participation in vocational adult education and training (aet) in … · 1 ass. prof. dr. katrin...

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Ass. Prof. Dr. Katrin Kaufmann & Dr. Elisabeth Reichart Freie Universität Berlin German Institute for Adult Education

Participation in vocational adult education and training (AET)

in international comparison: Patterns of investment & providers

Presentation at ECER-Conference „The Past, Present and Future

of Educational Research in Europe“

Porto, 02.09.-05.09.2014

Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014

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Outline

• State of research – participation & investment patterns in AET

• Theoretical approach: Varieties of Capitalism

• Research questions & assumptions

• Data base

• Analytical Results

• Discussion & Outlook

ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014

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State of research – Participation in AET Nordic countries • High participation rates

Anglo-Saxon countries • Medium participation rates

Continental Europe • Medium to low participation rates

Southern European Countries • Low Participation Rates

Post-socialists Central & Eastern European (CEE) countries

• Medium to low participation rates

• general participation pattern homogenous • extent of inequality in access to adult education heterogeneous • employers main source of funding for training

- different patterns and determinants of participation in employer-sponsored vs. non-employer-sponsored AET

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Varieties of capitalism approach I


• Originally: explaining country specific constitutions of political economies • Interaction & mutual dependency of diverse actors, regulations & institutions • Emphasizing role of private sector (Hall/Soskice 2001; Estevez-Abé et al. 2001)

Skill formation system • available skills of the

workforce

Labour market • existence of legitimized & institutionalized

warranties for cooperation & alliances

‘institutional complementarities’

configurations of political economies ‘welfare production regimes’

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Varieties of capitalism approach II


LME = ‘liberal market economies’ (here: UK)

CME = ‘coordinated market economies’ (here: Austria/Germany & Nordic Countries)

‘Mediterranean countries’ = characteristics of LME & CME (here: France & Spain) DME = ‘dependent market economies’ (here: Baltic States)

CME

LME

DME

‘Medit. countries’

industry specific skills

firm specific skills high security in employment or

unemployment protection

firm-specific skills

general skills rather weak employment & unemployment protection

Labour market Skill formation system

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Research Questions Overall theoretical framework: Varieties of capitalism approach • Special focus:

• cross-country variation of AET investment-patterns as an indicator for different welfare production regimes and corresponding employer and state investment

• cross-country variation of provider structure as an indicator for institutional complementarities within the country groups


Research questions 1. Exist systematic differences of participation structures in diverse investment-segments that

can theoretically be related to LME, CME, DME & mediterranean countries?

2. How is the relation between investment-patterns and provider structures in LME, CME, DME & mediterranean countries?

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Assumptions


Assumptions concerning…

LME CME Mediterranean DME

Investment structure

employers likely to invest in on the job- training employer financed employees likely to invest in general training individual financed

employers & employees likely to invest in (specific) training co-financed

employers likely to invest in on the job-training employer financed

similar as LME’s

Provider structure

High share of • employers (firm-

specific skills) • education

institutions (general skills)

High share of • labour market-

related providers (industry-specific skills)

High share of • employers • labour-market

related providers (funding pools esp. in France)

similar as LME’s

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Data base & sample restrictions Adult Education Survey (AES) 2011 (Eurostat, scientific-use-file)

• Sample restrictions - gainfully employed persons; - no family workers; no participants in FED - valid information on all relevant characteristics

• Participation in non-formal education (during the last 12 months) - NFE activities (courses, workshops and seminars, guided on the job training, private lessons) - job related reasons


CME CME DME Medit. Countries

Medit. Country LME

Nordic Countries

(Finland, Norway, Sweden)

Austria &

Germany

Baltic States (Estonia, Lithuania,

Latvia)

Spain France UK (incl.

Gibraltar)

N 1 (individuals) 6625 7368 8171 8906 8328 1802

N 2 (activities; 1st and 2nd NFE activity) 5829 5393 4451 4252 6167 665

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Definitions & Categories of Analysis

Provider structure • FED/NFE education/training

institution

• Employer

• Labor-market-related providers Commercial institutions; employers‘ organizations, Chambers of Commerce; Trade Unions

• Others Non-profit associations; Individuals; Non-commercial institutions; Other)


Investment structure company-sponsored • company financed OR free of cost • AND only during working hours

self-financed • self-financed • AND only outside working hours

co-financed: employer – individual • company and individual financed • AND/OR partly during/outside working hours

co-finance mix: employer – public – individual • company and individual and public

employment services or other public institutions financed

• AND/OR partly during/outside working hours

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Participation rates in AET investment-segments for 1st NFE activity (job related) in pooled countries


AES 2011, own calculations; N= 19042 ; 1st NFE-activity, undertaken by employed persons

NordicCountries

Germany& Austria

BalticStates Spain France UK

participation rate overall 56,2 48,1 36,2 35,5 48,1 28,4company-sponsored 38,5 30,7 22,4 24,3 37,5 24,4self-financed 1,7 3,7 2,2 1,9 0,8 0co-financed employer-individual 7 9,2 5,6 4,3 5,3 1co-finance-mix: employer-public-individual

1,7 3,1 3,6 4,6 2,6 0,1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

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Distribution of investment-segments for job-related NFE activities in pooled countries – activity-based-data-set

79,0

66,8 68,0 68,2

82,3

96,5

3,5

8,2 6,0 5,8

1,6

13,8 18,9

15,8 12,5

11,0

3,3 3,6 6,2 10,1 13,5 5,1

,2

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

NordicCountries

Germany &Austria

Baltic States Spain France UK

company-sponsored self-financed co-financed employer-individual co-finance-mix: employer-public-individual


AES 2011, own calculations; N=23749 NFE-activities (1st & 2nd) undertaken by employed persons

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Mean volume of job related NFE (in hours) distinguished by investment segments – activity-based-data-set

0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0

Nordic Countries

Germany & Austria

Baltic States

Spain

France

UK

Nordic Countries Germany &Austria Baltic States Spain France UK

mean volume co-finance-mix: employer-public-individual 41,9 82,2 62,8 54,9 67,0 2,0

mean volume co-financed employer-individual 32,1 34,4 36,7 40,8 28,7 127,7mean volume self-financed 46,7 58,9 45,0 78,3 66,3 0,0mean volume company-sponsored 21,4 29,3 20,2 57,8 20,7 48,5

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Mean volume of job related NFE (in hours) distinguished by investment segments – activity-based-data-set

0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0

Nordic Countries

Germany & Austria

Baltic States

Spain

France

UK

Nordic Countries Germany &Austria Baltic States Spain France UK

mean volume co-finance-mix: employer-public-individual 41,9 82,2 62,8 54,9 67,0 2,0

mean volume co-financed employer-individual 32,1 34,4 36,7 40,8 28,7 127,7mean volume self-financed 46,7 58,9 45,0 78,3 66,3 0,0mean volume company-sponsored 21,4 29,3 20,2 57,8 20,7 48,5

• How is the relation between investment-patterns and provider structures

in LME, CME, DME & Mediterranean countries?

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Distribution of providers among job-related NFE activities in pooled countries – activity-based-data-set

ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014 AES 2011, own calculations; N=26,289 NFE-activities (1st & 2nd) undertaken by employed persons

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Distribution of providers among job-related NFE activities in pooled countries – activity-based-data-set

ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014 AES 2011, own calculations; N=26,289 NFE-activities (1st & 2nd) undertaken by employed persons

• Significant but weak correlation between investment & provider structure • over all 11 countries (Cramer‘s V = .17, p<.001) • in single countries ranging

from Cramer‘s V =.10 in Norway to .34 in Latvia (p<.001)

16 ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014

DV= participation in company sponsored NFE-activities

Finland, Norway, Sweden

Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia

Austria, Germany Spain France UK

Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B)

Age

RC: 35-44 25-34 ,029 ,788 45-54 ,000 ,684 55-64 ,001 ,668

Sex RC: Male ,000 ,671 ,000 ,609 ,021 ,826 ,000 ,610

Formal qualification

RC: higher Education Low Education ,048 1,513 Medium Education ,012 1,311 ,005 1,322 ,025 1,259

Occupational classification

RC: high skilled non-manual (ISCO1-2)

elementary occupations (ISCO 9) ,014 1,856 ,025 1,628 ,001 1,928

low skilled nonmanual (ISCO 3-5) ,000 1,950 ,000 1,506 ,000 1,989

skilled manual (ISCO 6-8) ,006 1,456 ,000 2,034 ,001 1,786

Contract

Reference Unlimited contract Limited contract ,000 ,395 ,002 ,649 ,001 ,685 ,000 ,265 Self-employed ,000 ,358 ,000 ,426 ,000 ,173 ,001 ,560 ,000 ,072

Full-time Reference Yes ,048 ,828 ,000 ,648

Company Size

RC: 1-10 persons ,000 11-19 persons ,001 1,705 Don't know, but more than 10 p. ,030 ,529 20-49 persons ,001 1,446 ,314 1,129 ,405 1,101 ,000 1,968 50 persons & more ,000 2,122 ,000 1,795 ,000 1,828 ,000 2,654

Provider

Provider - Reference - FED/NFE education institution

Provider - employer ,000 3,373 ,000 3,542 ,000 5,111 ,000 2,930 ,000 2,528 Provider - labor-market related providers ,000 1,753 ,008 1,294 ,000 2,012 ,001 1,423 Provider - other ,014 1,382 ,000 ,554

Reasons for NFE-

participation

Reasons - Reference adjustment/improvement Reasons - change ,010 ,332 ,000 ,289 ,008 ,570 ,016 ,270 Reasons - obligation/certification Reasons - interest ,017 ,730 ,000 ,483 ,000 ,483 ,000 ,711 Constant ,000 2,064 ,000 2,860 ,000 2,155 ,001 1,683 ,000 2,650 R-Square ,126 ,149 ,275 ,123 ,234

Determinants of company-sponsored NFE – activity-data-set

17 ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014

DV= participation in co-financed mixed NFE-activities

Finland, Norway, Sweden

Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia

Austria, Germany Spain France UK

Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B)

Age

RC: 35-44 25-34 45-54 ,023 1,425 ,041 1,426 ,033 1,313 55-64

Sex RC: Male ,000 1,898

Formal qualification

RC: higher Education Low Education ,015 2,112 ,017 ,650 Medium Education

Occupational classification

RC: high skilled non-manual (ISCO1-2)

elementary occupations (ISCO 9)

low skilled nonmanual (ISCO 3-5) ,014 ,679 ,000 ,600

skilled manual (ISCO 6-8) ,001 ,501

Contract

Reference Unlimited contract Limited contract ,000 3,062 ,023 2,144 ,001 2,074 ,000 1,687 ,000 5,470 Self-employed ,010 2,419 ,035 1,821 ,000 3,124

Full-time Reference Yes ,013 1,734 ,007 1,685

Company Size

RC: 1-10 persons 11-19 persons ,019 ,554 Don't know, but more than 10 p. ,035 2,459 20-49 persons ,001 ,480 50 persons & more ,000 ,295

Provider

Provider - Reference - FED/NFE education institution

Provider - employer ,000 ,287 ,000 ,165 ,000 ,177 ,000 ,399 ,000 ,134 Provider - labor-market related providers ,000 ,418 ,032 ,672 Provider - other ,000 2,104 ,015 1,524

Reasons for NFE-

participation

Reasons - Reference adjustment/improvement Reasons - change ,043 3,552 ,000 5,209 Reasons - obligation/certification ,002 ,334 Reasons - interest ,009 ,558 ,000 3,063 ,008 1,986 ,001 1,525 Constant ,000 ,060 ,000 ,036 ,000 ,033 ,000 ,109 ,000 ,144 R-Square ,089 ,141 ,109 ,133 ,217

Determinants of co-financed-mixed NFE – activity-data-set

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Results Exploratory investigation of participation structures in an interntational comparative perspective

• different patterns of investment segments

employer-sponsored most prominent in all countries/country groups

differential share of other segments (especially co-finance mix)

• weak correlation between investment & provider structure

differences in provider structures in different countries/country groups

• determinants of activities in investment segments

partly consistent with theoretical assumptions & partly contradictory


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Discussion & Outlook Potential • Differentiation of investment-segments & analyses based on activities

deeper insight in structures; especially in international comparison hints on analysing dynamics of supply and demand patterns

Drawbacks & limitations • Results correspond only partly with theoretical assumptions

grouping countries country-specific constellations not reflected macro-level indicators not included categories partly not specific enough

Further research • Deeper analyses of investment segments (e.g. relation of outcomes & duration) • Multilevel analyses (requires adequate macrolevel indicators) • Country-specific analyses ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014

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References Bassanini, A./Booth, A./Brunello, G./Paola, M./ Leuven, E. (2005): Workplace Training in Europe. URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp1640.pdf [Last update: 09.09.2014]. Bohle, D./ Greskovits, B. (2007): Neoliberalism, Embedded Neoliberalism and Neocorporatism: Towards Transnational Capitalism in Central-Eastern Europe. In: West-European Politics, 3, pp. 443–466. Desjardins, R./ Rubenson, K./ Milana, M. (2006): Unequal chances to participate in lifelong learning: International perspectives. Paris. Desjardins, R./ Rubenson, K. (2011): An Analysis of Skill Mismatch Using Direct Measures of Skills. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kg3nh9h52g5-en [Last update: 20.02.2014]. Dieckhoff, M./Jungblut Jean-Marie/ O'Connell Philip (2007): Job-Related Training in Europe: Do Institutions Matter? In: Gallie, D. (Eds.): Employment Regimes and the Quality of Work. Oxford, pp. 77-103. Estevez-Abé, M./Iversen, T./Soskice, D. W./ Social Protection and the Formation of Skilss: A Reinterpretation of the Welfare State (2001). In: Hall, P. A./Soskice, D. W. (Eds.): Varieties of Capitalism. The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford, pp. 145–186. Hall, P. A./ Soskice, D. W. (2001): An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism. In: Hall, P. A./Soskice, D. W. (Eds.): Varieties of Capitalism. The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford, pp. 1–68. Leuven, E./ Oosterbeek, H. (1999): The demand and supply in work-related training: evidence from four countries. In: Research in Labor Economics, Volume 18, pp. 303-330. Nölke, A./ Vliegenthart, A. (2009): Enlarging the Varieties of Capitalism. The Emergence of Dependent Market Economies in East Central Europe. In: World Politics, 4, pp. 670–702.


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