partial-differences method a way to subtract in which differences are computed separately for each...
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partial-differences
method
A way to subtract in which differences are computed
separately for each place (ones, tens, hundreds, and so on). The
partial differences are then added to give the final answer.
932
-3561. Subtract 100’s: 900-300 6002. Subtract 10’s: 30-50 -203. Subtract 1’s: 2-4 -44. Add the partial differences 576
(600-20-4, done mentally)
partial-sums
algorithm
An addition procedure in with sums are computed for each lace separately and then added to find
the sum.
2 6 8+ 4 8 3 6 0 0
1 4 0 1 1+
7 5 1
1. Add 100’s2. Add 10’s3. Add 1’sAdd partial sum
pattern
A model or plan in which objects or numbers can be
arranged so that what comes next can be
predicted.
?
2, 4, 6, ?
100, 90, 80, ?
?
5,10,15,20,?
Pattern-Block
Template
A plastic sheet with geometric shapes cut out.
pentagon
A 5-sided polygon.
per
In each or for each.
Five chairsper row
per-unit rate
A rate that tells the quantity of items with a given unit for each
item of a different unit.
Two dollars per gallon12 miles per hour4 words per minute
percent (%)
Per hundred, or out of a
hundred.
1 100
or 0.01
1 one-hundredth
100%=
15%= 15 100
or 0.15
perfect number
A number in which the sum of all its proper factors is
equal to the number itself.
6 is a perfect number because when you add its proper factors the answer is equal to 6: 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
perimeter
The distance around a two-
dimensional closed plane figure or
region.
2cm
3cm
1cm
3cm
2+3+1+3=9cm1+1+1+1=4
perpendicular line
segments
Two rays, lines segments that form
right angles are said to be
perpendicular to each other.
pi
The ration of the circumference of a
circle to its diameter.
= C / D
pictograph
A graph made with pictures or symbols.
pie graph
A graph that uses a circle divided into parts to show the parts of a set of data. The circle represents the whole
set of data.
pint
Standard measurement used
to measure capacity equal to 2
cups.
=
place value
The worth of each digit in a number,
with is determined by its
position.
745,309,281
plane
A flat surface that extends
forever.
point
An exact location in
space.
Points are usually labeled with capital letters.
K L
R
W
point symmetry
The property of a figure that can be rotated 180 about a point in such a way that the resulting figure exactly matches
the original figured.
o
polygon
A closed plane figure formed by
three or more line segments that meet
only at their end points.
polyhedron
A closed 3-dimensional shape,
all of whose surfaces (faces)
are flat.
polyhedra dice
A three-dimensional solid
with varying numbers of faces.
poster
A page showing a collection of numerical data used in number stories.
positive rational numbers
Numbers great than 0 that can be written as
a fraction or a termination or
repeating decimal.
pound (lb)
Standard unit of weight.
one pound
power
A product of factors that are all
the same.
5 x 5 x 5 (or 125) is called 5 to the third power, or the third power of 5, because 5 is a factor three times. 5 x 5 x 5 can also be written as 5. 3
powers of ten
Written exponential notation, the
exponent shows how many times 10 is a
factor.
100 is equal to 10 x 10 or 10
(exponential notation). 100 is called ten squared, the second power of 10,
or 10 to the second power.
2
probability
A number from 0 to 1 that shows the
likelihood that an event will happen.
The teacher puts 7 blue squares and 2 red squares in the box.
If you pull a square out of the box. What will probably be the color?Can you pull out a purple square?
probability
A number from 0 to 1 that indicated the
likelihood that something (an event)
will happen.
product
The result of doing
multiplication.
X 31 5
5 multiplicand
multiplier
product
prime factorization
A number expressed as a
product of prime factors.
The prime factorization
of 24 is 2 * 2 * 2 * 3
or 2 * 3
3
prime number
A whole number greater than 1 that has exactly two
whole-number factors, 1 and itself. A prime number is only divisible by 1 and
itself.
prism
A polyhedron with two parallel flat
faces (bases) with the same size and
shape.
product
The result of doing
multiplication.
proper factor
All the factors of a number except the
number itself.
The factors for the number 10 are 1, 2, 5 and 10. The proper factors are 1, 2, and 5.
property
A feature of an object.
size
color
shape
number of parts
attributes
protractor
A device for measuring or
drawing angles.
pyramid
A polyhedron (3-dimensional shape)
in which one face (base) is a polygon and
the other faces are triangles with a
common vertex (apex).
Pythagorean Theorem
The following famous theorem: If the legs of a right triangle have the lengths a and b, and the hypotenuse
has length c, then a + b =c
2 2 2
quadrangle
A 4-sided polygon.
quadrilateral
A 4-sided polygon.
quadruple
Four times an amount.
quadrillion
A digit(s) followed by 15 whole-number
places.
Quadrillion written in number form is
1,000,000,000,000,000 or in exponential form
1015
quintillion
A digit(s) followed by 18 whole number
places.
Quintillion written in number form is
1,000,000,000,000,000,000 or in exponential form
1018
quotient
The result after dividing one
number by another number; the
number of equal shares.
radius
A line segment from the center of a circle
(or shape) to any point on the circle (or
shape); also, the length of such a line
segment.
random sampling
Taking a sampling from the population in a
manner that allows all members the same
chance of being included.
range
The difference between the greatest and least numbers in
a set of data.
range450-75375
10143
rate
A comparison of two quantities with
unlike units.
A speed such as 55 miles per hour
compares distance with time.
ratio
A comparison of two quantities with like units. Ratios can be expressed with fractions, decimals,
percent, or words; or written with a colon
between the two numbers being compared.
ray
A straight path that extends
infinitely from a point called its
endpoint.
real number
Any rational or irrational number.
reciprocal
Multiplicative inverses.
rational number
Any number that can be represented in
form , where a and b are integers and b
is not 0.
ab
rectangle
A parallelogram whose angles are all right
angles.
rectangular
method
A method for finding area, in which rectangles are
used to surround a figure or parts of a figure. All the area is calculated in either
area of rectangles or of triangular halves of rectangular regions.
rectangular prism
A prism whose bases
are rectangles.
rectangular
pyramid
A pyramid whose base is a rectangle.
reference frame
A system of numbers, letter, or words to
show quantities with reference to a zero
point.
number linestime lines calendarsthermometers mapscoordinate systems
reflection
"Flipping" a picture or object so that its
image is the mirror opposite of the
original (preimage).
reflex angle
angle whose measure is
between 180° and 360°.
reflection symbol
A symbol used to express the
association between two quantities.
= for equal to= for is not equal to< for less than> for greater than< for is less than or equal to> for greater than or equal to
regular polygon
A convex polygon in which all the sides are the same length and all
the angles have the same measure.
regular polygon
A polygon whose sides are all the
same.
regular polyhedr
on
A polyhedron with all faces the same shape and same size. There
are five regular polyhedrons.
regular polyhedro
n
A polyhedron whose faces are all congruent regular polygons and
with the same number of faces meeting at
every vertex.
relation symbol
A symbol used to express a
relationship between two quantities.
><=
remainder
The amount left over when things are divided into equal shares.
remainder
repeating decimal
Decimals that continue a
pattern without end.
.333… 1 3
= .30
rhombus
A parallelogram with sides that are all the same
length.
right angle
A square corner; a 90 angle.
o
90
o
right triangle
A triangle that has a
right angle.
rotation
A turn around a center point or
axis.
rote counting
Reciting numbers in order from memory.
rotation symmetry
Property of a figure that can be rotated around a point in such a way that the resulting figure exactly matches the original figure. The rotation must be
more than 0 degrees, but less than 360 degrees.
round
To express a number in a
simplified way.
about 20 units
about 2 lb
about 10C
rounding
Replacing a number with a nearby number that is easier to work with or
better reflects the precision of the date.
about 20 units
about 2 lb
about 10C
round
Circle shape.
row
A horizontal arrangement of
objects or numbers in an array or
table.
rule table
A table for displaying the
input output and the role for a
function.
in out 2 5 4 7 ? 9 12 ?100 103
sample
A subset of a population used to
represent the whole population.
scale
The ratio of the distance on a map, globe, or drawing
to the actual distance.
scale drawing
An accurate picture of an
object in which all parts are drawn to
the same scale.
scale factor
A number that names "how many times as
many?" or "what fraction of?" one
quantity is of another quantity.
scalene triangle
A triangle in which no sides are the same
length.
scientific notation
A system for representing numbers in which a number is written as the product of
a power of 10 and a number that is at least 1
but less than 10. Scientific notation allows writing big
and small numbers with only a few symbols.
4,000,000 in scientific notation
is 4 x 100.00001 in scientific notation
is 1 x 10
6
-6
scroll
A roll of paper with words and/or pictures
written on it.
set
A collection or group of objects, numbers or other
items.
( 23, 44, 56, 88 )
sector
A region bound by an arc and two radii of a circle.
semicircle
Half of a circle; either of two parts of a circle
between (and including) the endpoints of a
diameter.
Sieve of Eratosthene
s
A method credited to the mathematician
Eratosthenes (about 200 B.C.) for identifying
prime numbers.
significant figure
In a count or measurement, digits
that reflect the precision of the
result.
similar figures
Figures that have the same shape but are not necessarily the
same size.
simplest form
A fraction in which the numerator and the
dominator have no common factor except 1 and the
numerator is less than the denominator.
simplify an
expression
To rewrite the expression by
removing parentheses and combining like
terms.
7y + 4 +5 + 3y10y + 9
3(2y + 5) – y5y + 15
skip counting
Counting by a specified added amount from a
specified starting number.
side
Any line segment that makes up a
polygon.
slate
Lap board used to
write on.
2+2 4
speed
A rate that compares distance traveled with the
time taken to travel that distance.
sphere
A 3-dimensional shape whose
curved surface is a given distance from
its center point.
sphere
The set of all points in space that are a given distance (the radius of
the sphere) from a given point (center of the
sphere).