part ii the design of research - មិត្តនិស្សិត · 2012. 11. 17. · the...
TRANSCRIPT
MN 400: Research Methods
PART II
The Design of Research
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MN 400: Research Methods
CHAPTER 6 Research Design
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What is Research Design? A plan for selecting the sources and types of information
used to answer research questions A framework for specifying the relationships among the
study variables A blueprint that outlines each procedure from the
hypothesis to the analysis
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Research Design : Secondary data study and Observation
research
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Secondary Data
Data gathered and recorded by someone else prior to and for a purpose other than the current project Secondary data is often:
Historical Already assembled Needs no access to subjects
Chapter 8: Secondary Data 5
Advantages of Secondary Data
Inexpensive Obtained Rapidly Information is not Otherwise Accessible
Chapter 8: Secondary Data 6
Disadvantages of Secondary Data
Uncertain Accuracy Data Not Consistent with Needs Inappropriate Units of Measurement Time Period Inappropriate (Dated)
Some techniques to adjust secondary data
Data conversion Cross-checks
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Fact Finding - Identifying consumption patterns - Tracking trends
Model building - Estimating market potential - Forecasting sales - Selecting trade areas and sites
Data Base Marketing - Development of Prospect Lists - Enhancement of Customer Lists
Common Research Objectives for Secondary Data Studies
Chapter 8: Secondary Data 8
Type of secondary data Internal Data
Internal and proprietary data is more descriptive Accounting information Sales information Backorders Customer complaints
Chapter 8: Secondary Data Lecture # 5 9
External Data
Created, recorded, or generated by an entity other than the researcher’s organization Government Trade associations Newspapers and journals Libraries Internet Vendors Producers Books and periodicals
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Scientific Observation is Systematic
Chapter 11: Observation Methods
Scientific observation is the systematic process of recording behavioral patterns of people, objects, and occurrences without questioning or communicating with them.
The unobtrusive or nonreactive nature of the observation method often generates data without the subject’s knowledge.
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Categories of Observation
Human versus mechanical Visible versus hidden Type of observation Direct observation Participant observation Contrived observation Response latency
Chapter 11: Observation Methods 12
Visible VS hidden observation
• Visible observation occurs when the subject knows the observe is there, and hidden observation occurs when the subject is unaware of the researcher’s presence.
• Hidden observation does minimize respondent error, but raises an ethical question concerning privacy.
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Direct observation
produce a detailed record of what events occur or
what people actually do.
The observer plays a passive role and merely records what he sees.
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Participant observation
Situations in which an observer gains
firsthand knowledge by being in or around the social setting being
investigated.
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Content observation
Obtains data by observing and analyzing the content of advertisements, letters, articles, etc.
Deals with the study of the message itself Measures the extent of emphasis or omission
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Chapter 11: Observation Methods
Observing human What can be observed?
Observation of Human Behavior Observation of Social Setting Observation of Physical Objects
Lecture # 5 17
Observation of Human Behavior: Benefits Communication with respondent is not necessary Data without distortions due to self-report (e.g.: without
social desirability) Bias No need to rely on respondents memory Nonverbal behavior data may be obtained Certain data may be obtained more quickly Environmental conditions may be recorded May be combined with survey to provide supplemental
evidence
Chapter 11: Observation Methods 18
Observation of Human Behavior: Limitations
Cognitive phenomena cannot be observed Interpretation of data may be a problem Not all activity can be recorded Only short periods can be observed Observer bias possible Possible invasion of privacy
Chapter 11: Observation Methods 19
Observing social setting
To summarize, systematize, and simplify the activities, meaning, and relationships in a social setting
Some common elements to be observed: the participants
the setting
the purpose that brought the participants together
the social behavior
the frequency and duration of the social setting.
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Observing Physical objects
Physical-trace evidence
Wear and tear of a physical product
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Research Design : Survey
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Surveys A research design which the information are asked
from the respondents using verbal or written questioning
Chapter 9: Survey Research
Respondents are a representative sample of people
Respondents
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Gathering Information via Surveys
Advantages Quick Inexpensive Efficient Accurate Flexible
Chapter 9: Survey Research
• Problems – Poor Design – Improper Execution
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Tree Diagram of Total Survey Error
Chapter 9: Survey Research
Total error
Systematic error (bias)
Random sampling
error
Deliberate falsification
Unconscious Misrepresentation
•Response •bias
•Nonresponse •error
• refusal • not-at-home
• self selection • bias
• Acquiescence bias • Extremity bias • Interviewer bias • Auspices bias
• Social desirability bias
Administrative error
Respondent error
• Data processing error • Sample selection error
• Interviewer error • Interviewer cheating
• A statistical fluctuation that occurs because of change variation in the elements selected for the
sample
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METHODOF
COMMUNICATION
STRUCTUREDAND DISQUISED
QUESTIONS
TEMPORALCLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFYINGSURVEY
RESEARCHMETHODS
Chapter 9: Survey Research
Conducting a Survey
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Time Period for Surveys
Cross-sectional Longitudinal
Chapter 9: Survey Research 27
Cross-Sectional Study A study in which various segments of a population are
sampled Data are collected at a single moment in time.
Chapter 9: Survey Research 28
Longitudinal Study
A survey of respondents at different times, thus allowing analysis of changes over time.
Tracking study - compare trends and identify changes consumer satisfaction
Chapter 9: Survey Research 29
Consumer Panel A longitudinal survey of the same sample of individuals or
households to record (in a diary) their attitudes, behavior, or purchasing habits over time.
Chapter 9: Survey Research 30
Communicating with Respondents
Personal interviews Door-to-door Shopping mall intercepts
Telephone interviews Self-administered
questionnaires
Lecture # 5 31
Door-to-Door Personal Interview
Speed of data collection Moderate to fast Geographical flexibility Limited to moderate Respondent cooperation Excellent Versatility of questioning Quite versatile Questionnaire length Long Item nonresponse Low Possibility of respondent misunderstanding Lowest Degree of interviewer influence of answer High Supervision of interviewers Moderate Anonymity of respondent Low Ease of call back or follow-up Difficult Cost Highest Special features
Visual materials may be shown or demonstrated; extended probing possible
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Mall Intercept Personal Interview Speed of data collection Fast Geographical flexibility Confined, urban bias Respondent cooperation Moderate to low Versatility of questioning Extremely versatile Questionnaire length Moderate to long Item nonresponse Medium Possibility of respondent misunderstanding Lowest Degree of interviewer influence of answer Highest Supervision of interviewers Moderate to high Anonymity of respondent Low Ease of call back or follow-up Difficult Cost Moderate to high Special features
Taste test, viewing of TV commercials possible
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Telephone Surveys Speed of Data Collection Very fast Geographical Flexibility High Respondent Cooperation Good Versatility of Questioning Moderate Questionnaire Length Moderate Item Nonresponse Medium Possibility of Respondent Misunderstanding Average Degree of Interviewer Influence of Answer Moderate Supervision of interviewers High Anonymity of respondent Moderate Ease of call back or follow-up Easy Cost Low to moderate Special features
Fieldwork and supervision of data collection are simplified; quite adaptable to computer technology
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Telephone Surveys
Central location interviewing
Computer-assisted telephone interviewing
Computerized voice-activated interviews
Lecture # 6 35
MAIL IN-PERSONDROP-OFF
INSERTS FAX
PAPERQUESTIONNAIRES
E-MAIL INTERNETWEB SITE
KIOSK
ELECTRONICQUESTIONNAIRES
SELF-ADMINISTEREDQUESTIONNAIRES
Self-Administered Questionnaires
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Mail Surveys Speed of data collection Slow; Researcher has no control
over return of questionnaire
Geographical flexibility High
Respondent cooperation Moderate--poorly designed questionnaire will have low response rate
Versatility of questioning Highly standardized format
Questionnaire length Varies depending on incentive
Item nonresponse High
Anonymity of respondent High
Ease of call back or follow-up Easy, but takes time
Cost Lowest
Lecture # 5 37
• Cover letter • Money helps
- As a token of appreciation - For a charity
• Stimulate respondents’ interest with interesting questions • Follow Up
- Keying questionnaires with codes
• Advanced notification • Sponsorship by a well-known and prestigious institution
How to Increase Response Rates for Mail Surveys
Chapter 10: Survey Research: Basic Communication Methods 38
E-Mail Questionnaire Surveys
Speed of data collection Instantaneous Geographic flexibility Worldwide Cost Cheaper distribution and processing costs
Flexible, but Extensive differences in the capabilities of respondents’ computers
and e-mail software limit the types of questions and the layout Anonymity E-mails are not secure and “eavesdropping” can possibly occur
Respondent cooperation Varies depending if e-mail is seen as “spam”
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Internet Surveys
A self-administered questionnaire posted on a Web site. Respondents provide answers to questions displayed
online by highlighting a phrase, clicking an icon, or keying in an answer.
Representative samples The quality of internet samples may vary substantially. A sample of those who visit a web page and voluntarily fill
out a questionnaires can have self-selection error.
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Internet Surveys Speed of data collection Instantaneous Cost Effective Geographic flexibility Worldwide Visual and interactive Respondent cooperation Varies depending on web site
Varies depending on type of sample When user does not opt-in or expect a
voluntary survey cooperation is low. Self-selection problems in web site visitation surveys
- participants tend to be more deeply involved than the average person. Versatility of questioning Extremely versatile Questionnaire length Individualized base on respondent answers
Longer questionnaires with panel samples Item nonresponse Software can assure none Possibility for respondent misunderstanding High Interviewer influence of answers None Supervision of interviewers Not required Anonymity of Respondent Can be anonymous or known Ease of Callback or Follow-up Difficult unless e-mail address is known Special Features Allows graphics and streaming media
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There is no best form of survey; each has advantages and disadvantages.
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Research design: Experimental research
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Experiment
A research investigation in which conditions are controlled Independent variable (s) are manipulated Basic Issues of Experimental Design Manipulation of the Independent Variable Selection of Dependent Variable Assignment of Subjects (or other Test Units) Control Over Extraneous Variables
Chapter 12: Experimental Research
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Classification of experimental design
Symbolism for diagramming experiment O X R
Experimental designs
Quasi-experimental design
Good experimental design
Time series experimental design
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Experimental Designs Quasi-Experimental Designs
One Shot Design (After Only) X O1
One Group Pretest-Posttest O1 X O2
Static Group Design Experimental Group X O1 Control Group O2
Chapter 12: Experimental Research
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Experimental Designs Time series Experimental Designs
Experimental Group O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6
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Test Marketing
An experimental procedure that provides an opportunity to test a new product or a new marketing plan under realistic market conditions to measure sales or profit potential.
Chapter 12: Experimental Research
Controlled experimentation
Not just trying something out But scientific testing
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ESTIMATE OUTCOMES
IDENTIFY AND CORRECT
WEAKNESSES IN PLANS
Functions of Test Marketing
Chapter 12: Experimental Research
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Selecting a Test Market
Population size Demographic composition Lifestyle considerations Competitive situation Media Self-contained trading area Overused markets - secrecy
Chapter 12: Experimental Research
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The Advantages of Using the Control Method of Test Marketing
Reduced costs Shorter time period needed for reading test market
results Increased secrecy from competitors No distraction of company salespeople from regular
product lines
Chapter 12: Experimental Research
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