participatory context and needs analysis in transitional recovery by munas kalden

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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009

Participatory Capacity and Needs

Analysis in Transitional Recovery

The Case of Central Camp-1&2, Amparai, Sri Lanka

(This is a draft of the exercise held in Navithanveli DS of Ampara district during 27-29 of Oct, 2009 )

Designed and facilitated the exercise by Munas Kalden

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1. Contact Details:

Munas Kalden

Programme Officer-Social Transformation, Monitoring and Reporting

United Nations Development Programme - UNDP

63, Jayawardanapura , Ampara, Tel: +94 63 222 4917,22

[email protected] ; [email protected]

1. Village Map

mailto:[email protected]

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2. Table of Content

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 5

I. BACKGROUND OF THE PCNA ......................................................................................................................... 6

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................

VILLLAGE INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 7

VILLAGE SELECTION PROCESS .................................................................................................................................... 8

JUSTIFICATION FOR SELECTING THE VILLLAGE .............................................................................................. 9

COMMUNITY PROFILING ..................................................................................................................................... 9

CONFLICT SENSITIVITY CONTEXT ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................

STAKEHOLDERS' ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................... 12

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................................... 14

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………...15

NEED ANALYSIS

PROBLEM ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................... 17

PRIORITIZED NEEDS ........................................................................................................................................... 19

PROBLEM WEB-GENDER .................................................................................................................................... 21

GENDER ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................. 23

PROBLEM WEB-SOCIAL COHESION .................................................................................................................. 31

SOCIAL COHESION ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 33

PROBLEM WEB-LIVELIHOOD .............................................................................................................................. 34

PROBLEM WEB-INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................. 35

COMMUNITY PLANNING .........................................................................................................................................

GENDER................. ............................................................................................................................................... 36

SOCIAL COHESION .............................................................................................................................................. 37

COMMUNITY ACTION PLANNING ....................................................................................................................... 39

LESSONS LEARNT ............................................................................................................................................... 43

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................... 44

ANNEX.................................................................................................................................................................45

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1 Abbreviation

CBOs-community Based Organizations

DSD- Divisional Secretariat Division

GN –Grama Niladari

IDPs-Internally Displaced Persons

LNGOs-Local Non Governmental Organizations

PLA- participatory learning and action

PRA-participatory rural appraisal

SDO-Social Development Organization

UNDP-United Nations Development Programme

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4. Abstract/Executive Summary

The humanitarian and development agencies willing to address the development needs of the people in Central

Camp, must take the „connecting‟ and „dividing‟ factors of the context, in which they are going to work. NGOs

and CBOs should develop a greater sensitivity to the dynamics of peace and conflict in the design,

implementation, monitoring and evaluation of their activities. This means being more mindful of both the

potential for programmes to exacerbate situation and the opportunities to support peace-building processes. The

PCNA exercise under taken by UNDP is the result of realization of this reality and ground requirement.

In this exercise, UNDP tried its best to listening to clients, social analysis and understanding the context that

would create as results of the intended intervention. It devotes more resources to analysis, examine context

through participatory process in order to strategize the intervention. The key actors, in the village are

intermediary organizations in the field of humanitarian and development. They, with the good intention, made

context more complex, without making context conflict analysis, before foraying into intervention. The

methodology employed was participatory, using the tools and techniques of PRA. The people are the centre in

the process.

Good governance aspect of conflict transformation is much needed and to be focused. People feel there is no

transparency in designing, implementing and monitoring the project related activities, in their words, „they just

come; select the person whom they are interested in‟ or „the computer will select the beneficiary, the

CBOs/NGOs say‟. This is long term practice on non following principle of good governance in the operation of

intermediary organizations. Another factor is effective coordination among them, which make the context not

favorable for development by leaving the grievance without transformed.

This is the core issue centered and surfaced during the PCNA in the village of Central Camp in term of social

cohesion. There are needs for livelihood, housing, drinking water, drainage/irrigation in terms of physical needs.

It is recommended of making physical needs as entry point to transform the context into a positive development

scenario where all actors live peacefully. The unilateral nature of the intermediaries‟ organizations‟ initiatives in

the village is not contributing to the enabling situation for social cohesion.

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To build confidence among the wider community in the village, the NGOs and CBOs must analysis the

context before the context. There are very few CBOs understand this approach and try to apply in their

operation. This should take place in the whole district rather in particular villages. The exercise arrived

at addressing the needs of the community. They are of Livelihood, SME , Micro Finance and

Environment: providing start up capital to generate livelihood activities, providing quality paddy seeds for

cultivation, creating seasonal job opportunities through SME initiatives, strengthening marketing facilities

and facilitating to provide technical knowledge.

Infrastructure and Housing: upgrading internal roads facilitating economic and social functioning, Gender

and Social Cohesion: engaging youth, boys and girls, in providing life skill development / enterprenious,

building capacity of service providers to deliver better services and solidify relationship between service

provider and receiver, addressing social issues affecting women., like alcoholism.

5. Background of the PCNA

Participatory Capacity and Needs Analysis, known as PCNA, is a consultative process in identifying the development

needs and the capacity of a village with the active participation of constituent members and stake holders of the

same. This has been (adopted) by UNDP, Sri Lanka to inquiry into the needs and to explore possible solution for

the problems identified. In practice of UNDP work, this was earlier known as participatory need analysis (PNA). This

has been reviewed, based on the field experience gained, and becomes as PCNA.

The objective of the exercise is to identify the capacity and need of the village and explore possible solutions for

development intervention, through a participatory process. This would lay the foundation for sustainable development

by undertaking conflict sensitivity analysis into serious consideration. In other word, this focuses three areas; namely,

sustainable development, durable peace and transforming the conflict. Furthermore, this process it self, helps to build

the capacity of the community and also creates a foundation to build cohesion among the stakeholders of the

particular village. This is building community capacity for development.

The specific objectives of the PCNA were to:

The primary objective of this assessment is to understand better the community-level dynamics that

strengthen or undermine social cohesion and the prospects for peace and reconciliation in Central Camp -01 and 02.

This inquiry was also intended to identify concrete opportunities for supporting “pro-peace” dynamics, in particular

those that have previously escaped the attention of external agencies.

Specifically, this assessment aimed to:

Identify the current patterns and nature of social segregation and cohesion and to analyze the linkages

between these and conflict/peace dynamics in each village.

Map key institutions, issues, networks and individuals who contribute to social cohesion and reconciliation

with specific attention being given to women, young people and community leaders.

Identify potential approaches and partners for strengthening social cohesion including capacity building

through livelihood and infrastructure means.

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Provide recommendations and options (focus, priorities, entry points, strategies, activities and potential

partners) for programming to strengthen intra and intercommunity/group bonds and informal mechanisms to

resolve disputes, build trust and thereby increase community resilience to conflict in these villages.

identify problems, needs and solutions/strategy recommended by the community for

livelihood , SME, Micro Finance and environment

social cohesion and gender equality

infrastructure and housing

Provide the basis for participatory planning for community development(village planning)

Record and document information as a base-line against which to measure project intervention and change.

At the outset, social cohesion was understood by the assessment team as being seen in terms of trust and

association between and among disparate groups. Honesty and fairness were seen as the key aspects of trust.

Villagers, village and community leaders, and CBOs/NGO staff were interacted about their perceptions of a range of

different players with influence on social cohesion. Associations among and between villages were observed during

the transect walk.

The process employed was of community consultation and active participation. For this purpose, participatory rural

appraisal (PRA) tools were utilized. Now, this has been known as participatory learning and action (PLA). In all steps

of the exercise, the community‟s voice has been reflected and captured. The involvement of the UNDP was limited to

facilitation.

6. Introduction:

6.1. Village Introduction

The village selected for this exercise is Central

Camp-01 and02 which falls under Navithanveli

DS division of Ampara district. It is a hamlet

within the DS division. The village has been

occupied by the constituencies during the Galoya

Scheme. At the beginning, there were 6,000

people resettle from other parts of the district.

It features a Tamil-speaking majority split equally

between ethnic Tamils and Muslims, as well as a

smaller number of Sinhala families, who mostly

moved there from the south under state irrigation

and resettlement schemes. Lying at the

intersection of competing Tamil and Muslim

nationalisms, the village had seen some of the

worst of Sri Lanka‟s inter-ethnic violence and

remained at risk for longer.

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The means of livelihood are agriculture, inland fishing, animal husbandry, handloom and poultry making

among other available in the village.

6.2. Village selection and

process

The village has been selected based on

the criteria set by the UNDPi for

development intervention. Of those, the

following are applied.

Table 1: Male and Female in Central Camp-01 & 02

1. Social criteria

Multi-ethnic/religious composition in a location or multi-ethnic/religious community living closely to the location

Social dimensions (weak community interaction, mistrust, high community tension, existence of excluded or less integrated social groups, ex-combatant etc…),

Health (poor nutritional level, low health services, accesses to facilities etc…),

High percentage of recently resettled community ( 2007 – 2009)

Percentage of families living in temporary shelter facility, and percentage of houses destroyed during displacement

Lack of adequate social service providers / social institutions

Literacy (school drop outs, less school facility, poor access to basic services etc…),

Lack of basic community infrastructure intervention (common wells, internal access roads, sanitations etc…)

2. Economic criteria

Poor economic conditions (Gender differentiated income, lack of access to and control over resources, high unemployment rate, and poor support services, etc…)

Resettled communities, who have received no/less assistance from other external sources

Lack of basic livelihood infrastructure facilities (Small irrigation channels, agro-wells, storage facilities etc.)

Poor natural resource management and conflict over resource sharing

3. Conflict-related criteria (To be ascertained through community consultations)

Weak social communication mechanisms

Lack of mechanisms to express/ share ideas

Lack of community decision making mechanisms or set up

Interference of power/ politics / influence in common activities or in sharing resources

Community stress derived from past conflict experience

Different cultural practices and beliefs

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Composition of IDP and host families or resettlers (%), and more families with women headed households (%)

4. Other requirements

Statistical information, documents and analysis to support the vulnerability and the status of the community.

6.3. Justification for Selecting the village

The village has been selected in keeping the criteria set by UNDP. Social cohesion in the villages of Central Camp

01 and 02, within a specific social context that is distinguished by each village history, its social diversity and the

experience of violence and social conflict. The nature of the conflict, the intensity and extent of the violence and

associated events strongly influenced the relationship between social cohesion, conflict and peace.

The vulnerability is visible. The infrastructure needs reconstructed. Livelihood ought to be revitalized. The social

fabric is needs to be strengthened. All f those sections in the presents socio-economic setting could be strategized

through addressing their needs.

This section of the intervention will address the issues through identified needs within the social and demographic

setting the two villages and relates this to the experience of conflict and efforts to facilitate reconciliation, through

community identifies needs and intervention strategy.

7. Community Profiling

Tools Utilized for data collection:

I. Transect Walk Diagram of Central Camp 1 and 2 Villages of Navithanveli DSD

II. Social Mapping

Land use Road Home garden Highland Lowland

Soil type Tar and gravel Sandy - Sandy Clay –sandy

Crops Chilli, brinjol Green gram, cowpea, gourd, groundnut, cassava

Paddy - Paddy land around 250 acres in Central Camp 1 and 600

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acres in central camp 2

Fruit trees Banana, papaya, mango, pineapple,

Banana, papaya, mango, pineapple, cashew,

Other trees Neem –Kohomba, Palmyra, and other bushes

Kohomba, jack, coconut, arecanut, gilicidia

Kohomba, jack, arecanut, gilicidia Coconut tree, Mango, Palmyra,

Livestock Poultry (local birds), goats and cattle

Cattle and goat in off seasons

Problems observed No proper road, not maintained well. Transport problem makes the people more vulnerable

It is difficult to find water in the drought season Due to several Displacement instability of livelihood is much obvious specially in Tamil community

Land available for housing and other infra structure in Division-02 but no government lands available in div-01

Irrigation channels need to be renovated

Participants : Munas Kalden, Dimuthu Bogahawaththa, Mohamed Shakeen, Abdul Jaleel, Subanjini Rajendram, GNs of both villages and community people who were in near to transect walk route ( 24th October 2009)

Ecosystem:

The whole land area is almost a flat surface. No big

forest in the village but it is obvious that there are

plenty of Neem/Vembu –Kohomba trees and some

bushes. The soil type is almost sandy in home gardens

and lowland and it becomes clay texture in paddy

lands, underlying soil is mostly hard. Some common

buildings are available in villages like community

centers; government services delivery offices (GN and

SDO), school building and cooperative society etc.

The main road system made up with tar road and

interior roads are of graveled. The average land area

owned by each family varies from 1 to 6 acres and resettled families usually own 1 acre of highland and 4 acres of

lowland, on an average. A considerable part of paddy lands are owned by the outside business community. The main

livelihood of the both villages, Central Camp -01 and 02, is paddy cultivation. Seasonal labor, livestock farming

(cattle, goat, and country poultry etc), home gardening, upland cultivation and a few SMEs (retail shops, sewing and

short-eats making etc) are also practiced by both community.

Environment:

Social Mapping

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The environmental landscape of the village looks good, though there is no much forestation. It was observed that

some farmers used to add paddy straw as an organic matter for making the soil fertile. Human –elephant conflicts

rarely happen especially in between cultivation seasons.

Climate:

A common drought period is experienced in between July to mid September in every year. However, in this year it

has extended up to late October. During this period, all common, individual and tube wells get dried off and people

have to walk 4-5 km to find the water for drinking and other purposes. In both Maha and Yala seasons the community

cultivates paddy in lowland and other field crops in home gardens and uplands. Live fencing (Gliricidia) can be

observed in most of home gardens and no any cultivation practiced in draught season due to scarcity of water. The

Gliricidia is not been utilized properly.

Social Cohesion:

With respect to social cohesion, both Tamil and Muslim community live together with a few Sinhala families. The

demography of the community is pocket by pocket; mostly Muslims are in a pocket and Tamils in another pocket.

Some serous ethnic conflicts have been experienced in 1990 decode especially in between Tamil and Muslim

communities, due to the outside village influence.

The Muslims in the village perceive that the

humanitarian and development assistance are being focused on delivering to the Tamils community. They, Muslims,

perceive themselves as marginalized from those assistance benefited. This depicts of space to be addressed on

reconciliation perspective through equally distributing the humanitarian and development assistance. This leaves the

message for the development actors and agencies of making conflict analysis prior to the intervention.

Family disputes and domestic violence have increased and the liquor consumption of men has been identified as

one of the main reasons for this issue... Women and children are the most vulnerable group under this circumstance.

There were incidences of Sexual harassment reported in the Central Camp 02; therefore mobility of women is

restricted with existing insecurity situation. A few religious institutions Churches, Kovils and mosques) are available

in addition to the village level CBOs and LNGOs that serve for establishing and stabilizing social cohesion.

Some land owners, in the both villages, have blocked the road and made fence claiming their land ownership. This

has blocked the path. According to the villagers, it was open for public some time age. There are four instances

where the road has been blocked. The people, to get the services, are compelled to walk long distance.

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Table 2: Labour Force in Central Camp-01 & 02

8. Conflict Sensitivity Context Analysis

8.1. Stake holders’ Analysis

In the village called the Central camp 01, there are considerable actors involved in contributing to the

development process of the village. The following are of influential, according to the people participated in

the PCNA exercise.

o Rural Development Society(RDS)

o Kovil Administration

o Grama Nildhari

o Samurdhi Officer

o Farmer‟s Representative(Vatta Vithanai)

o Women Society

o Sports Club

Actors outside the Village

o Divisional secretariat

o Sri Lanka Transport Board

o Irrigation Department

o World vision

It is worthy to mention here that the personnel, working for a Minister who turned to politics from fighting

force and opened a political office in the village. There is no evident, from the villagers, for making presence

of “Pillayan”, the Chief Minister of Eastern Province who was in the same camp of fighting and joined the

government. Now he is the. These two factions always go for registering their presence by opening political

officers with the intention of serving their constituencies. The later has no office opened so far. If it comes to

surface, this may create tension among the intra community as well as inter communities.

In addition, in the post conflict of changing context, the intermediary community/civil organizations, that are

distributing humanitarian and development assistant, working in Central Camp-01 and -02 are the key

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actors. There many such organizations. Some are within the village. They have to improve their

understanding on peacebuilding and conflict transformation with conflict analysis concern.

Analysis:

In the said village, there many actors involved. Of them, the politicians who turn as so after being in the

camp of fighting are main forces. They have political voices. But, different ways. Both elements are part of

ruling governing. Both are trying to register their political presence in the community.

The community is divided on this line though this is not much visible. This has been filtered into the

community. Some of them are not ready to say anything fearing for anything may happen to them.

The rest of them, actors, are from the community. They are traditional, as one could see same anature of

the actors in the east part of the country. They are development oriented, for instance: Rural Development

Society(RDS), Kovil Administration , Grama Nildhari,Samurdhi Officer, Farmer‟s Representative(Vatta

Vithanai),Women Society, Sports Club.

With the good intension of going good for the community development, make the situation unhealthy. There

is no coordination among their activities, and priorities.

Actors Services to the community

o Rural Development Society(RDS)

Administrating the village development by utilizing the

resources available in the village.

Coordinating with the DS and GS

o Kovil Administration o Maintaining the religious activities in the village.

o Promoting spiritual well being of the community

members.

o Resolving the community disputes

o Promoting cultural values

o Promoting inter faith dialogues

o Providing moral education for children

o Grama Nildhari o The focal for all government and non governmental

activities in the village.

o Government authorized representative in the village

linking the DS of the area.

o All development, humanitarian and emergency activities

are coordinated through him/her

o Samurdhi Officer o Promoting village livelihood and economic well being

o Taking initiatives on poverty eradication activities.

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o

o Farmer‟s Representative(Vatta Vithanai) o Voicing farming related issues.

o Mobilizing the farmers to get the services of authority for

village relating to farming.

o Looking after watering and irrigation needs of farming

and farmers.

o Representing forum at village and DS level related to

farming

o Women Society o Working for women welfare in the society.

o Sports Club

o Youth physical well being

o Societal activities, like sramadana

o Promoting cultural activities in the village.

8.2. Structural Analysis

The structural analysis makes the present situation and pattern of the village that move beyond direct

relationship, to relational pattern that involve and affect whole groups, a scope of inquiry that includes

structural pattern- the way things happen over and over again- and existing structures. In other words,

the time horizon includes both present and historical dynamics, between or among groups, particularly

where one group has been privileged and others marginalized. This part of the report, analyzes

structural patterns under Social Condition, Procedural Pattern, and Institutional Pattern.

Social condition of Central Camp-01 and 02 is of case with disparity in accessing services and

resources. Due to the protected war and its negative impact, the people of both villages experienced in

early 90, disparity in accessing to the power and resources. This was mainly when one of the main

actors, of conflicting party, in de-facto sate of governance and influence in the villages.

During the same period, the Muslims felt of marginalization in equally distributing humanitarian and

development assistance. In the prevailed setting, the Tamils perceived of victimized by the actors of

conflict and rehabilitation process, so far they did not rehabilitated or reconciled. This situation made

both communities mutually perceive of disadvantaging and ethnically marginalizing. The impact of the

prolong conflict in the east and main actors influence, in the village administration ethnically

marginalized; one over the other is palpable. The room for reconciliation is vital.

Having analyzed the social condition, procedural pattern also could be observed in the both villages

particularly lack of transparency, inequality access, non participation and fairness. The people from

both communities had no equal access to information and understanding of decision making. Both

communities perceive they are consistently left out of political and economic decisions and process that

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affect them. Mostly cited instance, government facilitated housing project, during the post tsunami

setting, could be recalled here. The people perceive that they were not aware of the decision process

how was the beneficiaries selected. Participation and fairness element of procedural pattern is

observable.

Another analytical aspect of structural focus is Institutional Pattern. The function and maintenance of

key social, political and economic organization, particularly established to serve the wider public did not,

according to the participants, serve in a neutral manner. The people have no trust in those institutions.

A. Related information:

Two different communities separated from norms and culture

having lot of grievances between two communities

government support not equally distributed

war victims still suffering

enough rooms for livelihood activities

B. Analysis in Points:

Having own priorities of needs

Communication gap between two community exist

Better income generation among the villagers will

restore the harmony if equally distributed

War victims and family need more support from

villagers

Sharing source and power according to the needs

will minimize the conflict between the communities.

Need more support from government ,in policy

level.

8.3. Dynamic Analysis

The dynamic analysis tries to gain a better

understanding of the dynamics, relationship

and issues of the situation at different stages of

conflicts prevailed in the East where Ampara

district constituted part of it. This helps the

practitioners in the field of development to plan and carry out better actions and strategies.

Understanding the dynamics will help supporting or undermining peace efforts in a transition situation.

The relationship and dynamic communication among Tamils and Muslims in Central Camp-01 and 02

depicted in the below given chart analyzed based on the stages of conflict. The information gathered

through the Time Line and Focus Group Discussion during the PCNA exercise

Time Line Exercise facilitated by the UNDP staff, Mohamed Jaleel and Sunera Edrisuriya

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No Period Stage of conflict Nature of the relationship between Muslim and

Tamil Main Actors in the conflict

01. 1980s Pre-conflict Incompatibility of goal among the Tamil speaking youths. Tamil armed group influenced positively on Tamil Speaking Communities including Muslim. The youth attracted by these groups and developed into incompatibility in their goals.

Tamil armed groups

Tamil speaking youths

Government Forces

02. 1980-90 Confrontation Conflict is more open; Tamil armed groups supporters began to engage in confrontational behavior on Muslims. In turn, Muslims engaged in the same behavior. Tit for tat. Occasional fighting among Tamil Armed Groups and Government Forces which formed alliance among the communities-Muslims and Tamils. Low level violence among Muslims and Tamils. Both Muslims and Tamils mobilized their resources and strengthen their allies. The relationship between Muslims and Tamils was very strained, lead to polarization. There were cases of mutual killings.

Tamil armed groups

Government forces

and Indian Peace Keeping Forces

03. 1990-2000 Crisis Tension and violence is most intense between the Tamils and Muslims. People from all sides were killed. Normal communication between Tamils and Muslims ceased.

LTTE

GoSL

04. 2000-2002 Out Come Ceasefire agreement. Relationship between Muslims and Tamils started restoring. Less tension. The agricultural activities restarted. Tamils and Muslims communication improved. Relationship rebuilt.

LTTE

GoSL/Forces

05. 2005-08 Again Crisis Tensions among Tamils youths. Relationship between Tamils and Muslim remained same.

Karuna Faction

Pillayan Faction

LTTE

Government Forces

06. 2009 Post Conflict LTTE defeated. Tension among Tamils youth remains to limited degree. The relationship between Tamils and Muslims is improving. Communal approach is reducing.

Development agents

Aid Distributing Intermediary CBOs

Karuna Faction (less influence at this stage)

The following analytical remarks are worthy to be noted.

During different stages of conflict, the relationship among and between the communities

(Tamils and Muslim) changed.

During the pre-conflict stage, the youths were on the same camp.

During 2005-08, Again Crisis Period (ACP), tension increased among and between Tamils

youths who were in the same camp of thought.

There was a clear ethnic demarcation during the crisis stage of conflict.

During the post conflict stage, the actors have been changed. The key actors are development

agents out side the villages and Aid distributing intermediary CBOs inside the villages.

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9. Need Analysis

9.1. Problem Analysis

Tool – Force field analysis

No Sector Problem-Supporting Factors

Problems-Hindering Elements

01.

Liv

elih

oo

d, S

ME

, M

icro

Fin

ance

an

d

En

viro

nm

ent

Organized group of people to engage in livelihood activities 1. Lack of capital to generate livelihood activity

Availability of land for livelihood activities 1. Non availability of quality paddy seeds for cultivation

Willingness of motivated young in working for livelihood activities 2. Lack of land for agricultural cultivation

2. Inadequate seasonal job opportunities

3. Inadequate external services (extension services)

4. Lack of marketing facilities

5. Inadequate technical knowledge

6. Water scarcity

02. Problem-Supporting Factors


Gen

der

Em

po

wer

men

t

o Women involvement of livelihood activities/ Small scale income

generation activities

Insecurity and sexual harassment

o Anti alcoholism activity of women societies Absence of PHI service

o Existing police service and its usage on handling domestic violence

cases

Dowry problem

o Women ownership on properties (land and houses) Irregular reproductive service

o Joint ownership (Husband and wife)

High degree of war affected women (women Headed

Households)

o Women as bread winners in the Women headed House hold(WHH) Lack of transport facilities and difficulties in access to

clinic, specially for pregnant mothers.

o Skilled/trained women on civil society management /leadership etc Alcoholism and domestic violence.

o Existing active women‟s society(SWORD ,WRDS)

High degree of school drop outs of girls caused by

poverty

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S

oci

al C

oh

esio

n

o Meeting basic needs and getting services formally and informally

strengthen intercommunity relationship (fetching water, and during

transportation for instance).

Partiality among humanitarian and development

intermediary organizations

o Religious, cultural and recreational gathering among all three religious

communities foster the relationship.

Non engaging of multi communities in the community

development activities

o Education fosters relationship among students of all ethnic and

religious communities.

No coordination among the CBOs working in the

villages.

o Community development activities connect among and between the

communities.

Non participatory way of selecting beneficiaries for

development and humanitarian activities by the

authorities.

o Very good rapport among religious leaders in the villages. Insecurity for girls students on the way to schools



Infrastructure and environment 1. Land availability for housing & roads

No fund for make lift irrigation

2. Availability of main electricity distribution lines along the main roads Lack of drinking water

3. Availability of irrigation distribution channels Lack of sufficient income for housing construction

4. Availability of reasonable amount of water in Kittanki Kulam (for any purpose)

Problems in rehabilitating irrigation channels

5. Availability of bus stand facilities

6. Land availability for school construction.

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9.2. Prioritized Needs

No Sector Problems Identified Problems Prioritized Criteria Set

05. L

ivel

iho

od

, SM

E ,

Mic

ro F

inan

ce

and

En

viro

nm

ent

Lack of capital generate livelihood activity 1. Lack of capital to generate livelihood activity 1. Benefiting as much as many people

Non availability of quality paddy seeds for cultivation 2. Non availability of quality paddy seeds for cultivation

2. important and urgency

Lack of land for agricultural cultivation 3. Lack of land for agricultural cultivation 3. Cost effectiveness

Inadequate seasonal job opportunities 4. Inadequate seasonal job opportunities

Inadequate external services (extension services) 5. Inadequate external services (extension services)

Lack of marketing facilities 6. Lack of marketing facilities

Inadequate technical knowledge 7. Inadequate technical knowledge

Water scarcity 8. Water scarcity

06. Problems Identified Problems Prioritized Criteria Set

Gen

der

Em

po

wer

men

t

Insecurity and sexual harassment

1. Tension due to sexual harassment /murders 1. Most families benefited

Absence of PHI service 2. Early marriages and poverty 2. Urgency

Dowry problem 3. Sexual harassment and lack of security

measures to prevent the situation

3. Cost effectiveness I

Irregular reproductive service 4. Lack of awareness on health related issues 4. Positive social impact

High degree of war affected women (women Headed

Households)

5. School dropouts among girl students

Lack of transport facilities and difficulties in access to clinic,

especially for pregnant mothers.

Alcoholism and domestic violence.

High degree of school drop outs of girls caused by poverty


S oc

ial

C oh es io n Partiality among humanitarian and development intermediary 1. Partiality among humanitarian and 1. Benefiting as much as many

people

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organizations development intermediary organizations

Non engaging of multi communities in the community

development activities

2. Non engaging of multi communities in the

community development activities


No coordination among the CBOs working in the villages. 3. Insecurity for girls students on the way to

schools

3. Doing no harm

Non participatory way of selecting beneficiaries for

development and humanitarian activities by the authorities.

4. No coordination among the CBOs working in

the villages.

4. Rebuilding Cohesion

Insecurity for girls students on the way to schools

5. Non participatory way of selecting

beneficiaries for development and

humanitarian activities by the authorities


Infr

astr

uct

ure

an

d

Ho

usi

ng

No fund for lift irrigation 1. No fund for lift irrigation 2. Benefiting as much as many people

Lack of drinking water 2. Lack of sufficient income for housing

construction


Lack of sufficient income for housing construction 3. Lack of drinking water 4. Cost effectiveness

Problems in rehabilitating irrigation channels 5. Problems in rehabilitating irrigation channels

Issues associated in rehabilitation or upgrading internal roads 6. Issues associated in rehabilitation or

upgrading internal roads

State servicers are not properly reached the constituents 7. Non availability state land for preschool and

recreation

Insufficient fund to construct or build toilets 8. State servicers are not properly reached the

constituents

Non availability state land for preschool and recreation 9. Non availability of emergency treatment unit

at the hospital

Non availability of emergency treatment unit at the hospital 10. Insufficient fund to construct or build toilets

21


9.3. Problem Web

9.3.1. Gender:

Tool used: Focus Group Discussion

Facilitator: Ms.Subajini Rajendram

Objective: To identify the women and gender related issues in the specific villages among Tamil and Muslim communities.

Focus Group: Women from both Tamil and Muslim communities with the different age groups.

Key focusing area: The tool was used to draw a real

picture of the existing status of women in the both GN

divisions and among the two vulnerable communities.

The discussion was based on the followings.

Women and Livelihood

Women and societal engagement in relation to

development

Women and social security (within and out side the

family)

Women, how do they respond to issues faced

Women and health

Women and social cohesion

Women and accessibility

Women and housing

Women and water and sanitation

Identified key issues by the women:

1. Women insecurity caused by the incidents such as rape and murder happened in the village (in the mid of

this year, 2009, there was the above incident.)

2. Marketing facilities and promotion of the locally made products and lack of transport facilities to the out side

markets

3. Lack of awareness on Reproductive health and service availability in the division

4. Instable capital for Livelihood generation specially for women

5. Liquor consumption and increased of domestic violence

6. Early marriage system caused by poverty

7. School drop out of girl children due to poverty

Focus Group Discussion on gender empowerment by Suba Rajendram from UNDP

22


Expected outcome: Identified many women related issues that reverse the women development and stable the

women vulnerability high

Many women came out with their own and community experience to address the problem without any

hesitation

Throughout the discussion with the existing poverty situation, limited access to resource and considerable,

repeated displacement due to the civil war make the rural women further vulnerable.

Daily Routing:

Tool used: Daily Routine

Facilitator: Ms.Subajini Rajendram and Mr.Mahendran

Objective:

To identify and differentiate the gender based division

of labor and daily routine chart of children in the

division in a daily routine basis

Focus Group: Men , women and children (from both Tamil and Muslim community with the different age group)

Key focusing area: Identified key issues by the women:

Expected outcome:

To be identified the gender based division of labor in a daily routine

basis and to be revealed that how are women and men engaged in

the productive activities/ reproductive activities and to know the daily

routine activities of children

23


Analysis: Introduction

FOCUS

GROUP

MEN WOMEN CHILDREN

MORIN

G

Time 4 to 9 AM Time 3 to 9 AM 4 to 7.30 AM

/

AFTERN

OON

Time 12 to 02 Time 12 to 02 PM Time 12 to 02 PM

EVENIN

G

Time 3 to 6 PM Time 3 to 6 PM Time 3 to 6 PM

NIGHT Time 6 to 10

PM

Time 6 to 11PM 6 to 10 PM

24


Data Analysis Women

Women are involving in small scale income generation activities which is mostly attached to the house hold premise. They are mostly engaged in the house hold related / reproductive activities

Women invest more time in the household related task

In the village women twice in a month meeting the women society to develop/share their common interest with the women group

In the draught season women get up early to carry the water far away fro their house (Early morning 3 go for collect water for all household usages)

It shows the double burden based task Men …………………………………………………………………………………………..

Men are the bread winners of the family

Most of the time engage in the earning

Most of the time spend in the out side Children…………………………………………………………………………………

Daily routine Analysis of PCNA Navidanveli DS division

Daily routine was selected to highlight the gender division of labor of the men and women in the society. It was a

shared activity with men and women through participatory way. Find the analysis of the same.

According to the mapping men and women are spending their time from early morning 5.00 to night 11.00 PM.

The working understanding is women as an unpaid worker in the house spend their whole time with the reproductive

activity and small scale livelihood engagement. . Compared to women, men spend more time on productive works

which is out side the house and in wider context of community development.

25


Productive work

Leisure time

&

entatainmen

t

Cooking

Carrying

water

Sleeping hrs

Washing

Cleaning

Supporting

to

study of

children

Public shere involv

ement

Rest

LH works

to

fullfill HH

needs

Integration

of

relatives

Women 1 6 4 1 6 2 2 1 1.5 0 4 1

Men 5 1 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 3 0 0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

No

of

ho

urs

Daily Routine of Women & Men

Key realization and recommendations:

It clearly pointed out the gender inequality within house hold. There are specific gender role.

Over burden of women. Taking the role of reproductive and productive as well, due the changing context in

the post conflict.

Women as working unpaid for long hours. Their contribution has not been quantified.

Make realization for gender sensitization program to be balanced the task within family. Ex: Share the house

hold responsibilities with the other member, and contribute for the family harmony and cultivate shared

responsibility.

Compare to men, the gender lacuna is self care of women. Ex: continues work of women for 18hrs without

rest.

Having livelihood activity initiatives by women for their family support. This will, in future, could lead to

possible multi layered empowerment of women. . Utilizing livelihood as a tool to empower women. . It

creates space for women to gradually move to economic empowerment. Then she can have control over

their earnings. So it reduces the economic dependency on men/husband/father.

26


9.3.2. Gender: Liquor Consumption & Domestic Violence –Causes and

Effects

10. Community Planning

10.1. Objective Tree

Liquor Consumption &

Domestic Violence

Committed / attempted to

suicide

Wife Physically assaulted +

Psychologically affected

Children psychologically affected

The believe of having liquor for muscle

pain of wage labors Waglabors

Men are the bread winners and taking the authority in their

hand

Family dispute/ problem due to

poverty

Children sexually made harassment & addicted

to the habit

Increase no. of school

Drop out of children

Patriarchic ideological influence of Women

is the property of men

Split of Family structure

/Divorce

Women migration as housemaids Child Age

marriage

Severe effect in Family

Economy

No stable income

generation

27


Gender: Poor Transportation-Causes and Effects Analysis

No proper awareness

on the issues by the

managers of

transportation services

Lack of Resource

Restricted access to market specially affect

women mobility to market their product

Poor Transportation

Selling the product locally for

low prices

Pregnant mothers

/women face difficulties

in access to clinic

Irregularly attend of

clinic and mothers

dropout from clinic

No proper care of mother and child

–Health related issues: nutritional

issues /vaccination/family planning

system

Malnutrition of mother

& child

No proper care of mother and child –

Health related issues:

nutrition/vaccination/family planning

Poor mothers'

health condition

Pregnant mothers /women

face difficulties in access to

clinic

28


10.1. Gender : Poor Health Services –Causes and Effects Analysis

Analysis: Introduction

Women easily become vulnerable in a society where gender quality not maintained. Navidanveli DS division in

Ampara district is of testimonial. The high level of vulnerability affects the women further specifically in the division

on the ground of prolonged displacement, poverty, limited access to resources, cultural limitation, prevailing sexual

harassment and cultural acceptance of women as subordinate.

Culturally accepted domestic violence and women vulnerability

Daily waged laboring and liquor consumptions are interred linked. In the selected division, highest numbers of men

are engaged in daily labour waging. Those who go for daily wage, simply addicts to locally available liqueur

conception. The wide spread belief of such consumption smooth the pain resulted by the physical involvement,

induces this practice. The consumers of liquor, most of them, lost their control and simply involve in the violence

behavior. By the time when the time passes, this becomes an accepted norm in the relationship between the bread

winner and the other members of the family. The unexpected end bad result of this practice is becoming women

victim of that. In the most of the cases, surfaced during the discussion, this leads to domestic violence and family

dispute.

Women and livelihood engagement

Most of the Tamil and Muslim women do their „house premise- based sub livelihood activities‟ to boost or to get

sufficient income for their survival. Most of the women engage in domestic poultry farming and home gardening.

Some are engaged in cattle farming and goad rearing. Further some have skills in sawing and weaving. Specially,

during the draught season women are the bread winners in most of the families. Even though, they do not raise their

29


voices against their husband. The bread winner takes the domestic authority has not been practiced by the women.

In some house, there are cases; both husband and wife do share the means of survival. In many, the bread winner

uses the domestic authority in his hand and shoots it for his own direction. But, the women are no, if they are the

bread winner of the family.

Women willingness and engagement in a proper income generation activity is on the high but lack of capital and no

proper small scale marketing facilities is their main problem. This is due to restricted access to other

(Sinhalese/Muslim) community which is caused by prolonged civil war, according to the Tamil Women participated in

the exercise and another course is, no proper transport facility. Selling the products of home garden, for instance,

and non availability of proper milk collecting center. This situation compelled them to utilizing the products for their

own consumptions and for family usages. Some time, this condition reduced their bargaining power in pricing the

products, which results in a very low price. Most of the women, in the said division, do similar kind of products. They

find difficulties in marketing their product within the village.

The gap between producing local products and finding local market is widening. This is palpable. Reducing this gab

leads to promoting healthy family condition and shared domestic responsibilities. This will, ultimately, reduce the level

of domestic violence.

In relation to lack of capital, women are not in a position to generate with any income generation activity. The main

cause is prevailing rural poverty, which is associated with and resulted from protected war. The war always induces

displacement. Displacement makes adverse the poverty. It becomes true in the villages of Central Camp -01 and

02..For example, Tamils from 1983 and until the post-war stage, which start from the May of 2009, on the ground of

ethnic tension and displacement made their live and livelihood instable and made extreme vulnerable. This is

common for both men and women. On women perspective, this should be addressed separately.

Women association and works for development

Certain women as members in the society like, WRDS, SWORD & Samurdhi society are engaged in the community

development. A very limited circle of individuals are engaged in the field to develop their community and of own

mobility. According to some experience gained, in terms of conducting series of workshop to transform liquor

consumption to a meaningful activity, with the support of women members. In this connection, women work to

mitigate the negative impact in the village. This needs well planned strategy with peer group change management

approach, while introducing alternative to the well routed practice. This is socially challenging task. The door is open

for intervention.

Impact of poverty

30


Rural poverty is the main cause for the economic and social vulnerability of women in the society. This contributes to

child poverty. Schooling girls and boys become the victim. They are being compelled to stop schooling and suspend

learning. This contrarily, contributes again to the cycle of unhealthy domestic condition and very week family ties. The

poverty level among Tamil community is high compare to Muslim community which is the caused of war.

Domestic violence

Domestic violence cases are, in many instances, tolerated by victim women. In the case of extremity, they attempt to

suicide. This leads their dependants without parental care. They become the victim for ever.

Some recommendation from women side

While it was discussed with the team of participants, they do option of having strong women advocacy team/forum

should be formed and net worked to address these issues to avoid severity of continuation.

Draught and women

During the draught season women does shouldering the totality of family burden such fetching water for all

household needs which is a foremost problem, especially women used to carry the water far away from the home.

They are compelled, in some instances, to find the water for their livelihood means a like.

31


11. Social Cohesion: Partiality among humanitarian and development intermediary

organizations

The communities in the villages of Central Camp-01 and 02 consist of all three communities, with large

constituencies are of Tamils and Muslims and Sinhalese with very few. They are living together, after facing the bitter

experience of protected war divested their soils and hearts. The problem, in the changed context of post conflict is

analyzed and visualized here.

grievances

Partiality among humanitarian and

development intermediary

organizations

Less seriousness in selecting

proper and relevant

beneficiaries

Improper monitoring by the

government top officials

Non corporative village

organizations in community

development

Personal priority

rather

programmatic

benefit

CBOs were not

properly guided Partiality Selecting the beneficiaries

through non transparency

manner

The suitable and needy does

not receive development

assistance

Less willingness to return to the

village who displaced during the

crisis

Increasing Grievances and

relative deprivation

Reducing trust in the official of

authority that leads to mistrust

&conflict

Land not utilized for cultivation

and becoming jungle

Increase in disease caused by

improper environmental

management

Increase in the social evil

and immoral acts

Non participation and

corporation in the

community development

32


1. 12.Social Cohesion: No coordination among the CBOs working in the villages.

No coordination among the CBOs

working in the villages.

Securing the fund Strengthening the position

and survival of the CBO staff

within the system

Dispute among the CBOs

Funds and assistances

were not utilized

efficiently

Less progress in the

community

development

Element of conflict

embedded without

reconciled

Improper selection of the

location and

beneficiaries

Grievances among the

people

Unhealthy relationship

between the people and

CBOs

33


Analysis of Social Cohesion:

It is clear that the conflict has resulted in the loss of social cohesion among the people and communities of Central

Camp-01 and 02. Less obviously, it is apparent that the nature of the impacts on social cohesion and its resilience

varies from village to village in Navithanveli Ds division and independent on a range of factors.. It paints picture of the

diversity of experience and potential for strengthening social cohesion, recovery and reconciliation in the future.

Generally, Central Camp is marked by social segregation rather than cohesion. This has been fostering by CBOs and

NGOs working in their villages. Through the use of religious identity during the conflict, religions have been polarized

and religious identity has hardened on both sides, Tamils and Muslim. There has been reconciled through the socio-

economic interaction. There are few evident to suggest that more strategies to be employed to sustain what already

reconciled. In general, people are confident that violent communal conflict will not re-emerge again in Central Camp

in the foreseeable future. People through the PRA exercise gave the example of the latest violence of August 2009

relating to rape. There has no link with ethnicity or religion. , which did raise tension in the village. A strategy to over

come social conflict is to be employed from gender perspective.

In particular, the DS-level dialogue of Navithanveli where the village Central Camp falls, an important strategic option

that will play an important role in reducing tensions and preventing conflict as well as transforming the context

conducive for social cohesion and social co-existence. In villages in Central Camp, where both religious groups lived

together before the conflict, they are now divided. Central Camp, there was a strong distrust of the youth, a result of

previous conflict where certain youth acted as provocateurs and combatants. In the case of Central Camp, for

example, people spoke of high levels of trust, association and joint activities after the agreement in 2004 and in the

post LTTE context. but social relations and trust, among the youth of Muslims and Tamils, are no longer as before

even though many peacebuilding initiative taken place.

Sports, for example, cricket in Central Camp were popular forms of cross community association but unfortunately,

there is no common ground in Central Camp-02. Interestingly, in villages where traditional sports and customary

ritual remains strong, trust and inter-group association can still be found and social cohesion has been maintained

even after the conflict. Customary mechanisms tend, however, to have their limitations and only work for internal

community matters. Evidence from those met during the exercise in these two villages, indicates that there is a lack

of integration upon returning and that the building of social relations between groups involved in the conflict has not

received sufficient attention. As one experienced community worker put it, “things look normalized in most places, but

it is not back to normal, because of the CBOs and NGOs working in the village. ”. IDPs have, on the whole, returned

to their areas, but often they moved to city where they feel comfortable in living there in terms of job opportunity,

education and other facilities. Their land remains without occupation. In some place big trees are occupied. This

leads to social issues including rapes. In the rape case where a student raped took placed in the close proximity of

such jungle. Social problems have developed.

The following sections provide a more fine-grained view of social cohesion in each of the villages visited by the

transect walk team in order to understand better the impacts of the conflict and efforts for recovery and

reconciliation. The relationship between Muslims and Tamils is good in the post LTTE context.

34


Moreover, the CBOs and NGOs are misusing the issue of recovery and development. There is increased mistrust

between the people of Central Camp02 where Muslims come and between the people from Central Camp 01 where

the majority is Tamils. The CBOs must work as connecting factors between these ethnic communities.

The people in the village are living or tying to live together, with reconciliation of bitterness of the war repercussion on

their hearts. During post conflict period or the context in which the NGOs, CBOs and other organizations are working

for the community development are of the source of generating element in polarizing the community in terms of social

cohesion. The main reason is not making conflict sensitivity and context analysis. At the absence of such analysis,

aid distribution becomes the genesis of promoting misunderstanding among multi ethnic communities. The people by

their nature wanted to live peacefully. Those organization needs to be understood the context in which they operates.

Livelihood: Insufficient capital to generate livelihood activities: Causes and Effect of Infrastructure

35


Infrastructure

Scarcity of drinking

water

Dry wells No water in

irrigation channel Increased

population

Reduction in income

Could not make

hygienic meals

Not schooling

High lands Scarcity of water in

catchment areas

Deforestation

No seasonal rain

Unexpected drought

Less confidence in

future

Burden in caring

child

Increase in medical

expenses

Spread of disease

Increase in crime

Dispute within the

family

Increasing poverty

Waste of time and

not using

productively

Hindering to the

community

development

36


Community Planning

A. Gender: Objective

Tree

37


38


1. Social Cohesion: Objective Web -Neutrality among humanitarian and

development intermediary organizations

grievances

A. Social Cohesion: Objective Web - Proper coordination among the CBOs working in the

villages.

Neutrality among humanitarian and development intermediary

organizations

Proper mechanism followed in

selecting relevant beneficiaries

Proper monitoring system

established for CBOs’ works by

the government officials

Active Corporation and participation of

village organizations in community

development

Prioritization based on the

community agreed criteria

CBOs were properly guided

based on the Standard

Operational Procedures (SoP)

Impartiality Selecting the beneficiaries through

transparency manner and with

community participation

The suitable and needy

receives development

assistance

IDPs living out side returned

and contributing to the


Balancing the psychological

environment and promoting

coexistence

Land utilized for

cultivation and economic

well being promoted

Active participation and

corporation in the


Increasing trust in the

official of authority

Healthy life through green

environment

Maintaining respect to

the gender, elderly,

youth and multi cultural

coexistence

Coexistence and peaceful at

the personal and relational

level

39


Proper coordination among the CBOs working in the

villages.

Working for the community Consolidating by committing for the

community development and promoting healthy relationship

Unity among the CBOs Funds and assistances were

utilized efficiently

Expected progress in the


Element of peaceful relationship

promoted

proper selection of the location and

beneficiaries

Happiness and amity among the

people

Healthy relationship between the

people and CBOs

40


Community Action Plan and Community Contribution Gender Empowerment

No Problem Activity to minimize the problem

Community contribution External intervention to address the problem/NGO

Duration

1 Liquor consumption and increase of domestic violence

1. Format a task force on diminish or eliminate of using liquor consumption in the community

2. Creating awareness on impact of

liquor consumption 3. Make alternative arrangement for

liquor sellers in the community 4. Creating awareness specially for

men on the negative impact of liquor consumption that‟s caused to health hazards

Corporation, coordination and networking for the better deliverance of any activity based.

Make alternative economic arrangement for liquor sellers Financial assistance to conduct the awareness program and other relevant activities

3 month 6month 6month 1 month

2 Poverty and early marriage system

Create awareness thorough workshops on importance of education for their future

Promote or upgrade the lively hood activities for the income generation

Creating awareness on the negative impact of early marriage system fro all community

Provide training for all

Corporation and follow up Provide training program Financial assistance

6month 6 month 3 month

41


community well-wishers(men and women leaders) to mobilize the community to be aware and avoid the child age marriage in a sustainable way

Research and find the factual course of early marriage system

12 month 2 month

Livelihood

No Problems /Issues Activity Community contribution Duration

01. Lack of capital to generate livelihood activity

1. PProvide employment oriented training

2. JJob/employability based research

3. PProvide financial assistance for starting the LH activities

4. SStrengthen the related Org. on promoting sustainable Livelihood activities

5. EEncourage to utilize the locally available resource for the livelihood generation

Conduct Awareness program on the economic issues

Participating in all related program

Community based participation in developing any projects Ex: Using community people as wage labor in any project

Follow-up of all projects for the sustainability

6 month 3-4 month 12 month

02. Non availability of quality paddy seeds for cultivation

establish link with the Agriculture Dept. to provide the good quality seeds

Provide training

Agriculture Dept.

Continuous participation of people in all program

S

42


upport of local organization to follow up the activity. Ex:SARC-CBO in the village

Social Cohesion

No Problems /Issues Activity Community contribution Duration

01. Partiality among humanitarian and development intermediary organizations

1.1. Incorporating transparency mechanism into the work of CBOs.

1.2. Introducing participatory way in selecting the beneficiary

1.3. Involvement of youths from all communities 1.4. Facilitating communication, understanding of

inclusive participation in the community work trust building among the CBOs

1.5. Ensuring the communication and understanding between the CBOs/NGOs and the host/beneficiary communities and government authorities(DS)

1.6. Increasing free access to the information of the work related to the particular community

1.7. Increasing practical experience on Increasing transparency and accountability

No material means needed; only active participation

12 month

02. No coordination among the CBOs working in the villages.

2.1. In addition to the above. 2.2. Building communication and coherent

strategies among the CBOs working in the village.

2.3. Reducing the working gap among the CBOs by increasing the professional communication, in a work linked basis.

2.4. Linking with the local leadership, such as: business men/women, independent leaders, religious leaders/ elders, armed groups, local government in a very practical manner and simple way with that of the CBOs in the village.

ditto 12 month

Infrastructure

1. Water scarcity 1.1. Making Tub wells 1. Providing required land

43


1.2. Constructing Pipe born water from the water purification plant at Kiddangi and distributing water

1.3. Rain water harvest 1.4. Minimize the wastage of the water

2. Requesting the technical agency of government to their input and services

3. Voluntarily involving as working force 4. Requesting other relevant agencies and

organization for completion of the activities

5. Creating awareness among the community on minimizing wastage of water

2. rehabilitation or upgrading internal roads

2.1. Identifying such roads (irrakkaththuppeeli Road, Peace Road, , Main Channel Road in Central Camp-01 for instance; AlHira School Road, 22/2 Channel Road, Naleemiya Mosque Road, in Central Camp -02)

1. Labour force providing 2. Getting the support of local authority for

their technical input

3. Rehabilitation of Irrigation Channel

3.1. Identifying the channel 3.2. Rehabilitation of the above

1. getting the relevant government institutional supports 2. community work force

44


13. Lesson Learnt:

Soon after the PCNA exercise, the Lesson Learnt was arranged. It was organized under:

01. What went well: a) Process/methodology, b) content/subject and c) logistic/timing/ any others

02. What Needs to Improve: a) Process/methodology, b) content/subject and c) logistic/timing/ any others

What went well:

a) Process/methodology b) content/subject c) logistic/timing/ any others

Community mobilization

Support of the government and the CBO

Enthusiasm of the participants

Well facilitation of the process

Group dynamism from the participants

Participatory focused process

Unity and amity among the facilitators

Less staff; great commitment in managing the facilitation process

Focus on identifying problems and need through participatory manner

Ground pre-preparation

Tools and content well internalized by the facilitators, even though most of them are new to the field (PRA)

Relevant data gathered by using the proper tools

Disaster Management unit‟s logistical support

What Needs to Improve

a) Process/methodology b) content/subject c) logistic/timing/ any others

Limiting the participant number to the amount needed for the tools

More than two facilitators needed for note taking (assign note takers sufficiently)

Get familiar with the data gathered through secondary means, before the PRA exercise

Location being central for all members of the community would leads to inclusive participation

Allocating adequate time with the participants in analyzing data equally that of the time allocated to practicing the tool.

Developing format for each tools for capturing the data and for analysis as well

Assigning a person for overall observation on the content.

Test the tool, before the real exercise, if needed.

Ensure the admin and logistic support reach on time.

Include the admin and logistic officer, at the beginning of the planning, in order to get the significance of his/er roll.

Separate logistic focal from the programmatic one. (avoid giving both responsibility to one person).

45


14. Conclusion and Recommendation

1. The PCNA exercise, in the context of the top down implementation, is well received by the community. They

welcome the approach used and methodology employed. The community came very closer to the process which

going to impact their way of life. During the exercise, there was better understanding on the context in which the

need analysis took placed.

2. The community, in its nature pluralistic one consisting of Tamils, Muslims and Sinhalese, do reconcile

themselves and try to live peaceful life in the village. There are very few instances, where they go on unhealthy

situation which leads to incompatibility. This is on personal level not on ethnic line.

3. The aid distributing civil organizations are the key in managing the elements of community relationship. They

make negative impact on the context. They don‟t know or not much interested in making conflict analysis and

context study in which they work.

4. The communities are mainly three: Muslims, Tamils and Sinhalese. Muslims and Tamils have voice in the

decisions relating to the community development. The Sinhalese, numbering to eight families, has limited say in

the same. There is no constraining in fulfilling their basis, religious, cultural and spiritual needs.

5. Even through, it is being administrated under one name known as Central Camp-01 and 02, there two different

communities with different religious visions and community needs. The connecting factor of both communities is

shared community development and public utility. Managing and transforming these two visions into shared

community development goal is challenging with more possibility for peacebuilding.

6. There are people, from the village called Central Camp-01 and 02, but administrated by another GS. Their voice

not included in this exercise. The benefit would reach them.

7. There are development needs for the communities. Those have been given in this report under „prioritized need‟

and „community planning‟.

8. The coordination among the CBOs and aid distributing agencies are vital to make positive results and to sustain

impact of any development intervention. In this context, Implementing Partner, in the usage of UNDP, should

adopt humanitarian principle (neutrality, impartiality etc) when they work with the said communities.

46


15. Annexure

15.1. Tools

Tools:

1. Time Line:

Time Line

Selected participant are above 55 year of age from both gender, flash cards distributed among the participants by separating Tamil and Muslim communities.

A. Data collected:

1952-1960: Tamil community & Muslim community-settled from nearby village like Pandiruppu-

- Neelavanai,Natpeddimuani of Ampara district.

in 1956- Flooding

1960-1970: Tamil community& Muslim community-Peaceful life, during the Galoya scheme in operation

1970-1980: Tamil community& Muslim community- Ample of job opportunities to men and women

in 1978: Cyclone hit whole region

Government supports rendered in good manner

Electricity supplied to the main street

1980-1990: Tamil community-1983 July riot spread to the village

Muslim Community- LTTE attacked Muslim villages

Receive government grant Rs 6000 as a victims of violation

Common wells constructed by local well-wishers.

1990-2000: Tamil community-due to 1990 confrontation between LTTE-Government whole villagers

Victimized and became refugees at Kalmunai.

Resettled in 1994, and receive government grant Rs 4,000.00

In 1995, father Nirmal facilitated to receive 600 roofing sheets and dug wells.

Again in 1997 conflict destroyed livelihood means of the villagers and displaced.

Again in 1998 conflict shattered the livelihood of the villagers and displa-

47


-ced.

Peace accord between LTTE-GoSL signed

Muslim community-war victims not received assistance from any other agencies during this period

2000-2009: Tamil community- Livelihood affected by severe drought.

Construction of community hall by NECORD

Construction of primary school

Training for livelihood development

Construction of latrines by K.R

Access road development

Assist tsunami victims by providing shelters and cooked foods

Affected by chicken kunya fewer

Muslim community- Existing infrastructure demolished

Assist tsunami victims by providing shelters and cooked foods

Affected by chicken kunya fewer.

Security tension still prevail among the community

15.2. Photos:

i Check List on Common Criteria of BCPR East Location, developed by UNDP, TRP-Sri Lanka –June 2009

participatory context and needs analysis in transitional recovery by munas kalden

Technology