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Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai CRADA) May 15, 2013 DOE Annual Merit Review & Peer Evaluation Meeting PI: Kyeong Lee Postdocs: Seung Choi, Heeje Seong, Yuki Kameya, Hoon Lee Argonne National Laboratory DOE Project Managers: Ken Howden & Gurpreet Singh Office of Vehicle Technologies Project ID: ACE024 This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information

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Page 1: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems

for GDI Engines

(ANL/Corning/Hyundai CRADA)

May 15, 2013 DOE Annual Merit Review & Peer Evaluation Meeting

PI: Kyeong Lee Postdocs: Seung Choi, Heeje Seong, Yuki Kameya, Hoon Lee

Argonne National Laboratory

DOE Project Managers: Ken Howden & Gurpreet Singh Office of Vehicle Technologies

Project ID: ACE024

This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information

Page 2: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Overview Timeline

Start: Oct. 2011 – Contract signed: Sept. 2012

10% Finished

2

Budget Funding received in FY12

− DOE: $500K − Corning: $300K (in-kind) − Hyundai: $110K (in-kind) &

$90K (fund-in)

Barriers Increased back pressure and fuel

penalty Lack of effective regeneration

strategies to reduce input energy Underdevelopment of filter

materials for GDI PM emissions Insufficient information about GDI

engine PM emissions

Partners Corning and Hyundai Motor University of Wisconsin – Madison MIT Tokyo Institute of Technology

Page 3: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Relevance and Objectives PM emissions are a major problem of GDI engines, but the filtration system

(GPF) has not been developed yet. GPF system needs to be designed with care, because GDI engines operating

at stoichiometric conditions are very sensitive to back pressure. Low back-pressure filters are needed to be developed. The properties of PM emissions from GDI engines have not been

characterized yet.

Evaluate the DPF filtration/regeneration performance as a function of flow condition and porosity.

Evaluate the level of gaseous emissions and back pressure effects on engine performance to determine the GPF installation position.

Characterize filtration process for different filter models along with measurement of pressure drop

Characterize physical properties of PM emissions from a GDI engine. Conduct numerical modeling for soot loading in a GPF.

3

Page 4: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Approach

4

GPF experiments for filtration/ Regeneration with µ-imaging

Soot oxidation experiments with TGA, DSC, ESEM

Numerical modeling

2.4L GDI Engine

TGA

DSC

X-Ray measurement of soot

Soot mass profile

ESEM

Page 5: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Microscopic visualization further offers understanding of soot filtration and regeneration behaviors in DPFs !! Pressure drop becomes most significant in the 2nd

regeneration stage: soot oxidation enhanced in effective flow regions, where surface pores open.

!! Soot deposited in pores and effective flow regions oxidizes faster than soot cake on the walls.

5

Diffusion limited oxidation

Chemistry limited oxidation <

Transition filtration

Page 6: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Experiments were conducted to find the effects of filter structure and emissions flow conditions on pressure drop in filtration !! Filter structure (porosity)

6

Description! DPF A! DPF B!Size! 1.7” square x 6”! 1.7” square x 6”!

Cell density [cpsi]! 200! 200!Wall thickness [in]! 0.012! 0.012!

Porosity (effective) [%]! 20.89! 47.05!Mean pore size (d50) [µm]! 7.242! 11.948!

Pore size distribution ((d50-d10)/d50)!

0.79! 0.41!

d10 [µm]! 1.51! 7.03!d90 [µm]! 21.13! 25.11!

Pe asymptote (Konstandopoulos, SAE 2002-01-1015)

Convection

Diffusion

Uwall (cm/s) ! Pewall ! Upore (cm/s) ! Pepore !DPF A_Lowflow! 0.777! 0.236! 3.719! 1.131!DPF A_Highflow! 2.212! 0.672! 10.587! 3.219!DPF B_Lowflow! 0.892! 0.271! 1.894! 0.576!DPF B_Highflow! 2.233! 0.679! 4.745! 1.442!

Pore size distribution

Clean filter !P !! Flow conditions (Pe #)

Convection dominated

Diffusion dominated

Low flow: 1500rpm - 4bar High flow: 2500rpm - 6bar for 2L diesel

Page 7: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Pressure drop by soot depends on flow conditions (Pe) and the results propose optimal filter design

DPF A Lowflow

DPF A Highflow

DPF B Lowflow

DPF B Highflow

Pewall 0.236 0.672 0.271 0.679

Pepore 1.131 3.219 0.576 1.442

Total soot loading [g/L] 0.313 0.631 0.540 0.598

Soot loading during depth filtration [g/L] 0.034 0.033 0.118 0.163

Gradient of ΔP profile in depth filtration [Norm. ΔPsoot/(g/L)] 43,796,817 42,837,006 18,372,021 10,518,552

Gradient of ΔP profile in soot cake formation [Norm. ΔPsoot/(g/L)] 2,755,172 4,772,154 3,079,911 2,595,161

7

Pressure drop (∆Psoot) during depth filtration - High porosity filter < Low porosity filter - No significant difference between convection-dom flows (DPF A). - Convection-dom flow (Pepore >1) < Diffusion-dom flow (Pepore <1) (DPF B) Pressure drop (∆Psoot) during soot cake formation - No consistent correlation between porosity and ∆Psoot - ∆Psoot correlation found with Pepore, but not Pewall: because local flows in the ‘effective flow region” indeed affect the pressure drop. - An optimal Pepore is about unity (1).

Optimal flow condition to minimize pressure drop in the entire filtration period - Pepore greater than unity (for depth filtration), but as close to unity as possible (for soot cake filtration). - Filter geometry needs to be designed to meet the optimal Pepore condition.

Page 8: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

High porosity filter decreases back-pressure in regeneration and increases regeneration efficiency

8

DPF A Lowflow

DPF A Highflow

DPF B Lowflow

DPF B Highflow

Total soot loading (g/L) 0.313 0.631 0.540 0.598 Required time to the end

of 2nd stage (sec) 1,129 1,013 1,104 864

ΔP drop rate in 2nd stage (Norm. ΔPsoot/sec) -1,064 -2,141 -2,148 -2,611

ΔPsoot at end of 2nd stage (Regeneration efficiency)

423,182 (71.8%)

827,054 (71.5%)

294,481 (85.8%)

166,154 (91.5%)

• Regeneration may need to stop at the end of 2nd stage, because the following slow pressure recovery (diffusion-limited) may increase energy consumption.

• Regeneration time to the end of 2nd stage is quite constant, independent of soot loading conditions (Pe) and filter physical properties.

• Pressure drop rate = f(total soot loading mass) Regeneration efficiency = f(filter porosity)

• Higher porosity filter offers better pressure drop recovery and higher regeneration efficiency.

Higher porosity filter: Less soot cake remains on the wall at the end of 2nd stage Lower pressure drop

Regen @ 400°C/600ppm NO2

Page 9: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

GPF systems have technical questions to be resolved

9

Exhaust pipe 3WC

GDI engine GPF

before 3WC GPF

after 3WC

O2 ~1 %; NO2 ~ 200 ppm Higher SOF in PM

Lack of O2 and NO2 Lower SOF in PM

before 3WC after 3WC

Pros • Existence of O2 and NO2 and high temperature enable continuous regeneration

• Lower back pressure

Cons • Longer 3WC heat-up time needed • Higher back pressure

• Insufficient oxidizers for regeneration

Questions • Proposal of GPF specs suitable for the acceptable pressure-drop limit?

• Possibility of continuous regeneration and balanced pressure drop?

• Regen strategy – engine fuel-cut operation is enough for regeneration, or periodic lean operation is required?

• Effects of soot property changes after 3WC on filtration and regeneration?

Page 10: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Hyundai 2.4L GDI engine installation has been completed on a 150 hp AC dynamometer

Hyundai 2.4L Theta II GDI engine and emissions measurement instruments

10

<SMPS & CPC> <Micro Soot Sensor>

<TEOM> <Emission bench> Rated power: 148 kW @ 6,300 rpm

Rated torque: 250 Nm @ 4,250 rpm

Page 11: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Engine performance was evaluated for the case of virtual installation of a GPF b3WC: Torque loss and fuel consumption penalty due to Pback

11

0.00 -0.53

-2.32

-6.45

-11.27

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

145

150

155

160

165

170

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14DP [kPa]

Rated Tq [Nm] Tq loss [%]

0.000.35

-0.55

-2.49

-4.91

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

260

262

264

266

268

270

272

274

276

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14DP [kPa]

BSFC [g/kWh] BSFC loss [%]

0.00-1.29

-3.24

-6.58

-11.79

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

180

185

190

195

200

205

210

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35DP [kPa]

Rated Tq [Nm] Tq loss [%]

0.000.56

-0.51

-2.25

-4.81

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

238

240

242

244

246

248

250

252

254

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35DP [kPa]

BSFC [g/kWh] BSFC loss [%]

w/ GPF at b3WC

<1500 rpm> <3000 rpm> Estimated rated torque loss -About 0.5 % at minimum (clean), 6 % at maximum (loaded) Estimated fuel consumption penalty -About 2.5 % at maximum (loaded)

w/ GPF at b3WC

Page 12: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Changes in oxidizer concentrations at lean-burn conditions were evaluated for GPF regeneration after 3WC

12

7.7

179.4 210.6275.4

343.2

747.0831.7

681.7

328.5

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1 1.001 1.002 1.005 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.1 1.2

Nox_Conv. [%] Nox_BC [ppm] Nox_AC [ppm]

0.8799 0.9332 0.9380 0.9895 1.0472 1.17821.4514

2.4569

4.2824

-0.0593 0.0137 0.0328 0.1187 0.20520.4163

0.8079

1.9656

3.7550

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

1 1.001 1.002 1.005 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.1 1.2

O2_BC [vol%] O2_AC [vol%]

605 605 606 607 603 604 604 598 594

418 414 415 413 407 401 390 379 387

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1 1.001 1.002 1.005 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.1 1.2

T_ExhMan [°C] T_AC [°C]

1600 rpm / 2.4 bar BMEP – Lean-burn operation enhanced O2

concentration, but deteriorated the NOx conversion: 0.1%-O2 vs. 70%-NOx conversion

• Lean-burn operation may not be applicable to regeneration after 3WC due to the NOx penalty.

– Exhaust temperature cooled down to about 400˚C.

– Therefore, fuel-cut effects will be evaluated.

Page 13: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

The test bench was fabricated with automatic engine exhaust back-pressure and sample flowrate control systems Bench-scaled (2” x 6” bisected) optical GPF test system

– Engine back-pressure and emissions flowrate are automatically controlled to simulate practical GPF system.

– Microscopic processes of soot filtration/regeneration will be visualized in filter channels, along with pressure drop measurements.

– Filtration/regeneration experiments will be conducted both before and after three-way catalyst (3WC)

13

Exhaust pipe 3WC

Flow meter Ejector

GDI engine Bench scale optical GPF

Flow control compressed air

Automatic back pressure

valve

Sampling before 3WC

Sampling after 3WC

Page 14: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

14

A new GPF bench test system has been fabricated

Stereo-microscope

GPF Reactor Venturi flowmeter

Ejector

Light source

Back-pressure makeup valve

Pressure regulator

Page 15: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

In-situ observation of soot cake oxidation using E-SEM

15

Microscopic observation of DPF regeneration • Soot cake layer deformation during oxidation • Soot-catalyst contact (e.g., loose or tight) This work enables us to analyze oxidation behaviors of soot cake at a

microscopic scale.

Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (E-SEM)

• In-situ observation of soot oxidation at micro-scales

• Chamber conditions ‒ Wide range of pressure change (vacuum to 2.6kPa) ‒ Various reactant gases, such as air, oxygen ‒ Temperature controllable up to Tmax = 1500 °C ‒ Quasi-steady state in the chamber.

Page 16: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

E-SEM visualizes soot cake oxidation on a filter membrane at a real time

16

Thermogravimetric analysis

• To complete oxidation within 60 min, 4.0 Torr (533 Pa) of O2 was used in ESEM experiments

200 μm

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Isothermal analysis at 800°C

ESEM observation (800°C, 4.0 Torr O2) Time = 0 min

10 min

20 min

30 min

40 min 305 μm

Deposited CB

Cordierite membrane

Surrogate soot (carbon black)

Page 17: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Catalyst coating on DPF demonstrates significantly different oxidation behaviors

17

(1) Cordierite w/o catalyst (2) Pt-catalyst coated

• (1) Relatively firm contact of soot cake with the substrate: Oxidation shrinks soot cake as a bulk solid material.

• (2) Loose contact of soot cake: The contact condition needs to be enhanced to utilize the catalytic effects.

Surrogate soot (carbon black), 800°C, 4.0 Torr of O2

Page 18: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

TEM revealed a wide range of particulate size from a GDI engine (collaboration with UW-ERC)

549 cc single-cylinder GDI engine; 2100 rpm/650 kPa IMEP; Inj. time: 220 – 310° bTDC Two different categories of particles were clearly observed:

– Aggregates of small primary particles (dp = 5-10 nm) – Aggregates of large primary particles (dp = 20-50 nm).

Single nanoparticles were found to be smaller than 10 nm in diameter.

18

Gasoline, ø = 0.98, 310° bTDC Gasoline, ø = 1.13, 310° bTDC E20, ø = 0.98, 310° bTDC

Page 19: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Detailed image analysis revealed two distinct particle size distributions (at 310° bTDC)

Aggregates with small primary particles lies in a size range of Rg=5 to 70 nm, while those with large primary particles in a size range of Rg=25 to 500 nm.

The advancement of fuel injection timing seems to be responsible for generating two different categories of particle sizes (e.g., fuel impingement)

– Large aggregates with large dp : contribution of hydrocarbons to soot growth. – Small aggregates with small dp : inception of nascent soot particles.

19

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Gasoline, phi=0.98Gasoline, phi=1.13E20, phi=0.98E20, phi=1.13

Coun

t (#)

Rg (nm)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

50 100 200 300 400 500

Gasoline, phi=0.98Gasoline, phi=1.13E20, phi=0.98E20, phi=1.13

Coun

t (%

)

Rg (nm)

Aggregates of small primary particles Aggregates of larger primary particles

Page 20: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

GDI particles exhibited complexity in nanostructure

Soot particles from E20 were often observed to expand and change the nanostructure at high magnifications (high electron energy), which has rarely been observed for diesel particles.

Detailed examination on nanostructure revealed particles present at different levels of soot graphitization.

Differences in nanostructures appeared to be insignificant with variations of fuel injection timing, fuel type and equivalence ratio.

20

E20, ø = 1.13, 280° bTDC

Initial image Image after 600kX Image 1 at 600kX Image 2 at 600kX

Page 21: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Two different approaches were used for soot filtration modeling !! Lagrangian approach (FY11) o! Objectives: Qualitative analysis by tracking

particles trajectories with appropriate B.C.s.

!! Eulerian approach (FY12) o! Objectives: Quantitative analysis of local values

of filtration parameters by integrating user codes.

Soot mass profile Link

Compile

Run

User Code

Field Sum

Object file (.obj, .so)

Library (.dll)

STAR-CCM+

Linu

x

Win

"#$%&'

!"#$%&#'()!"#$

!"%$ "#$%&'

!"&$ '$'$'$'$'$'$

Load

Monitor

Numerical algorithm applied via self-developed user subroutines is integrated in the CFD code

No

Yes Yes

Soot mass conc. Vol. flow rate

Partition factor (0 " ! " 1)

No

Itera

tion

Depth filtration

Cake filtration

Page 22: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

A 3-D CFD model has been developed for detailed numerical analysis of soot filtration processes CFD domain setup Geometry: 200 cpsi, lab-scale (2”x 6”) cordierite

filter with regions of upstream and soot cake.

a

w

ws

CFD domain

Total 2,013,246 cells Upstream=L 0.78”, Plug= L 0.39”, ws= 12.0 mils

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Meshing Volume meshes are generated by Trimmer for

porous regions and Polyhedral for fluid and solid regions.

Physical assumptions for model setup 1. Fluid: 3D, Ideal gas, Laminar, Incompressible 2. Implicit unsteady (2nd order temporal discretization)

3. Segregated flow solver (2nd order convection scheme, URF= 0.5P, 0.2V)

4. Convective heat loss 5. No flow in axial(z) direction in wall regions 6. PM is homogeneously distributed in the flow 7. PM properties (dp=54.5 [nm], ρp=2.87 [g/cm3]) are estimated from experiments

10 layers with regular hexahedron cells

POROUS

FLUID

SOLID

Wall

Soot cake

Upstream

Channels

Plugs

z y

x

Page 23: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Temporal evolution of local soot mass

Modeling Results (Simulation duration: 35 min)

y-z plane view (@ x = 1/4a)

Wall

Soot-cake

0.0E+00

1.0E-14

2.0E-14

3.0E-14

4.0E-14

5.0E-14

6.0E-14

7.0E-14

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Loca

l Soo

t Mas

s [k

g]

Wall Penetration [μm]

InletMidOutlet

0.0E+00

1.0E-14

2.0E-14

3.0E-14

4.0E-14

5.0E-14

6.0E-14

7.0E-14

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Loca

l Soo

t Mas

s [k

g]

Wall Penetration [μm]

InletMidOutlet

0.0E+00

1.0E-14

2.0E-14

3.0E-14

4.0E-14

5.0E-14

6.0E-14

7.0E-14

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Loca

l Soo

t Mas

s [k

g]

Wall Penetration [μm]

InletMidOutlet

x-y plane view (@ z = 1/2L)

Deposited soot profiles

300s: Depth filtration 600s: Transition 1200s: Cake filtration

Page 24: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Soot cake profile Pressure drop - overall

Local collection efficiency

Wall

Wall-flow velocity profile

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

0.035

0.040

0.045

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Wal

l-flo

w V

eloc

ity [m

/s]

Normalized Length [-]

300s: Depth filtration500s: Depth filtration end600s: Transition1200s: Transition end1800s: Cake filtration 300s 500s 600s 1200s 1800s

Stan

dard

D

evia

tion

flattened

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100

Pres

sure

Dro

p [k

Pa]

Time [s]

Depth filtration Cake filtration

Transition

Temporal evolution of the other filtration parameters

Modeling Results (Simulation duration: 35 min)

Page 25: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Future Work Evaluate the filtration/regeneration performance for various filter

models. Evaluate filtration/regeneration performance with catalyzed GPF. Evaluate kinetics of soot oxidation from the GDI engine with

different compositions of reactant gases, using TGA and DSC Characterize the physical properties of PM emissions from the GDI

engine as a function of engine operating condition, sampling position, and fuel injection timing.

Characterize soot cake deformation during oxidation at various ambient conditions, using E-SEM.

Conduct numerical modeling for G(D)PF regeneration at various conditions

25

Page 26: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Summary

26

Strategies for low pressure drop and high regeneration efficiency were proposed by controlling the flow condition (Pe) and filter porosity, respectively.

GDI engine performance (torque, BSFC) was evaluated for virtual GPF installation before the catalyst.

Lean-burn conditions slightly increased O2 concentration after the catalyst, while NOx conversion efficiency decreased quite a bit. – Lean-burn operation may not be applicable to regeneration after 3WC. – Fuel-cut effects will be evaluated.

E-SEM experiments showed a potential to examine the in-situ oxidation behaviors of soot cake at a high spatial resolution.

TEM analyses revealed that GDI engine generated numerous nanoparticles and two different size categories of aggregates. In addition, nanostructure analysis for E20-derived soot particles found different levels of graphitization (280° bTDC).

Numerical modeling was successfully conducted for soot-laden flow in a cordierite filter, in which the self-developed user subroutines were implemented to the CFD code.

Page 27: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Accomplishment Publications

– Journals (2) • Chong, H., Aggarwal, S., Lee, K., Yang, S., and Seong, H.: “Experimental Investigation

on the Oxidation Characteristics of Diesel Particulates Relevant to DPF Regeneration,” Journal of Combustion Science and Technology (2012).

• Lee, K., Seong, H., and Choi S.: “Detailed Analysis of Kinetic Reactions in Soot Oxidation by Simulated Diesel Exhaust Emissions,” 34th International Symposium on Combustion (2012).

– Conference Proceedings and Workshops (4) • Seong, H, Lee, K., and Choi, S.: “Characterization of Particulate Morphology,

Nanostructures, and Sizes in Low-Temperature Combustion with Biofuels,” SAE 2012-01-0441.

• Seong, H. and Lee, K.: “Kinetic Study on Soot Oxidation by Simulated Diesel Gas Emissions,” 2012 CLEERS Workshop, Dearborn, MI, May 2, 2012.

• Choi, S., Lee, K, and Seong H..: “Characterization of Pore Structures in Diesel Particulate Filters by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetery, optical Imaging, and X-Ray Micro-tomography,” AFS 2012 Annual Conference, Boca Raton, FL, June 6, 2012.

• Lee, K., Seong, H., Church, W., and McConnell, S.: “Examination of Particulate Emissions from Alcohol Blended Fuel Combustion in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine,” 2012 COMODIA, Fukuoka, Japan, July 23-26, 2012.

27

Page 28: Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems or … · 2014-03-27 · Particulate Emissions Control by Advanced Filtration Systems for GDI Engines (ANL/Corning/Hyundai

Contact

Kyeong Lee

Argonne National Laboratory

– (630)252-9403

[email protected]

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