is likely to be as

fundamental to life as water. Indeed, recent experiments and simulations indicate that protons involved in hydrogen bonding in water are highly delocalized (that is, in a superposition of being in two separated locations). Hydrogen bonding is probably the most fundamental biochemical interaction, involved in DNA base-pairing, enzyme catalysis, protein folding, respiration, and photosynthesis. If quantum delocalization lies at the heart of this phenomenon then it is central to life. Indeed, several researchers (including myself and Paul Davies) have proposed that quantum mechanics may account for that ultimate of biological mysteries: the origin of life itself.”

5. Why there is an oscillation in all natural developments?We observe a cycle, a repetition in all natural developments. For example the sun energy

falling on a point at the surface of the Earth shows a cycle like in the figure 1.

Figure 12: In all natural phenomena, there exists an oscillation in the distribution of energy.

Let us assume a life system in a lake. The most basic components of life systems are phytoplanktons. Their life depends on the existence of sunlight; they collect the photons of the sunlight and store this energy as sugar molecules in their

bodies. Hence the phytoplankton-biomass shows a cyclic development too. Let us assume the phytoplankton-biomass for a first day as shown in figure 2(A).

Figure 13: Changes in Plankton-Biomass with time.

Phytoplanktons are food-source of zooplanktons. Now let us assume that zooplanktons are developed in this lake at the second day. Now the phytoplankton-biomass in the lake will show additional fluctuations, because they will be consumed by zooplanktons. Consequently, phytoplankton-biomass development at the second day will be different than the first day. Zooplanktons are food source of other animals, so that additional fluctuations will occur in biomass developments of phytoplanktons and zooplanktons. And in this manner the biomass of each being in nature is exposed to continuous fluctuations. Let us call this as “food-chain relation”, whereby biomass of consumers as well that of consumed units oscillate and consumers depends always on consumed units.

A phytoplankton occurring first time on the planet, had to consider only the previously existing beings and conditions for its existence. But after the development of second phytoplankton and after the development of a first zooplankton, etc., it had to change its interaction-systems with its environment. Any change requires structural and textural re-arrangements of its internal components.

Therefore, each newly developed system must depends on the previously existing ones; and the previously existing ones must change their structures to accommodate the existence of newly developed structures. Therefore, each being in nature has to collect information about the changeovers in its environment and re-organize itself according to those changes. That is the reason behind “information and self-organisation” of dynamical systems.

In this manner it develops a food-chain and chicken and egg systems, consisting of many upper-level and sub-level units, being developed with time, starting with developments of atomic units in stars and continuing with the development of minerals and cells in planets.

All kind of energy has its source at quantum domain. Hence all upper-level structures depend on their internal components, because all matters consist of subatomic units.

As shown in previous chapters, information is stored in structural and textural changeovers of the lower-level-systems. That must be so because the energy stems form the lowermost quantum domains. That why, to get informed about the developments in nature, the lowermost level systems

(quantum domain) must undergo structural and textural changes too.

This kind of a time- and exponentially developing information-dependent dynamic systems is not included in the evaluations and calculations of classical physicists. Physicists assume time and space as isotropic systems. But they are not isotropic as shown in previous chapters.

Figure 14: The wave-structure and texture of a sub-atomic-units must undergo changeovers too. Physicists assumes a cyclic, symmetric behaviour for subatomic units, as shown in figure above (A). But the

subatomic-units too, have to change themselves to accommodate the newly developed upper-level systems (B).

6 Results of physical experiments relating the information potential of sub-atomic-units

In animate world life-beings determine their behaviour according to the information gathered from their surroundings.

As the 2-slit experiment with varying slit-distances show, the subatomic particles determine their behaviour also in accordance to the calculations regarding their wavelength relative to the path-length-differences.

6.1. Two-Slit Experiments indicate that sub-atomic-units are interacting with their environment in a heterarchic way.

As shown in figure 2A, a light source is placed at point S and a special photon detector at D, in a distance of ca 1m. Between them is a screen. A slit in point A is inserted on this screen, so big that from 100 photons sent from source S, only 1 can pass through. Another slit with the same size can be opened at B. When slit A is closed, then only 1 of 100 photons reaches the detector at D (Feynman 1985 )

Now when both slits are open, one should expect that 2 photons should be registered at detector D. But this is not the case. The number of incident photons at detector D varies, depending on path length difference between SAD and SBD, as shown in the figure. Sometimes 4 photons are registered, some times 3, 2, 1 or nothing at all! But there exist a very regular relationship between photon incidence, wavelength of photons and their target. (Feynman 1985 )

Figure 15. Two-slit experiment. Photon’s arrival at detector depends on difference of path-lengths (B), with probabilistic calculations of photons with their wave lengths (C). Redrawn after Feynmann 1985.

The calculation of photon incidence happens according the following rules.

1- The sub-atomic-particles like photons or electrons behave either as a wave or as a particle. They behave as wave when they are free in their behaviour, as in this 2-slit experiment. They can make any choice between the slits A or B to go to target D. Hence they feel themselves free and behave as

wave.2- All waves have a propagation structure like a sine curve, as shown in figure 2C. They

start with a median amplitude value like 0 (zero), increase gradually to their maximum (1), decrease to a minimum value (–1), and then increase again to their initial value.

3- A photon intending to go to the target D, compares the two possible paths. It measures the path SAD with its wavelength, starting with zero and increasing 0.1, 0.2, 0.3,…, 1 (max), 0.9, 0.8, …, 0, .. -0.3, … -0.9, -1 (min), ..,-0.7, …, 0. After each full length, it begins to count again. When the target is reached, the counted value amplitude is registered, be it 1 (max) for this path length.

4- Then the other path is measured in similar manner. The obtained amplitude value, be it 1 (max) for this path too.

5- These values are added together: 1 + 1 = 26- The square of 2 is 4. In this case 4 photons can be registered at D.

When the sum of values are zero, as in the case (–1) + 1 = 0, then no photons are detected at the D.

The most important point here is the fact that values less than “one” get ever smaller by their rise to second power (square), whereas values greater than “one” get ever greater by their rise to second power (square). Hence, probabilistic calculations are greatly appreciated by all

natural developments, and there is not any development like “a predestination or a random development” in nature.

But when they are not free in their behaviour, for example, when detectors are placed at the slits, to determine which path they get, they don’t use their wave behaviour. This is an other clear indication that the subatomic components behave knowingly (consciously); otherwise they could not know the existence of the detectors (Feynman 1985).

There are many other experiments showing such a cognitive-conscious behaviour like “Experimental Realization of Wheeler’s Delayed-Choice Gedanken Experiment” carried out by Jacques et al. (2007).

6.2. Reflection rate experiments indicate that energy storage depends on the structure and texture of matters

Feynman (1985) gave the following enlightening experimental data about the relations between matters and energy carrying photons.

From 100 emitted photons, about 4% are reflected from the surface of a thick glass block and 96% enter the glass; however, if the glass is thin relative to the wavelength of the photons, then the ratio of reflectance varies between zero and 16%, depending on the thickness of the glass (Feynman 1985).

Figure 16: Photons as primary energy packs determine their target, according to a probabilistic calculation, being dependent on structure, texture and composition of matters. (From Feynman 1985)

Photons measure the path difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the glass slide (being dependent on thickness of the glass) and compare it with their wavelength (Figure 3).

A photon destined to arrive at the target D may take one of two possible paths. It compares the two possible paths as described in the 2-slit experiment. According to the results (being in resonance or dissonance of the respective paths relative to its wavelength), it makes probabilistic calculations and behaves between a minimum or maximum value, here 0 or 16.

Figure17. Photons compare the path measurements with their waves and make probabilistic calculations. Until the glass reaches a certain thickness, the amounts of photon capture at D vary. However, once the glass thickness reaches a certain value, then a fixed value is established and retained. This behaviour is called order-parameter

development and solidification in dynamical systems (Haken 1983, 2000). (Compiled after the data from Feynman 1985.)

These are energy-carriers (photons) who decide with their wavelengths where to invest more, and where to store less energy. And materials change their structure to adjust their energy requirements according to the wave lengths of energy-carriers (photons). Wave-lengths of photons

vary according to the equation h.f=m0c2. (h= Planck constant, f= freqeunce, m0= rest mass of the unit, c= light-speed in vacuum) In this manner an intertwined energy-matter interaction and mutual inter-dependency system develops.

6.3. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox (EPR-effect) and Bell- Theorem, as evidence of informative and conscious behaviour of sub-atomic-units

Quantum mechanics allows assumptions to be made of the same probabilistic outcomes at different localities. This is a contradiction to the special relativity theory of Einstein, which predicts that no information can be transmitted faster then the speed of light. Therefore Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen wrote an article “Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?” against the quantum mechanical assumptions. Their argument was:

When entangled particles produced from a source are sent with light-speed in two opposite direction, say to Bob and Alice, and Bob and Alice make measurements to determine which spin the particle s(he) got has, quantum mechanics predicts a 100% correlation between their measurements. That is contrary to the special relativity theory.

To resolve this controversy Bell (1964) proposed his “Bell’s inequality test” theorem: “On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox”. Aspect et al.(1982) carried out this experiment and showed that subatomic particles behave as if they have a magic information system between them, enabling them to correlate their behaviours simultaneously, determining how far they may be apart from one other. Therefore all beings in nature are tightly interconnected and a mutual interdependence exists between them, then all particles created and radiated from a source are entangled with each other.

The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, proposed to invalidate the quantum theory, provided one of the most important cornerstones of quantum mechanics, known as the EPR- effect.

If we consider the exponential nature of information development predicting a basic cognitive and conscious behaviour to the smallest components of matters, we should not be surprised by those results. (See Supplement translated from Gedik 2008)

6.4. The strength of force-fields changes according to the structural composition of materials.

Experiments carried out by Eigler at IBM laboratories revealed very interesting results. He arranged cobalt atoms in an elliptical form on a copper substrate Figure (A). Another cobalt atom is placed on the left focal point, whereas the right focal point is left void.

Figure 18. Force-field intensity depends on composition and structure of the components. (D.M. Eigler, IBM Research Laboratory, quantum mirage technique).

When the electromagnetic field potential of this arrangement was determined, the field-strength was as shown on figure (B) (Manoharan et al 2000). Field-strength was very strongly

developed at the focal points; even at the right focal point, although void, the field potential was much more strongly developed than on other cobalt atoms. Randomly or circular arranged atoms are shown at (C). At lower left corner a randomly placed atom, and in the adjacent area circularly oriented atoms are placed. There no extra-ordinary field developments.

This experiment shows:1- that randomly distributed atomic elements do not collect as much energy as elliptically

ordered elements.2- that energy flows to significant locations like the focal points. This is a clear indication of the role of material structure and composition in the determination

of force fields. It is the composition and structure of materials that attract the energy carriers of the subatomic world, as shown in Figure (B).

6.5. Energy-carriers have tunnelling abilities.

Energy carriers like photons or electrons have tunnelling abilities. An electron at point (A) with a total energy potential as indicated in Figure 6, can make such movements as its energy potential allows (small wave at the arrow). Normally, the electron does not have enough energy to spring from (A) to (B) because of a huge barrier. But it does happen, as shown in Figure 6. The phenomenon is termed a tunnelling effect because the particle, in moving from (A) to (B), behaves as if there were a kind of "tunnel" to go to its target (Haken 2000, Greene 1999).

After each tunnelling event a certain amount of energy gain is built up. This gain in energy is epitomized in maximum information development with time and is reflected in structure and texture of matters. The difference between past and present lies in such changes of structures and textures of material compositions. For example, the Proterozoic world had nearly the same chemical

elemental composition as the Cenozoic world, but the arrangements of those chemical elements changed with time, developing more economical structures (See Supplement for more explanations). This kind of energy gain during history of our universe may be reflected as dark energy.

Figure 19: Tunnelling effect. Energy carriers in nature are subatomic units and they sense their environments, and always travel to the most economic structures. (Redrawn after Haken 2000)

These experiments cited above show clearly that energy flow (hence force developments) are regulated and governed by the quanta themselves. Therefore, we can say with certitude that all

natural developments are guided by the subatomic world.Order and organisation in the atomic and subatomic realm is established by information

gathering and processing by the components themselves, according to probabilistic rules.

6.5. Subatomic units are able to detect the systems they belong to.

Experiments show that subatomic units use all possibilities to interact with their environment (Feynman 1985, Greene 1999). We can observe this behaviour in the use of a plumb line. All matters sense the mass of their neighbours and their distance to each other and adjust themselves according to the formula: F G. m1 . m2 / r2 (F= Force, G=Gravitation constant, m=masse, and r=distance). Therefore, a plumb line on the Earth orients itself towards the centre of the Earth. A plumb line on Moon orients itself towards the centre of the Moon. The same principle is valid for

subatomic units too, as evidenced by the behaviour of electrons or photons. Experiments show that the momentum of electrons changes according to the degree of their interactions with their environment (Feynman 1961, 1985, Al-Khalili 2003, Martin 2006).

Figure 20: Each subatomic unit interacts with every possible unit in its environment.

The more an electron interacts with its environment, the more its momentum increased. That means that

electrons must make more rotations when they have more interactions (Martin 2006).

6.6. Subatomic units have the following peculiarities too:

► They have a cycling energy level, indicating a distinct life cycle.

Figure 21: Cycling nature of subatomic-units between positive and negative energy-levels.

►They have a very distinct spin, with two different forms: half spin units (matter particles, fermions) cannot occupy the same place at the

same time, so they must arrange themselves in a 3-dimensional realm; whereas whole spin units (force or action carriers, bosons) can be at the same place at the same time, so their values can be added or subtracted (Pauli 1946, Martin 2006). This is similar to the behaviour of humans: two human bodies cannot occupy the same place at the same time, but their ideas or actions can.►Their swinging-plane (polarization) can be changed through 0-360º and in any of the 3 dimensional space coordinates as a result of interaction with their environment. (See fig.9)

Figure 22: Subatomic- units change their cycles (wave-systems) in accordance with changes in their environment.

►They always use the shortest time and shortest distance to get to their target.

As seen the subatomic particles have their own information gathering system. When they are free in their behaviour, they evaluate their target, make probability calculations and behave accordingly.

But when they are not free in their behaviour, for example, when detectors are placed at slits, to determine which path they get, they don’t use their wave behaviour. This is an other clear indication that the subatomic particles behave knowingly (consciously); other wise they couldn’t know the existence of the detectors.

That is a clear sign indicating the role of matter structure and composition in determination of force fields. It is the composition and structure of matters, that determine the strength of force-fields, as shown above.

7. Developmental mechanism of nature: information and self-organisation.

7.1. Why there must be a tendency towards a combination of particles into composite structures in nature

A person living alone is continuously active. (S)he must provide the vegetables and corn (s)he needs; (s)he must grind the corn; (s)he must provide the meat (s)he needs; (s)he must make fire; (s)he must construct an oven to cook; (s)he must make dishes, spoons, etc.. In this hectic life (s)he has no time for rest.

But a person living in a society has to do only one kind of job and exchange its products (or services) with that of others. In this manner (s)he spends less energy and enjoys more leisure time. Analogously, this is the case in all kind of materials. That is the reason why the basic components

of our cosmos tend to make ever-complex structures and tend to coalesce into ever-bigger units.

This situation is best observed at atomic scales. For example, a proton has a mass of 1.00728 atomic-mass-units (amu) and a neutron has 1.00866 amu. A carbon atom consists of 6 protons and 6 neutrons and its mass is only 12 amu. But the total mass of 6 protons + 6 neutrons is 12.0956 amu.

Now the question: Why are the protons and neutrons heavier when alone and lighter when combined? That is the secret behind the aggregation or accumulation of sublevel-units into upper-level structures. When protons and neutrons are alone, they have to be more mobile and active due to the rule given in § 3.6. This extra activity requires more energy consumption; this extra energy induces more mass according to the E=mc2 formula. Therefore there exists a relation between mass-deficit and binding energy. Binding energy is generally used as information to construct something.

Figure 23: Difference between singular and communal behaviours.

Let us assume 12 objects (6 blue and 6 yellow) are in mutual interaction. In this configuration, each object sends and receives signals to and from every other object, so that there exists a dense signal-field between them, requiring very high energy consumption. If those objects get combined in 3 clusters (like 2, 4, 6) the signal-exchange density drops significantly, requiring fewer signal exchanges and hence less energy consumption. All beings in nature tend to coalesce in to ever bigger combinations in order to reduce energy consumption. This is known as “principle of least

action” or “Minimum Amplitude Principle” (MAP) in physics (Wolff 2008). That is the main reason behind the developments in nature.

It is this force that drives the particles to aggregate to atoms or molecules, the bacteria to eukaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells to animals or plants, animals to colonies, etc... This behaviour is known as “rahatlama” in Turkish, is driven by Rahatlama-drive, meaning comfortableness-drive (Gedik 2006, 2008).

7.2. There is a tendency towards order (negative-entropy) in nature.

The term entropy was introduced to science by Clausius (1865), from the Greek, en+tropein, meaning "Verwandlungsinhalt” or "transformation content". In this original sense entropy means “a change of the system – or a change in the system”. I use it in its original sense.

Entropy is defined by the formula: S = k.log W, where W=Wahrscheinlichkeit = probability; (k) is the Boltzmann constant; and (S) is entropy.

Geologic-palaeontologic as well astrophysical data indicate that a distinctive order and organisation exists in nature and that this order and organisation developed with time. There is an increase in order and organisation in nature, as evidenced by geological and astrophysical records. But most physicists pretend an increase in disorder (entropy increase).

Our cosmos is ca. 14 billions year old according to astrophysical researches. At the beginning all matters are thought to have been in the form of subatomic units like protons, neutrons, and electrons. Physicists assume 1080 such particles in the universe. When those 1080 particles were combined in 92 chemical elements, the amount of items reduced drastically; hence, entropy must have been reduced too.

According to geological researches, our world is ca. 4.6 billions year old. The chemical elements in our world are combined in mineral structures with distinct borders, letting them behave as single units and leading to further entropy-decrease, as the lithosphere got ever thicker during geologic history.

Life started ca. 3.5 billions year ago. Photosynthetic bacteria and algae combined 6CO2 + 6H2O to a bigger molecule (C6H12O6) and reduced the amounts of molecules, leading to further entropy-decrease.

The cells were combined to build bigger animals or plants during Earth history, so that mutual interaction probabilities (hence entropy) decreased continuously.

All those observations show very clearly that in nature entropy is not increasing, but decreasing. Our world is heading towards an orderly state. But physicist have assumed a trend towards a disorderly state. Why?

Two assumptions:First: The driving force in nature, hence the dependency, was assumed to be of an external

origin. However, energy has its origin at the sub-atomic realm and as shown in the development of natural sciences, all systems are dependent on their components, and they are the ultimate information storage units in nature. Therefore all systems obey the rules of maximum information principle + minimum amplitude principle, which together leads to the development of orderly states in nature.

Second: An increase in entropy in nature was governed by the assumption of a closed natural system. There is not any closed system in nature. The components of the systems are communicating with each other and with their external environment and energy flows are determined by such interactions. Forces are results of internal mutual interactions of the constituent parts. Traditional thoughts however assumed an external origin for forces, outside the components themselves. Hence, it is not possible to construct a closed system in nature. All systems are constructed by their components; and the smallest components in nature are quanta, being the carrier of energy.

7.3. Working mechanism in nature

Work is always accomplished with the aid of some kind of energy. All kinds of energy have their roots at in quanta at the subatomic domain. Incorporation of quanta into the structures and textures of materials can be illustrated by the phenomenon of photosynthesis.

6 H2O + 6 CO2 + photons of Sun C6H12O6 + 6O2

On the left and right side of the equation there is the same amount of matter. But their energy contents are different. The glucose molecule (C6H12O6) has stored quanta from Sun. The molecular structure and texture of this molecule has different H, O and C configurations than that of H2O and CO2.

The producer of this sugar molecule will be then the target (in terms of dynamical system: attractor) of another being and an additional species is supported. This new species uses the sugar molecule as its primary energy source and creates a new body, consisting of new kinds of energy-carrying matter. This new species will be the target (attractor) of another being and a further species is supported, and so on. In this manner a very complex ecological network structure develops. In each ecosystem, each being has its own primary, secondary, etc. energy sources. Each being has slightly different food preferences and those food preferences change with time. Consequently, the genetic information potential of beings changes too. Each cell has this genetic information in its structure and composes future body-plans according to the past information-storage with future plans according to the rules of probabilistic calculations.

Because the sub-atomic basic components of all matter have tunnelling abilities, they always flow to the most economically developed structures, so that non-economic structures disintegrate and better ones are preferred. So are developing natural phenomena. Cells use the same quantum dynamical rules (McFadden 2003, Al-Khalili 2003, Davies 2008, Al-Khalili & McFadden 2008, Goel 2008, Patel 2008), consequently natural selection functions in the same manner.

In this manner energy gets incorporated into structures and textures of matters and so that compositional structures of beings get continuously changed, leading to the observed changeovers in nature.

All materials and beings communicate with each other via signals called photons (Feynman 1985). Electrons of each being become excited by photons reaching them and get agitated by a precise amount called the “fine-structure constant = ca. 1/137” (Feynman 1985) and sent itself an other photon to its environment carrying its own signature but the same information signal. Similar communication exists between components of each system, be it a lake, or be it the whole world.

Because all beings are dependent on energy and energy is always stored in different kinds of matter, each newly developed being tries to obtain information about the changes in its environment. In this continuous changeover system:

1- All matter consists of the same basic sub-atomic-units like the electron, proton, and neutron, which are the action-makers and energy-providers. They construct different upper-level units such as carbon (C), oxygen (O) etc.. To accomplish this they do not behave as single units and behave differently in different upper-level-units. That is called symmetry breaking in physics. Symmetry breaking is a learning process, whereby environmental changeovers get transmitted to sub-atomic-units, so that they change their structures and textures (polarisations, spins, wave-phase, etc.) to accommodate themselves to the new conditions (Haken 1983, 2000).

2- There are many kinds of matters and beings, each with a different kind of energy storage. 3- Each newly-developing system envisages a target as its major energy-source, termed an

“attractor” in dynamic systems theory (Haken 1983, 2000). Target (attractor) specification is very important. An example is given by the development of different algal species: a red alga is specialised on blue light and a blue alga is specialised on red-light; a species using the whole spectrum of light cannot compete with these much specialised species.

4- Each being tries to develop the best observation methods to get its energy requirements, according to the development of maximum information principle (MIP) of dynamic systems theory (Haken 1983, 2000).

5- Because the most economically structured systems are preferred by the energy-carriers, each newly developing system tries to optimise its energy resources (minimum amplitude principle = MAP). For this reason these systems try to establish the best cooperation between themselves, called “order-parameter” (or informator) in dynamic systems theory (Haken 1983, 2000).

6- To reduce the energy consumption, structural and textural optimisation processes must take place and become solidified at a certain time to satisfy the order-parameter conditions. (Solidification of dynamic systems theory). (Haken 1983, 2000).

7- For perfect functioning of a body according to its order-parameters, each component must be in perfect coordination and cooperation. To ensure that, all components become slaved (slaving principle of dynamic systems theory). (Haken 1983, 2000).

8- The slaving and solidification of components are carried out at the early growth phase. The period of childhood in humans corresponds to this time interval. Therefore, paradigm-development in humans is very effective during their whole life.

In this manner a dynamically developing natural system becomes established. The natural world we live in is a dynamical system. The developments of dynamical systems are ruled by dynamical systems theory, summarized as information and self-organisation (Haken 1983, 2000, Jaynes 1995, Camazine et al. 2001, Sethna 2009). Information is always stored in the structure and texture of components of beings: as synaptic developments plus genetic codes in the organic world and as anisotropic developments or similar in the inorganic domain. The process is rooted at the sub-atomic-domain, where spin axis, polarisation planes, wavelengths, etc. can alter in response to changes in the environment.

Materials are anisotropic. To understand the term anisotropy, consider the following thought experiment. A team of 12 soldiers is landed in a foreign land and will explore the country. They look at their GPS instrument and record their landing points. Afterwards they divide into four groups and each of these groups begins to walk towards the four geographic directions. After 12 hours of wandering, they measure the distances from their starting points. The northerly marching group has marched only 10 km, because of a high mountain range; the southerly group marched 60 km, because their route was over level ground; the easterly group marched 25 km, and the westerly group 40 km. Anisotropy of materials (minerals, cells, etc) is analogous for photons travelling in them. Photons as carriers of energy travel with different velocities in different directions inside materials. Consequently, the energy storage rate within materials is different in different directions, leading to the development of strains.

7.4. Now let see, how force fields are developed in nature.

All developments in nature occur by mutual interactions of components, according to chicken and egg system-rules, which is called circular causality in synergetics.

For a better understanding of “how this circular causality functions”, let see the figure from Haken (2000).

In physics there exist a term called “field”. This term (field) describe the force system influencing all components within this area. Force fields are valid only within the limits of its influence radius. For example, gravitational field of the Earth is valid only for the Earth-system: Mars has its own gravitational field, etc. Therefore, force fields are valid and active only within its borders. And borders determine the different levels or systems, starting with subatomic particles, continuing with atoms, molecules, cells, bodies, lakes, islands, Earth, Sun-system, galaxy, etc.

Figure 24: Force field development within a semi-closed system.

What kinds of system do exist?

- Each rotating system around an axis has its own system; (each subatomic particle, each atom, each molecule, each planet, etc.)

- Each item with a special body-wall around itself is a system; each mineral, each cell, each organ, each body, each state, each lake, each island have their own systems)

It is known that it exists a special force field in each system and all components within this system obey this force field. Now the question arises: Where to derive this force field, how is it developed?

Here come the synergetics, summarized as “information & self-organisation”, to help and explain how a force field develops. It introduce a new term called “order parameter” and explain all force systems occurring and guiding the processes in animate and inanimate worlds of nature. Order parameter describes the force fields occurring and ruling in a special system. As seen from the figure, it develops from mutual-reciprocal interactions of all the components within a semi-closed

system (atoms generate field). This force field is called then as order parameter of this system and afterwards it slaves all components within its borders (field (order parameter) slaves atoms).

All life beings have to adapt themselves to the continuously changing environmental conditions. For this reason the solution of the problem get very important: How are order parameters established in circular causality systems? Let see that in the development of a human body:

Figure 25: Symmetry breaking and solidification in life systems.

According to their genetic codes cells start to divide in a geometric series (2-4-8-16-etc) and the fundament of the body is laid down. This type of growth continues until a stage called blastula, where all cells build a globular structure like a balloon filled in with a special fluid. When you

pick one of the cells of this structures until this globular stage and put it in a suitable womb, it starts again to divide and multiply and can grow to an individual new body again.

After this balloon-shaped globular phase, an invagination (gastrocoel) at one locality of this balloon occurs (gastrula phase) and the development of different organs gets started. That is the crucial phase of changeovers in upper-level – lower-level systems: After this gastrula phase, when you pick one of the cells of this structure and put it in a suitable womb, they can not start to multiply; they can not grow to an individual. They have lost this ability. This loss of ability is called symmetry breaking in synergetics.

After the gastrula phase the cells lost their ability to build a new body, but they have got another ability: building special organs capable to do different jobs. After gastrula phase, cells get the ability to do different works, according to signals they get from their environment; some one became kidney-cells, some one heart-cell, etc.! These specialized cells can’t do any other functions after this specialization phase; their abilities are solidified. Therefore this transition or conversion of information-processing capabilities is called solidification in synergetics.

That is the secrets of lower-level – upper-level differentiation systems: symmetry breaking (lost or reduction of many earlier capabilities) and converting their information processing potential (solidification) into new goals; updating the order parameters according to the changeovers in their surroundings (circular causality)!This kind of lower-level upper-level developments (chicken and egg cycles) starts with sub-atomic-particles having super-symmetric capabilities. With their combinations into atoms new features develop; with combinations of atoms into molecules more new attributes and properties arise; and so on this development leads to constructions of cells, plants, animals, etc. This type of informational growth systems is continuing with the humanity at an accelerated speed.

This kind of actions (symmetry breaking, solidification, updating of order parameters according to changeovers in the environment (circular-causality)) occurs in social life systems of humans, too.

The childhood of human life corresponds to blastula-gastrula transition of cellular developments. At childhood each individual can learn any (or many) of the existing languages in our world without any foreign accent. After the childhood, these abilities are blunted (symmetry breaking), and afterwards the individuals can’t learn a language easily and without any foreign accents. The individuals adapt themselves to the conditions ruling in their environment and the learned customs get stabilized (solidification).

The factors circular causality and order parameter stabilizations play the most important roles in the childhoods.

Our cells according to a “chicken-egg-chick” cycle construct our bodies. The type of information fed at the “chick” stage determines the constitutions of the order parameters for the individual (solidification) (Rizzolatti et al.2001). Once set fix at this stage, these solidified order parameters enslave the individuals for all their life. The first moving being observed by a chick during its hatchling is accepted as its closest relatives during its whole life. That is the result of the enslaving force of order parameters.

Shortly: Life systems are dependent on lower-level structures, because the information is stored only in lower-level structures!

But according to the traditional view of life, lower-levels are dependent on upper-levels; that is the reason that they established social life organisation from top to bottom.

Just that contradictory influencing system is the source of most (if not all) social problems of humans.

Because;

- the constructors, as well the designers of our bodies are their cells insides of them;

- and those cells determine and solidify the order parameters of the body they construct according the data gathered by their sensory organs;

- by giving them the faulty information that life systems are dependent on upper-level structures;

- they organize and solidify the network structures of the brain according to those information;

- after this is done in childhood, these order parameters enslaves the humans in their later life.

That is the main problem humans are confronted. We are enslaved by faulty order parameters. The only way to get out of this vicious circle is to make new by-pass circuits in our brains, to

circumvent those faulty synapse-structures.

7.5. Upper-level, lower-level relations of life systems.

Figure 26: Upper-level, lower-level relations.

Life corresponds to “communal-behaviour” status of components; whereas death corresponds to single-behaviour-status. That means: when a body is dead, then their components have lost their connections to each-others. But as single components, they are still alive. When we evaluate the “life“ as a whole from this perspective, we must assume that life must be continuing further down to the subatomic realms. This assumption is corroborated by the “exponential nature of information development”, being explained in the previous chapters. Furthermore, “Theory of Integrative Levels” (Feibleman 1954) get its full meaning by this kind of assumptions. This theory states: There exist a hierarchical structure and composition of matters in our world, starting with subatomic particles. Atomic elements are made of such subatomic particles. Molecules are made of atomic elements. Cells are made of molecules, and so on. Basic rules among these hierarchical shells were summarized by (Feibleman 1954) in “Theory of Integrative Levels”. (These levels are called here as “upper system – lower system”). Some important ones of them are following:

“Complexity of the levels increases upward.

Each level organizes the level or levels below it plus one emergent quality.

In any organisation, the lower level is directed by the higher.

In any organisation, the higher level depends upon the lower.

For an organisation at any given level, its mechanism lies at the level below and its purpose at the level above.

A disturbance introduced into an organisation at any one level reverberates at all the levels it covers.”

It is easy to deduce from these few sentences that the power to construct or destruct some thing lies at the lower level. To construct or deconstruct some thing requires some information to behave in such or other manner, a kind of conscious behaviour, being an indicator of life, sensu lato.

7.6. How are very great forces developed?

Every being have to sense all the factors concerning its existence, therefore small components like molecules must interfere with all other molecules in their surrounding system. Because each rotating or with a certain wall bordered ensemble behave as a semi-closed unit, all matters within this border must interfere with each others. As indicated in the preceding pages, conscious behaviour is a common property of all beings. They try to exhibit some common behaviour; and for this reason they get in resonance. In resonating systems, the signal amplitude of each beings are added together, so that a huge amount of energy develops (see figure 1.16). Laser lights are the best example of this kind of behaviours. Benard-cells are another example.

Figure 27: The effects of resonance and dissonance. In resonance, individual values are added together, whereas in dissonance they conceal each other.

The same kind of cooperative behaviour occurs in atmosphere and lithosphere of our earth. Molecules sensing some sort of constraints, respond to them collaboratively and construct huge forces like hurricanes, tornados, big earth-quakes, etc.

Physicists had put it correctly: “All matters attract or repel each other directly proportional to their potential values (mass, charges, etc.) and inversely proportional to the quadrate of the distance between them.” The meaning of this statement is very clear: All items are mutually dependent on each other and they are aware of this fact. Each item has the potential information set to determine its own behaviour or destiny in the nature. There is no other (external) factor(s), which determine(s) their behaviour or destiny independently.

8. Why do humans not behave reasonably?Research carried out in the last decade shows clearly that:1- Cells are aware of the fact that they are living in a continuously changing dynamic

system and that nothing is prescribed to them, but they have to gather information about their environment and make probabilistic calculations to determine their future behaviours. E.g.:►Fiorillo et al. 2003- Discrete Coding of Reward Probability and Uncertainty by Dopamine Neurons; ►Shizgal & Arvanitogiannis 2003- Gambling on Dopamine;

►Padoa-Schioppa & Assad 2006- Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex encode economic value; ►Yang, T.& Shadlen, M.N. 2007: Probabilistic reasoning by neurons; ►Anderson et al. 2007- Environmental signal integration by a modular AND gate; ►Molenaar et al. 2009- Shifts in growth strategies reflect tradeoffs in cellular economics; ►Mehta et al. 2009- Information processing and signal integration in bacterial quorum sensing; ►Perkins & Swain 2009- Strategies for cellular decision-making; etc.). From these studies it is argued that: “the cellular decision-making can only be

probabilistic and occurs at three levels. First, cells must infer from noisy signals the probable current and anticipated future state of their environment. Second, they must weigh the costs and benefits of each potential response, given that future. Third, cells must decide in the presence of other, potentially competitive, decision-makers.” (Perkins & Swain 2009, p.1).

2- Information building and its transmission to the next generation is greatly appreciated by all beings. That is why they have developed very sophisticated genetic information storage and transmission systems. The reason behind the development of mirror-cells (Rizzolatti et al. 2001) in animals is the greediness to the information-potential of the parents.

3- Even animals like insects (ants, bees, etc.) try to educate their offspring with the information they have gathered (Dejean et al. 2005, Franks & Richardson 2006, etc.)

Finally, the physical experiments mentioned above show clearly that even sub-atomic-units do not behave randomly, but gather information about their environment and make probabilistic calculations to determine their behaviors.

Considering all those facts together, one should wonder:i- Why physicists have assumed that subatomic particles are lifeless and dull objects.

Why do physicists do not consider sub-atomic-units with such extraordinary abilities as primary living objects?

ii- Why do biologists and palaeontologists continue to consider evolution to be a result of randomly occurring mutations?

The reason behind this attitude lies in the way dynamical systems develop. In dynamical systems, order-parameters of each newly developed system (paradigms of humans) have a slaving influence on the components, as indicated in section 4.3. Humans have become traditionally programmed to attribute conscious and cognitive behaviour only to humans and supernatural beings. They are not aware of the cognitive and conscious behaviour of smaller components like cells or subatomic units.

When humans are faced with a choice involving a paradigm change, they will almost invariably choose the alternative that will save the paradigm, regardless of the evidence. This is valid for scientists too. Arp (1998, p. 228) says: “Can we count on conventional science always choosing the incorrect alternative between two possibilities? I would vote yes, because the important problems usually require a change in paradigm which is forbidden to conventional science,”

That is the reason behind our biased life-views.

9. The Main Cause of Anti-Social Behaviours Among Humanity

All beings encapsulated within a border are forced to interact with each other and establish a special system with their own regulation rules. These regulation rules are called as order

parameters. Order parameters are established in mutual interactions of all components; therefore, all components obey this final result. This rule is a natural law, being valid among all beings ranging from atoms to molecules, cells, animals and societies. This natural law is summarized as information & self-organisation in synergetics and let us understands the bottom-up organisation system ruling in the universe (atoms generate field, field slaves atoms.)

Whereas the natural organizations are constructed and ruled according to this natural law, humans have organized their social structures quite differently: from top to bottom. In these organizations, until French revolution, the ownership of homelands was ascribed to lords, kings, sultans, etc. accepted as a noble creature thought to be related to a holy creator. After French revolution the notion of nobility is exterminated, but the top-down organisation of societies remained in tact.

When the organisation of societies is from top to bottom, all actions are made, as if the society has an invisible owner at the top. But the societies should belong to the people. All creatures have an innate drive to belong -to aggregate- to something. Therefore animals live in herds or flocks. This affiliation-drive to something above itself is the reason that externalised people tend to aggregate in special kind of bands to satisfy their affiliation drive. When the organisation system of societies is ordered in this way, that a bureaucratic circle claims the possession of the state and people are treated as non- trustworthy components, that will lead to aggregation of the externalised people in anti-social bands. Hence, all anti-social organisation and criminal behaviours are the results of this faulty life view of humans, being inherited from their ancestors.

The modern technological innovations have brought humans in close contacts at global levels, leading to both beneficial and harmful actions. Therefore the living environment of humans go beyond the borders of their own state and became the whole world. Therefore, humanity needs a new order-parameter, being valid among all states in the world. A common order-parameter for all humanity can be established only, when it is based on natural scientific data. Synergetic system envisions such a common order-parameter. When all nations negotiate with others on the base of natural scientific data, there will be a consensus on a global order-parameter for future, with the result that all humans will be educated with a common life-view, that they are all participants and co-owner of the global social life. This will eliminate anti-social behaviours among humanity.

The traditional methods of crime-preventions or struggles are like hunting mosquitoes with single slaps. The proposed synergetic model based on natural scientific rules envisions desiccating the lake where mosquitoes can thrive.

9.1. A case study

The following information in a newspaper announced an unusual event, occurring in Turkey in 2005; and such events occur in all parts of our world:

“During 1996 through inciting efforts of the late Recep Yazıcıoğlu, governor of the district Erzincan, afforestation attempts were initiated in the Village Kılıçkaya (Erzincan). All villager of Kılıçkaya participated in this afforestation attempt and they planted ca. 35000 tree of different kinds like pine, acacia, poplar, walnut, etc. on an area of 85 000 m2. In the following 10 years they well-cared these trees and the area became a well afforested green land. After 10 years of striving the villagers made a petition to the governorship concerning the beneficiary-rights of this area. Their request was rejected, and additionally they sentenced to pay a fine of 422 million TL for the afforestation of an area belonging to the State.”

As seen, the request of the villagers is rejected and over and above they are punished for the action of transforming a sterile land area into a productive land. Why? Because the laws are ordering this. Why are the laws ordering this? Because they are formulated according to a top-down organisation style of life. In this form of thinking, every system must have a possessor above it. Because the order parameter of systems has an enslaving force on all its parts, -that will be

explained in the following chapters- no one can come on the idea to pose the following questions to the relevant authorities: Who is state? What is made the state of? Who planted and reared the trees? Does exist another kind of person except the people it encompasses, claiming rights of priority of public goods? Etc..

When the life views of people are in top-down order and the laws are organized in this manner, then the whole burden and responsibility of development is on the shoulder of administrative circle at the top. The majority of people feel themselves as irresponsible of their future planning. Over and above, for the externalised people, the public goods are something to pillage, public orders and laws are something to violate. Then they don’t belong to people themselves. In this manner different kinds of anti-social behaviours occur everywhere.

As seen, in all traditional societies the laws are ordered according to a top-down organisation structure, then the that natural system of life is thought to be from top-to bottom. Therefore all laws and regulations are organized in the manner to protect an invisible possessor. The reason behind such an anti-natural organisation is the faulty life-view about the development and organisation of natural systems. That is the reason that not long ago, all public goods were dominated by lords, sultans, kings or alike, considered to be of a noble (holy) origin, belonging to a top structure (supra natura). After the French revolution in 1789 the nobility-vulgarity differentiation among humans were abandoned and fraternity-equality-liberty among all humans accepted. Although all humans were accredited with would-be equal rights in the social life, the ownership of state was held in the possession of the bureaucratic circle at the top and the laws were not organized in the manner that all citizens of the state were accredited to be co-proprietors of the whole system. Lordship, kingship, etc. were removed, but the top-down organisation of the state, and hence of the laws, remained. That is the reason that in the democratically administrated countries too, the persons elected to top positions are treated as lords, whereas ordinary people treated as non-trustworthy. Therefore the applied democracies differ from authoritarian kingships only in that: in democracies people elect the top persons periodically; in kingships, inheritance determines the kings. But the real difference should be: all citizens should be accredited to be co-proprietors of the whole system.

9.2. Life systems are dependent on lower-level structures, because the information is stored only in lower-level structures!!!!

According to the traditional view of life, lower-levels are dependent on upper-levels; that is the reason that they established social life organisation from top to bottom.

Just that contradictory influencing system is the source of most (if not all) social problems of humans.

Because;- the constructors, as well the designers of our bodies are their cells insides of them; - and those cells determine and solidify the order parameters of the body they construct

according the data gathered by their sensory organs;- by giving them the faulty information that life systems are dependent on upper-level

structures;- they organize and solidify the network structures of the brain according to those

information;- after this is done in childhood, these order parameters enslaves the humans in their later

life.

That is the main problem humans are confronted. We are enslaved by faulty order parameters. The only way to get out of this vicious circle is to make new by-pass circuits in our brains, to circumvent those faulty synapse-structures.

Are we ready to do it?

If not; then the following social problems will never solved entirely:1- due to top-down influencing model; humans neglect mutual and reciprocal relations

between them; result: weakness in social structure due to reduction of required communication;

2- due to top-down influencing model; humans get passive; result: difficulties in establishing democracies, requiring active behaviour in all aspects;

3- due to top-down influencing model; humans tend to laziness; result: decrease in productivity underdeveloped societies discomfort tumult and uproar;

4- they identify themselves with top position and insist on their own ideas in their relations with others; obstinacy and stubbornness get unavoidable;

5- because the upper-levels accept themselves as possessors of the lower-levels, they make top-down organization systems; the majority of people feel themselves as excluded und “the properties of state are immense, who don’t get it, is stupid” system arose; public goods are maltreated

6- humans are social beings, and each social animal has the innate tendency to make some upper-level affiliations. When they feel themselves as excluded from the society, then they aggregate in very different settings, giving rise to different kind of anti-social bands like mafia, etc.

7- information is necessary to do or construct something; when people are habituated to get their problem solved by upper-levels, information producing potential of societies diminishes; the result is underdevelopment;

8- being educated with the assumption that they are dependent on some upper-level things, humans lost their integration with their cells and most of its potential capabilities get crippled; individuals are deficient of self-confidence;

9- etc.,,

All these anti-social behaviours can be eliminated by a single operation: establishing a natural life system procedure! Then in natural life development:

- all components are co-operators of the structure to construct;- all are involved and everybody is accredited as co-owner of the system; no one is

externalised or privileged.

If the life view of a population is like that defined above, and everyone see himself as co-owner of the society; then no one could make any harmful action against his own possessions, nor tolerate any harmful action by others.

In natural life development all lower-level components make information exchange between them and make a compromise, called order parameter; afterward they obey this order parameter (order parameter slaves the individuals). In this manner animals have built either real societies like ants, bees, corals, etc., or they come together to build herds or flocks like that of fishes or cows.

9.2. How to Bring Humans to Common Solutions?

A drive to harmony exists in all beings in nature. To illustrate this instinctive motive in inorganic world let see the experiment observed first by Dutch physicists C. Huygens in 1665.

Take two pendulum clocks; one going forward and other being slow. When you put these clocks on opposite sides of the room, one go forward and other is slow. But when you hang them side by side as shown in figure, within a half an hour or so, they start to tick in synchrony, indicating the right time!

In animate world, this synchronization drive is more diverse and more developed. Firefly flashes or synchronous

run away of fish flocks are a few examples. The mathematical principles of this synchronization drive are summarized as follows: (Strogartz & Stewart 1993, Wınfree 1987), (Coupled Oscillators and Biological Synchronization):

1- The width of frequency distribution should not exceed a limited range;2- The strength of coupling should be as great as possible.

Those are the essentials of cooperative behaviours among humans: 1- Having nearly the same life view (nearly the same frequency band)2- Being in close relationships.

The second condition is already achieved by the modern technological innovations and population increase among humans.

For the first condition, the here proposed natural life system might provide a basis for discussion. A more detailed work about this topic is prepared by the author in Turkish and is obtainable by (isgedik@ktu.edu.tr).

10. Conclusion:

Our bodies are constructed with the same atoms or molecules that formed our ancestors, as pointed out by Patel (2008, p. 188): “All living organisms are made up of atoms. … In all the biochemical processes, they just get rearranged in different ways. Each of us would have a billion atoms that once belonged to the Buddha, or Genghis Khan, or Isaac Newton. … We easily see that it is not the atoms themselves but their arrangements in complex molecules, which carry biochemical information. … In the flow of biochemical processes, living organisms synthesize and break up various molecules, by altering atomic arrangements. The biochemical information resides in what molecules to use where, when and how. Characterization of this information is rather abstract, but central to the understanding of life. To put it succinctly: Hardware is recycled, while software is refined!”

With time the information and energy potential of matters are changed. That leads inevitably to changes of targets (attractors of dynamical systems theory). Therefore each new being re-arranges its atoms or molecules to adapt itself to the new targets. Evolution developed in that manner; and beings were selected by the tunnelling abilities of sub-atomic-units, these being the main proprietors of all energy sources in our universe.

A very interesting relationship exists between lower-level units and upper-level-units. Lower-level-units such sub-atomic-particles are not dead or dull objects, but very active beings, oscillating many trillions times per second and interacting thereby with their environment.

►1- They are aware of all actions in their environments and behave accordingly. If something (e.g. an upper-level-structure like a human being) tries to make something with them, they sense its intention and act accordingly. Physicists say that: “its wave structure decohered”.

►2- They have the ability to act in collaboration through the EPR effect. For example, when two photons produced at one source are sent to opposite direction (for example one is sent towards Europe and the other towards Africa). When a person in Europe uses this photon for a destructive purpose (the wave structure becoming decohered in this sense), then the other photon, encountering somewhere in Africa, acts in a destructive manner too.

When we consider those basic peculiarities of subatomic units, then we should behave accordingly. All beings in our world are in a very intricate relationship to each other. We all are dependent on the energy sent from the Sun. When someone in Europe or America use those photons from the Sun for a destructive purpose, than the entangled photons encountering the body of a person in Africa or Asia will have a deleterious effect on this body too. Therefore we humans must have life-views corresponding and reflecting the realities of nature. We all, humans and other

beings, are living on the same space-ship called Earth. We should not have different life-views if we intend to optimise our life conditions. That is an urgent challenge for the scientist all around the world to develop a consensus about the system of natural developments..

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(The following manuscript was written for a special meeting at the end of 2004)

OLDER WORKS Why humans have difficulties in constructing a reliable

social structure?Bees have done it, ants have done it, corals have done it, bryozoans have done it. They all

have perfect social organisations. Humans consider themselves as the most intelligent being among all creatures in the world, but they couldn’t establish a firm social structure yet. Why? The answer of this question will be given in the following chapter. Communal

All our actions are guided by our cells; these are our cells that store the huge information how to construct and maintain the order of our bodies. Cells are very dense packs of information gathered and stored during billions of years of tiresome efforts to monitor the changeovers around them. What change occurred first and what one followed them; in which order they follow each other; what must occurs first and what has to follow to get to this or to that results; who or what depends on others; etc. This kind of information storage are inherent in all beings and their information is stored in the material structure and composition of beings.. Therefore, the beings are changing their composition and structure according to their environments. That is the reason that a term “quorum sensing” was coined, to catch the attention that an organism is able to sense all factors for its basic existence and grow there.

The researches done in the last century revealed that that information is stored in structural-compositions of beings (Kandel (2001)

i- indicating that the informational system in nature increases exponentially in integrative manner. Because the derivations of exponential functions remain always exponential, the information potential must have its roots at still smaller domains. The smallest domain is the subatomic realm. Hence the subatomic particles must have a basic information potential, being the source of all further developed informational levels.

ii- describing the time as results of changeovers

The integrative and exponentially growing nature of information development (Gedik, 1998) implies that information potential and processing of beings are evolving with time.

Our bodies are designed, constructed and restored by their cells. Cells in their turn are constructed by still smaller components.

We humans are evaluating our world with our sensory organs. Our sensory organs consist of cells; and cells, on their turn, are evaluating their world with their organelles, consisting of different molecules, mainly proteins. Proteins are sensible to different factors: some act as switches turning on or off according to variations in temperatures, pressure, etc.; some others convert different kinds of energy into others, etc..

Molecules are made of atoms, and each atom has its own peculiarities. And lastly, all atoms consist of the same basic subatomic particles.

Chicken-egg relations and information flow between them get very important in that point. Because our cells control our behaviors, and they determine this control in accordance to data we deliver them with our sensory organs, we humans are wholly responsible for the appropriateness of their evaluations systems.

It is evident, that each system evaluates its surroundings with the same basic components described by physicists and chemists. That means that all life beings evaluate or measure their environments with the same measuring device! Therefore, there exist consensus on naturally occurring phenomena or objects.

Now lets look at the non-matching situations. Our cells are building their evaluation system in accord to the sensory inputs. There are many different culture and traditions among humans. Each one very different from the others. They are giving to their children their own culture and the brain-cells of their people are then networked accordingly. That why humans cannot get agreements on some topics.

Humans consider themselves as being the only conscious life-beings on

the Earth. But consciousness is a matter of relativity. The consciousness of a highly mentally retarded man is less then that of a dog. Therefore a clear-cut definition of consciousness is not feasible. When we define consciousness as: the fact of being aware of factors or forces acting or influencing on an item

and its behavior according to them, then we have to accept that all kind of beings have their own consciousness level.

Make the following experiment: Take two minerals like that shown in figure (above). Then, rub the surfaces

with emery paper and get round marbles of them, shown in figure (middle). When you hang these marbles of pyrite and quartz in a pot with solutions of very different chemical compounds, including the ions of pyrite and quartz; then after a due time,

the rounded marbles grows to regular crystals of pyrite or quartz respectively (figure below). This growth is not randomly. Each corresponding ion in the solution communicate with the

bulk-crystal-material; sense the orientations of it’s crystallographic “a, b, c “axes, etc.; accumulate more at points where more damage to original crystal shape occurred, etc. Consequently, there is a mutual information exchange between the bulk-crystal-material and each single ion. Each single ion

must go to a very precise point and attach itself just at that point. Hence there exist a mutualness and target-dependency of the informational waves.

As shown by crystallographic experiments, each molecule has the ability to sense the crystallographic structures in its environment and attach itself according to these data. In this process they use the wave and polarization

characteristic of photons as communication tools. That is not all of the existing informational wave systems. There is symmetry in all matters. In

most minerals there exist a symmetry center. For example, the pyrite crystals have a symmetry center in their middle. But quartz crystal shown in figure above don’t have a symmetry center; that why, they must have another crystal twins being symmetrical to this one, like left-right hand symmetry. This is called enantiomorphism in crystallography. If a right-crystal developed at one place, then a left-crystal has to develop somewhere else!!!! There fore, another kind of an informational wave for quartz crystals must exist in the environment, enabling the conservation of the symmetry. That is the entanglement at mineralogical level!!!

The velocity and polarization of electromagnetic waves in minerals are not uniform. As shown in figure at right, light propagate with different velocities in different directions, so that an ellipsoidal wave front establish. The polarization of light is different in different directions too. The results of these asymmetries are that the energy distributions within minerals get polarized. Because each mineral has a

different crystallographic structure, there exist different kind of energy distribution anomalies. This give rise to the development of very different stress (or force) types in solid materials. The piezoelectricity or pyroelectricity of minerals is the results of this kind of polarities. E.g., the mineral tourmaline get electrically charged when the environmental temperature changes, as shown in figure at left.

In this manner, all kind of matters in nature are in mutual interactions with each other. The most basic unit of interactions are photons being carrier of electromagnetic forces. When a

photon encounter a matter, it activates the electrons at the outer shell of atoms or molecules; the energized electrons make first a jump to other orbits, re-emits another photon to its surrounding and then returns back. These movements of electrons lets vibrate the atoms or molecules. The vibrations of molecules lead to frictional forces; and frictional forces lead to temperature and pressure development! Temperatures or pressures are new kind of interactions being used only in upper-level system like atmosphere or oceans; for atoms or molecules they haven’t any meaning. We have to evaluate the different properties of minerals like piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, paramagnetism-diamagnetism, etc. in this respect: These new properties of minerals are transmitters of different force-fields to basic electro-magnetic force system.

Similar force or energy transferring systems exist in organic world too, as seen in figure at left. They show more diversifications.

THE MUTUALNESS AND TARGET-DEPENDENCY OF THE INFORMATIONAL SYSTEM

Fundamental particles of matters are mutually dependent: Up-quarks communicate with down-quarks, charm-quarks with strange-quarks, protons with electrons, etc.

The mutualness and target-dependency of the informational system exist in living systems too. An accidentally dissected leg can be attached to the body, and billions of nerve-fibers, blood-vessels, etc. connections are re-established, in a mutual sensing and connecting with their counter parts respectively. All proteins constructed in a cell are tagged with an address-tag, (Nobel-prize for Physiology 1999, Blobel).

The mutualness and target-dependency of the informational system exist at subatomic levels too!!! Look at the behavior of a photon in 2-slit experiments. When detectors are located at the slits to detect which way the photons take, a detector at D clicks always, when one of detectors in A or B clicks. There are a lot of points to go, but the photons go to detector in D.

INFORMATION AS FORCE-ACTIVATORS All facts and phenomena are guided with the aid of information.

A still laying man get alerted and sprung up when some signals (information) are gathered from the environment.

When we will make something, we first try to get information about it.An animal looking for food observes the environment around it and tries to get information,

and acts according to this information.A simple cell (e.g. a bacterium) tries to get information about the ion concentration around it

and behaves accordingly.Even at atomic and subatomic levels, the behaviours are controlled with information.

As seen by the examples cited above, it is the information signals that activate the forces. The information signals correspond to the “bosons” of physicists, accepted as force carriers.

Information as a software to construct something (=“know-how” signals)

Suppose you are writing a letter to your child, to explain how to make something. Getting this letter and applying all indicated points your child can fulfil great works! But without those instructions, he or she can't do anything. Here lies the importance of knowledge, which is a senseful combination of words; a product of tiresome, intricate works, achieved by consuming so much energy. Hence, all kinds of knowledge (be it of humans or of cells) are established by testing. Therefore we can say that "knowledge" is compressed and condensed experiences, in fulfilling the tasks with less efforts and time than before. Genes are the equivalents of such "letters": cells store their experiences in the form of DNA codes and hand them over to their descendants, so that they can make use of them and expend not so much effort and time in fulfilling the presumed task, as their parents have spent for gathering that "knowledge".

In order to understand the contents of a letter or a report, humans need education. A report with important information does not have any value for someone without read-write abilities, whereas it is very valuable for others with such abilities. This read-write ability is obtained by development of encoder-decoder programs between sensory data and information-processing units of brains. The actors of these encoder-decoder developments are the cells of our bodies. Data collected by sensory organs are broken into pieces and converted into DNA codes of the cells.

A force-field between two item develops, when there exists an information exchange between them; i.e. when there exist a sender-receiver system between them. A sender-receiver system means an information exchange between them. Hence force-fields correspond to information flow-paths.

To understand the timesaving effects of knowledge, make the following thought-experiment: There are two large newly discovered identical islands in the tropical Pacific capable to accommodate millions of humans. We decide to investigate the role of information-level on the developmental stages of human culture and settle, on each of these islands, equal numbers of humans with different information levels, say 1000 on each island. For this purpose, 1000 identical twins are selected and separated from each other at their birth. First 1000 twins are educated in good developed human societies with different jobs & professions; the other 1000 twins are grown up in wilderness without any human interactions. At the age of 22, these populations, all-naked but with different information level, are transferred to the islands. What will be the future development of these identical environments, considering different levels of information of their human-populations?

Educated humans will surely self-organize easily; someone will make fire, someone will collect food, someone will look for raw materials for mining purposes, someone will look for clay minerals to make pots and briquette, etc. After 2 or 3 generations they will reach a cultural level corresponding to The Middle-Ages (or higher) of humanity. Non-educated population will need enormous time to establish a common language to communicate with each other. After this long time elapse, they must first discover farming and stockbreeding. Then they have to discover the mining, etc. Consequently, they will need thousands of years to reach cultural level of The Middle-Ages.

Information as creator of value: Suppose a report about a very effective motor-construction. In the hands of an educated person, it has a high value; he can fulfil great works with it! But in the hands of a person without read-write-abilities, it has no value? And what is the difference between these extreme situations? The difference lays in the organisations of brain-cells: Persons with appropriate education in reading have developed a neuronal network being alerted when confronted with appropriate writings; whereas not educated brains do not respond to such items. The result is that The Value arises as a result of information processing system. And values build attractor points in natural self-organisation-processes.

Information as activator of forces: How do two animals behave when they see each other? There occurs an information (signal) exchange between them. The cells at retina layer of the eye transmit these signals to the appropriate parts of the brains for information processing. According to the results, the animals come together or they avoid one-other. Furthermore, a cow may release an arousal in a bullock, but not in a ram. Adenine exerts a force on thymine, but not on cytosine or guanine. Consequently, it is the results of information processing that create a special force and force-development is information-sensitive.

Physicists had put it correctly: “All matters attract or repel each other directly proportional to their potential values (charges, etc.) and inversely proportional to the quadrate of the distance between them.” The meaning of this statement is very clear: All items are mutually influencing each other and the result of their interactions is the ruling force in that system. There is no other (external) factor(s), which determine(s) their behaviour or destiny. The renowned physicist Milo Wolff (1995) says: “Particle properties require perception-communication between particles.   If there were no means for each particle to sense the presence of other matter in its universe, the required dimensional relationships above could not be established. How can a particle possess a property which is dependent on other particles, if there is no way for the particles to impart their presence to each other?    Without communication, each particle would be alone in its own separate universe.   Therefore continual two-way   perceptive communication between each particle and other matter in its universe is needed to establish the laws of nature.”

Information develops at increments, each step depending on previous ones. Information consists of signals, independent of any body or material. It is transferred from one body to the others,

from one cell to the next. For example, Newton has formulated his famous laws about 3.5 centuries ago. This information is then transmitted through generations and developed further by others, and in our days, space-vehicles or satellites constructed with the aids of this basic information are traversing interstellar realms. The same situation is continuing in the development of life system throughout the earth history. A gene as an information chip is transmitted from one cell to the next, being modified according to the changeovers in the environment and so developed ever further. Information is the only continuously existing and developing system of nature, whereas matter components of nature are in a continuous changeover states, constructed, destroyed and re-constructed in accordance with the level of existing information potential. Information is not restricted to matters or individuals; similar to an information given at a conference and influencing all listeners, information is a floating signal system.

Our universe consists of many “semi-closed” box-systems, each one having its own first-order parameter(s). E.g. Sun and its planets are a semi-closed system with their own first-order parameter-sets. The Earth is a part of this system, but it has its own special first-order-parameter-sets. North and south half globe of our Earth have their own circulation patterns, hence, build different interacting sub-systems (with different first-order-parameter-sets). Mediterranean or Black Sea have their own circulation patterns; hence have their own first order-parameter-sets. A lake in Anatolia has its own circulation system; hence its own first-order-parameter-sets. A fish in this lake has its body wall with its own first-order parameter-sets. An organ within this fish-body, e.g. liver, has its own semi-closed membrane with its own first-order-parameter-sets. The organs consist of cells and each cell has its own first-order-parameter-sets. Cells consist of organelles or alike, each one having its own first-order-parameter-sets. The organelles consist of molecules, and molecules have their

own first order parameters. Molecules consist of atoms, and they have their own first order parameters.

Order parameters are information containing the necessary data for the enclosed items. Suppose the situations in a pot of water heated from below. When water molecules are informed that they get heated from bottom, they begin to interact with each other absorbing and re-emitting the signals from the heat waves. After a due time of mutual interactions, they find the optimized order parameter

containing the necessary information for all molecules in the pot. Every molecule of water get the information from this order-parameter-set, with which velocity where to go. In this manner order develops from a chaotic situation. The same rules are valid for the functioning of lasers.

Information systems develop in bottom-up order. Because information concerns only the items enclosed in the system, informational waves must be target dependent. An object sending a signal to communicate or find a “partner”, send it in all directions around itself. Where it encounter a resonating target, it get absorbed and can trigger some response; but all other wave packets fining no resonating targets, are superfluous and lost energies, building “noise” in the environment.

It is very probable that all physical interactions are governed by the informational nature of the particles. The smallest particle with minimal momentum (quanta, string?) may have the greatest wavelength, interacting and resonating with the whole universe (fulfilling the Mach-principle), the next one interacting and resonating with smaller ones in this system, etc. And the whole system being in mutual interaction according to chicken and egg relations!!!

The Nature is a self-regulating and self-organizing system. This self- regulation and self-organization take shape by mutual interaction of all constituents through information exchange according to chicken-egg relations.

When humans had considered and evaluated the facts cited in the foregoing paragraphs together, they should have a self-assembling social order system, lacking any authority but based solely on information gathering. But it isn't so. Why?

The answer is again in the cellular nature of humans: The whole system is a self-organizing

synergetic one. Our bodies are designed and produced by their cells; and cells are aware of the fact that they are living in a continuously changing and transforming nature. To make their offspring adaptable to their new environmental conditions, the offspring is outfitted with the instinctive behaviour to accept the first data they get from their sensory organs as most important factor in their future. That is the reason why a chick hatchelled from its egg, accepts the first moving object around itself as its closest relative. (The enslaving of different animals is fulfilled in the same manner.) Information (necessary for decision or organization) is gathered by sensory organs. If the

data gathered by sensory organs are not appropriate to the realities of the living environments, the evaluation-system-construction (networking) of cells in our bodies will be inevitably defective!!! Animals have developed mirror-cells (Rizolatti et al. 2001) to copy the behaviours of their parents. If some of the behaviours of our ancestors are faulty, their descendants automatically copy them and this fault turns into a social illness. That is the problem of our societies. Then the first data fed into our sensory organs by our parents or community is not a self-organizing synergetic one!Forces directing or moving any object are activated by information-signals. Hence human behaviours are controlled by information they get during their education.

Time and space developments are irreversible. As evidenced by geological records, the development of our world shows a clear-cut unidirectional evolution. This polarity is

observed both in organic and inorganic structures of the Earth. The organic content was evolved from simple, small prokaryotic cells to complex, big structures like eukaryotic cells, cell-colonies (animals) and animal-colonies (societies). The polarity in the inorganic system is manifested in the different levels of geological formations of the lithosphere, getting more complex, diversified and thicker in one direction.

“Know-how” can be called also as “creation-potential”. In this case, we must revise our traditional creation or evolution concept and redefine them. Creative forces are exponentially developing information systems, being in mutual interdependency and interaction with all existing items. But traditional creative power is accepted as “Big, all-knowing, all-mighty, eternally-constant and independent, influencing externally the items.”

Because creation-potential starts at sub-atomic levels and increases and diversifies with their integrations (in accordance with the rules of “theory of integrative levels”), the evolution of organic world must be accomplished purposefully, not by random mutational development. Natural selection taught in biological textbooks excludes the active (conscious) involvement of the life-beings in constructions of their genetic codes. The developments of genetic codes are attributed to random mutations, and the fate of the life-beings is thought to be determined by external factors (nature). Hence, current natural selection does not accept any active, conscious contributions of the organism. But “nature” is a cumulative interaction system of many small components in a synergetic order; it cannot be assumed as external or extrinsic! The organisms develop their information system (genetic codes) by themselves, in mutual interaction with their environment. Therefore the term “natural

selection” should be strictly avoided, because it denies the active (conscious) involvement of the organism in the evolution processes.

CONCLUSION1- Information is the most basic elements to construct something, nothing is possible without it. Learning or information gathering consist of rearrangement of atoms or molecules in our bodies, in order to make a resonating structure to match the signals received from outer environment. That means, when something is learned, new synapses are constructed between the appropriate nerve cells, and a new type of protein is synthesized enabling the appropriate signal transfer between ligands and receptors, representing the new information. In this operation, the existing amino-acids in our bodies get re-organized, creating a new structure being able to resonate with signal received.

2- The re-organisation of atoms and molecules in our bodies take shape in different times at different levels. The process is quite similar to the steps of a house- construction. First of all is the main frame of the building established, then each floor will be worked out in details afterwards. The constructors of our bodies are working in the same manner by constructing its conscious behavioral structure. The main frame of behaviors are set by childhood, and at later stages come the fine works and specialization. Lets explain this with an example:After the denouncement of neighbors, a 13 year old girl (Genie) was found in 1970 in a chamber in California/USA, naked and handcuffed to a stool. The mother was deaf-and-dumb, and the father was a psychopath. Annoyed bye the cry of the child (Genie), he interned the girl at the age of 1.5 in a chamber, and handcuffed to a stool. He forbid the mother all actions except that of food and cleaning. Genie subsist there under those condition until she was 13. By her uncovering she was a real helpless creature, being unable to speak, chew, orient, etc. common to normal humans. She was given to the care and education of a specialist. After 7 years of intensive education, she could learn to speak very poorly, comparable to linguistic abilities of a 2 years old child. The space orientation abilities remained very restricted too: She could go to a shop only one corner away from her settlement. Otherwise she gets lost.

This experience shows clearly that, the childhood is a very important epoch in education of our cells, to construct an adaptable body to the environmental conditions around ourselves. If the appropriate educations are not given at this stage, (or false educations are given), then at later epochs no improvements, readjustments or alike are possible.

3- The main frame building at childhood must include the regulation and organisation systems of the nature, too. In other words, the direction of dependency between life systems, cell-body, human-society, etc.

A man constructing a hammer with stuffs like twigs, stone and strings around, consider himself as the creator and master of this hammer. Similarly, he assumes that our world is created by a very big, omnipotent and omniscient creator, being the lord of this world. But the situation is not so. We humans are constructing a hammer, because our cells inside of our bodies urge us to do so. For better understanding of this fact, let us see the sexual behaviors of beings. No one of us has been asked, to be born. The same situation is valid for other beings like dogs, or cats. When some cycles of natural events returns, some molecules get activated and trigger special reactions within certain cells; this in turn triggers other reactions within bodies, so that the bodies are urged to go after some cues, and then …

4- Interactions between all natural objects take place with the aid of informational signals. These informational signal packets could have any different frequency with any different amplitudes. The intensities of these signals make up the force fields of the physicists, or the ether of philosophers. Each being in nature is able to detect all signals relating itself and behave accordingly. This is the

reason that a plumb orient itself in perpendicular fashion on a big flat land. But if this plumb is moved toward a high mountain range, then it begins to deflect from the perpendicular and inclines

toward the mountain-root. Even a dead object like a plumb is able to sense the mass and distances of all existing materials around itself and orients itself according to the formula: m1.m2/r2. Therefore, all matters in the nature sense all signals relating itself and there exist an universal tie between all matters of nature."The inertia of any system is the result of the interaction of that system and the rest of the universe. In other words, every particle in the universe ultimately has an effect on every other particle." Mach’s Principle can be viewed as an entire universe being altered by changes in a single particle -- much in the same manner as hurricanes and tornadoes occurring in Florida because of an El Nino weather pattern in the Pacific Ocean, or perhaps more aptly, the flapping of a butterfly’s wings in Peru causing rains in Kansas,

Therefore information development and communication is not unique to humanity. It exists for all matters.

The development of information-growth take shape in distinct forms as special packets belonging only to this restricted assemblages. Each chemical element has its own information packets; each molecule, each cell, each taxon, etc. have their

own information packets. Similarly humanity has its own information-packet, being still under construction, as seen in figure at left. It is still growing in an exponential rate. But each exponential growth must have an end, indicated as a red-dotted line in figure.

Until this point of saturation and solidification is reached, humanity will create many more information and build many new products, being some of them beneficial but some others harmful to the whole of humans or nature. Those technological innovations will surely reach a critical point, where the harmful effects get unbearable, whereas their beneficial effects become indispensable, like internet communications, and internet viruses, spams, etc. Human population will still increase too, and environmental and ecological disasters will threat the human life itself.

At this point, humanity will be compelled to find an ecologically and naturally sound system to get a worldwide consensus. And that will satisfy the statements cited above:

All humans and other creatures are shareholders and copartners of natural life systems. This world is constructed and governed by its components. There is no other lord of nature.

Intelligent Design, Natural Selection or Competitive Information Development and Self-Organisation in Mutual Interactions: Which One Drives the Natural Phenomena?

Two different view about life are common in our societies. According to one view all phenomena are designed and constructed by a divine God, omnipotent and omniscient. The other view suggests a development based on random mutations with the selection of best fitted ones by nature. In both views, the driving force lies outside of the beings.

Physical law state: “All matters attract or repel each other directly proportional to their potential values (charges, etc.) and inversely proportional to the quadrate of the distance between them.” The meaning of this statement is very clear: All items are mutually influencing each other and the result of their interactions is the ruling force in that system. Now let see functioning of this law and the development of an order in a physical experiment.

If there are no differences in temperature between the water in a cup and the environment, the water molecules in cup are rather quiet. But if the cup is heated from bottom, the situation change and water molecules in cup begin to interact with each others quite often. After a due time water in cup starts boiling, whereby gas bubbles are ascending at certain point. The path of these gas bubbles are rather constant, they are seen at the bottom of the cup always at the same point and ascend upwards. They are water molecules, that carry these gas bubbles; hence boiling water molecules take quite distinct paths in the cup, they are loaded with heat at the bottom of the cup and transport it to the upper surface. At the surface the cooled water molecules absorb some gas molecules and carry them to the bottom of the cup. At the bottom, water molecules are heated again and the air molecules are released and they ascend together to the surface.

Heat is transmitted with heat photons. When heat photons reach water molecules, they influence the electrons around the water molecules and the electrons start to oscillate. The vibrations of the electrons influence the behavior of the water molecules and they start to jiggle and so all molecules in the cup begin to influence each other. The interactions between molecules occur mainly through heat waves. Those waves are some times reflected from the wall of the cup and returns to the molecules again. Waves are interfering with each other and so their amplitudes and wavelengths continue to change according to the interactions in the cup-environment. After a due time, the resulting wave became such a shape, that the movements of all water molecules in the cup are so coordinated, that they carry the heat from bottom to the top of the cup, at the most economic manner. In synergetics term, an order parameter is established in the system.

As seen, the interactions between beings are executed with the aids of appropriate signals. In order to establish a stabile rule for the system, all components of the system must be incorporated in mutual signal exchange.

Because the most energy exchange occurs mainly via signal transduction between objects and the speed of signal transmission is very important in this procedure, it is developed a multitude of semi-closed systems starting with atoms and continuing with molecules, cells, bodies of different shapes, colonies, etc. Besides this, each lake, each island, each restricted basin like Black Sea, Mediterranean, Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere, etc are special semi-closed units with their own major energy exchange system. The major energy exchange between each different system occurs with certain delays.

The renowned physicist Milo Wolff (1995) says: “Particle properties require perception-communication between particles.   If there were no means for each particle to sense the presence of other matter in its universe, the required dimensional relationships above could not be established. How can a particle possess a property which is dependent on other particles, if there is no way for the particles to impart their presence to each other?    Without communication, each particle would be alone in its own separate universe.   Therefore continual two-way   perceptive communication between each particle and other matter in its universe is needed to establish the laws of nature.”

(This article was prepared for a special meeting in 2002)

CELLS, HUMANS and SOCIETIES

Our bodies are designed and constructed by their cells. In the same manner, our societies are designed and constructed by their individuals. There exist natural forces  influencing and guiding the

cells and human-individuals by their activities. Therefore, it is important to know the basic concepts of natural developments, then, they have to build the "constitutions" of a healthy social life-styles. All problems (inflation, terrors, unemployment, corruption, etc.) occurring in to-day-societies are the results of this dissonance.

Life-beings are motivated according to certain targets; that is true also for humans. Therefore the goal of humane efforts is to establish a reasonable life-concept on this planet to secure a social life-style. Technological achievements (worldwide-satellite-communications, air-planes, internet, etc.) have interwoven the international relations, in such a way that educationally induced reasoning defects in one country may have disastrous effects in other countries. Consequently, a worldwide applicable interpretation of life is unavoidable.

That was my aim. I tried to unite the different disciplines of sciences into a coherent system. From the fundamental particles of matter to human-societies, the influencing and governing rules of natures are analysed and synthesized into a reliable scheme. Quantum physics, biology, geology, palaeontology, neuro-physiology, anthropology, archaeology are tied together and brought in resonance with biblical Genesis and Plato’s “Timaios and Kritias”.

I investigated the role of cognition in the development of organic world and discovered its exponential nature, formulated approximately as y = k.ebx. From this exponential nature of cognition, I concluded that, due to integrative levels of natural objects, humans, being integration products of cells, cells must have their own cognition-systems too, but with much smaller horizons than humans. (Because, derivations of exponential functions (y = ex) yield always y = ex.) And this prediction was confirmed by palaeontological data.

During this exhausting work I revised and redefined some fundamental concepts like “time” and “life” and coined many new terms like “educative consciousness, hereditary consciousness, reasoning-defects, co-evolutionary restriction factor, etc.”. For example, I redefine “time” as follows:

“All phenomena left some traces behind it. E.g., geologic history of our Earth is stored in the beds deposited in oceans; astrophysical phenomena can be traced back with aid of interstellar radiations, etc. Putting all these data in chronological order, we can establish the world history, looking like this:

“Hundred years ago there were no electrical devices; five thousand years ago no metallic devices; ten thousand years ago no dishes or spoons; 5 million years ago there were no human beings; 100 million years ago, there was dinosaurs instead of mammals and a great ocean (called Thetys) instead of our countries; 500 million years ago there was no terrestrial life at all; 3 billion years ago, no animals and plants; 4.5 billion years ago no life at all on our planet; 5 billion years ago, there was no Earth; and ca. 15 billion years ago, there was nothing from of our universe, but a very dense (energy full) and very small sphere instead, consisting only of sub atomic particles. Taking it all in all, we live in a nature with continuous changes and metamorphosis. "Time" is an indicator of those changes and transformations fulfilled by energy-matter-interactions. Time (and consequently life) was assumed by our ancestors as to be something eternal, connected with the eternality of a creator. But physical researches have revealed, that energy-matter interactions are not stable, especially at quantum-levels, so that space is not stable, but continuously changes; having time as the 4th dimension! Consequently time is the consequence of changeovers due to quantum-physical properties of fundamental particles of matters in universe. If no changeovers, then no time!

(When all things in the cosmos were frozen like in a snapshot and no movements or actions were there, how could we perceive "the time"?) Changes and transformations are first observed by Darwin in animal kingdoms and called evolution. Hence, time is a synonym of evolution. Life, being a span of time, corresponds to the steps of evolutions on Earth! Consequently life isn't

something eternal, but rather represents discrete steps of those changeovers. (From Gedik 1998)”

Under “reasoning defects” I describe: "The main difference between humans and

other animals lies in the constitution of their brains. In all comparable animals (mammals) the brain has relatively more nerve cells for sensory and motor area than in humans. But humans have an extremely well developed, "association area" and less developed motor and sensory area! That means: humans have more cells in their brains for planning, forecasting, etc., than for moving or sensing their

environments. Its results is that all comparable animals could "see, smell, hear, move or sense any way better" than humans; but humans can make more scenarios from the relatively few observational data than other animals. Humans can experience more vivid dreams, more hallucinations; humans can make more speculations, more future-scenarios, etc. than other animals! And that is the Achilles' heel, the weakest point of humans: The few sensory data they gather has to be very reliable! When sensory data reflect exactly the situations of the living environments, then the cells of the association-area can be wired appropriately, so that the developed scenarios match up to the environment. But if the sensory data doesn’t reflect the environmental situations, then the networking of the brain-cells will be not appropriate to the living environment; those brains will have reasoning defects!

Sensory organs like ear, eye, etc. are constructed by the cells to get information about the changeovers in the living environments. Therefore all data transmitted with sensory organs to cells inside of the body must be very reliable! And here lies the crucial point: The cells are aware of the fact that they are living in a continuously changing world, and therefore have left their progeny free in adapting to their new environments: that is why a chick accept the first-moving-object as her mother, an ant accept the first odour as her-own-home's odour, etc. By humans, the first educational

data given during childhood must reflect the environment we are living in! All data not belonging to our environment will create reasoning-defects in the brains of our children, because our cells are created to live in this world and not elsewhere! Here lies the problem: Most humans, giving dogmatic, metaphysical concepts to the information-gathering-cells of their children, creates unintentionally reasoning-defects in their brains, without being aware of this fact! And that is done automatically, via traditions, so that it is turned up into a hereditary social-illness."

“Considering the fact, that not a single scene of the past, earlier periods of our world corresponds to the others, we can clearly assume, that our future will be different from the actual-one. And considering again, that all phenomena are achieved with knowledge (partly inherited, partly new-established), we can assume, that the future of our world will

depend on the cognition-development of humans, then the humans are the only dominant species of our world, influencing all other spheres!”

All things are done or achieved with the aids of knowledge about it. Without knowledge, we are helpless and can’t do anything. As shown in my “knowledge development” diagrams, mentioned above and shown at the right, knowledge is accumulated exponentially by the competition of organism on the changeovers of the natural systems. This diagram let us better understand the development of human-history and make accurate prediction about the future development of humanity: Globalisation of social-life-style is his major prediction at the moment!!! That will be achieved with accumulation and dissemination of appropriate knowledge development about it.

(The following article was presented in “ Toward a science of Consciousness- Fundamental Approaches- Tokyo 1999)

Cell Consciousness, Human Consciousness And Their RelationsABSTRACT.

Hundred years ago there were no electrical devices; five thousand years ago no metallic devices; ten thousand years ago no dishes or spoons; 5 million years ago there were no human beings; 100 million years ago, there was dinosaurs instead of mammals and a great ocean (called Thetys) instead of our countries; 500 million years ago there was no terrestrial life at all; 3 billion years ago, no animals and plants; 4.5 billion years ago no life at all on our planet; 5 billion years ago, there was no Earth; and ca. 15 billion years ago, there was no cosmos at all, but a very dense (energy full) and very small sphere instead, consisting only of sub atomic particles. Taking it all in all, we are living in a continuously changing and metamorphosing nature. "Time" is an indicator of those changes and transformations fulfilled by the flow of energy. (When all things in the world (or cosmos) were frozen like in a snapshot and no movements or actions were there, how could we perceive "the time"?)

All humanity believed to live in a suddenly created and shaped world, until STENO (1669) ascertained "beds" with rests of marine organisms in mountain ranges. So he concluded that our world was shaped and created in marine environments, in continuous steps following each other so that the "lower beds must be older than the overlaying beds". So born the geology - palaeontology and the reconstruction of the earth and life history began.

"Changes and transformations" are first observed by Darwin and Wallace in animal kingdoms and called evolution. Nearly one century later Einstein proved the evolutionary nature of our cosmos and the term time was described also as the 4th dimension indicating the metamorphosing nature of our cosmos. As the consequences of these statements a much shorter definition of time is possible: Time is the indicator of evolutions. Because life is a span of time, then life must be a step of the evolution!

And this evolution is achieved in the following manner.

All phenomena are interplay between matter and energy. By this interplay, energy create polarity in combination-styles of matter, which further increases the combination potential of the created items. The consequence of these polarities are "bonds between units" (which are certain kinds of energy storage). In this manner, each unit adapt itself to the conditions around itself. And so each cell "knows" in which conditions, in which form they have to develop; how many organs to build, etc. Therefore we can say that energy is converted into "knowledge", leading to the phenomena known as "self - assembly" in the organic world. This "knowledge" in the organic world is written with A(denine) - T(hymine) and C(ytosine) - G(uanine), which are called "the 4 nucleotides or bases". These nucleotides also have polarised structures and can be attached to each other by "covalent diester bonds" enabling long polynucleotide chains (DNA or RNA chains). Furthermore they have a second kind of "polarity": "A" can combine with "T" and "C" can combine with "G", so that a double helix structure arise. From the ternary combinations of those four letters are developed the "words" of organic world (amino acids). As expected, these amino acids also are "polarised" and they build long chains of polypeptides by "peptide bonds". Genes came into being in this manner and are considered as "sentences" of the "cell-books".

Suppose you are writing a letter to your child, to explain how to make something. Getting this letter and applying all indicated points your child can fulfils great works! But without those instructions, he or she can't do anything. Here lays the importance of knowledge, which is a senseful combination of words; a product of tiresome, intricate works, achieved by consuming so much energy. Hence all kinds of knowledge (be it of humans or of cells) are established by testing. Therefore we can say that "knowledge" is compressed, condensed experiences, in fulfilling the tasks with less energy than before.

Genes are the equivalents of such "letters": cells store their experiences in the form of DNA codes described above and hand them down to their descendants, so that they can make use of them and not expend so much energy in fulfilling the presumed task, as their parents have spent for gathering this "knowledge".

When an organism grows up, the reproductive organs develop and begin to function, i.e. they begin to re-write their hereditary "knowledge books". Each cell in the body has a "copy" of this book and the "jobholders" begin with the "re-writing". The "germinal epithelium cells" of the reproductive organs (ovary or testis) produce the first "copies" (oögonia or spermatogonia). Those are processed further within the body and the existing conditions of the environment are reflected to the writings. Because the living conditions of organism are due to continuous changes, the copies are produced always under different conditions and these changes are imperatively reflected to the copies. Therefore each "new cell-book" has more or less differences from those of their ancestors. For this reason each new-born has more or less different outlook than their parents.

All life processes are evolutionary phenomena. All our feelings and emotions are the results of energy transformations: when some things happen and we feel distressed or joyous, then some kind of energy is transformed from one form to another. "Individual lives are evolutionary steps" and "evolution" is inherent in all life-processes. Therefore, all terms relating life (consciousness, mind, etc.) are considered in this aspect.

We see that each unit of our cosmos (be it molecules, cells, or other smaller or greater units) has the ability to "sense" the conditions and situations around itself and react accordingly. Inorganic matter have a lesser ability in this aspect. A thermostat or a robot can adapt themselves only to a certain range of conditions; they can't make readjustments in their

structures for adaptation to changing conditions around. But organic cells can recognise the changeovers in the environment and make the necessary adjustments in their structures, enabling them to adapt to the new conditions. If we define the consciousness as the ability of a body to be aware of the situations and conditions in and around itself, and to make the necessary adjustments in their structures (or constitutions) for adaptation to the environment and its continuously changing conditions, then we must accept that the cells must have also their own consciousness. Their subjective experiences are reflected in the immense amount of individuals, each one with more or less different genetic codes then others. According to its content, they construct our bodies and determine our thinking and behaviour. (Mentally retarded humans, or babies, are similar to inorganic matters in this respect; they can't solve their problems; therefore their consciousness is not developed.)

In this manner the cells have handed their "experiences" down to their offspring since the begin of life on the earth and today their descendants continue to follow the instructions written in those books and the life cycle goes on. Humans as a member of this life cycle began to develop their own consciousness system and begin to produce their own works as products of their consciousness system, what we call "culture". By this development some control systems over "human - bodies" are transferred from cell-consciousness realm to human-consciousness realm. The most important of them are the controls of "body-covers" (clothing and housing), "food selection and storage" (agriculture and stockbreeding) and "movement" (different transport systems). Consequently, human consciousness should be applied only to human products, and we have to distinguish between "human-cell consciousness" and "human consciousness". If we are still unable to make this distinction, then it is surely due to consciousness defects (or reasoning distortions) being results of inadequacy of our traditional knowledge about the reality.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. ON WHAT KIND AN EARTH WE ARE LIVING?

Once upon a time, there was a village whose people consisted only of blinds. They heard that a strange animal called "elephant" was introduced to the neighbourhood. They were curious about this animal and sent three "inspector" to their neighbourhood. The first blind inspected the "legs" of the animal, the second one the "trunk" and the third one the "ears". They returned to their village and reported their results: The blind who inspected the legs, said: "Elephant is an animal resting on four big trees". The blind who inspected the "trunk" said: "Elephant is an animal with a hosepipe". The blind who inspected the ears, said: "Elephant is an animal with two very fleshy leafs". And the people tried to make a picture of those three different observations.

"Life" is a very complex phenomenon and interdisciplinary approaches (and views from many different area) are needed to get a nearly adequate picture. Aware of this fact, the author (being self a geologist-palaeontologist) has begun nearly 20 years ago, to get appropriate knowledge about astrophysics, quantum physics, neurology, physiology, genetics, molecular biology, theology (Sumerian religions, Old Testament, New Testament, Koran), palaeo-anthropology and archaeology; and tried to make a synthesis. And here is his last essay which is reviewed after Tokyo '99 conference.

1.2. A BRIEF HISTORY OF HUMANITY.

Geological data indicate a doming effect (uplifting of the earth crust) in East Africa about 8-10 million years ago. Because the doming of the Earth crust is coupled with splitting and valley building, the well known East African Rift system was developed with lakes like Tansania, Victoria, Kioga, Rudolf, etc. and rivers like Omo, Havvas, etc..

The consequence of this uplifting of the Earth crust was that the earlier tropical forest conditions changed to a savannah condition and consequently fauna and flora of the region has changed too. The morphological changes in geography affects first the floral compositions and afterwards the faunal compositions. Geological data show that one of the natural elements of the earlier tropical forests, apes on trees, couldn't keep up with the (new) savannah conditions and were obliged to change their life habits from tree climbing to bipedal life, because bipedal life granted a better adaptation to savannah life. So comes a new genus (Australopithecus) into being.

This new genus Australopithecus appeared about 5 million years ago in East African rift valley, had a brain volume of nearly 400-450 cm3 and bore about 4 species until its extinction ca. 1 million years ago. During this time interval, the changeovers in nature continued further and in one branch of this Australopithecus a change toward a greater brain volume took place and an other bipedial species evolved. This new species (with a brain volume of ca. 650 cm3) is assumed to be the ancestor of the human beings and is called Homo habilis. Homo habilis was clever enough to make cutting blades of hard stones (therefore its attribute habilis). About 2 million years ago another species (Homo erectus s.l., including H. ergaster) with a brain volume of ca. 900 cm3 replaced the Home habilis. Homo erectus was clever enough to widen the living environment of bipedal organism from Africa to Asia and Europe, whereas its "cousin" Australopithecus couldn't endure its rivalry and became extinct ca. 1 million years ago. (The increase in brain volume of "Homo" was more in the association area of cortex than in sensory or motor area, in contrast to other mammals.)

The life span of Homo erectus is one of the most turbulent epochs in the world history.

Homo erectus lived in a time, where the Earth climate has underwent very abrupt climatic changes. In this time interval many ice-ages and short-lived interglacial periods between them occurred. During glacial periods huge amounts of marine water evaporated and settled as ice sheets on lands (or mountains). Its consequence was that all shallow marine environments (less then ca.130m depth) came to a state of land. Some marine environments of today's like Persian Gulf, Bering Strait, Aegean Sea, English Channel, etc. became parts of terrestrial environments. In this time interval the individuals of Homo erectus were able to produce knife and axe of hard stones and to control "fire". In a world with such rapid climatic changeovers, ca. 200 thousand years ago a new species of Homo (H. sapiens) with a brain volume of nearly 1400 cm3 evolved. Observational data indicate two different H. sapiens evolution at two different environment: one evolved in cold environment "Homo sapiens neanderthalensis" and one evolved in warm environment "Homo sapiens sapiens". Until nearly 30 thousand years ago both subspecies lived contemporaneously; H. neanderthalensis in colder Europe and western Asia, and H. sapiens in other more warmer parts of the Old World. In the last 30 thousand years H. neanderthalensis disappeared from the scene and H.

sapiens become the only sovereign species on the world.

Now let's look at this last "30 thousand years". As mentioned earlier, 30 thousand years ago there was the last glacial period "Würm"

dominant on the earth and world geography looked like in Figure 1. Northern hemisphere is covered with a thick ice sheet and all shallow marine environments are parts of land area, therefore North America and Asia are connected via Bering "Bridge", there is not a Persian Gulf but a flat land with two rivers flowing through it, etc.. (First human beings migrated in North America via this "Bering bridge" ca. 20 thousand years ago.)

Figure 1: Geography of last glacial period.

In Figure 2 one can see the cultural development of humanity. There is seen clearly that human beings began to develop a remarkable culture only in the last 30 thousand years, and especially in the last 10 thousand years they were able to produce communal works like mining, stockbreeding, agriculture, pottery, etc.. Archaeological data let pinpoint when and where the first urbanisation have

started (see Figure 2). As seen in the figure the first urbanisation started ca. 10 thousand years ago in the SW Asia and spread from this centre to other parts of the world. For example, NW Europe reached the same culture level ca. 3 thousand years later.

Figure 2: Archaeological data showing the locality of first civilisation.

Lets us first investigate, where a dense human population could be expected during the glacial periods:

Because glacial periods were very cold, not-urbanised humans could live only in caves or in warmer environments. In caves can live only very limited amounts of mans. Therefore warmer environments are more likely to harbour the necessary amounts of population to initiate a civilisation.

Because humanity lacked the knowledge of pottery or alike, they could live only in close neighbourhoods of fresh-water resources.

Because humanity lacked the knowledge of agriculture or stockbreeding, they could live in great amounts only in environments where flora and fauna was plentiful.

When we evaluate these three conditions together, we can assume that in the time interval between 30 thousand and 10 thousand years ago, a dense human population is expected only in the river valleys near to equatorial belt and only in lower altitudes. And the most plausible candidates are: Nile, Euphrat-Tigris, Indus, Gange, Mekong, etc..

Now we can put forward ideas geologically about where, when and under which circumstances humans were urbanised. The main aspect of civilisation is that plenty of people can be harboured in a small area, due to a symbiotic life-styles, whereby each one specialises in one field and changes their services mutually. Therefore the prerequisite of civilisation is that lots of people must be hardly pressed to live in a small area. And now the question is: where in the world and when occurred a such situation?

The last glacial period come to an end ca. 14 thousand years ago and the ice sheets disappeared slowly which lasted until ca. 6 thousand years ago. But that means that humans could spread easily in this time interval and shouldn't be hardly pressed anyway. But civilisation has started just in this time interval. How is it possible? Is there any place in the world, where the situation was different?

There are such places indeed! All the dried sea area having hilly or domed structures become first islands during the rise of sea level when the melting of ice sheets proceeded. People isolated on such islands are compelled to become socialised, because the area they have to live in was getting each year smaller due to continuous rise of sea level. There are of course many of such places, but where we have to look is SW Asia, because the initialisation point of civilisation should have been

searched in this area, according to archaeological data.

Figure 3 (indicated as 6): Deep topography of Persian Gulf.

In Figure 3 we can see the bottom topography of Persian Gulf; there is clearly seen that during glacial periods most part of it was a flat dry land irrigated by elongation of Euphrates and Tigris. Near to the Strait of Hormuz there must be a fresh water lake as shown in the Figure 4. When the last glacial epoch come to an end and sea level began to rise, there must be a time where this lake had the same water level as the oceans. That must be about 12 thousand years ago. There are many hilly or domed structures on the bottom of the Persian Gulf and they become isolated islands during further rise of the sea level. Melting of the ice-caps on the mountains were subdued to seasonal fluctuations and in each spring waterlogged soils on the tips of glaciers soliflucted down the slopes of mountains with two catastrophic effects: first effect was that the flanks of mountains were deprived of the fertile soils; and second effect was that this sludging caused huge damage for people living in the valleys. Because the people of this time lacked the knowledge of pottery they were directly dependent of water resources and lived all near the valleys. Taking all in all, life conditions of the post-glacial epoch were very cumbersome for humans living densely in low altitudes like valleys: they were exposed to annually repetitive floods of water and sludge (mud); and the land they lived in was continuously but imperceptibly conquered by marine water, so that they moved each year to higher levels. Some of them moved towards the slopes of mountains (like Zagros) surrounding the valleys; but some ones moved towards doming hills which become later isolated islands. For people accumulated on domed hills a very stressful life must have began. The deep valleys were transformed into a rising sea level in a few years. For example, a domed hill 50 m high above valley level were first exposed to annually repetitive mud floods of

many meter highs which destroyed all lives in his beds; after flood water level retreated, but because of a general sea level rise, the highs of hills diminished each year by about 1.5 cm. A 50 m high hill required more than 3 thousand years to get covered in sea waters. During this time interval the population of those hills were in struggle with those difficulties. Their living environment diminished each year, but their population increased, so that they were obliged to live more densely than before. This was the driving force to civilisation on the isolated islands whereas in other parts of the world, with the retreat of glaciers new areas were exposed to humans for spreading freely.

In this manner all domed hilly structures less than ca. 100 m height were drowned down in some thousand of years. The more or less civilised people of those lost "islands" landed with their rafts or boats on the shores of the "Persian Gulf". The last of them were the Sumerians, whose cuneiform scripts says that "they came from the sea to the two storm land". About the other ones whose islands  were submerged in sea water much earlier than Sumerians, Platon's "Atlantic civilisation" (Timaios and Kritias) is giving adequate knowledge.

Now let us turn to "civilisation" or "society". What understand the first urbanised people from these words? Who were setting the rules?

As seen in Figure 8, humans began to "socialise" in the time interval between 30 -10 thousand years ago. At the begin of this interval there were two different humane subspecies on the world living together, one of them being more clever than the other. One can' not pretend with clarity whether the clever Homo sapiens let accept its superiority to the other as "being the lord", but with the begin of first urbanisation, social life was accepted as privilege of holly lords being the representatives of the heavenly holy forces on the Earth, masters and possessors of "knowledge"; and ordinary humans are thought to be created for the services to those lords. Societies and its rules were set by those lords.

The ideas of Sumerians about the development of the world was so: As humans create bowls or knifes and are their proprietors, so world must be created by a much greater immortal creator, being its owner. In this manner each item must have one possessor: Sun god (Utu), Moon goddess (Inanna, sister of Utu), god of the sea, rivers and of knowledge (Enki), Shepherd-king Dumuzi (who wed Inanna!), etc.. Their "gods" are "human-like" and arranged hierarchically similar to human families; those "human-like gods" creates "normal humans or slaves" for their personal services from marine clay; etc.) This kind of reasoning led to the development of an authoritarian hierarchy and ownership system. This was the first fatal error humanity has done! Here is the reason:

Because the wealth and prosperity of the society were wholly on shoulders of the leader, he imposed that the people had to behave as he ordered. In order to appropriate these orders to themselves, the people had to be drilled in the childhood; otherwise it was impossible to let accept all the orders to the people. In childhood the persons can accept all the stuff they got, but in adulthood, they accept only the "reasonable" ones. That is why children are trained while their minds are pliant. Dogmatically trained minds are like "permanent waves", they can't be flattened again. Because of their "plicate structures" they can not be arranged to great bundles (great social units). And this social illness is continuing since the begin of first civilisation between humans.

If the brain cells of children are conditioned according to the concepts of the leaders (which must be authoritarian, and consequently dogmatic), this develops dogmatic behaviour by them, so that they can't adapt themselves to the changing conditions of the world. That is why the humans are still thinking in authoritarian system as shown in Figure 10 and are unable to

think in synergetic system, which is necessary to adapt our life to natural system. Consequently, all our social problems are the results of the authoritarian systems. To call a few of them:

Society is not defined as "a symbiotic relationship between humans, where each individual specialise him(or her)selves in a particular field and produce as much as possible and exchange his (or her) services (products) with that of others" In this manner productivity increases and humans can live in dense populations. In this definition there are no lords or leaders, but specialists like coordinators, planners, project-developers, etc..

Life isn't defined as "a step in the evolutionary system of cosmos, developed synergetically " but differently, depending on the authoritarian system.

The guiding force of nature isn't defined natural scientifically as "energy" but different according to the appropriate authoritarian system.

When the authorities were accepted as lords of societies, people were alienated from communal proprieties and doesn't protected them as should be.

Authoritarian systems are like switchboards giving services to millions but operated by a single person: The services are always delayed, or blocked!

The wheels of bureaucracy are dependent to the "top", therefore individual interests are given often preferences and public interest are neglected.

Our thinking and behaviour are controlled wholly by our cells (Birbaumer 1993), i.e. we are controlled by our smaller components and they are controlled by their smaller components, etc.; but our traditional evaluation system is dependent to greater units. Although we learn in the school that our bodies are constructed of cells, we can't think and evaluate the life with the view point of our cells. That is a very clear indication how far reaching the reasoning disorders are, being the results of our traditional education systems.

Etc..

 

2. THE IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE (CONSEQUENTLY CONSCIOUSNESS) IN DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE SYSTEMS.

2.1. CREATION OF HUMANS AND CREATION OF CULTURES.

If we look around us we can see houses, cities, streets, bridges, autos, ships, aeroplanes, computers, robots, factories, reed-huts, rawhide sandals, trees, weeds, fruits, birds, insects, horses, cats, etc.. When we try to classify those objects we can put them in three categories: (1)those designed and constructed by communities, (2) those designed and constructed by single humans and (3) those designed and constructed by cells!

2.1.1. Creation Of Life-Beings.

Now let us first begin to investigate the works of cells, how these are designed and constructed. Molecular biologists have unravelled many peculiarities of the "cell-books" written with the four letters mentioned above. There are "words (or syllables) and termination signals" of organic world (amino acids), consisting of "triplets" of those 4 nucleotides, hence discrete groups of three consecutive bases. As expected, these amino acids also are "polarised" and they build long chains of polypeptides whereby the carboxyl terminal group of one amino acid joins the amino terminal group of the next amino acid (peptide bonds). Genes came into being in this manner and are considered as "sentences" of the "cell-books". Each cell has messengers, translators and producers enabling them to get the necessary "knowledge" from the genes on the DNA and to manufacture their basic building materials (=proteins). What the proteins can all do is summarised in the figure below.

Figure 4: What can proteins all do. Having each one a different kind of geometric structure and a different kind of polarity, proteins can exhibit too many kinds of functions. Laboratory experiments have shown that proteins can easily and effectively convert many kinds of energy to each other as shown in the Figure (A). For example, a small shift in temperature can lead to structural changes and heat or motion can be converted to each other as shown in Figure (B): in low temperature this protein is in its long form and by a small dropping of T, it shortens, in contrary of inorganic materials. The ability of proteins to exhibit millions fold of different structural types enables the organisms to ditferentiate millions or billions of different objects. For example, in the active site of the protein in Figure (C) can fyt only a small molecule with quite distinct shape! (So are we able to smell the many kinds of odors, etc..) Some proteins act as enzyme and transform "substrate molecules" to "product molecule" and vice versa according to the needs of organism (Fig. E). As hormones bind the proteins themselves to the receptors of the appropriate cells (Fig.D) and triggers many kinds of biochemical reactions according to the needs of the organism. They can change the chemical conditions such pH, Eh, etc; they build the basic constitutional parts of the organism; in short, they are the main constituents of the organism. With the aids of proteins our body cells stores energy to maintain its order against the entropic forces of the cosmos and convert this stored energy to difierent forms as required. And so are developed our different kinds of emotions and behaviours.

And now a few words about genes (and consequently about proteins) from a molecular biologist:

"Genes are not merely genes. Genes come in different categories, some code for protein products which are required for nutrition and energy metabolism and are thus present in almost every cell of an organism. In this context we speak of "house-keeping" genes. Some other gene products become permanent parts of our bodies, like hair, finger nails, connective tissue and circulating antibodies - to name just a few. Others yet have no other task than to

control whether the former are properly produced at the right point in time, whenever they are needed in the life of an organism. The problem behind these differences is readily stated. Every cell among the 6 x 1013 cells which comprise a human organism contains the same set of genes, the same genome. But, the 250 or so different cell types look very different. Red blood cells have different functions than kidney- or nerve cells, different functions again than the milk producing cells of the mammary gland. Thus, a mechanism has to exist which guarantees that a kidney cell expresses only those genes which it is required to express, while the others have to remain silent. They have to be turned off. This is achieved and decided along a stretch of DNA, termed the promotor, located upstream of the protein coding part of the genes. It contains sequence patches which can be recognised by control proteins in order to bind to them and thus to prevent the biochemical machinery from reading off the structural part of the gene. ... The gene thus has a bipartite structure. One part carries the information specifying a protein, the other part functions as a switch which decides whether a gene is turned on or turned off. Our genome thus is not just an assortment of genes, but rather a complex network in which genes act and interact with each other, occasionally in a hierarchical manner. .... Who or what sits on top of the genetic hierarchies? Who controls the controllers? In the cases of sex hormones, for example, like testosterone or progesterone or steroid hormones in general, they have cellular receptors which can act as gene regulatory proteins. In the absence of the hormone, the receptor protein remains inactive in the interior of the hormone responsive cells. In the presence of the hormone, the binding of hormone to the regulatory protein induces a conformational signal within the receptor protein which makes it to enter the cell nucleus, to bind to an appropriate regulatory sequence and thereby to induce the formation of appropriate proteins, in the case of sex hormones in the uterus or the ovary." (Winnacker 1994)

As pointed out in the paragraph above, there are no strict or distinct controllers, supervising all phenomena; each unit controls the behaviour of another units and is itself controlled by still other sub units. And this system is called synergetic system.

2.1.1.1. Creation Of Humans From Cell-Book Information.

If we look at the development of an human being, we can see and trace the stepwise development of an individual from a cell into an adult person according to the instructions of its "cell-book".

It begins with "polarisation" triggered by cells producing certain kinds of hormones like "follicle stimulating hormone" or others. Those stimulate other cells to function; the products of those cells stimulates other cells to function and so on ... a cascade of bio-physico-chemical reactions and interactions follow one another. Factors influencing the reproduction systems of humans produce "polarity feelings" bringing the different sexes together and allow the copulation and combination of their reproductive cells. The bio-physico-chemical reaction cascades mentioned above continues and the fertilised egg begins to divide, 2,4,8,16,32,.. After reaching a certain level (blastula phase), some hormones are produced as the consequence of the proceeding ones from a certain parts of the "units". (As in the general systems of life, all units in each step have some kind of polarity like "dorsal - ventral, head - foot, etc.. An egg also has its polarity). The concentration gradient of those hormones triggers different responses in different parts of the embryo and the "specialisation of cells" begins. So many kind of organs are developed.

This stepwise cascade of successive events continues also after the birth and the new-borns transform into adult individuals. Cell specialisation continues further and reproductive (sex) organs develop. Now it is their turn that the cells of reproductive organs make duplicates of the cell-books and hand them down to their offspring. Thus they make "some changes in some

paragraphs of this book" according to the phenomena they have experienced in the environment they lived in. (The environmental conditions outside of the body are reflected within the body, indirect by the things we eat, drink, breath, smell or sense other wise; direct through radiation (like X-ray, neutrino or similar) going through our bodies and influencing directly the cells and their components.) So begins a new cell cycle and life continues. In this manner individual life becomes a small part of the greater evolutionary life cycle. (In the life process of an individual one can see the development of evolution: egg-phase, morula- blastula- gastrula-phases, fish-phase, reptile-phase, mammal-phase, disproportionate new-born, well proportionate teenager without any wrinkles, adult with beginning wrinkles, hunchbacked senile with many wrinkles and breakdown.)

Figure 5: Humans Life Cycle.When a child grows up, the reproductive organs develop and begin to function, i.e. they begin to re-write their hereditary "knowledge books".Each cell in the body has a "copy" of this book and the "jobholders" begin with the "re-writing". The "germinal epithelium cells" of the reproductive organs (ovary or testis) produce the first "copies" (oögonia or spermatogonia). Those are processed further within the body and the existing conditions of the environment are reflected to the writings. Because the living conditions of organism are due to continuous changes, the "copies" are produced always under different conditions and these changes are imperatively reflected to the copies. Therefore each "new cell-book" has more or less differences from those of their ancestors. For this reason each new-born has more or less different outlook than their parents. In this

manner the cells have handed down their "experiences" to their offspring since the begin of life on the earth and today their descendants continue to follow the instructions written in those books and the life cycle goes on.

(Because there is a continuous changeover in the world and especially in the environment, each new "cell book" has slightly different contents, "according to the experiences of their writer". Therefore each new-born has a more or less different outlook than their parents.).

2.1.2. Common Pages Of Cell-Books In Different Organism Are The Results Of Common History.

If it is so that the cells have developed their own consciousness systems during a long life history, and diversified in this time interval, then the different life-beings of today's world must have some common epochs in their past and those "common history" must be still to observe in the cell cycles of these beings! And so it is indeed: as seen in the figure below.

Figure 6: Common pages of evolutions.

All the different developmental phases of the embryo are executed according the contents of "cell-books". Therefore, the embryonic developmental phases of different animals

show similar embryonic stages, according the their common history. For example the fishes are one of the first vertebrates in the earth history, first occurrence ca. 500 millions years ago. The first amphibians occurred ca. 350 millions years ago. The first reptiles occurred ca 300 millions years ago; the first mammals occurred ca. 200 millions years ago and human beings occurred ca. 2.5 millions years ago. Accordingly, the cell-books of those different groups of animals must have different degree of "common pages", because each representative cell inherits the first part of their knowledge from the cells of their ancestors. This is clearly seen in the embryonic developmental phases of those animals, as shown in the figure. Human embryonic development has more "common pages" with rabbits than with turtle, quite less with sharks. In this figure we can clearly see the metamorphosis of a cell from a single celled "life habits of ca. 1-2 billion year ago" to the multicellular life habits without organs (ca 700 millions years ago), to the first vertebrates, like fishes where gills are clearly developed although they are unnecessary in later terrestrial life; and finally mammals and humans! This metamorphosis is called "evolution"! Evolution shouldn't be misinterpreted: A full grown rabbit doesn't transforms to a sheep; it is the eggs and sperms where some scripts of the genetic books are changed, so that the "to be developed animal" has to look differently. (Cells have adapted merciless procedures to realise the required changeovers. If some organs existent in the previous epoch of cell's ancestry are no longer required in the new environment then they must be removed from the scene! Therefore they have adapted "apoptosis (cell suicide) rules".

Figure 7: Apoptosis or cell-suicides.

As seen in the figures, a tail necessary for the earlier (fish) life but not for a terrestrial four-legged life is removed through apoptosis. The same rule is applied for the web between the fingers of human foetus.

We see that each unit of our cosmos (be it molecules, cells, or other smaller or greater units) has the ability to "sense" the conditions and situations around himself and react accordingly. If we define the consciousness as "the ability of a body to be aware of the situations and conditions in and around himself for adaptation to the environment and its continuously changing conditions", then we must accept that the cells must have also their own consciousness.

2.1.3. Cell Consciousness In Action.

2.1.3.1. Example 1.

Today we have ample evidence of cell consciousness in action. Biochemical mutants in micro-organisms such as Neurospora and Escherichia coli, resistance to DDT in flies, to penicillin in bacteria, and to the poison warfarin in rats can be shown to spread rapidly through their respective populations by cell consciousness. Recently it has been shown that certain grasses have developed tolerance to heavy metals such as copper, zinc and lead, enabling them to flourish on the spoil from mines. Indeed they have become so well adapted to living in such conditions that they cannot grow on normal soil.

The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is very common in England and normally rests on the trunks and branches of trees where it depends on its cryptic coloration to blend in with the background. With the onset of industrialisation in England began also a "darkening" of the

environment. The cells affected most seriously from those colour changes made the appropriate "corrections" in their cell-books and the first dark coloured specimens of Biston betularia, which is normally white speckled, come on the scene in 1840s.

"After that the number increased prodigiously in various parts of Britain. In the 1950s Kettlewell conducted an extensive survey on the relative abundance and distribution of the normal and melanic forms in different parts of the country and the interesting fact emerged that the melanic form abounded in industrial regions where smoke and soot from factory chimneys had blackened the bark of trees. Around Manchester, for example, the frequency of the melanic form exceeded 95 per cent. In non-polluted areas, however, the light form predominated. In the north of Scotland and the extreme south-west of England it even reached 100 per cent.

How can we explain this distribution? The peppered moth is preyed upon by birds, such as thrushes, which peck them off the trees. In polluted areas the dark form is almost invisible against the darkened tree trunks whereas the light form stands out like a beacon. In clean areas the reverse is true: the light form is admirably camouflaged against the background of unsooted lichens, but the dark form is very clearly seen. Kettlewell showed that in polluted areas such as Birmingham far more light moths were picked off the trees by birds than the better camouflaged dark forms, with the result that the frequency of dark moths was significantly higher. In non-polluted areas, however, it was mainly the dark moths that fell prey to the birds, so the frequency of light moths was higher." (From Roberts 1986)

2.1.3.2. Example 2 from an aquatic environment:

"Foundry Cove on the Hudson river has a unique distinction: it has perhaps the highest concentrations of toxic cadmium and nickel pollutants in the world. ...

About 40 years ago a military contract brought the manufacture of batteries to the site. Starting in 1953, industrial plants dumped more than 100 tons of nickel-cadmium waste into the cove and nearby river. The dumping continued until complaints by local citizens halted it in the late 1970s.

When Klerks and I first studied the cove in the early l980s, we found that as much as 25 percent of the bottom sediments consisted of cadmium. Nevertheless, many bottom-dwelling invertebrate species were no less abundant there than in the unpolluted muds of other sites. To learn why, we examined the cadmium tolerance of the most common invertebrate in the cove, an aquatic relative of the earthworm bearing the tongue-twisting name Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri.

We found that the Limnodrilus from a nearby cove died or showed clear signs of distress when placed in Foundry Cove sediments but that local specimens thrived and reproduced. We raised Foundry Cove worms in clean muds and examined their grandchildren; they too were tolerant of cadmium, which suggested that genes were largely responsible for the tolerance.

The evolution of cadmium resistance could have taken no more than 30 years. In fact, the genetic variability in nearby populations, together with the high mortality we measured, indicated that the degree of metal tolerance observed could have evolved in just two to four generations-or a couple of years. To prove the conclusion, we exposed worms from an unpolluted site to cadmium-laden sediment and bred the survivors. Sure enough, by the third generation, the descendants had two thirds of the cadmium tolerance found in the Foundry Cove worms.

This capacity for rapid evolutionary change in the face of a novel environmental challenge was startling. No population of worms in nature could ever have faced conditions like the ones humankind created in Foundry Cove. Yet although some species inhabiting nearby waterways are missing from Foundry Cove, most adapted to the unusual conditions.

The rapid evolution of tolerance for high concentrations of toxins seems to be common. Whenever a new pesticide is brought into use, a resistant strain of pest evolves, usually within a few years. The same thing happens to bacteria when new antibiotics are introduced. ..." (From Levinton 1992)

2.1.3.3. Natural Selection or Cell Consciousness?

The biologists use often the term "natural selection" instead of cell-consciousness. When we use the term "natural selection", we are ignoring the ability of the cells to adapt themselves to their environment. Are they the birds or other enemies who write the cell-books of the moths? They are surely the moths themselves who perceive the changeovers in the environment and make the required corrections in their cell-books! Hence the changeovers in organic world (=EVOLUTION) occurs through "knowledge accumulation" and not through "natural selection". In this manner the cells have developed quite different consciousness systems enabling them to build the multitude of different morphological types we encounter in the fossil records and we can still see in our biosphere.

This fact shows how far reaching the consciousness defects among the human beings are effective; even the natural scientist like biologist are not aware of this clear-cut conclusion.

The resistance development of bacteria against antibiotics indicates clearly that they are the bacteria who improve their "knowledge" and resist the antibiotics! (It has been also shown that bacteria can communicate and exchange "knowledge" via plasmids mutually.) (Kaiser & Losick 1993)

2.1.3.4. How Different Emotions Arise and How Those Emotions Are Incorporated Into The Consciousness Systems:

Here is a brief historical development of the studies on this topic (from Bloom and Lazerson (1988)): "In 1924, Gregorio Marañon published an important but essentially anecdotal study bearing on emotions. When he injected patients with epinephrine, Marañon wrote, about one-third of them said they experienced something like an emotional state. The rest said they felt no emotion but described a physiological state of arousal. The people who reported feeling emotional, however, carefully specified that they felt "as if" they were afraid, or "as if " something exciting were about to happen. When Marañon happened to talk with a few of these people about some important life event in their recent past -a death in the family or an upcoming wedding- their feeling lost its "as if" status and became full emotion whether grief or joy.

On the basis of Marañon's report and other evidence, Stanley Schachter theorised that in order to experience an emotion, both physiological arousal and a cognitive evaluation must be necessary. Neither one alone could produce a true emotional state.

In the best known of his experiments testing this hypothesis (Schachter & Singer, 1962), some subjects received an injection of epinephrine which they were told contained vitamins that would have an effect on visual skills. Control subjects received only a placebo, a saline injection, which they too were told contained vitamins. After the injection, subjects from both

these groups were treated in one of three ways: (1) Some were told about the physiological effects of epinephrine. That is, without naming epinephrine, the researchers warned them that they might feel palpitations, tremors, and the like. (2) Some were given no information. And (3) some were misinformed. They were told that their hands and feet might feel numb, for example, or that they might have a slight itch or a headache.

After the injection and the explanation, each subject waited in a room with someone who said he was also a subject but who was actually a "stooge," part of the-experimental setup. Some stooges behaved euphorically, chuckling to themselves, playing basketball with the wastebasket, and so on. Others were highly irritable and insulting, becoming angrier and angrier until they left the room in a rage.

The experimenters observed the pairs through a one-way mirror, and later they questioned the subjects about their feelings. The epinephrine-injected subjects who had been informed correctly about the drug's effects showed and reported the least reaction to the stooges' behavior. Those who had been misinformed, who had physiological symptoms different from those they had been told to expect, were most influenced. They acted like the stooge in the waiting room and reported that they felt very happy or very angry, depending on which stooge they had been paired with. Those who received no information after injection reacted in a manner between that of the other two sets.

These results appear to confirm Schachter's thesis. If physiological arousal is induced (by injection or by an event) in someone who has no immediate explanation for it, the person will give an emotional label to that state based on his or her knowledge of what is going on at the time." Later studies confirmed the Schachter's thesis.

Consequently, our cells use the same "material" (here epinephrine) for their communications, but for its interpretation they need further data about the outer environmental conditions, which they obtain through sensory organs. According them, the "association of different neuronal cells took place = the same fact but different networking in the brain cells." It is up to the stuff we give to our children, how they develop their emotions. Therefore it is of outmost importance that we have to choose very carefully all that stuff we have to teach our children and to build our traditions. That is the reason why the same phenomena (like birth, death, wedding, sex, etc.) are interpreted so differently in the world, being the main obstacle in international relations.

 2.1.4. CREATION OF CULTURES.

And now let us consider the Human Consciousness system which can be studied in two different area: 1) Developments And Improvements In Technological Consciousness Systems Of Humans; 2) Straying In Sociological Consciousness System Developments.

2.1.4.1 Developments And Improvements In Technological Consciousness Systems Of Humans.

Creation Of Human Works.

Ten thousand years ago humans lived in villages consisting of timber and reed huts. Five thousand years ago they began to live in villages or cities made up of mud-brick-houses. Today we are living in villages or cities constructed of ferro-concrete-houses , connected to each other by bridges, railroads etc.. What were the factors forcing the humans changing their life or building styles?

Humans managed different tools with their hands, among them also stones. From the frictions of stones arose often fires, so that they discovered "fire", which can be described also as discovery of "conversion system of mechanical energy into heat energy (or fire)". By scratching different stone or plant materials they observed the different colours or shapes they left behind, so that they began to make figures, etc.. Humanisation began with simple stone tools; continued with tools like needle and spear made of combinations of wood - bones and stones; then came the "knowledge" of mining and tools of metals are produced; then came the "knowledge" of glass and ceramic and the kitchen culture developed rapidly; then came the "knowledge" of writing, the of book press, the of gravity (which changed our world view), the of motors (which enabled man to make transfers between different kinds of energy according to his needs), the of microscope and telescope (which enabled humans to gather information about the "micro and macro worlds"), the of energy - matter relations, the of computer technology, etc.. Each step in the development of the human culture was dependent on the preceding ones, each step triggered the development of other ones. So began and continued the accumulation of human knowledge and each individual (and new-borns) learned them through direct observation from the others.

Now when we investigate how the humans build their works, we get aware that they use some kinds of energy and some kinds of materials and construct new products with different outlooks according to a plan or other kinds of knowledge. How did humans gathered these plans or knowledge?

Figure 8: Historical development of human cultures: As we can see, humanity experiences an exponential consciousness development. In the most part of its 2.5 million years history, it couldn't achieve more then cutting stones. In the last 30 thousand years it experienced a rapid development. If we look at the works accomplished in the last ten thousand years of this time-span, we get aware that nearly all of them are products of a communal life system. (A single person can't even produce a pin alone!) This fact can be used to make a definition for humans: Humans are community building and world-wide living mammals, able to produce their own cultural products to solve their problems, not within but outside their bodies (=Homo socialis). The actual culture level of humanity isn't the legacy of a single race or ethnic group; it is the legacy of many different human races. Because the production of our actual cultural products are only possible with appropriate "knowledge" and in a communal life styles, there must be a "common human consciousness system".

The houses or other works they build are continuously under influence of some kind of forces, like X-rays, gamma rays, neutrino flows, sun radiation, gravity force, influences of different organism, storms, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc.. Most of these forces have "destructive" effects and weakens the "bonds" holding the components of the human works or other materials. Therefore after a due time all works begin to break up naturally. But environmental conditions have always strong fluctuations and some strong anomalies like a great storm or an earthquake could also destroy their works unexpectedly. So they begin to re-construct their works again and try to build it better than before. The building action also consumes energy. For example, he uses "heat" energy to convert clay and sand particles to mud-bricks; he uses mechanical energy to clinch bolt or nails, etc.. Some kind of energy is stored in each new combination product. Hence the "knowledge" consists of the procedure which kind of units or particles are to choose and which kind of energy is to apply them to obtain a new combination, or vice versa. In this way, the natural destructive energy are converted to constructive forms and "knowledge" arise.

Humans performs such tasks by testing (trial and error). In this manner humans have improved their knowledge level continuously. This led them to build "sense organs" like meteorological observatories, etc., to get information about the changeovers in the world they live in, for a better adaptation to them.

In sum, it is always the "energy" what acts as constructive or destructive on matters; and it is "knowledge" that let behave the matter-units (humans, cells, molecules, etc.) as constructive or destructive. Assume the following situation: There is a writing which includes certain kind of information. If some one is able to read and understand this writing, then he (or she) can performs the task, whereas for others it has no meanings. In this example, "the writing" is a "form" made up of matter with the influence of energy. This "form" contains both matter and energy (knowledge). Normally only the "matter part" can be seen. The "knowledge" component is visible only to persons (or units) having the same "knowledge" structure in their constitutional networks, being certain kinds of resonance systems. This is the way how energy creates polarity in the combination style of matters and build and transformed thereby into "knowledge". The life development described in the foregoing chapters are the best and most effective examples of such processes. Energy is continuously trying to make new combinations; therefore our brain cells are continuously in actions, day and night we are dreaming or daydreaming. These are tasks for developing "resonance systems" to perceive the "knowledge" stored in the earlier combinations or to make new combinations for building new "forms" capable for new energy storage systems.

Human works of today's are exclusively communal products (No one uses reed-huts or rawhide sandals in our days). Therefore the definition of humans must possess this attribute of commune sense.

2.1.4.2. Straying In Sociological Consciousness System Developments.

Whereas humans achieved great improvements in technological realms, the situation in sociological aspect is quite different. Since the begin of social life styles, which is clearly visible since ca. ten thousand years, humans have been investigating the structure and the driving and governing forces of the nature and themselves. But they couldn't come up with the performance obtained in technology. The reasons for this backwardness are outlined in Gedik 1998; see also website "http://www.hayat.8m.com" or "http://www.hayatvezaman.org" for a detailed discussion. We try to give here a brief summary of the main steps in the organisation styles of social lives (of western culture).

The main steps in the development of human consciousness can be traced back from historical, archaeological and anthropological data (see figure **) and summarised as follows:

First human beings appeared ca. 2.5 million years ago and was only able to produce small stone flakes from hard rocks and used them as cutting devices.

About 500 thousand years ago they were able to control fire. Until about 30 thousand years ago there was no great differences between humans and other

animals. Since that time there is a great improvement in the development of human consciousness.

Ca. 25-30 thousand years ago, they began to think about "life and its creation" and produced the first pregnant female figurines as symbols of creativity.

Ca. 15-20 thousand years ago they began to think about "time and life relations", concluded a second life after death; so began the entombing with (precious) belongings.

Ca. 10 thousand years ago they were compelled to develop a communal life style and began to think how to regulate this new system.

Ca. 5 thousand years ago "the remnants of the first civilisation = Sumerians invented the "script" and since then we have written documents about the development of consciousness systems.

Sumerian scripts reveal that they had a 2-dimensional world view: their world consists of a flat earth like an inverted dish in an ocean. The space below this flat earth is called great below, which is thought also as 2-dimensional, "where dwell the underworld or chthonic deities". The space above the earth is called "great above", "where dwell sky gods". Accordingly, the Sumerian universe consists of three sandwiched layers; Heaven, Earth and Hell. The terms "heaven and hell" are cosmological parts of Sumerian thoughts.

The ideas of Sumerians about the development of the world was so: As humans create bowls or knifes and are their proprietors, so world must be created by a much greater immortal creator, being its owner. In this manner each item must have one possessor: Sun god (Utu), Moon goddess (Inanna, sister of Utu), god of the sea, rivers and knowledge (Enki), Shepherd-king Dumuzi (who wed Inanna!), etc.. (Sumerian scripts reveal that at that time, human consciousness must be rather confused, because facts and fancy can't be distinguished (Kramer 1961, 1963). Their "gods" are "human-like" and arranged hierarchically similar to human families; those "human-like gods" creates "normal humans or slaves" for their personal services from marine clay; etc.) This kind of reasoning led to authoritarian hierarchy and ownership system development.

With time the consciousness level of humans improved further and they began to distinguish better between "fact and fancy". Many of the older ideas seemed unreasonable with time; but because of their dogmatic nature they couldn't call them in question; so were humans compelled to establish a new category of terms called "metaphysic" and put all those kind of ideas in this "drawer".

Two dimensional world-view lasted until Newton'ian time, with some small changes, e.g. the border of the flat earth extended to Atlantic Ocean to the west, and India-China to the east. With the discovery of gravitational force, people began to develop a 3-dimensional consciousness system, where the world and solar systems are thought as spherical units. In the 3-dimensional universe, there was no place for "heaven and hell" of Sumerians; therefore they were put also in "metaphysic drawer". (In 2-dimensional consciousness system there is only one direction, where objects can stay: from bottom to top. They lack the gravitational consciousness, so that they thought, the earth can not be spherical, because the people on the reverse side couldn't stay there; they had to fall down! )

In the last century the traditional cosmological ideas were changed too and evolutionary nature (4-dimensionality) of our universe was established and humans began to evaluate the time and life with quite new aspects.

Although the spherical nature of our world are taught in schools, the 2-dimensional concept is still very effective among human beings and the 4-dimensional consciousness system is still unfamiliar to humans.

The first written documents stem from Sumerians. According to their documents the social life has to be governed according to ca. 100 dogmatic me's, which are thought to be handed down to human by "divine forces, gods" via selected individual who are the representative of gods on the earth. Because we are living in a continuously changing and transforming world and the conditions in different parts of the earth show great differences at any given time, the dogmatic "divine orders" couldn't be applicable or interpretable in the same sense everywhere. So the human consciousness level changed and the old dogmatic me's were wholly or partly discarded by some tribes and new representative of god are thought to be sent to some tribes on the earth and new dogmatic rules were set (Old Testament). The changeovers in human consciousness continued and the dogmatic "divine orders" succeeded one another: New Testament, Last Prophet (Koran), and their different interpretations. In this manner social behaviour and thinking of humans are diversified continuously. Whereas they used the same technological knowledge and made huge improvements world wide in this field, they pulled to pieces in social life styles. Human consciousness level changed further with time and with "revolution française" the differences thought to exist between humans (like master - slavery) begun to disappear from social life style. With the onset of industrialisation begun to rise quite new problems because of existing inappropriate (dogmatic) social life systems. New social organisation systems are proposed to solve the problems: Marxism, socialism, liberalism, etc. worsened the existing diversity in social life systems which build the main hurdle in international understanding of today's.

2.2. WHAT IS THE MATTER? WHERE TO LOOK FOR SOLUTIONS OF HUMAN PROBLEMS?

The foregoing observations let us conclude that: houses, cars, etc. are wholly designed and constructed by humans, their creator(s) are only humans; humans and other animals and plants are wholly designed and constructed by their cells, their creator(s) are cells; cells are created by still smaller components, etc.. This system is called synergetic system.

While the creator(s) of humans (and of all other life beings) were their very small and therefore invisible cells, but humans have looked for a creator outside of their body, they couldn't detect a real creator. But there was order in nature and life and consequently and order-maker must be at work; that is why they have postulated or imagined "omniscient and almighty, hence authoritarian" creator(s). Assuming such a creator and order-maker, they are forced to accept authoritative social life organisations. And this was the main error the humanity fell into.

As outlined above, natural scientific researches reveal that the inhabitants of our body, "our cells", have their own "consciousness system", their own "language", and their own "books". According to their content, they construct our bodies and the consciousness system of our cells becomes the subconsciousness system of ourselves. We can conclude from these observations that the individual life of an human (or any other animals or plants) is wholly up to their cell-book! Consequently it is cell consciousness what drives the individual life, hence, it should be "human consciousness" that had to drive the social life. Our cells exactly know what they have to do under different environmental conditions. Their consciousness system is nearly perfect. But we human beings destined to build social life, our consciousness system is still far away from being perfect, because we don't know exactly how to build a quasi-perfect social life system. The reason is that our consciousness system has defects as described in the

appropriate section below. Among those defects the most important ones concern the definition and understanding of "time, life and the governing forces of our universe". As outlined in the forgoing chapters, we are living in a continuously changing and metamorphosing universe, and time is the indicator of those changeovers. But this knowledge is not known among humans, because human consciousness system is still controlled by traditional "2-dimensional consciousness system", where "time" is an endless, continuously flowing system of unknown nature". Here is a table showing the main differences between the 2- (or 3-) dimensional (not evolutional) and 4-dimensional world-views (In Continuously Changing and Metamorphosing System).

  In (2- and) 3-Dimensional

ConceptIn Continuously Changing and

Metamorphosing System

Main Components

Water, air, fire and earth Subatomic particles and energy

Driving Force Very big and mighty, but invisible and eternally living

organism(s) (Creator)

Invisible energy waves or fields, penetrating and influencing all things.

Energy is the glue of matter.

Inorganic material and

living organism

On the order of the creators instantly

By continuous interactions of matter and energy in a space-time continuum

Time and life Time is endless; and an eternal life in the “other world”

Matter and energy are in a continuing relationship and all things have restricted

life spans flowing in one other, so that birth and death are only transitions from

one form to others.

Metaphysical terms

Fairy, devil, demon, etc. All phenomena are results of matter and energy interactions

Evolution Doesn’t exist Exist both in organic and inorganic realm.

Body – mind relation

A soul transferred by creator into bodies of flesh and bones,

eternal in the other world

Bodies are only a cover to the cells inside them; biochemical and biophysical

interactions of the cells constitute the complex behavior of the bodies

Development and

organization

From top to the bottom, or from entirety to the parts.

From parts to the entirety.

Administration From leaders representing the divine force, the bureaucratic

wheel is dependent to the leadership.

The development and organization must be from small to bigger social life units

whereby all participants of a society must have a distinct job; by each integration new coordinators must be selected. The bureaucratic wheel is dependent to the

smaller units.

People’s behavior

All people have to follow to the orders of the leader. They have

to be passive.

Each professional in the society must have his own view and the whole society must act according to the cumulative value.

“Self-assembly” factor of the nature forces the people to act in the direction of

common interest. They have to be active.

Social rules Dogmatic Versatile

Social units Ethnic groups Professional components consisting of differentiated jobs

Brain development of

people

Passive behavior leads to mutilation of neuronal

connections, which is reflected in low level of life standards.

Active behavior leads to development of neuronal connections, which is reflected in

high level of life standards.

Figure 9: Comparison of evolutional and non-evolutional world-views.

2.2.1. What is Life?

All matter in the universe are under the influence of different kinds of "energy". According to the "Second Law of Thermodynamics" all systems tend to run down and acquire a state of increasing disorganisation (entropy) unless energy is added to them. And the most effective "energy transformation and storage system" is called "LIFE".

The characteristics of life are described as: movement, responsiveness, growth, feeding, reproduction, release of energy, and excretion. But we have to add an other aspect to them: consciousness! Those peculiarities are seen in all life beings. If we consider these attributes altogether, we can see that all are the result of "energy storage and transformation system": movement is the main characteristic of energy, where energy there is movement; responsiveness is the result of energy transfer; growth is the natural result of "storage"; feeding is a kind of energy transfer from one kind of storage to another, as shown in figure of proteins; reproduction is the "delivery or handing over" of the "knowledge" of the "energy storage and transformation system"; release of energy and excretion are also consequences of thermodynamic rules by energy conversions. And finally consciousness is the ability to sense  the changeovers in the living environment and to make the appropriate constitutional re-organisations in their bodies for a better adaptation to those changeovers.  Consequently the definition of life as "energy (knowledge) storage and transformation system" is one of the simplest definitions of life. All our feelings and emotions are the results of energy

transformations: when some things happen and we feel distressed or joyous, then some kind of energy is transformed from one form to another as shown in figure of proteins. Because the actions of "energy (knowledge) storage and transformation system" are also manifested as changes and transformations like in the evolution, all these terms "time, evolution and life" are very closely related concepts. Consequently "lives are evolutionary steps" and "evolution" is inherent in all life-processes. This is clearly seen in the life-cycle of all organisms as shown in the life cycle of humans in figure 2. (There are many kinds of life-spans: life-spans of cells, life-spans of individuals, life-span of a species, life-span of a genus, life-span of an order, etc.).

Now after the clarification of these concepts, we can turn to the problem of "social life" and look for a solution.

2.2.2. Solution of the Problem:

Because all life beings design and construct their "works" with "knowledge" obtained through life experiences, "Homo socialis" can and must design and construct both his technical and social works with "knowledge" obtained from the life experiences (researches, etc.). This is quite well done in technical area (incorporating all scientific data about the structure and organisation of matter beginning with smallest subatomic particles to ever greater units) and so is developed a new field of a science called synergetic; but not in social life organisation. In technical area all humans do exchange their "knowledge" and this led to a relatively high level of industrialisation, but in social life organisation each society insists on its own traditional knowledge; there are no signs of a cell-related life interpretations. Nearly all humans are still attributing their life activities to a "soul" being situated in their hearts and leaving the body after death. No role are given to the cells in the interpretations of life! As long as life doesn't interpreted with cells, the synergetic principles of nature will be violated and humans will not be able to establish a perfect ecological social life system because of this violation.

3. HUMANS THINKING AND REASONING SYSTEM.

3.1. EFFECTS OF DOGMATIC KNOWLEDGE ON CONSCIOUSNESS DEVELOPMENT.

We are living in a sea of energy fields. In this "sea", energy flows continuously through matters (and hence our bodies) and influence thereby their behaviour. This influence arise through interactions of the constituting parts (cells, its organelles and their molecules) with energy flowing through them. These interactions begin first in the smallest parts of the units, i.e. in organelles and in their molecules. They adapt themselves to the conditions ruling around and undergo some changes accordingly. These changes and transformations influence the behaviour of the "greater units", namely that of the cells. So the cells begin to change according to the transformations (or changes) accomplished in the organelles or other subunits. These changes in cells influence the behaviour of the "greater units", in our case, of animals (or human beings), so they begin to "change". The changes in the thoughts and behaviours of humans influence the constitutions of the societies! As a consequence of this continuous changeover all life forms have developed some kind of "detectors" (sense organs) to get information about the environment around themselves. The data gathered by these sense organs must reflect the correct situations around the beings; otherwise, "consciousness defects (or reasoning distortions)" arise in the "interpreting systems" of organism. (And now the crucial question: which kind of organism in the world has the "worst interpreting system", and hence "the greatest reasoning distortion"?)

The main difference between humans and others lies in the constitution of their brains. In all comparable animals (mammals) the brain has relatively more nerve cells for sensory and motor area than in humans. Human beings have an extremely developed, "association area", therefore more nerve cells occupied for this purpose than for sensory or moving parts. Its implication is that all comparable animals could "see, smell, hear, move or sense any way better" than humans so that they have solved their problems within their bodies. As a consequence of this highly matured association area in their brains humans have a quite

distinctly developed consciousness level and begun to solve their problems outside their body wall! Humans protect themselves against coldness by building houses; against unfavourable weathering conditions by building water dams; for food gathering sophisticated tools and weapons, etc.. This distinct behaviour of humans called also as culture development! From these observations we can make a definition for humans: Humans are community building and world wide living mammals, able to produce their own cultural products to solve their problems, not within but outside their bodies. This outside realm is but the environment we have to share with all other life beings.

Therefore this type of humans should be called Homo socialis! And consequently "human rights" should be deserved only to life beings fitting to "Homo socialis" definition. This definition imposes huge responsibilities to humans: a) they must develop cultures to solve their problems, but these developments must be compatible with world wide ecological conditions. b) Culture developments are only possible when human beings behave socially (one person alone can not even make a pin); therefore they are dependent of each others. Because of world-wide living environments of humans, they must also collaborate world wide, because the air and water we need and use are in commune use of all beings. These statements are natural requirements, but humans do not execute them. Why? Because the brains of our children are fed automatically (via traditions) with 2 or 3-dimensional data (a constant world without any change, endless time, second life after death, "a soul in hearts instead of cellular processes in our bodies", etc.), but we are living in a 4-dimensional world, consequently the reasoning systems of our brain cells could not be "wired" properly in the appropriate time, which must be nearly the ages between 5 to 10! Therefore we develop a defective consciousness system through our traditions! One of the most destructive aspects of consciousness defects is observable in the understanding of "community or society": For most people it means an association of the same tribe with the same language (and not "to specialise in different fields and exchange their services mutually"). This behaviour leads to underdevelopment in such communities, because: a) not all individuals of a tribe are good(!) enough to produce useful service, so that social life development must be always behind others; b) all other communities are seen as potential enemies, so that much of the incomes are channelled to defence purposes.

Figure 10: Functioning of human brains. Association area of human brains are more developed than sensory or motor area, in contrast to all other animals. They can build huge amounts of "scenarios" from a few sensory data. This is the weakest and strongest peculiarity of humans because they can invent and improvise with these few data huge ideas. Therefore these data must be very reliable. The slightest deviations from the reality can induce great reasoning disorders. Furthermore the data shouldn't be dogmatic, because the life are due to continuous changeovers. If the data stored in brain are DOGAMTIC, then the pathway (a) is effective; if the data are OBSERVATIONAL, then the pathway (b) is effective.

3.2. HOW TO PREVENT THE CONSCIOUSNESS DEFECTS DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANS?

3.2.1. The Effects of Authoritarian Systems on Social Life.

About ten thousand years ago human beings started to became socialised. Until then they had a hunter - gatherer life like other animals. At the start of socialisation social rules were set not by pluralistic participation but by individual determination (authoritarian system = leadership), which lasted with minor changes (including participation of some classes) to our days.

Because the wealth and prosperity of the society were wholly on shoulders of the leader, he imposed that the people had to behave as he ordered. In order to appropriate these orders to themselves, the people had to be drilled in the childhood; otherwise it was impossible to let accept all the orders to the people. (In childhood the persons can accept all the stuff they got, but in adulthood, they accept only the "reasonable" ones.) This was the first "fatal error" the humanity has done. Why?

The first part of life development (the childhood) is the most effective one by the construction of consciousness system. If the brain cells of children are conditioned according to the concepts of leaders (which must be authoritarian, and consequently dogmatic), this develops dogmatic behaviour by them, so that they can't adapt themselves to the changing conditions of the world and are unable to solve the changing problems, or they can't understand easily the behaviours of other people because they are conditioned dogmatically. So are developed all the different ethnic traditions and behaviours. Each one pretend to be "righteous". This is the major barrier to overcome in understanding between people. Because the authoritarian system requires perfect obedience, the people can't develop individual creativity, which is one of the main problems, diminishing the life standards of humanity. The leadership-dependent educational systems are also the main obstacles by transitions from authoritarian to democratic systems, because they are accustomed to passive behaviour. Because the

consciousness system of people got defective in this manner, they couldn't understand the illogic in their traditionally systems.

Authority imposes one directional respect development in social life systems: children have to respect their parents; slaves have to respect their masters; people have to respect their leaders, etc.. In authoritarian systems "being respectful" means "to accept and adopt the ideas or the orders of the authority without any interrogation". We can call this kind of behaviour (i.e. one directional respectfulness) also as "dogmatic behaviour". Depending on the orders of the leaders, the dogmatic behaviour can reach from slight obedience to slavery; from a light sympathiser to fanatic supporters or partisans; from harmless stooges to persons committing assault suicide in the midst of a public crowd with bombs buckled on their body; from bodyguards to assassins, etc.. The consequences of this or that kind of dogmatic behaviour are very dramatic: nearly all states on the world are confronted with conflicts due to such kinds of dogmatic thoughts; the peaceful life of a society can be suddenly disrupted by the slightest signal!

Zenon's paradox is a good example to show how the cells of human brains are organised to solve their problems. Achilles race against a tortoise; Achilles can run ten times more swiftly than tortoise, therefore 100 m advance is given to tortoise. The race begins.

Normal Thinking: while Achilles runs the 100 m advance in 10 seconds, tortoise can run only 10 m; in the next second Achilles runs another 10 m while the tortoise can run only 1 m so that the tortoise is outrun already in 11 seconds.

Influenced Thinking: while Achilles is running the 100 m advance, the tortoise runs

another 10 m; while Achilles is running this 10 m, the tortoise runs another 1 m; while Achilles is running this 1 m, the tortoise runs another 1/10 m; while Achilles is running this 1/10 m, the tortoise runs another 1/100 m; while Achilles is running this 1/100 m, the tortoise runs another 1/1000 m; and it continues so on. That means Achilles can never catch or outrun the tortoise!

Only very potent brains can understand the illogic in this behaviour; normal human brains can't understand it.

Authoritarian systems are very effective influencing factors. As the example above evidently show, an influenced brain lose its ability to solve a problem. Because all human societies (had) have their own authoritarian leaders, most people can be influenced so that they can think

only as they leader wish (the very bright ones are defeated). This is clearly observable in the organisational structure of human societies.

Figure 11: Comparison of Authoritarian and Synergetic Systems

Reasoning disorder (RD) very common RD only randomly

Learn by rote. Learn by interrogating.

Their belief are that of their lords Their belief are their own.

Muddle-minded, deviate easily from their goals.

Clear-minded, not easy deviation.

They execute the orders of their lords and build ethnic units.

They feel the internal divine force and build ecologically compatible societies.

They can range from mild sympathiser to fanatic fans or assassins.

They behave sociological.

Homo subordinatus

 

Homo socialis

 

In the nature the hierarchical system is from (bottom) small components to (top) greater units. That means: societies or states are designed and constructed by humans; humans are designed and constructed by their cells; cells are designed and constructed by their components; an so on; the effective forces lie always on the bottom or on the side of smaller components. This natural system is called synergetic system (SS). But the traditional hierarchies are from top to bottom: societies or states are governed by persons representing the holy force; humans are subjects of the governors or lords; and there are no cells or other kinds of smaller subunits at work! This is the authoritarian or traditional system (TS)! Thinking in authoritarian system influence humans so that they can evaluate only "from top to bottom"; they can't organise themselves to social units; they need a leader! Thinking in synergetic system let humans evaluate from "bottom to top"; they can organise themselves easily to social units; there are no leaders, but coordinators.

In TS the individual (Homo subordinatus) feel the governing force in a superior position outside their bodies; in SS the individual (Homo socialis) feel the governing force within their bodies, in an inferior position. In TS they are influenced from an other (superior) individual; in SS they feel the natural assembling force. In TS they behave according to the instructions of their "lords"; in SS they build self organising units. The crucial difference lies in the interpretation of the MAIN FORCE: In TS there is no agreement on the definition of the MAIN FORCE therefore so many ethnic groups; but in SS there exists a consensus, because it is explained in natural scientific terms.

As one can see from the comparison of the two different systems, there are great discrepancies between them. In the left one these are "leaders" who should be taken into consideration, whereas in the right one cells should be taken into consideration because those are the mediators of the main effective forces. But unfortunately nowhere in the world exist a society who is aware of this reality and humans haven't slightest idea about the consciousness systems of their "creators". The main cause of this reasoning disorder is the paralysing effect of the authoritarian systems on the organisation styles of the brain cells as shown in Zenon paradox. Human's thinking oriented from top to bottom, i.e. authoritatively, are searching

subordinates to govern; each one try to be "a head, an authority" in a domain. This behaviour leads inevitably to continuous splitting. Human's thinking oriented from bottom to top, i.e. synergetically, are searching subunits to make new combinations. Therefore they are acting not splitting but unifying!

Democracy is the natural consequence of synergetic systems (designing and constructing of social systems by individuals); but humans are misinterpreting the democracy because their reasoning system is so defect, that they are still thinking in authoritarian system "from top to bottom", so that they are unable to think from "bottom to top"; that is why the democratic system is functioning so miserably (especially in societies being influenced strongly authoritatively). All authoritarian leaders (or lords) are (were) individual members of a society; and being so, the probability that their "dogmatic thoughts" may reflect the common sense or common interest of a society is (1/n), where (n) is the total of population. That is why it is very seldom that an authority may bring up social rules satisfying the needs of a society.

The reason that USA is the most powerful society of the world lies in the diagram shown above. There was no authoritative force from top, because the people were so cosmopolitan that no one could impose his dogmatic knowledge to others. This lack of authoritative force from top caused that synergetic system could be effective and they organised according to natural system, although they didn't know the theoretical background of this natural laws and they have still so much reasoning disorders, that they couldn't establish an ecologically compatible social system organisation.

Association area of human brains are more developed than sensory or motor area, in contrast to all other animals. They can build huge amounts of "scenarios" from a few sensory data. This is the weakest and strongest peculiarity of humans because they can invent and improvise with these few data huge ideas. Therefore these data must be very reliable. The slightest deviations from the reality can induce great reasoning disorders.

The sensory organs of a body are the sole mediators of the cells inside of the body-wall; with their help they can evaluate the conditions in the outer environment. Therefore all the visual, auditory or other kind of data we transmit to our cells must reflect the real conditions of the environment we live in. Because the brains of our children are fed automatically (via traditions) with 2 or 3-dimensional data (a constant world without any change, endless time, second life after death, "a soul in hearts instead of cellular processes in our bodies", etc.), but we are living in a 4-dimensional world, consequently the reasoning systems of our brain cells could not be "wired" properly! Therefore we develop a defective consciousness system through our traditions! This lead to severe consciousness defects which are the main hurdle in human understandings

If humans are fed with dogmatic knowledge, which are inevitably unchangeable, so they lost their ability to solve the continuously changing problems.

We are living in a continuously changing and metamorphosing universe, but the brain cells of our children are conditioned in the early childhood with dogmatic rules, making life unintelligible for them. The consequence is that we are ruining the future of our children, without being aware of that "we are cutting our throat". Nearly all nations are aware of the fact that the consciousness system of children are not completed until the age of adulthood. That means, that they can be fed with wrong or right data in this period. That bring us to the solution: Nothing should be taught in childhood, what couldn't be taught in adulthood! The reason is following: If it is true what we intend to teach, then we can teach it also in adulthood, because the reasoning system of humans can accept all reasonable items in

adulthood. But if the items we intend to teach are not to accept in adulthood, then it can't be true!

This should be incorporated in the children-rights concepts of UNESCO, to make the first step towards a peaceful world.

2- Or 4-Dimensional Consciousness Systems.

Since the discovery of subatomic particles and the energy-matter exchanges our consciousness has settled from a 3-dimensional to a 4-dimensional one. The geologic-paleontologic researches of the last century has corroborated the 4-dimensional nature of our universe. Accordingly we are living in a continuously changing and metamorphosing universe, where the ratio of the changeover is called "4th dimension = time". People who are aware of the natural scientific facts and rules of the nature and of historical developments of humanity, can develop a 4-dimensional consciousness and behave accordingly, i.e. they understand the evolutionary development and interwoven relationship of organic and inorganic "world". People with stronger traditionally influenced education have difficulties in adaptation to 4-dimensional consciousness, even if they have a well natural scientific education afterwards, because the neuronal networks in the brain concerning 4-dimensinality are established nearly in the ages between 5 to 10. Traditional consciousness is either 3-dimensional or 2-dimensional. What is a 2-, or 3-dimensional consciousness?

If we trace back the development of humanity, we see that human beings began to develop a social life first about ten thousand years ago. Since then they have left oral or written remnants from which we can deduce their consciousness-level. Sumerian cuneiform scripts on clay tablets are the most important ones among them. They reveal that Sumerian has a 2-dimensional consciousness-level; namely, they world consists of a flat earth like an inverted dish in an ocean. The space below this flat earth is called "great below", which is thought also as 2-dimensional, "where dwell the underworld or chthonic deities". The space above the earth is called "great above", "where dwell sky gods". Accordingly, the Sumerian universe consists of three sandwiched layers; Heaven, Earth and Hell. (Consequently the terms like "heaven and hell" are cosmological parts of Sumerian thoughts. In 3- or 4-dimensional concepts, they haven't any locations!)

In 2-dimensional consciousness system there is only one direction, where objects can stay: from bottom to top. They lack the gravitational consciousness, so that they thought, the earth can not be spherical, because the people on the reverse side couldn't stay there; they had to fall down!

This consciousness system lasted until Newton'ian time, with some small changes, e.g. the border of the flat earth extended to Atlantic Ocean to the west, and India-China to the est. With the discovery of gravitational force, people began to develop a 3-dimensional consciousness system, where the world and solar systems are thought as spherical units. This 3-dimensional concept is still the dominant one on the world. In term of consciousness, 1-dimensionality is the "simplest level" of consciousness, like in animals. The "world" of the newborns consist of themselves and the immediate stimulants around them. Consequently, 1-dimensional consciousness could be attributed to them and to people before civilization era, who clearly managed a wild life styles

4. CONCLUSIONS.

When humans started space researches and astronauts begun to live and travel in satellites in a nearly weightlessness conditions, bone and muscle loss have been observed in their bodies. Nearly in the same decades biologists revealed the "apoptosis rule" among cell-colonies like human bodies. And the bone and muscle loss under weightlessness conditions get cleared: Cells in our bodies have their own rules and their own consciousness system. When they are in space where the gravity force is diminished, they feel this weightlessness and behave accordingly: Their living conditions have been changed; and they have to adapt themselves to those new conditions. Cells feeling no need for their services are to go! That is one of the main orders written in their standard DNA-book, and each cell has to carry out those orders. After those discoveries, to overcome bone and muscle loss of astronauts, many training equipment were mounted to spacecraft and vigorous exercise lasting several hours are carried out daily by the astronauts, to give the cells the feeling, that they are not useless for the body and dosn't need to commit suicide (apoptosis).

Another aspect of cell-consciousness is observed in our "bad or good habits".

Habits are the consequence of "award list constructions" of the cells, being a part of the cell consciousness system. From the viewpoint of the cells the adaptation to the changeovers in the environment is very important. To make this task easier cells invented the "reward principle"; a principle applied by all cell-colonies. For this reason, each repeated behaviour of the body are assumed by the cell-colonies as to be rewarded, and consequently added to the list of "awards". Each time when "this act" remembered, an award, an hormone, like dopamine, are secreted and the body is encouraged to do this "act". This is called as "habit, habitude". If your cells added some acts like "smoking or gambling" to the list of awards, then you can't omit these tasks.

The case of addiction is to explain best by morphine. Today nearly all countries are confronted with narcotic problems and no one could have mastered this matter. The lack of success in this matter is wholly up to cell consciousness. Here is the explanation: Cells communicate with chemical substances. They have receptors on their surfaces for this purpose and when some "known" chemicals stick to them (according to "lock and key" principle), they transmit this message to the appropriate cell-organelles and the required action are done. Take morphine as an example. This chemical have nearly the same structure as endorphin, which acts as painkiller among the nerve cells. (When some body parts are injured, endorphin is secreted and sent to the cells of injured body parts. Therefore we don't feel any pain at the moment of injury.) Now, when someone take morphine, this chemical is distributed throughout the whole body and morphine molecules stick to the appropriate receptors of the cells. The cells get the message "painkiller" although they haven't any pain. Human bodies are a sheet to the cells inside them, with the appropriate sensory attachments like eyes, ears, nose, etc.. These organs have the duty to reflect the conditions ruling in the environment outside of the body to the cells inside of the body. When some acts are repeated by bodies, these acts are added to the list of "habits" and are rewarded as described above. Additionally when some of these habits include elements used by cells for their intern communications (like endorphin ( morphine) then the thresholds of the cells are risen continuously, because the cells were given "painkiller = morphine", whereas they haven't any pain. So the cells were forced to assume that the conditions were changed towards more endorphin concentrations so that they have to rise their thresholds. And now when the cells have risen their thresholds for a particular substances, they need ever more of these substances for their internal equilibrium. When the amount of this substances fall below the threshold, they must feel pain. Because the cells determine our behaviour, we must follow their instructions and seek more morphine. The sole solution of drug addiction problems is to instruct humans about their cell-controlled nature,

that they have to be very careful by doing or trying anything more than once, because of a possible false instructions of the cells.

As we can see, it is wholly up to our cells and to their consciousness level, how we have to behave. We can not change their consciousness system easily. It is our traditional and educational life styles which shape our consciousness system. We have to be very careful in doing or teaching some things; especially in the childhood, because the consciousness system of our cells are shaped mainly in this time interval.

We can conclude from these data that the creator(s) of humans (or other life beings) are their cells; it is wholly up to the information of the cells, how an human being has to develop. Not only the shape and structure of our body are controlled by the cells; also our emotions and behaviours are wholly influenced by our cells (Birbaumer 1993). Our cells gather information from the environment outside their body wall through their sensors (eyes, noses, ears, etc.) and evaluate, interpret them and announce their decisions via appropriate chemicals or waves to the body parts, so that the relevant organs behave accordingly.

If someone doesn't have the habitude to eat regularly, just in the amount as the body cells needs, but irregularly and more than normally at that times, then the cells assume: "in the outer world, there is not always something to eat, therefore it is necessary to eat as much as possible if offered and to store them for times of scarcity or shortage!"

If you fed your cells with the instruction that your life were dependent on "soul", how can you expect from your cells that they develop a sound consciousness system to carry on an healthy life? They are not charged with any responsibility; they were said that the healthiness is in control of a "soul"?

The importance of distinction between cell consciousness and human consciousness is clearly visible in the following question: "How are you?"

Nearly all human beings are meaning with this question: "Have you any problems within your body?" This is quite a senseless question, because the conditions within our bodies are subjects of our cell consciousness systems; neither you nor the person itself have direct influence on their behaviour. (Indirect all systems are of course in mutual relationships.)

The problems within the body wall are problems of the cells, if you are bothering with those problems, then you are intervening in the realm of cell consciousness, because these are in their responsibility. And just that is the case among all human beings. Why are they intervening in the cell consciousness systems, and don't bother with their own consciousness realm? That is the result of traditionally induced reasoning distortions.

Humans are community building and world-wide living mammals, able to produce their own cultural products to solve their problems, not within but outside their bodies (=Homo socialis).

That is the definition of humans. Their consciousness system has to deal with problems concerning their cultural products, their social life organisations, etc.. Why then are humans not indicating with the question "how are you?" "Have you any problems within our society?"

That is the starting point for solutions of all our problems! If all humans begin to ask the question in this sense to each other, then they will begin to think themselves about the solution of their

problems and don't wait for a "saviour"! That will be the transition from "Homo subordinatus" to "Homo socialis"!

The maturation of our cell consciousness begins with birth; when the baby pass through 2 to 5 months interval, it develops a 3-dimensional perception of objects. (If the brain cells are hindered to observe and touch the objects in the environment, for example by wrapping the eyes with something during this time interval, then this person can never again develop a perfect ability to perceive the depth of objects!).

When you bypass the age interval ca 1-5 to develop the language skill of your child, then your child can never develop a perfect language skill by later instructions.

When she (or he) get ca 5 years old, the questions start "How am I born? What is birth? What is death? What is life? What is a society? What is school? , etc.." That is then the time for development of "space-time" concept and to make a clear-cut distinction between the cell life and human life by them. If this time interval (ca 5-10 years) are passed, then your child can not develop a good functioning consciousness system about 4-dimensionality (changeover and metamorphosis system of nature) and social life organisation, because the brain cells have their proper time concepts for their consciousness development, as indicated above. The history of Genie from California is a good example of such a case (Bloom and Lazerson 1988). Therefore the time interval between ca. 5 and 10 years should be used very carefully: That nothing in the world is constant; that all 3-dimensional objects we see, are due to continuous changing; that all life beings are also objects of this changeover systems; that birth and death were changes in the life cycles of cells; that the life span of a cell-colony (of an human!) depends mainly on the target or goal of the colony; that our cells were designers and constructors of our bodies; that our sense organs were observatories of our cell-colonies; that we have to fed our cells with only reliable data; that otherwise their reasoning system could have been distorted; that we doesn't have to bother about our health, because these are a matter of our cells being our creators; that societies are colonial life-styles among humans similar to that of human bodies build up by cells, etc..

By not doing so, we are disturbing and ruining the proper development of the consciousness systems of our children, their health, their future! Therefore we have to distinguish between cell consciousness and human consciousness systems. If we begin to understand how far cell consciousness reaches, then we can limit our interventions to their realms, for example, we can avoid giving or taking medicaments haphazardly; or we may not pour anxiety or phobia into their consciousness system. The main target of human consciousness should be focused on development social life structure, education systems, urbanisation, etc., in short terms: on their own products. Because social life is a continuum of normal animal life development on the earth, the same synergetic rules must be applied also to the social life organisation. Social life is a symbiotic partnership system similar to the cell colonies building our bodies. If certain cells are not needed, they are externalised; and all externalised cells must go cell-suicide, (or they try to build their own unit and became a tumour.) The same behaviour are observed by human societies: If you make unequal treatment between the members of a population, then they are compelled to build another social unit, and the splitting continues so on. This is the case in societies with "parties" or other ethnic divisions. Humans have problems with each others. This means that they have been fed with different kind of knowledge about "the social life". In the nature there is only one kind of rules for each unit. If there are many kind of rules about the social life organisations, then the most of them (if not all) must be false.

But our efforts are focused more on the realm of cell consciousness. Is there any sound reasoning in this behaviour?

As revealed by quantum physical researches the smallest parts of matter have also their consciousness systems. (By experiments, electrons or photons produced and send to opposite directions with light velocity show the same behaviour! Although no communication faster than light is possible and the quantum particles show the same behaviour, they must have their own consciousness systems, which may be called quantum consciousness!) The physical, chemical, geological, astronomical and astrophysical researches reveal that our world and cosmos are developed in the same manner, i.e. through stepwise accumulation of small parts. All those natural scientific developments led to the birth of a new scientific field called SYNERGETICS. Consequently we can say that all our world and cosmos are regulated by synergetic rules, i.e. from small parts to greater units by self organisation system! This would mean that the rules for a social life system construction shouldn't be set by authoritative leaderships, but by accumulation of pluralistic knowledge. Hence democracy should be re-interpreted.

It is the "knowledge" stored in the "cell-book" that influence and guide the cells to construct their colonies, i.e. our bodies. The influencing and guiding factors for humans in constructing a social structure can't be others then "knowledge". Because the social life is a continuum of natural life development on the earth, its rules are to be derived from natural scientific data and rules. A basic "SOCIETASE" book must be established for a world-wide common "knowledge".

From those relations and data we can interfere the role of "knowledge" (consequently consciousness) in the building and development of life-systems: the more reliable the "knowledge", the better the adaptation of "body" to the environment. If we humans have many social problems, this is a clear indication that our "knowledge" is not reliable, because of the "consciousness defects" described above.

If we have some kind of illnesses or alikes, this is due to the fact that the cells writing their inheritage (knowledge) to their descendants have made mistakes, or have misinterpreted their environmental conditions. If we intend to build a ecologically compatible and stable social life system, we must describe the environmental situations we experience exactly, unbiased and impartially and hand them down in real form to our children. (Our ancestors couldn't detect the different energy fields and waves so that they have created metaphysical terms and ascribed the phenomena they have observed to them. All metaphysical phenomena and terms like demon, satan, djin, fairy, etc. are interpreted to day with physical forces.) Most of our today's problems are the results of "false" information, due to either misinterpretations, or intentional wilfully misinterpretation by people whose life is dependent upon this. The most widespread misinterpretations lie in the interpretation of "God". The scientists, especially the natural scientists, shouldn't give the opportunity to the intentional wilfully misinterpretation by people whose life is dependent upon this. The natural scientists reveal the existence of the driving forces of nature and "some groups" use these data as arguments of their beliefs, although their books describes quite different things! Therefore all natural scientists should make a clear-cut definition of their research results and describe the natural forces as they are in reality. They should describe the "god" as their research results indicate, and not as interpreted 2 or 3 thousand years ago!

Consciousness symposiums (and Tokyo 99 declaration) are very important instances, where human beings write their actual "knowledge" and "experiences" about the world they live in, to hand them down to their descendants in order to facilitate them the construction of their social life structure. We have to review the legacy of our ancestors (our traditions) and make the required changes and hand down this "scocietase book" to our descendants. The first step

to this task may be "establishing a new scientific department to be called SOCIETY ENGINEERING". That is our duty.

It is "knowledge" accumulation over 3.5 billion years in the cell-books that led to the diversification (biodiversity) in the organic world of today's. When knowledge accumulation in a cell reaches a certain threshold, it gives birth to a new stem-cell generation, i.e. a new species. The same rule is also valid in social life development, as seen in the table showing the developments of "knowledge" accumulation during the human history.

All "knowledge" are stored in organic compounds in our brain cells. Because all organic compounds disaggregate in time, forgetfulness is inherent in all beings. Therefore traditions are very important, because they remember us continuously to our past and so our brain cells re-build and remind us of our past. Consequently all traditional "knowledge" must be appropriate to the real historic developments of the individuals and these "knowledge" should include our cell-bound histories, and not "a creations of mud".

There is no "generatio spontaneus" and the forces governing our cosmos are not "almighty and omniscient"; the "knowledge and natural laws" arise by "trial and error" through a stepwise development in nature, whereby energy is converted and bounded in different material structure enabling so different kind of interaction systems ("polarised" structures). Social life is a continuum of natural life development on the Earth and is subject to natural scientific rules. Therefore the natural scientists (and not others) have to set the rules to be effective in social life systems, because the reasoning system of others are more likely to be false-oriented according to Schachter's thesis. And the crucial question here is: "what should be the binding (or interacting) force in social life?" The paleobiological development of life on the earth reveals the answer: a symbiotic life style in mutual interdependence, where each participant has to specialise in one profession and give service to others, whereby he gets all other services from other participants. And that should be the definition of society!

Laws or social regulations are like enzymes in the cells; they facilitate the process, lowers the activation energy of the facts to be done.

(As we can deduce from spectroscopy, energy is stored and converted into "knowledge" also in inorganic matters because each "matter" has its own "peculiar" energy release.)

Also in social life, all phenomena are fulfilled by "knowledge" which is also a senseful combination of small parts (being words, or bits of 0 or 1).

Beginning with quanta and continuing with atoms, molecules and cells, each ones having their own "consciousness" each subunit sense the environmental conditions around and function accordingly. These are the humans who should have the appropriate "knowledge" to build a community. Humans living on the earth share the same natural scientific knowledge to build their technological needs. The technological improvements were achieved because the societies gathered their information from "communal sense organs like observatories or other objective detectors = instruments" yielding natural scientific data. But in the matter of social life structure, they diverge because they don't use the same devices (hence natural scientific data), but imaginary data which led to consciousness defects. And the main consciousness defect lie in the understanding of driving force(s) of life and nature. Centuries (millenniums) long humans have searched their creator (both for their bodies, as well as for their societies), not within but outside their bodies. Because they searched at wrong direction, they couldn't localise it. Therefore they have assumed "imaginary" creator(s) being lord of their bodies and their societies, each one being more or less described differently. This error resulted in the

disorder, chaos, turmoil, muddle-headedness of our days. "The best of guides are the natural scientific ones" said one savant.

These are false informed cells, who let us behave unreasonably. These are false informed cells, who let us have bad habitudes. These are reasoning disorders that let us make war. These are reasoning disorders that make terrorist or assassins of humans. These are reasoning disorders that make slave or lord of humans. Because of reasoning disorders we are carrying on an ecologically incompatible life styles. Because each one has a different kind of reasoning disorder, humans are generally debating

without a final agreement. These are reasoning disorders that let humans have so many social problems. And reasoning disorders arise through misinformation of our cells. Because life is only a step in a continuous changeover system, its aim and scope should be

the integration into this evolving system.

 

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Diverse Paragraphs Our world and universe undergo continuous changes and evolutions. These continuous

changes and evolutions are existent in all scales, ranging from the smallest particles of matter (quanta), to galaxies and universe! Consequently time is a point of reference for these changeovers; and life being a span of time is steps of those changeovers. All organic and inorganic matters (from quanta to biggest structures) sense the forces influencing themselves and behave accordingly. The sensory organelles or organs were developed for sensing these forces. Structure and organisation is from constituents to the whole; smaller units develop in mutual interactions into greater units. But in traditional worldview, structure and organisation is from top to bottom, from whole to the parts. Also, influencing and driving forces are from higher to lower levels.

Our bodies are constructed by their cells, and cells develop to live in this world! Sensory organs (ears, eyes, etc.) are to gather information about living environments. Brain cells get wired according to those information. If the information gathered reflects the real conditions of the environment, the reasoning system of the person will (or may) be correct; if not, the reasoning system of the person will be defective! Humans with different cultures educate their children with different ideas about life. Until this century, the education system of one country was irrelevant to others, because they didn't interact strongly. Conditions changed considerably in the last century. Technological achievements (worldwide-satellite-communications, air-planes, internet, etc.) have interwoven the international relations, in such a way that educationally induced reasoning defects in one country may have beneficial or disastrous effects in other countries. Consequently, a worldwide applicable interpretation of life is unavoidable.

When cells in the brains of students are fed with appropriate knowledge, they will develop new synapses enabling them to think and behave more reasonably. That is the only way for a social life organisation at a global level. And globalisation of social life is a necessary corollary of technological developments, and this will be a matter of communication. People with common concepts on ecological life and human relations will easily communicate and understand each others. But, brains with reasoning defects will exhibit different anti-social behaviours, reaching from harmless to disastrous ones, like the attack of 11th September.

The main problem of humanity lies in the interpretation of "God". Nearly all humans, be they creationists, natural selectionists, or others, agree that there is a governing, regulating power in the universe. Therefore we have to ask the questions cited in the course syllabus and find the appropriate answers to get a compromise.

Questions to be answered:1- Where do we get information needed for our interpretations? According to this information,

what kind of a world do we live in? Does it continuously change or is it something eternal?2- How are the changeovers triggered and how do they proceed? What are the basic properties

of quanta and their cumulative effects on development of higher levels of organisations? What is knowledge? What properties does it have? How is knowledge transmitted? Is “knowledge” the driving force behind the evolution?

3- What is the difference between living and non-living? And how is life developed on our planet throughout Earth history?

4- Does the development of natural life have any common ecological rules? What is co-evolution? Are human communities a continuum of the development of natural life on our planet? If so, by not-noticing such ecological life-rules, will the humans not destroy their future?

5- Why do humans live in communities? When they began to live in communities? Where did the first civilisation start to flourish?

6- How was our world and universe interpreted by our ancestors?

7- How are our thoughts and behaviours organized and controlled? What are the relations between our cells and our bodies? Who builds who? Who controls whom? (Chicken and egg problem!)

8- What are our sensory organs for? What kind of data should be transmitted to the cells inside the body? What will happen if some unreliable data are transmitted to the cells in the brain? Will the reasoning of those brains not be defective? (Reasoning defects!) What is the influence of dogmatic rules on the development of human intelligence or reasoning?

9- Evolution of “knowledge processing” through time, and the role of knowledge in future development of humanity.

Finally: Does "it or HE" starts with smaller units and proceeds to greater, composite units, or vice-versa? How this "POWER" organizes and governs the nature? Does "it or HE” influence the units directly or through "some selected persons"?

Having the answers to the questions cited above, we will get an agreement on the definition of "God".

Forces Behind the Evolutions and the Cause of Cambrian Explosion of Animal Life. (The Role of “Knowledge” in the Dvelopment of Evolutionary Phenomena)

To evaluate the development of human-intelligence we have to plot human achievements in a time chart; it yields an exponential curve, like y = kebx. Humans are integrated levels of cells; consequently, if we take the derivation of their intelligence-level-curve, we could get the intelligence-level-curve of cells. As we know, the derivation of y = ex -function yields always y = ex. Indeed, plotting cell achievements (i.e. fossil records) in a time chart yields again an exponential curve, similar to y = ex. Cells are integration-products of organic molecules; molecules are integration-products of atoms; atoms are integration-products of quanta; consequently the fundamental

particles of matters must have a basic intelligence-chip like y = ex, as indicated by weird quantum physical phenomena. That is the reason that a magnet-needle can sense all force-sources, calculates their relative influences and orients itself accordingly.

Suppose a report about a very effective motor-construction. In the hands of an educated person (case A), it is very valuable; he can fulfils great works! But how is the situation for a not-educated person (case B)? And what is the difference between these extreme situations? The difference lays in the organisations of brain-cells: Persons with appropriate education in reading have developed a neuronal network being alerted when confronted with appropriate writings; whereas not educated brains doesn't respond to such works. How will be the future developments around these two cases A and B? In the environment around A, the energy and raw material will be collected and a new motor is constructed; in the environment around B not! That may be the reason behind the patchy structure of our universe!

Genes are the equivalents of such "reports": cells store their experiences in the form of DNA codes and hand them down to their descendants, so that they can fulfil the presumed tasks easily. Hence matter-constructions are controlled and achieved by knowledge, so that it corresponds to bosons (force-carriers) of quantum physics!

Exponential developments require increasing force-applications on systems, resulting in accelerations. As paleontological records indicate, there must exist different force-levels or -systems, acting on different ecological systems. Because forces are energy-waves, they interfere with each-other. The explosive development of life forms at the begin of Cambrian has to be seen as a necessary corollary of cumulative results of exponential developments of intelligences.

Humans can transmit knowledge via electromagnetic waves and fulfil different tasks. Differently modulated waves are carriers of knowledge; electrons on the antenna of a receiver are moving according to the properties of the signal waves; the movements of those electrons induce electrical fields around them and the received signals can be converted to the desired forms: sound waves, TV-pictures, etc., so that knowledge transmission took place.Similarly are determined and controlled the movements and behaviours of humans; when they see something, waves develop in their brains and trigger a cascade of reactions; according to their results, the body behaves. We are looking for new ideas, new publications. Reading them we get influenced and stimulated; so that new ideas are evolved and changeovers in the living environment took place. This system is also valid among other organism. The simplest organism of our world communicates with each other via plasmid transfer and lead to construction of new organic compounds. We can conclude that the forces behind organic evolutions are information or knowledge buildings.

To evaluate the development of human knowledge-buildings, we have to plot human achievements against time; it yields an exponential curve, like y = ex. Humans are integrated levels of cells; consequently, if we take the derivation of their intelligence-level-curve, we could get the intelligence-level-curve of cells. As we know, the derivation of y = ex -function yields always y = ex. Indeed, plotting cell achievements (i.e. fossil records) in a time chart yields again an exponential curve, similar to y = ex. Cells are integration-products of organic molecules; molecules are integration-products of atoms; atoms are integration-products of quanta; consequently the fundamental particles of matters must have a basic intelligence-chip like y = ex, as indicated by weird quantum physical phenomena. That is the reason that a magnet needle can sense all sources of force, calculates their relative influences and orients itself accordingly.

All things are made with the appropriate knowledge. Knowledge is partly inherited and partly newly established know-how’s to make something. The forces acting and influencing something or leading to construction of something are knowledge waves! Starting from atoms, molecules, to cells- and human-works, there is a hierarchically developed information-accumulation-system. All later developments are based and dependent on the information-

system of lower-levels; without procariotic-know-how's, no eucariotic-developments! Knowledge to be passed on to offspring has to reflect the exact natural conditions of environments. Otherwise reasoning defects are inevitable.”

Evaluation of historical data shed light on the localisation and timing of the first civilisation on the earth, ca. 10 thousand years ago, at the submarine hills of the Persian Gulfs, being isolated land areas at that time. Data from geological and archaeological studies perfectly match with the Genesis chapter of Bibel and the data given in Timaios and Kritias, the famous works of Plato, describing the Atlantis civilisation (see Gedik 1992, 1998).

The cuneiform scripts of Sumerians reveals their worldview: the natural (physical) forces ruling in nature, were interpreted as living, immortal life-beings (gods); the beneficial effects of the natural phenomena as rewards and the disastrous ones as punishments of the god(s). Furthermore, they assumed gods as omniscient authority, instantly creator and proprietor of the earth and cosmos. Their world-view didn't include a combinatory cosmic structure from small into greater units, with changeovers between them. Therefore, their time concept was continuous, eternal and dependent on the life of their eternal gods. The comparative evaluation of the Sumerian beliefs, Old Testament, New Testament, Koran and actual life habits of our communities let suggest, that Sumerian thoughts and beliefs were adopted by later, mainly western, civilisations with only small modifications and constitute still the bulk structure of our actual traditional values. In this hereditary view, structure and organisation of our world is from top to bottom, from whole to the constituents; influencing and driving forces, too, are from higher to lower levels.

What are the relations between our cells and our bodies? Who builds who? Who controls whom? (Chicken and egg problem!)

To get a glimpse to the answer of this question, a paragraph from the course-text: “The cells of an astronaut body in a space craft experience the weakness of gravity and underwent apoptosis, so that astronaut-body lost weight; indicating that we owe our existence to our cells, being planner, architects and controller of our bodies. The cells are constructed by still smaller components, like proteins. Proteins are information-carriers; they are polarized too, and act either as ligands to transmit some request, or as receptors to let fulfil some request.”

How are our thoughts and behaviours organized and controlled?What are our sensory organs for? What kind of data should be transmitted to the cells inside

the body? What results when some unreliable-data are transmitted to the cells in the brain? Will the reasoning of those brains not be defective? (Reasoning-Defects!) What are the influences of dogmatic rules on the development of humans intelligence or reasoning?

From course-text: "The main difference between humans and others lies in the constitution of their brains. In all comparable animals (mammals) the brain has relatively more nerve cells for sensory and motor area than in humans. But humans have an extremely well developed, "association area" and less developed motor and sensory area! That means: humans have more cells in their brains for planning, forecasting, etc., than for moving or sensing their environments. Its results is that all comparable animals could "see, smell, hear, move or sense any way better" than humans; but humans can make more scenarios from the relatively few observational data than other animals. Humans can experience more vivid dreams, more hallucinations; humans can make more speculations, more future-scenarios, etc. than other animals! And that is the

Achilles' heel, the weakest point of humans: The few sensory data they gather has to be very reliable! When sensory data reflect exactly the situations of the living environments, then the cells of the association-area can be wired appropriately, so that the developed scenarios match up to the environment. But if the sensory data doesn’t reflect the environmental situations, then the networking of the brain-cells will be not appropriate to the living environment; those brains will have reasoning defects!The association area is situated on the neo-cortex and the main development of neo-cortex is during the childhood; i.e. after birth. That means that the main period for the networking of the cells in the association area is during the childhood. That is the crucial point: Nothing should be taught to children, that doesn't reflect the real conditions of the environment, not a single metaphysical term! (All metaphysical terms are products of reasoning-defective brains; then, human's thinking are achieved by their cells, if the brain-cells are fed continuously with appropriate data, than they will develop always senseful products, corresponding to the needs of the environment. If they produce metaphysical concepts, that means that they are fed with non-appropriate data about the environment, hence with reasoning-defects!)Sensory organs like ear, eye, etc. are constructed by the cells to get information about the changeovers in the living environments. Therefore all data transmitted with sensory organs to cells inside of the body must be very reliable! And here lies the crucial point: The cells are aware of the fact that they are living in a continuously changing world, and therefore have left their progeny free in adapting to their new environments: that is why a chick accept the first-moving-object as her mother, an ant accept the first odour as her-own-home's odour, etc. By humans, the first educational data given during childhood must reflect the environment we are living in! All data not belonging to our environment will create reasoning-defects in the brains of our children, because our cells are created to live in this world and not elsewhere! Here lies the problem: Most humans, giving dogmatic, metaphysical concepts to the information-gathering-cells of their children, creates unintentionally reasoning-defects in their brains, without being aware of this fact! And that is done automatically, via traditions, so that it is turned up into a hereditary social-illness." Nearly all humans have a lot of reasoning-defects. And our arrogance, that only humans were

conscious, is a clear indicator of such a reasoning-defect, disabling them to build an ecological welfare-world. Therefore we couldn't think from bottom to the top, from parts to the whole.

Die naturwissenschaftlichen Forschungen des letzten Jahrhunderts haben bewiesen dass:-Ordnung und Balance in der Natur durch gegenseitige Wechsel-Wirkungen der Wesen

selbst zustande kommen, -die kleinsten Bestandteile der Wesen ihre Umgebung haargenau wahrnehmen und

Wahrscheinlichkeits-Rechnungen machen und sich demnach benehmen,-alles auf der Welt „Information & Self-Organisation“ Regeln entsprechend von diesen

kleinsten Bestandteilen gebildet werden,-Informations-Bildung in exponentialer und integrativer Form entsteht, was zu der

Folgerung führt, dass Information-Bildungs-Fähigkeit ihren Ursprung in den kleinsten Bestandteilen der Wesen haben muss.

die die durch gegenseitige Übereinstimmungen unter dem Zwang Bequemlichkeit

We are living in a continuously changing Nature. There is nothing what does not change. Changes are carried out by forces ruling in nature. There exists a wide held belief that forces governing the nature are exerted by externally induced factors.

Some basic physical realities.1. All beings behave according to rules of probabilities. 2. All beings tend to coalesce in order to reduce the energy consumptions.

Because all forces influencing the behaviours of beings are developed by mutual interactions of concerned items, humans too, have to behave in the same manner in order to establish a reasonable social structure. This kind of a behaviour development necessitate activeness of each person in society. When humans get aware of the fact that their future is dependent on their active participation in constructing the social orders ruling their communities, they will tend to make collaborations in all possible occasions (See the physical constraints leading to binding, coalescing or collaboration in the appended word-document). The internet-traffic including the Onlinebewerbung will enhance and facilitate this development.

When a certain amount of components are in an upper-level life system, then they have their own order parameter, slaving its components to behave according this orders. When this upper-level system life disintegrates into its components, called “death”, the components are free from this order parameter rules; but set to other external force-fields. Therefore, the more the beings are disintegrated, the more are the disintegrated parts subdued to interact with much more beings.