PARTICIPANTS

- Angela ALBERICI, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, MILANO, Italy

- Antonio BARBIERI, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Setor Radio­terapia, R. Botucatu 715, Vila Clementino, SAO PAULO, Brasil

- Luciano BENINI, Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria, Ospedale Civile, 35100 PADOVA, Italy

- Daniela BETTEGA, Istituto di Fisica, Universita di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 MILANO, Italy

*t - Claudio BIRATTARI, Istituto di Fisica "A. Pontremoli" Universita di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 MILANO, Italy

* - Johan J. BROERSE, REP-Institutes Organisation Health Research TNO, 151 Lange Kleiweg, RIJSWIJK (ZH), The Netherlands

- Gianfranco CALICCHIO, Istituto Tumori, Via M. Semmola 1, 80100 NAPOLI, Italy

- Ugo CERCHIARI, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 MILANO, Italy

* - George T. Y. CHEN, University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bldg. 55/106, BERKELEY, CA 94720, USA

- Leopoldo CONTE, Servizio Fisica Sanitaria Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Boni 57, 21100 VARESE, Italy

- Tiziana COSTI, Servizio Fisica Sanitaria Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42100 REGGIO EMILIA, Italy

* - Stanley B. CURTIS, University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, BERKELEY, CA 94720, USA

- Alberto DEL GUERRA, Universita di Pisa, Istituto di Fisica, Piazza Torricelli 2, 56100 PISA, Italy

637

638 PARTICIPANTS

* - John F. DICELLO, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory M.S. 844, P.o. Box 1663, LOS ALAMOS, New Mexico 87545, USA

* - Mme Andree DUTREIX, Institut Gustave Roussy, 16 Ave. Vaillant Coutourier, 94800 VILLEJUIF (Val de Marne), France

- Andreas FORMICONI, Via Pier La Torre 1, 50065 PONTASSIEVE (Firenze), Italy

- Rosina GALLINI, Ente Universitario Lombardia Orientale, Via Valsabbina 19, 25100 BRESCIA, Italy

- Diego GOMEZ VELA, Facultad de Medicina de Cadiz, Catedra de Terapeutica Fisica, CADIZ, Spain

- Sigmund GULDBAKKE, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-3300 BRAUNSCHWEIG, Germany

- S~ren HOLM, Physics Laboratory II, H. C. Oersted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 COPENHAGEN, Denmark

* - Borje LARSSON, University of Uppsala, Dept. of Physical Biology "Gustaf Werner Institut", Box 531, S-75121, UPPSALA, Sweden

- Heinrich LESIECKI, Physikalisch-Technische Bunesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-3300 BRAUNSCHWEIG, Germany

- Maria Concetta MACCARONE, Gruppo Fisica Applicata a Problemi Biornedici, Istituto di Fisica, Universita di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 PALERMO, Italy

- Alberto MACHI, Gruppo Fisica Applicata a Problemi Biomedici, Istituto di Fisica, Universita di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 PALERMO, Italy

- Francesco MALGIERA, Istituto Tumori, Via M. Semmola 1, 80100 NAPOLI, Italy

- Ehrenfried MORODER, Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria, Via Sernesi 1, 39100 BOLZANO, Italy

* - Herwig G. PARETZKE, GSF-Institut fur Strahlenschutz, D-8042 NEUHERBERG, Germany

- Guido PEDROLI, Servizio Fisica Sanitaria Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri 57, 21100 VARESE, Italy

PARTICIPANTS

** - Victor PEREZ-MENDEZ, University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, BERKELEY, CA 94720, USA

- Rita PETIT, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Faculte de Medicine, Avenue Hippocrate 54, 1200 BRUXELLES, Belgium

- Luigi RAFFAELE, Studio Tecnico di Radioprotezione, Via Battisti 75, MESSINA, Italy

639

***- Alessandro RINDI, INFN, LNF, C.P. 13, 00044 FRASCATI (Roma), Italy

* - Harald H. ROSSI, Columbia University Dept. of Radiology 630 West l68th Street, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10032, USA

- Leif SARHOLT-KRISTENSEN, University of Copenhagen H. C. Oersted Institute Physics Lab II, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2l00 COPENHAGEN, Denmark

- Baruch ROSNER, Physics Department Technion Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 HAIFA, Israel

* - Walter SCHIMMERLING, University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bldg. 29, BERKELEY, CA 94720, USA

* - Giovanni SILINI, CNEN, Division of Radiation Protection CNS La Casaccia, C.P. 2400, 00100 ROMA, Italy

- Stig STEENSTRUP, University of Copenhagen, H. C. Oersted Institute Physics Lab. II, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2l00, COPENHAGEN, Denmark

- Luis Garcia TEJERA, Private Address, c/Zaragoza 9, CADIZ, Spain

** - Ralph H. THOMAS, University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bldg. 50A, BERKELEY, CA. 94720, USA

- Guido TONELLI, Istituto di Fisica, Universita di Pisa, Piazza Torricelli 2, 56100 PISA, Italy

- Ilkka UOTILA, Institute of Radiation Protection, P.O. Box 268, 00101 HELSINKI 10, Finland

* Lecturer. ** Director of the Course.

*** Director of the School. t Unable to attend because of illness.

J. J. Broerse

G. T. Y. Chen

S. B. Curtis

J. F. DiCello

A. Dutreix

B. Larsson

H. G. Paretzke

V. Perez Mendez

H. H. Rossi

W. Schimmerling

G. Silini

R. H. Thomas

LECTURERS

Radiobiological Institute REP-Institutes Organisation Health Research TNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California, Los Alamos, New Mexico, U.S.A.

Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (Val de Marne), France.

University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.

Gesellschaft Fur Strahlen-und Umweltforschung MER, Munchen, West Germany

University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.

Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A.

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

CNEN, Division of Radiation Protection CNS La Cassaccia, Roma, Italy

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

641

INDEX

Absorbed dose, see Dose, absorbed Accelerator, 269, 581

breeder concept, 230 electrostatic, 241 for radioisotope production,

269-288 linear, 230, 243, 371, 581 at Princeton, 480, 500-502

Activation detector, 192-207

measurement of high-LET radiation, 202-207

measurement of neutron spectrum, 194

in radiation surveys, 194 shielding studies, 194-202 threshold detectors in

neutron dosimetry, 192 dosimeter, 202, 204

Adenocarcinoma, mammary, 475 Air-water interface, 351 Algorithms in treatment-

planning, 539 Alpha-particle counting, 175 Aluminum target, 206-207 Animal, radiation of, see

Radiation of whole animal

Annealing procedure, 214 Antiproton, 229 Argon ion, 7, 150, 511, 517-524

beam, 512-514 Bragg curve, 514 depth versus carbon curves,

12 Atom bomb, 35, 134, 137-140,

see Hiroshima, Nagasaki

643

Atomic mass unit, energy per, 240

Autocontouring, 595 Avalanche gain detector, 155

B-scan, 322, 336, 338, 339 Batho Method, 356, 358, 359, 363 Beam

deflection, 293 flux, 148 fragmentation, 292, 507 and human skin response, 475 line configuration, 610 monitoring, 146, 154-155 properties, 534 scanner, rotating, 327 wobbler, 495-496 see individual elements used

in radiation Berkeley synchrocyclotron, 376 Beryllium, 434

target, 436 Beta-particle, 272 Betatron, 37 BEVALAC, a high-energy, heavy­

ion facility at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 249, 480, 500

beams commonly used, list of, 489

components, disassembled, 500 double-wedge variable

absorber, 491 floor plan, 482 heavy-ion irradiation

schema, 488

644

BEVALAC (continued) ionization chamber, 502 minibeam, 506 photograph of, 505 schema of, 481 spiral ridge filter, 492 variable water absorbed, 490

Bevatron, 248 Biological

change, degree of, 83 efficiency, 382-384 end point, 86

loss of reproduction as, 88 Bladder lesion, treatment of,

590 Blood clot in brain, 301

flow measurements, listed, 280 Body space estimated by isotopes,

282 Bombardment, internal 276 Bone marrow, risk to, 126, 139 Bone structure, photograph of,

321 see Foot, human

Bonner detector, 162, 163 Booster synchrotron, 229 Boron, 237 Bragg curve

for argon ions, 514 spread, 492-493

with a ridge filter, 494 Bragg-Gray

prescript ion, 154 theory, 439

Bragg peak, 143, 367, 370, 372 for argon, 514 for carbon, 533 for organ beam, 484-485 for pion, 533 for proton, 533 radiosurgery, 376 transformation, 370

Brain tumor, 304 Breast cancer

calcification, photograph of, 321

detection, 306-307 Breast imaging with ionlzlng

radiations, 307

INDEX

Calcium fluoride dosimeter, 169 Cancer, 34, 99, 122, 140, 475

gamma-irradiated mice, 135 after fast neutron radiation,

423-427 mortality of irradiated mice,

135 radiation-induced, 34, 134 rate, 101, 103 therapy, 367-394

and ionizing radiation, 369 of thyroid, 36 see Carcinoma

Carbon ion, 11, 282, 434, 517-524

beam profile, 221, 489 depth versus carbon curves,

12 in mammography, 308 target, 433 track, 184

in water, 68 Carcinogenesis, see Cancer Carcinoma

of cervix, 585 oat cell -, 305

Cell autonomous, response of, 133 death as endpoint, 466 dissociation technique, 422 at risk, 108

CENDOS(co11ection and evaluation of neutron dosimetry data), 410

Central nervous tissue, effect of narrow beam on, 384

Cerebral infarction, human, 303 Cervix, carcinoma of, 585 Charged particle, 228

algorithms in treatment­planning, 539-540

in breast cancer detection, 306

charged state, 231 collection time, 231 CT in planning, quantitative

use of, 534-539 in diagnosis, medical,

289-315

INDEX

Charged particle (continued) experimental methods, 292-300 helium, segmented, 294 human studies, 306-308 interaction with matter, 368 in medical diagnosis, 289-315 methods, experimental, for,

292-300 phantoms, studies with, 300-301 physical principles, 290-292 proton

coincidence, 294 radiography, 294 scanning, 294 scatter analyzer, 294 scatter interface, 294

radiography, techniques of, 294 radiotherapy, 579 techniques of radiography, 294 tomography, computerized,

308-311 track structure, 52-54, 58-71 transmission characteristics,

290 transport equation, 534-535 treatment-planning, 529-556

algorithms, 539-540 factors influencing plan

accuracy, 546-553 representative plans, 540-546

Chamber, see Ionization chamber Computation statistics, 271 Computer in radiation therapy,

592-600 graphics, 592-600 high-speed, 229 three-dimensional, 594

Conceiving a child, probability, 124

Confinement fusion, inertial, 243

Contour, 593 autocontouring, 595

Conversion electrons, see Electrons

Cosmic-ray neutron spectrum, 202 Coulomb scattering, 292 Counter, proportional, 155-161 Critical organ, concept of, 119 Critical tissue, concept of, 119

Crystals, 177 C.T.

data in diagnosis, 592 data in therapy, 592 head, image of, 563 heavy-ion device, 311 image of a head, 563

645

image reconstruction, theory of, 561

interval, 535 number, 535-536, 565-567, 574 number calibration versus

electron density, 561 number drift as a function

of time, 538 quantitative use in planning,

534-539 scan, 535-536, 558, 568

Cyclotron, 234, 270, 276 279, 285, 408, 529

Damage, stochastic, 125 Decay of iodine, 63 Deoxyribonucleic acid, see DNA Depth

curve versus dose curve, 7-12 dose distribution, 530

Detector avalanche gain, 155 Bonner, 162, 163 fission neutron, 161 gas-filled, 144-175 passive, 181-226 plastic, 311 radiophotoluminescent, 166-175 semiconductor, 165 thermoluminescent, see

Thermoluminescent detector

see individual detectors Deuteron, 246

energy and neutron yield, 248 Diagnosis, medical

art of, 317 instrumentation for, 317-343

computerized tomography, 319-326

emission tomography, 326-336 high-resolution radiology,

319

646

Diagnosis, medical instrumentation for (continued)

radioisotope imaging, 326-336 ultrasound imaging, 336-339

Dilution technique, serial, 422 Distance model, 79-80 DNA-protien complex as target

molecule, 88 Donner camera, 334 Dose

absorbed, 77, 211 concept, 479, 614 depth in phantom, 405-406 depth in water, 353-354 distribution along the

couch, 614 entrance in tissue, 211 glass-water interface, 356 water-glass interface, 356

calculation in nonhomogenous bodies, 356-364

clinical dosimetry for bone, 363-364 lung, 354, 359-363 organ, 359 tissue, 359

delivery accuracy, 557

at deepest part of tumor, 573

errors in, 574-575 technique, 580

distribution, 568, 591 carbon, 531 helium, 531 neon, 531

-effect curve, 104-105, 117-118 at low doses, 133 for radiation carcinogenesis,

136, 137 exposure limits, 125-129 fractionation into small

doses, 6 and depth, 6-12

-inactivation curve, 88-89 intercomparisons among European

institutes, 409 integral equivalent spectrum,

201, 202

Dose (continued) limitation, system of,

115-130 low-, 97-113

def ined, 100

INDEX

risk assessment, 105 problems encountered in,

98-99 risk factors, 104-108

measurement, concept of, 111-112

method, cummulative mean, 110 planning for radiation, 371 spectrum, integral, equivalent,

201, 202 summa t ion, 117

Dosimetry accuracy of absolute, 504 calculation, 456 film-, 349 heavy-ion, 479-516 intercomparisons among

European institutes, 409

main peak, 215 measurement, 456 radiophotoluminescent glass

for, 171 record, personal, 29 solid-state system for, 165 see Microdosimetry, Dose

clinical Dual radiation action, theory

of, 80-82 Dynamic

range shifter, 529-532 therapy, 583-584

wedge-shaped distributions, 583-584

Effective threshold concept, 37 Electrical

characteristics of a chamber, 145

field in cylindrical configu­ration, equation for, 155

Electron, 435 accelerator, 229

linear, 150

INDEX

Electron (continued) beam monitor, 149 beam scanner, 327 conversion -, 272 density, 565-566

and C.T. numbers, 566-567 errors, 573

emission, 57,346 equilibrium, 345-348 fluence in air, 352 free laser, 265 gun, 229 linear accelerator, 150 numbers, 564, 567 slow, 58 transport code, 60 treatment-planning by comput-

erized tomography, 557-577

correction coefficient, 572 correction factor versus

depth, 572 C.T. data used in, 568-575 density data, 571-575 errors in

patient data, 559-567 target volume, 559-563 tissue density, 564-567

localization data, 568-571 use of C.T. data in, 568-575

Embryo, 132 Energy

absorption at cell level, 75 deposition pattern, 54, 56,

58, 71 deposition theory, 51-73 doubler, 230 specific, variation in, 76-77

Entrance of absorbed dose in tissue, 211

Environmental monitoring, 605, 606, 613-621

data function of, 613 interpretation, 606

objectives of a program, 615-621

Equilibrium, transient, 347

64.7

Error in lung width of the Alderson

body phantom, 561 organ thickness, 573 target volume due to

image control settings, 559 patient's breathing, 562 patient's motion, 562 scanner couch, 559

positioning body on, 559 size of organ, 559

tissue density, 564 Esophagus

carcinoma of, 546 neon treatment plan, 546-547

Estimation of body space by isotopes, listed, 282

European Neutron Dosimetry Intercomparison Project, 406

Exposure -dose relation, 153

near boiling water reactor, 622

of population at large, 128-129

of workers, 128 External bombardment on beam

pipes, 276-277

Fallout deposition pattern, analysis of, 619

Faraday cup, 378 Fast neutron, see Neutron Fetus, 132

human, radiation of, 36 Film dosimetry, 349 Fission chamber, 159 Fission neutron detector, 161 Fluorescence decay, 231 Foot, human

isodensity contour map, 299 x-ray, 298

Fourier space representation, 328 transform, 326

Fragment, identification of, 509

648

Free electron laser, see Electron

Fredholm equat ion, 197 integral, 196

Functional, a term for "immediate effects, 116

Fundamental, term defined, 27 Fusion

confinement, inertial, 243 reactor, 244

Galactic protons, see Proton Gallium, 232 Gamma-rays, 78, 137

emission, 322 exposure of houses in Livermore

Valley, 629 and quadratic relations, 141 risk from, 141 spectrometer, 625 spectrum, 284

Gas-filled detector, 144-175 Geiger counter, 155-160, 175 General Electric scanner, 325 Genesis, book of

light, 227 Genetic effects of radiation,

117, 121, 124 Germanate scintillation crystal,

324 Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionen­

forschung, Darmstadt, West Germany, 251

synchrotron SIS-I00, schema, 253

Glow curve, 214 Graphics, three-dimensional, 594 Gustav Werner Institute, 368

synchrocyclotron, 368

H- - beams, 234 Hammersmith Hospital, London

cyclotron, 285 Hamster, Chinese

cell survival and dose, 520, 524

Hanford Atomic Power Plant workers

effects on healthy, 109-111

INDEX

Hanford Atomic Power plant workers (continued)

mortality ratio, 110 Harderian tumor, 135 Harkness Park Nuclear Power

Station measurements made near, 620

Harvard University cyclotron, 529

HASL field spectrometer systems, listed, 629

Head scanner, versions of early, 323 fourth generation, 323 third generation, 323

Heart, human proton radiograph of, 304, 306

Heavy-ion, 5, 210, 237 accelerator, 239 beam, 5, 10, 150

delivery and spatial distribution, 489-497

quality and nuclear inter­action, 507-514

characteristics, listed, 483-489

dosimetry, 479-516 driver characteristics, 244 energies of therapeutic

interest, 483, 484 facilities, listed, 260 fluence, 503 fusion, 243 high-energy beam, 204 nuclear interactions

and beam quality, 507-514 mean free path, 483-484

properties, 486 radiography, 20, 21, 237, 239 scan device for, 311

Helium ion, 5, 7, 22, 294, 309, 607

beam, 489 depth versus dose curve, 12 track in water, 67

High-energy heavy-ion facilities, listed, 260

High-flux reactor, 230 High-speed computer, 229 Hiroshima, 134, 137, 139, 140

INDEX

Hit concept, 85, 87 Ho1ified Heavy-Ion Reasearch

Facility, Oak Ridge, 242 Hydrocarbon - moderated

detec tor, 162 gas-filled ionization chamber,

161 Hypoxic cell fraction in human

tumor, 14

ICRP, see International Commis­sion on Radiological Protection

Image of body site by autocontouring, 595-596

Inactivation Kinetics, 87 Induction accelerating cavity,

245 InerU.a1 confinement fusion, 243 Inorganic crystal, 177 Institute Laue-Langevin,

Grenoble, France, 230 Integral dose-equivalent

spectrum, 201-202 Internal bombardment with

cyclotron, 276 International Commission on

Radiological Protection (ICRP), 31

exposure limits set by, 125-129

system of dose limitation, ll5-l30

International Neutron Dosimetry Intercomparison(1978), 406

Intestinal crypt cell, survival of, 524

in argon ions, 525 in carbon ions, 525 in neon ions, 525

Iodine, radioactive, 63, 64, 232, 275

decay of, 64 Ionic crystal, electronic bond

diagram of, 168 Ionization

chamber, 150-154, 207-212, 372, 399, 498, 500, 617-622

air equivalence, 151

Ionization (continued) chamber (continued)

annular, 209

649

beam flux measurement in, 145

beam monitor for fast neutrons, 154-155 for gamma-rays, 150-154 for x-rays, 150-154

calibration, 148-150 dose measured by, 506 effective volume, 439 free-air, 151 gas-filled, 144-148, 150-154 nitrogen-filled, 209, 379 at Princeton, 502 proportional, 156 thimble, 152

cross-section for fast ions, 65

particle track, 84 Ionizing radiation

adverse effect, 32-36 biological effect, 41 dose effect, 37-41 effect on

bone marrow, 418 intestinal mucosa, 418

health hazard of small doses, 97

radiation protection assumptions, 42-44

risk to human population, 131 measuring, 28-29

Irradiation, see Radiation Isabelle Colliding Beam

Facility, 230 Isodose, 375

distribution, 455, 579 profile, 444

Isotope, 273, 276 decay, 20 half-life, 280 localization studies, listed,

281 medical purposes, 281 and organ function, 281 short-lived, 271

650

Japan, see Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Numatron

Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Boston, 581

the therapy machine, 582

Kidney cell, human radiation with argon, 487

with carbon, 487 with neon, 487

survival of T-1 cells, 518-519 Kinetics of inactivation, 87

LAMPF, 458 Landau tail, 510 Larynx, cancer of, 569 LASI, see Los Alamos Scientific

Laboratory Laue-Langevin Institute,

Grenoble, France, 230 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory at

Berkeley, 529 Lawrence built the first

cyclotron, 269 Lead radioisotope, 274 Lesion yield, 79 ' LET, see Linear energy transfer Leukemia, 22, 38-40, 99 123

137, 139 and bone marrow, 139 death due to, 38-40 incidence, 29, 35 induced by fission neutrons,

603 in Nagasaki, 38-40 radiogenic, 140 risk from high-dose rates, 41

Linear accelerators in the U.S.A., 243, 371, 581

Linear energy transfer(LET), 11, 13, 52, 64, 81, 85, 373, 382, 433, 485, 486

concept, 396 high, 202-207, 374, 415

very high overkill effect, 518 saturation effect, 518

low, 374 measuring, 202-207 Q relationships, listed, 43

INDEX

Linear energy transfer(LET) (continued)

radiation effect, 44, 89 survival of cultured cells,

416-417 Linear proportionality function,

119 Linearity, non-threshold

and stochastic damage, 117, 119

Lithium fluoride, 213, 216, 219 Liver with oat cell carcinoma,

302, 305 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory,

438, 453, 455, 521 beam area, 234, 236

Lucite, 381 Luminescence, 52 Luminosity, 232 Lung adenoma, 135 Lung cancer and smoking, 33

Malignancy, see Cancer Mammography, risk of, 423 Man-years equation, 34

and epidemiological study of radiation-induced cancer, 34

Medical imaging, developments in, 318

emission tomography, 318 fine-focus x-ray tube, 318 tomography, computerized, 318 ultrasound imaging, 318

MEDUSA, 496-498 Melanoma, ocular

radiation of, 598 treatment-planning with three­

dimensional graphics, 599

Merit ratio, 272 Meson factories, 232-236

listed, 235 Mesothelioma of the pleura

dynamic therapy for, 587-589 Metastatic tumor in the brain,

3-4 Microcolony assay of intestinal

crypt cells, 420

INDEX

Microdosimetry in biology, 54, 75-82

Microtron, 371 shuttle, 229 variable energy racetrack, 229

Minicyclotron, 286-287 Misonidazole, 476 Molybdenum, radioactive, 283 Monkey and tumor incidence

after bone marrow transplanta­tion, 426

after radiation, 426 Monte Carlo

calculation, 447 code, 453 track structure code, 60

Muon, 435 Multiple-plate ionization fission

chamber, 159 Multiwire proportional chamber,

156-158 camera, 333

Myocardium image by tomography, 329

Nagasaki, 137-140 leukemia in, 38-40 malignant neoplasms in, 140

Necrosis of normal tissue, 568 Neon ion, 517-524, 546-547

beam,S, 7,22,489 depth versus dose curve, 12 track in water, 69

Neoplasm, malignant, see Cancer Neurosurgery with protons,

367-394 Neutral beam system, 231, 244,

246-248 Neutral "star," ident if ied, 184 Neutron, 56, 143, 246, 447

absorbed dose, 396, 399 animal mortality studies, 419 beam

and dose in mortality studies, 419

biological effect, 415-429 at cell level, 416-418 at tissue level, 418-421 at tumor level, 421-423

carbon target for, 433

651

Neutron (continued) carcinogenesis, after

radiation with fast, 423-427

cell survival curve after radiation, 401

cosmic ray spectrum of, 202 counter, 158, 165 cyclotron-produced, 408 detector, 162, 608 differential energy, 199-200 dose, 448

mortality studies, 419 dosimeter, 162-163 dosimetry, 395-413

data, collection and evaluation(CENDOS), 410

ionization chamber for, 397, 399

intercomparisons, 406-411 interface, 400-402 principles of, 396-400 in radiotherapy, 402-406 results of, 406-411 survival curve of cultured

cells, 401 effect, 447 energy of, 189, 395, 447 fast, 5, 154, 161-162, 202,

405, 415, 423, 424 carcinogenesis after

radiation with, 423-427 in radiotherapy, 416

fluence profile, 609-613 flux

density, 195-196 spectrum, 203

gamma discrimination, 159 installations listed, 424 measurement, 194, 222 medical applications, 424 mortality studies, 419 in pion field, 446-448 proton recoil spectrum

measurement, 187 radiation, 423-427

field of, 395-396 risk, 137 sensitivity to, 398-399 spectrometry, 187-191, 193

652

Neutron (continued) spectrum, 396, 447 star prong-counting, 187 survival curve after, 402, 423 therapy with, 398

machine for, 22, 404 thermal, 160-161 and tumor, 421-423 yield as function of deuteron

energy, 248 Nitrogen ion, 13, 282

fragments, 508 Noble gases, 158, 610

see individual gases Nuclear

beam intensity measurement, 183-185

dosimetry, personal, 185-187 emulsion, 182-191 energy industry, 28 medicine, 270, 317, 326 neutron spectrometry, 187-191 reactor in, 1942, 269 shielding experiment, 182-183 transformation, 269 weapon, 35

and fall-out, 35, see Atomic bomb, Hiroshima, Nagasaki

Numatron in Japan, 258

Observation, time of, 106 Organ

dependence of quality factor, 108

size determination, 560 Oscillating sector scanner, 340 Ovarian tumor, 135 Oxygen, 15, 282

enhanced ratio(OER), 16,417, 433, 465, 474, 521

and pion, 475 and survival of T-1 kidney

cells, 518 and tumor response, 474

gain factors, listed, 16-17, 522-523

and survival of R-1 rhabdomyosarcoma cells, 521

The Oxygen Survey, 33, 35

INDEX

Pancreas, tumor of radiation with carbon beam,

540-541 treatment-planning with

photons, 9 Para-aortic nodes, dynamic

therapy of, 587 Parallel-plate ionization

chamber, 146-147 Particle, heavy, charged

applications in medicine, 5-25

diagnostic radiology, 16-20 nuclear medicine, 20-22 therapeutic advantage, 18 tumor radiotherapy, 6-16

beam, charged, 6-11, 229 and dose distribution, 6-11

cell survival, 517-523 damage die to, 523-526 dose distribution and damage,

6-11 properties, 517-528 response of organized tissue,

523 Pelletron electrostatic

accelerator, 241 Pelvis, tumor of

radiation, 374, 547-548 Personal dosimetry record, 29 Person-years at risk(PYR), 102 Phantom

latex balloon as, 301 proton C.T. image of, 313 x-ray scan of, 313

Phosphate glass, 166 Photon, 55, 291, 445

abdomen irradiated with, 545 absorption in water, 62 beam, 345-365 air~edium interface,

350-353 dosimetry, 345-348 electric equilibrium and

transition stages, 345...;356

interface, 353-356 lateral, 348-350

dose calculation, 356-364 dosimetry, 345-348

INDEX

Photon (continued) energy, 169

low -, 272 luminescence, 52 number fluence, 153 therapy machine, 580 treatment-planning, 540-546,

557-577 Pion, 5, 433-434, 466, 529

applicator, 437 beam, 148, 300, 434-438, 442,

476 combined, 476 flat, 450 negative, 10-12 skin response to, 475 stopping distribution, 449

calculations and theory, 453-458

cell and, 440-441 survival, 467-471, 474-476

charge, 440-441 clinical trial, 458-459 condensation, 239 contamination, 435 data, first experimental, 450 decay, 432, 442-443 dose, 466-471

and cell survival, 467-471, 474-476

-depth curve, 441-443, 466, 471

profile, 446 dosimetry, 431-464 effect, late, 475 interactions, 476 mass, 432 mean life, 432 microdosimetry, 450-453 neutron in pion field, 446-448 plateau, 466 program, 22 properties, listed, 432 radiobiological effects of,

465-478 cell-cycle sensitivity,

467-468 RBE, 472-475 repair of sublethal damage,

467

653

Pion radiobiological effects of,

(continued) response, acute, 475 survival as a function of

the dose, 466-467 star formation, 432, 443, 444,

476 stopping, 433, 448-450 theory and calculations,

453-458 therapeutic advantage of,

434 treatment-planning for

abdominal lesions, 542, 544

Pituitary tumor, 135 Plastic detector, 311 P-M tube, 174 Point source strengths, listed,

611 Polyethylene-moderated neutron

counter, 167 Population dose equivalent, 616 Positron

camera, 333, 337 crystal, 334 decay, 20 emitter, 333 imaging, 332

Pre-natal effects, 132 Princeton Particle Accelerator

(1971), 480, 500-502 Projection theorem, 326 Proportional counter, 158, 160 Protein-DNA complex, as target

molecule, 88 Proton, 5

beam, 22, 297, 368, 373 and chromosome aberration,

383 flux, 150 imag ing wit h, 17 neurosurgery with, 384-387 in radiology, 377-381 in therapy, 375, 388

cancer therapy, 367-394 dosimetry, 367-394 energy, 194

654

Proton (continued) first international seminar,

388 galactic, 203 linear accelerator for, 230 neurosurgery with, 367-394 radiobiology, 367-394 radiograph of

brain tumor, 302 first one, 292 heart, human, 306 test obj ect, 295

recoil spectrum measurement, 187

track, 65, 66, 70, 382 PYR, see Person-years at risk

Quark matter, 239

Radar ranging, 336 Radiation

action, dual, theory of, 131-141

component, linear, 133 quardra tic, 133

model for, 84 advances, 27-49 animal, whole

exposure conditions, 29-32 non-stochastic effects,

92-93 stochastic effects, 93-94

background variations, natural, 621

biological effects, 83-95 listed, 53

brightness, 232 carcinogenesis, 133-136 of cells, 87-90

second-order kinetics, 78 within tumors, unresponsive,

13 of cell populations and

tissues, 90-91 of deep-lying tissue, 369-376 detector~, listed, 144 detriments of, 112 dosimetry, detectors for,

143-180 dual action theory, 43

Radiation (continued) effects

controversial, 37 somat ic, 132

of embryo, 132

INDEX

emission pattern by electrons, 261

emittance, 232 energy, deposited, 84, 231 exposure of humans, 30, 32 external by deep therapy, 372 of fetus, 132 field, 219-220, 479 gas-filled detectors, 144-175 genetic effects due to, 117,

121, 124, 132 internal, 119 ionizing, 75, see Ions LET-RBS relationship, review

of, 85-94 of lymph node, retroperitoneal,

585 of melanoma, ocular, 598 monitoring, 603-636

of area, 605-613 environmental, 613-632 types of, 604-632

mortality, frequency of, 111 due to somatic late effects,

111 protection

formula, 118 risk factors, 35 standards, 32

quality, 450 retrospective view of

biological effects of, 83-85

risks in humans, 115-130 analYSiS, quantitative, 104 cancer, 132 dose-equivalents, 127 effects, 116-117 estimates of, 120-125 exposure limits, 125-129 of low doses, 109 overestimating, 118 problems

first order, 98 further order, 98 second order, 98

INDEX

Radiation (continued) safety standards, external,

34, 38 scintillation detectors,

175-179 secondary, 230 sensitivity, 108, 109

of a population, 108 sources, 227-267

applications, 232-265 characteristics, 228-232 examples, 232-265 life and death, 232-265 universe, history and

origin, 232-265 war and peace, 232-265

surveys, 194, 607 survival curves for, 81 temporal variations, natural

background in New Jersey, 618 New York, 618

therapy, 143 tissues, 90-91 working population exposed to,

125 Radiobiology, 75

cellular, 78 diagonstic, 16-20 studies with ion beams, 368 high-energy ions, 368

Radiogenic tumor, see Tumor Radiography

charged particle, 290 heavy-ion, 295-300 imaging with high-energy

pion beam, 300 nuclear scattering, 297 tissue specimen for, 301-306 variation in, 291 x-ray, 289

Radioisotope, 269-288 accelerators for producing,

269-288 cyclotrons for producing,

270, 278-280, 284-286 emission topography, 329 generators for producing,

283-284

Radioisotope (continued) medical use of, 270-273,

655

278-280, 284-286 physiological, 280-282 production studies, 273-276 targets for, 276-278 tomograph and, 282-283 see individual radioactive

elements Radiology

cellular, 33 diagnostic, 30-31 major advances in, 317

Radionuclide, 205, 279, 371 target activation reactions

for producing, listed, 205

Radiophotoluminescent detector, 166-175

dosimetry reader, 172 glass, 172, 173

Radiotherapy, clinical with proton beam, 387

Radium-dial painters, 37-38 Radon

atmospheric concentration, 619

daughter washout peaks, 620-621

Range shifter, 532 Rat

mammary cancer, 134 rhabdomyosarcoma, 14 x-ray radiation of, 425

RBE, see Relative biological effectiveness

Recoil proton spectrum, 187, 188 track, 185

Recycling of "waste" radiation, 230

Relative biological effective­ness(RBE), 11, 78-81, 420, 421, 433, 465, 472-475, 485, 518, 521

data, 421 defined, 89 dependence on LET, 13 equation, 12

656

Relative biological effective­ness (RBE) (continued)

of gamma-rays, 78 of neutrons, 78

Relative fluence contribution, 611 risk hypothesis, 102

Repair mechanism, 91 Reticulum sarcoma, 135 Rhabdomyosarcoma in rat, 14

cell line, 521 survival, 15

curve, 422 Ridge filter, 519, 521, 529, 530

spiral with occluding ring, 495

spreads peak region, 6, 8 Ring cyclotron, 234 Risk

evaluation, 120 factors, 102 hypothesis, 102 models, 102

Roentgen defined, 144 see X-rays

Rotating electron beam scanner, diagram, 327

Rubidium, radioactive, 283

San Francisco Bay area radioactivity level, 626-627

Santa Cruz Mountains radioactivity in weeds from

a ditch, 626 Saturation concept, 80 Saturne II accelerator, Saclay,

France, 258-259 Scanner, 323

couch of, 559 G.E., 325 oscillating sector -, 340 rotating for electron beam, 327

Scanning method, three-dimen­sional, schema of, 497

Scintillation counter, 622, 625 crystal, 324 detector, 175-179

portable for radiation survey, 623-624

Scintillator crystalline, 176 edge, 174 inorganic, 176

listed, 179 liquid, 175 organic, 177

listed, 178 plastic, 175 saturation, 511

output, 511

INDEX

Semiconductor detector, 165 Serial dilution technique, 422 Siemens Mevatron-12 linear

accelerator, 581 Signal-to-noise ratio, 231, 232 Silver, 166 SIN, 458 Skin nodules, metastatic, 475 Smoking and lung cancer, 33 Sodium iodide

camera, 333 crystal, 174 scintillation counter, 324

Solar cell, 237 Somatic effect, 116 SPEAR, storage ring at Stanford,

California, 260, 262, 264

Spectrum, natural, of radio-activity

listed, 626 northeastern U.S.A., 631 near power plant, 632

Spine, human, 312 Spleen colony technique, 420 Star formation, see Pion Stochastic effect, 92

late, 121 Stopping distribution of charged

particles classical methods for, 448,

450, 453 Storage ring, 229 Stork population density

correlated with birth rate, 33

Strokes(cerebral vascular lesions), 301

Superconductivity, 230 and magnet, 258

INDEX

Survey of radiation, 194, 607, 608

Survival curves for cells when anoxic, 418 well-oxygenated, 418

Swiss Institute of Nuclear Research, 234, 237

Synchrocyclotron, 368, 376, 607-609

Synchrotron radiation, 258, 262 faciltities, 196, 229, 253,

264 listed, 263

in magnetic fields, 259

Takamak Fusion Test Reactor, Princeton, New Jersey, 246

Target activation reaction, useful,

205 concept, 85-87 irregular and treatment, 373

Techneticum, 232 Theory of dual radiation action,

457 Therapy

chemotherapy, 6 convergent beam - 372 deep, 372 multipart, 6 pendulum beam -, 372 radiotherapy, 6 rotational beam, 6, 372 vector representation, 19

Thermal neutron, see Neutron, thermal

Thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics, 212 detector, 162-166, 191-193 dosimeter, 213-221, 629-632 phosphors, 170, 213 chema, 168

Thoron atmospheric concentration, 619

Threshold dose, 116 Thorax, radiation of, 545 Thymic lymphoma, 135 Thyroid gland, 126

Tissue-air ratio method, 356-358

maximum ratio(TMR), 359 phantom materials, 537

Tomography, 308

657

axial for sitting patient, 557

computerized, 308-311, 318, 319, 324, 557-577, see Electron

emission, 318, 330, 331 ,I limited angle, 328, 330

helium ion, 309 image of,

modalities, 322 phantom, 310 thorax, 558 tumor in head, 337

medical, listed, 324 positron annihilation, 329 single photon, 329 Toshiba, 557

Track structure, 52-54, 58-71 patterns in cells produced by

gamma radiation, 76 neutrons, 76

Transient equilibrium, 347 Transition curves of x-rays,

349 Treatment-planning, 529-556,

see Charged particle Treatment schema for a typical

patient, 459 TRIUMF facility, 238, 458 Tumor

complication rate, 581 control, 581 dose distribution, 107, 568,

581 induction, 93

.by gamma-rays, 135 localization, 568 and neutrons, 421-423 number of, 101 radiation, 374, 547-548 radiogenic, 39 radiotherapy, 6-16 response, 475 solid, 122, 123

658

Ultrasonography, 318 UNlLAC experimental beam area,

diagram, 252 Uranium acceleration, 250 U.S.S.R. u-400 cyclotron,

Dubna, 258 Uterine tumor, 135

Van de Graaff accelerator, 269 VENUS, variable energy nuclear

synchrotron, Berkeley, California, 253-256

Water -air interface, 351 Fano plots, 59 dose distribution in, 381 electron

impact, 59 tracks in, 61

ionization in, 55 stopping power, 57

Weapons Neutron Research Area, 234

X-rays, 5, 15, 616 beam, high-energy, 345

isodose curve, 350

INDEX

tissue equivalent polystyrene phantom, 353

cell survival after radiation, 423, 469

C.T., principle of, 319 dosimetry, 166 fine-focus, 318 imaging, diagnostic advances

in, 317 machine, 150 mortality of mice after

radiation, 419 pictures, 318

of human foot, 298 transition curve, 349 transmission -, 322

Xenon gas ionization chamber, 324