particulate matter emissions from residential wood combustion revised estimates and an evaluation |...

PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTIONRevised estimates and an evaluation | Hugo Denier van der Gon

CO-AUTHORS: Antoon Visschedijk, Christer Johansson, Robert Bergström, David Simpson, Christos Fountoukis, Spyros Pandis

Particulate matter emissions from residential wood combustion

CONTENTS…A STORY IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

The FP6 EUCAARI EC and OC inventory

Application – model results vs observed

Zooming in on the blooper….Wood combustion

An alternative inventory for wood combustion

Repeat application…

Conclusions

Hugo Denier van der Gon - wood combustion PM 3 ACCENT+ Urbino, 15/9/2011

ANTHROPOGENIC CARBONACEOUS PM EMISSIONS IN EUROPE 2005;

TNO EUCAARI EC/OC INVENTORY (KULMALA, 2011)

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

Combustion inenergy

industries1

Non-industrialcombustion

plants2

Combustion inmanufacturing

industry3

Productionprocesses

4

Extraction anddistributionfossil fuels

5

Solvent use6

Roadtransport

7

Other mobilesources andmachinery

8

Wastetreatment and

disposal9

Agriculture10

OC in PM2.5, 2005 (850 kt)

EC 2005 (525 kt)

Residential combustion dominates

EC & OC calculated as a

fraction of PM2.5


Note: wood combustion & transport


PMCAMX EVALUATION (WINTER)

OA Finokalia

Similar performance in Cabauw, Mace Head, Puy de Dome

Pretty good


PMCAMX EVALUATION (WINTER)

Similar performance in Payerne, Melpitz

OA Vavihill

A lot seems to be missing!!!But many improvements made and bulk of residential PM2.5 emissions allocated to OC….a puzzle…


EMISSIONS OF PM10 PER UNIT OF WOOD COMBUSTED IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR IN 2009 (G/GJ)

Why rethink PM from wood combustion?

RETHINK THE RWC INVENTORY

A first comparison/ analysis showed incompatibility of different country approaches (not “right or wrong” )

Start partly from scratch

Don’t use national reported data

Do not define EC and OC as a fraction of PM10 or PM2.5 that should “fit” in the official reported data

Make a selection of emission factors and apply in a consistent way for all countries “independent bottom-up”

8 | Particulate matter emissions from residential wood combustion

FILTERABLE PM AND CONDENSABLE PM

the US EPA defines particulate matter (PM) as consisting of a

filterable fraction (FPM) and a condensable fraction (CPM).


Filterable PM is directly emitted:• Solid or liquid• Captured on filter• PM10 or PM2.5

Condensable PM is in vapor:• Reacts upon cooling and dilution• Forms solid or liquid particle• Always PM2.5 or less

where should the PM mass be that forms almost instantaneously?

PM EMISSION FACTORS FOR RWCEXAMPLE: CONVENTIONAL WOODSTOVE

Wood use

Traditional fireplace

Conventional wood stove

Single house log boiler - conventional

Single house log boiler - advanced

Single house pellet boiler

Medium boiler - manually fed logs

Medium boiler - automatically fed

PM emission

DT: 800 mg/MJ (300 - 1100)

SP: 150 mg/MJ (50 - 600)

Source: Nussbaumer et al. (2008)

Source sectorsEC_2.5 OC_2.5

CARBONACEOUS AEROSOL < 2.5 UM IN UNECE-EUROPE FOR 2005

- AFTER REVISING RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION ONLY -


+ 30 kt EC

+ 629 kt OC

Limited impact on EC, major change in OCChanges in individual countries differ from European average

WOOD USE IN NORWAY < SWEDEN

Wood use in Sweden larger but different appliance

Countries use their own methods to calculate PM emissions


NORWAY & SWEDEN TOTAL RWC EMISSIONS YEAR 2005



Comparison of model calculated OC from wood burning to source-apportionment data from measurement campaigns during winter in Norway and Sweden (SORGA, 1 - 8 March 2007, Yttri et al.,2011) (GÖTE, 11 Feb - 4 Mar 2005, Szidat et al., 2009). Unit: µg(C) m−3

While we adjusted emissions in opposite directions for NOR & SWE, the model prediction improves at all sites!


BIOMASS BURNING EC (ECBB) FROM WINTER TIME SOURCE

APPORTIONMENT STUDIES IN SCANDINAVIA COMPARED TO MODEL

CALCULATIONS USING DIFFERENT EMISSION INVENTORIES.

Bars represent 10th and 90th percentiles of observed EC from biomass burning. Note the logarithmic scale on the y-axis. Source: Genberg et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8719-8738, 2013

RATIO RWC OC EMISSION BY COUNTRY (NEW/ORIGINAL )


Red new inventory is higher; Green new inventory is lower


IMPACT OF CONSISTENT BOTTOM-UP CALCULATION FOR

WOOD COMBUSTION EMISSION FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES

Indication of impact: 20% more PM2.5 emission over Europe

MEASURED AND MODELLED OC CONCENTRATIONS WITH THE EMEP MSC-W MODEL


FINISHED? ….NO!….SOME FURTHER REMARKS ON THE RWC EMISSIONS

Wood use is notoriously uncertain; New update of wood use for year 2010 –

= +28% more wood use than in our 2005 adjusted figure (used in this study)

which was already + 20% above “official” (with large inter-country variation)

Uncertainty ranges not properly covered: – quality of wood, stoves, burning

practises, all greatly influence total (condensable) PM emissions.

Distribution in time (within the year) and space (within the country) can

significantly improve [and we know how]

Close collaboration between Emissions – Measurement - AQ model

communities can lead to much further improved understanding – including

quantification of episodes and exceedances

…..But over the past few years not able to find funding for such integration21 | Particulate matter emissions from residential wood combustion

CONCLUSIONSIncluding condensable PM emissions for RWC greatly improved our understanding

of measured OC (and thereby PM2.5) in ambient air at all locations.

In line with US-EPA “the emission-based RWC contribution to ambient

carbonaceous PM2.5 predicted by the model is approximately a factor of two lower

than indicated by observations”. [Napelenok et al., 2014.]

Measurement data are crucial for “proofing” but needs more than just PM2.5

We argue that condensable PM should be included in the PM inventories but it’s not

“free” ; it will change estimated PM2.5 emissions


Our current primary PM emission inventories

are “apples and oranges” and might well be a

whole fruit basket….

Note: This revised TNO RWC inventory is NOT included in the TNO-MACC inventories

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/6503/2015/acp-15-6503-2015.html

Denier van der Gon et al., ACP, 2015

http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/6503/2015/acp-15-6503-2015.html

RELATED & SUPPORTING PUBLICATIONSDenier van der Gon, H. A. C., Bergström, R., Fountoukis, C., Johansson, C., Pandis, S. N., Simpson, D., and Visschedijk, A. J. H.: Particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in Europe – revised estimates and an evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6503-6519, doi:10.5194/acp-15-6503-2015, 2015.

Simpson, David, and Hugo Denier van der Gon, “Problematic emissions - particles or gases?”, chapter 5 in: European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) Status report 2015,

Fountoukis, C., T. Butler, M. G. Lawrence, H.A.C. Denier van der Gon, A. J. H. Visschedijk, P. Charalampidis, C. Pilinis, and S. N. Pandis, Impacts of controlling biomass burning emissions on wintertime carbonaceous aerosol in Europe, Atmospheric Environment, 87, p. 175-182. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.016, 2014.

Genberg, J., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Simpson, D., Swietlicki, E., Areskoug, H., Beddows, D., Ceburnis, D., Fiebig, M., Hansson, H. C., Harrison, R. M., Jennings, S. G., Saarikoski, S., Spindler, G., Visschedijk, A. J. H., Wiedensohler, A., Yttri, K. E., and Bergström, R.: Light-absorbing carbon in Europe – measurement and modelling, with a focus on residential wood combustion emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8719-8738, doi:10.5194/acp-13-8719-2013, 2013.

Bergström, R., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Prévôt, A. S. H., Yttri, K. E., and Simpson, D.: Modelling of organic aerosols over Europe (2002–2007) using a volatility basis set (VBS) framework: application of different assumptions regarding the formation of secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8499-8527, doi:10.5194/acp-12-8499-2012, 2012.

24 | Particulate matter emissions from residential wood combustion

SAMPLING PROTOCOL AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES STRONGLY

IMPACT EMISSION FACTORSIndustrial stack PM emissions are defined as particulates (aerosols) that are

present in waste- or flue gas streams and not the condensable gases in these

streams. Condensable particulate matter is by definition excluded

Road transport exhaust PM emissions by definition capture most of the

condensable PM because measurements include dilution and cooling to 51 oC.

For residential combustion stoves various methods circulate which capture

the condensable PM in various degrees (from 0-100%)

How should AQ modellers know about this, when the inventory compilers

don’t even know…..


Emission inventory compilers work source by source, compiling the best Emission factor by source but do not compare across sources

particulate matter emissions from residential wood combustion revised estimates and an evaluation |...

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