partitioning the timeline file2 viveka velupillai no tense language genus family fusion source abui...

Studies in Language 40:1 (2016), 1–42. doi 10.1075/sl.40.1.04ve2issn 0378–4177 / e-issn 1569–9978 © John Benjamins Publishing Company

Partitioning the timelineA cross-linguistic survey of tense

Viveka VelupillaiJustus Liebig University Giessen

The database

The following gives the languages and their values in my database. The lan-guage names are primarily based on the source(s) and WALS Online (Dryer & Haspelmath 2013); where these differ from the Ethnologue (Lewis et al. 2013) lan-guage names the Ethnologue name has been given in parenthesis. The ISO-639–3 codes are given in square brackets after the language name. I have relied on WALS Online where possible for the family and genus affiliation; where this was not pos-sible I relied on the source(s) and Ethnologue. The values for fusion type were tak-en from Bickel and Nichols (2013a) where possible; those languages are marked with an asterisk (*). For those languages that were not in Bickel & Nichol’s (2013a) database, I coded the fusion type according to the principles set out in Bickel & Nichols (2013b) using the reference indicated in the ‘Source’ column.

2 Viveka Velupillai

No

tens

e

Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Fusi

onSo

urce

Abu

i [ab

z]G

reat

er A

lor

Tim

or-A

lor-

Pant

arIs

olat

ing/

Con

cate

nativ

e(K

rato

chví

l 200

7: 20

9ff,

350)

Ach

umaw

i [ac

v]Pa

laih

niha

nH

okan

Con

cate

nativ

e(A

ngul

o &

Fre

elan

d 19

30: 8

9ff, 1

11)

Ain

u [a

in]

Ain

uA

inu

Con

cate

nativ

e(S

hiba

tani

199

0: 80

)

Apin

ajé

(Api

nayé

) [ap

n]G

e-K

aing

ang

Mac

ro-G

eIs

olat

ing

(Cun

ha d

e O

livei

ra

2005

: 170

f)

Ara

ndai

[jbj

]So

uth

Bird

’s H

ead

Mar

ind

Isol

atin

g/C

onca

tena

tive

(Voo

rhoe

ve 1

985:

11)

Ara

pesh

(Buk

iyip

) [ap

e]Ko

mbi

o-A

rape

shTo

rric

elli

Con

cate

nativ

e*(F

ortu

ne 1

942:

67)

Arik

ara

[ari]

Cad

doan

Cad

doan

Con

cate

nativ

e(M

erla

n 19

75: 1

4)

Awet

í [aw

e]Aw

eti

Tupi

anC

onca

tena

tive

(Bor

ella

200

0: p

assim

)

Bagi

rmi [

bmi]

Bong

o-Ba

girm

iC

entr

al S

udan

icC

onca

tena

tive*

(Ste

vens

on 1

969:

83)

Bai,

Cen

tral

[bca

]Ba

iSi

no-T

ibet

anIs

olat

ing

(Wie

rsm

a 19

90: 1

75ff)

Baja

u, W

est C

oast

[bdr

]Sa

ma-

Baja

wAu

stro

nesia

nIs

olat

ing

(Mill

er 2

007:

329ff

)

Bata

k To

ba [b

bc]

Nor

thw

est S

umat

ra-B

arrie

r Isla

nds

Aust

rone

sian

Con

cate

nativ

e(N

abab

an 1

966:

29)

Bega

k (I

da’an

) [db

j]N

orth

Bor

neo

Aust

rone

sian

Isol

atin

g/C

onca

tena

tive

(Gou

dsw

aard

200

5: 15

1ff,

pass

im)

Bert

a [w

ti]Be

rta

Bert

aC

onca

tena

tive

(Cer

ulli

1947

: 350

)

Biak

[bhw

]So

uth

Hal

mah

era-

Wes

t New

G

uine

aAu

stro

nesia

nIs

olat

ing

(van

den

Heu

vel 2

006:

120,

pa

ssim

)

Partitioning the timeline 3

Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Fusi

onSo

urce

Burm

ese

[mya

]Bu

rmes

e-Lo

loSi

no-T

ibet

anC

onca

tena

tive*

(Com

rie 1

985:

50f)

Cam

bodi

an (K

hmer

, Cen

tral

) [k

hm]

Khm

erAu

stro

-Asia

ticIs

olat

ing

(Huff

man

197

0: p

assim

)

Chi

timac

ha [c

tm]

Chi

timac

haC

hitim

acha

Con

cate

nativ

e(S

wad

esh

1946

: 317

, 322

ff)

Com

anch

e [c

om]

Num

icU

to-A

ztec

anC

onca

tena

tive

(Cha

rney

198

9: p

assim

)

Coo

s [cs

z]C

oosa

nO

rego

n C

oast

Con

cate

nativ

e*(F

rach

tenb

erg

1922

a: 32

8ff,

343ff

)

Die

gueñ

o, Ja

mul

(Kum

iai)

[dih

]Yu

man

Hok

anC

onca

tena

tive

(Mill

er 1

990:

119ff

, pas

sim)

Dog

on, J

amsa

y [d

jm]

Dog

onD

ogon

Con

cate

nativ

e(H

eath

200

5a: p

assim

)

Fuyu

g [fu

y]G

oila

lan

Tran

s-N

ew G

uine

aC

onca

tena

tive

(Bra

dsha

w 2

007:

66ff)

Gad

e [g

ed]

Nup

oid

Nig

er-C

ongo

Non

-line

ar(S

terk

197

7: 16

4ff)

Gol

in [g

vf]

Chi

mbu

Tran

s-N

ew G

uine

aC

onca

tena

tive

(Eva

ns e

t al.

2005

: 38f

, 45ff

, pa

ssim

)

Gua

tó [g

ta]

Gua

tóM

acro

-Ge

Con

cate

nativ

e(P

imen

tel P

alác

io

1984

: 60ff

)

Gud

e [g

de]

Biu-

Man

dara

Afr

o-A

siatic

Isol

atin

g(H

oski

son

1983

: 82)

Hau

sa [h

au]

Wes

t Cha

dic

Afr

o-A

siatic

Isol

atin

g*(N

ewm

an 2

000:

564ff

)

I’sak

a (I

saka

) [ks

i]K

risa

Skou

Isol

atin

g(D

onoh

ue &

San

Roq

ue

2002

: pas

sim)

Ika

(Arh

uaco

) [a

rh]

Aru

akC

hibc

han

Con

cate

nativ

e(F

rank

198

5: 76

ff)

Jingh

po (J

ingp

ho) [

kac]

Jingh

poSi

no-T

ibet

anIs

olat

ing

(Qin

gxia

& D

iehl

20

03: 4

06ff)

4 Viveka Velupillai

Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Fusi

onSo

urce

Ju|’h

oan

[ktz

]Ju

-Kun

gK

xaIs

olat

ing

(Dic

kens

n.y.

: 5)

Kam

asau

[km

s]M

arie

nber

gTo

rric

elli

Isol

atin

g(W

atte

rs 1

998:

191ff

, 547

)

Kam

bera

[xbr

]C

entr

al M

alay

o-Po

lyne

sian

Aust

rone

sian

Con

cate

nativ

e(K

lam

er 1

998:

317)

Kha

m (K

ham

, Wes

tern

Pa

rbat

e) [k

jl]M

ahak

irant

iSi

no-T

ibet

anC

onca

tena

tive

(Wat

ters

199

8: 19

1ff, 5

47)

Khm

u’ (K

hmu)

[kjg

]Pa

laun

g-K

hmui

cAu

stro

-Asia

ticIs

olat

ing

(Sva

ntes

son

1994

: 266

ff)

Kla

mat

h (K

lam

ath-

Mod

oc)

[kla

]K

lam

ath-

Mod

ocPe

nutia

nC

onca

tena

tive

(Und

errin

er 2

002:

13ff)

Kru

men

, Tep

o [te

d]K

ruN

iger

-Con

goN

on-li

near

(Thal

man

n 19

87: 3

90ff)

Kwom

tari

[kw

o]Kw

omta

riKw

omta

ri-Ba

ibai

Con

cate

nativ

e(H

onsb

erge

r et a

l. 20

08: 1

4,

117f

)

Lakh

ota

(Lak

ota)

[lkt

]Si

ouan

Siou

anIs

olat

ing/

Con

cate

nativ

e*(v

an V

alin

197

7: 4ff

)

Lang

o [la

j]N

ilotic

East

ern

Suda

nic

Non

-line

ar*

(Noo

nan

1992

: 136

ff)

Man

darin

(Chi

nese

, M

anda

rin) [

cmn]

Chi

nese

Sino

-Tib

etan

Isol

atin

g/C

onca

tena

tive*

(Li &

Thom

pson

198

1)

Map

udun

gun

[arn

]A

rauc

ania

nA

rauc

ania

nC

onca

tena

tive*

(Sm

eets

198

9: 20

3ff, 3

06)

Max

akal

í [m

bl]

Max

akal

iM

acro

-Ge

Isol

atin

g(P

erei

ra 1

992:

70ff)

May

brat

(Mai

Bra

t) [a

yz]

Nor

th-C

entr

al B

ird’s

Hea

dW

est P

apua

nC

onca

tena

tive*

(Dol

199

9: p

assim

)

Mei

thei

(Mei

tei)

[mni

]Ku

ki-C

hin

Sino

-Tib

etan

Con

cate

nativ

e*(C

helli

ah 1

997)

Mix

tec,

Cha

lcat

ongo

(Mix

tec,

San

Mig

uel e

l Gra

nde)

[mig

]M

ixte

can

Oto

-Man

guea

nC

onca

tena

tive

(Mac

aula

y 19

96: 4

5ff, 7

9ff)

Moc

oví [

moc

]So

uth

Gua

icur

uan

Gua

icur

uan

Con

cate

nativ

e(G

rond

ona

1998

: 129

)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Fusi

onSo

urce

Mon

[mnw

]M

onic

Aust

ro-A

siatic

Isol

atin

g(A

lbau

gh 2

001)

Mos

kona

[mtj]

East

Bird

’s H

ead

East

Bird

’s H

ead

Isol

atin

g/C

onca

tena

tive

(Gra

velle

201

0: p

assim

)

Mov

ima

[mzp

]M

ovim

aM

ovim

aC

onca

tena

tive

(Hau

de 2

006:

13, 1

47ff,

15

8ff, 1

67ff,

510

ff)

Mua

lang

[mtd

]M

alay

o-Su

mba

wan

Aust

rone

sian

Isol

atin

g(T

jia 2

007:

193)

Mun

duru

kú [m

yu]

Mun

duru

kuTu

pian

Isol

atin

g(C

rofts

200

4: 58

, 294

)

Mur

le [m

ur]

Surm

icN

ilo-S

ahar

anC

onca

tena

tive

(Are

nsen

198

2: 59

ff)

Nic

obar

ese,

Car

[caq

]N

icob

ares

eAu

stro

-Asia

ticC

onca

tena

tive

(Bra

ine

1970

: pas

sim)

Olo

[ong

]W

apei

-Pal

eiTo

rric

elli

Isol

atin

g(S

tale

y 20

07: 2

9)

Paco

h [p

ac]

Kat

uic

Aust

ro-A

siatic

Isol

atin

g(A

lves

200

0: 30

5ff, p

assim

)

Pam

e, N

orth

ern

[pm

q]Pa

mea

nO

to-M

angu

ean

Con

cate

nativ

e(B

erth

iaum

e 20

03: 1

97ff)

Pira

hã [m

yp]

Mur

aM

ura

Con

cate

nativ

e*(E

vere

tt 20

05: 6

31)

Qia

ng (Q

iang

, Nor

ther

n)

[cng

]Q

iang

icSi

no-T

ibet

anC

onca

tena

tive

(LaP

olla

& H

uang

20

03: 1

61ff)

Rao

[rao

]A

nnab

erg

Low

er S

epik

-Ram

uIs

olat

ing

(Sta

nhop

e 19

80: 1

0)

Salin

an [s

ln]

Salin

anSa

linan

Isol

atin

g(T

urne

r 198

7: 15

5ff)

Sand

awe

[sad

]Sa

ndaw

eK

hoisa

nC

onca

tena

tive

(Eat

on 2

010:

132ff

)

Seed

iq (T

arok

o) [t

rv]

Atay

alic

Aust

rone

sian

Isol

atin

g/C

onca

tena

tive

(Tsu

kida

200

0: 30

)

Sem

elai

[sza

]A

slian

Aust

ro-A

siatic

Con

cate

nativ

e(K

rusp

e 20

04: p

assim

)

Shiri

ana

(Nin

am) [

shb]

Yano

mam

Yano

mam

Con

cate

nativ

e(G

omez

199

0: 93

)

Skou

[skv

]W

este

rn S

kou

Skou

Con

cate

nativ

e/N

on-li

near

(Don

ohue

200

4: 26

2ff)

Taul

il [tu

h]Ta

ulil

Bain

ing-

Taul

ilIs

olat

ing

(Lau

fer 1

959:

207)

6 Viveka Velupillai

Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Fusi

onSo

urce

Tern

ate

[tft]

Nor

th H

alm

aher

anW

est P

apua

nIs

olat

ing

(Hay

ami-A

llen

2001

: 58)

Thao

[ssf

]W

este

rn P

lain

s Aus

tron

esia

nAu

stro

nesia

nC

onca

tena

tive

(Wan

g 20

04: 2

10)

Tim

ucua

[tjm

]Ti

muc

uaTi

muc

uaC

onca

tena

tive

(Gra

nber

ry 1

993:

88ff)

Tlin

git [

tli]

Tlin

git

Na-

Den

eC

onca

tena

tive*

(Crip

pen

2008

: 2)

Trum

ai [t

py]

Trum

aiTr

umai

Isol

atin

g/C

onca

tena

tive*

(Gui

rard

ello

199

9: 98

)

Tzut

ujil

(Tzu

tujil

, Eas

tern

) [tz

j]M

ayan

May

anC

onca

tena

tive

(Day

ley

1981

: 105

ff)

Ura

rina

[ura

]U

rarin

aU

rarin

aC

onca

tena

tive

(Cun

ha d

e O

livei

ra

2005

: 170

f)

Urim

[uri]

Urim

Torr

icel

liIs

olat

ing

(Hem

milä

& L

uom

a 19

87: 2

1ff, 6

9)

Yuro

k [y

ur]

Yuro

kA

lgic

Con

cate

nativ

e*(R

obin

s 195

8: 32

)

One

tens

e

Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

ato

rine

ssFu

sion

Sour

ce

Asm

at (C

itak,

Ta

mni

m) [

tml]

Asm

at-K

amor

oTr

ans-

New

Gui

nea

Past

2op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive*

(Voo

rhoe

ve

1965

: 71ff

)

Bao’

an T

u (B

onan

) [p

eh]

Mon

golic

Alta

icFu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Frie

d 20

10)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

ato

rine

ssFu

sion

Sour

ce

Borô

ro [b

or]

Boro

roM

acro

-Ge

Non

futu

re–

optio

nal

Isol

atin

g/C

onca

tena

tive

(Cro

wel

l 19

79: 8

7ff)

Cho

ntal

, Hig

hlan

d O

axac

a [c

hd]

Tequ

istla

teca

nTe

quist

late

can

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e*(T

urne

r 19

66: 4

9, 6

0f)

Esse

len

[esq

]Es

sele

nEs

sele

nFu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Sha

ul

1995

: 217

, pas

-sim

)

Gre

enla

ndic

, W

est (

Inuk

titut

, G

reen

land

ic) [

kal]

Eski

mo

Eski

mo-

Ale

utFu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive*

(For

tesc

ue

1984

: 272

ff)

Hua

ve, S

an

Fran

cisc

o de

l Mar

[h

ue]

Hua

vean

Hua

vean

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(K

im

2008

: 273

ff)

Jalo

nke

(Yal

unka

) [y

al]

Wes

tern

Man

deM

ande

Past

–op

tiona

lIs

olat

ing

(Lüp

ke

2005

: 118

ff)

Java

nese

[jav

]Ja

vane

seAu

stro

nesia

nFu

ture

–op

tiona

lIs

olat

ing

(Dah

l 198

5: 16

1,

Ogl

obin

. 20

05: 6

07)

Kan

amar

í [kn

m]

Kat

ukin

anK

atuk

inan

Futu

re3

optio

nal

Isol

atin

g/C

onca

tena

tive

(Gon

çalv

es d

a Si

lva

2011

: 183

ff,

Gro

th 1

985)

Koyr

a C

hiin

i (S

ongh

ay, K

oyra

C

hiin

i) [k

hq]

Song

hay

Song

hay

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Isol

atin

g*(H

eath

19

99: 1

56, 1

62)

8 Viveka Velupillai

Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

ato

rine

ssFu

sion

Sour

ce

Kro

ngo

[kgo

]K

adug

liK

adu

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e*(T

ucke

r & B

ryan

19

66: 3

09)

Kuna

ma

[kun

]Ku

nam

aKu

nam

aFu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive*

(Böh

m

1984

: 39ff

)

Kute

b (K

utep

) [k

ub]

Plat

oid

Nig

er-C

ongo

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Isol

atin

g(K

oops

20

07: 2

22ff)

Mix

e, Ay

utla

Mix

e-Zo

que

Mix

e-Zo

que

Past

–op

tiona

lIs

olat

ing/

Con

cate

nativ

e(R

omer

o-M

énde

z 20

08: 2

37, 3

03ff)

Mos

etén

(T

siman

é) [c

as]

Mos

eten

anM

oset

enan

Past

–op

tiona

lIs

olat

ing/

Con

cate

nativ

e(S

akel

200

4: 25

8,

363ff

)

Nav

ajo

[nav

]At

hapa

skan

Na-

Den

eFu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive*

(Hoi

jer 1

967:

93,

Smith

& P

erki

ns

2003

)

Nii

[nii]

Wah

giTr

ans-

New

Gui

nea

Futu

re2

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(S

tuck

y &

St

ucky

: 13f

, 80,

86

)

Nisg

ha (N

isga’a

) [n

cg]

Tsim

shia

nic

Penu

tian

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(T

arpe

nt 1

989:

pa

ssim

)

One

ida

[one

]N

orth

ern

Iroq

uoia

nIr

oquo

ian

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e*(D

ahl 1

985:

173)

Spok

ane

[spo

]In

terio

r Sal

ishSa

lisha

nFu

ture

–op

tiona

lIs

olat

ing/

Con

cate

nativ

e(C

arlso

n 19

72: 4

8ff)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

ato

rine

ssFu

sion

Sour

ce

Take

lma

[tkm

]Ta

kelm

aTa

kelm

aFu

ture

–op

tiona

lN

on-li

near

(Sap

ir 19

22b:

94ff)

Taus

hiro

[trr

]Ta

ushi

roTa

ushi

roFu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Tur

ner

1966

: 49,

60f

)

Thai

[tha

]K

am-T

aiTa

i-Kad

aiFu

ture

–op

tiona

lIs

olat

ing/

Con

cate

nativ

e*(D

ahl 1

985:

174,

H

udak

. 199

0)

Tow

a, Je

mez

(J

emez

) [to

w]

Kio

wa

Tano

anK

iow

a Ta

noan

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(Y

umita

ni

1998

: 146

, 193

f, 23

0)

Zapo

tec,

Isth

mus

[z

ai]

Zapo

teca

nO

to-M

angu

ean

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(P

icke

tt &

Bla

ck

2001

: 51ff

)

Two

tens

es

Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

enes

sO

blig

ato

rine

ssFu

sion

Sour

ce

Ani

ndily

akw

a [a

oi]

Ani

ndily

akw

aAu

stra

lian

Past

/ N

onpa

st–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(L

eedi

ng

1989

: 437

ff)

Apur

inã

[apu

]Pu

rus

Ara

wak

anFu

ture

/ N

onfu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(F

acun

des

2000

: 513

ff)

10 Viveka Velupillai

Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

enes

sO

blig

ato

rine

ssFu

sion

Sour

ce

Aym

ara

(Aym

aran

, C

entr

al) [

ayr]

Aym

aran

Aym

aran

Futu

re /

Non

futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Har

dman

et a

l. 20

01: 8

7, 1

38ff)

Bara

sano

(B

aras

ana-

Edur

ia)

[bsn

]

Tuca

noan

Tuca

noan

Past

/ N

onpa

stn

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e*(J

ones

& Jo

nes

1991

: 37)

Beto

i [-]

Beto

iBe

toi

Past

/ Fu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Zam

poni

20

02: 2

21ff)

Blac

kfoo

t [bl

a]A

lgon

quia

nA

lgic

Past

/ Fu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Fra

ntz 1

997:

31–

6)

Bora

[boa

]Bo

ran

Hui

tota

nFu

ture

/ N

onfu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e/N

on-

linea

r(Th

iese

n 19

96: 6

4)

Brah

ui [b

rh]

Nor

ther

n D

ravi

dian

Dra

vidi

anPa

st /

Non

past

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(A

ndro

nov

1980

: 56ff

)

Cav

ineñ

a [c

av]

Taca

nan

Taca

nan

Past

/ Fu

ture

yop

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Gui

llaum

e 20

04: 1

62ff,

167

)

Cha

mor

ro [c

ha]

Cha

mor

roAu

stro

nesia

nFu

ture

/ N

onfu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Isol

atin

g/C

onca

tena

tive*

(Top

ping

19

73: 2

61ff)

Chi

nant

ec, L

eala

o [c

le]

Chi

nant

ecan

Oto

-Man

guea

nPa

st /

Futu

rey

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e/N

on-

linea

r(R

upp

1989

: 8)

Chi

nook

(Was

co-

Wish

ram

) [w

ac]

Chi

nook

anPe

nutia

nPr

esen

t /

Futu

ren

NA

Con

cate

nativ

e*(B

oas 1

893:

62)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

enes

sO

blig

ato

rine

ssFu

sion

Sour

ce

Chu

kchi

[ckt

]N

orth

ern

Chu

kotk

o-K

amch

atka

n

Chu

kotk

o-K

amch

atka

nFu

ture

/ N

onfu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(M

urav

yova

19

98: 5

31ff)

Enge

nni [

enn]

Edoi

dN

iger

-Con

goFu

ture

/ N

onfu

ture

nop

tiona

lN

on-li

near

(Thom

as

1978

: 70ff

)

Finn

ish [fi

n]Fi

nnic

Ura

licPr

esen

t / P

ast

nob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(S

ulka

la &

K

arja

lain

en

1992

: 298

ff, p

as-

sim)

Gav

ião

do

Jipar

aná

[gvo

]M

onde

Tupi

anPa

st /

Non

past

nop

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Moo

re 1

984:

68,

pass

im)

Gum

uz [g

uk]

Gum

uzN

ilo-S

ahar

anFu

ture

/ N

onfu

ture

nob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(B

ende

r 197

9: 48

)

Gw

ama

(Kw

ama)

[k

mq]

Kom

anN

ilo-S

ahar

anPa

st /

Non

past

yob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(L

eyew

200

6: 10

–1)

Hop

i [ho

p]H

opi

Uto

-Azt

ecan

Futu

re /

Non

futu

ren

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Jea

nne

1978

: 163

ff, 1

72)

Hup

(Hup

dë)

[jup]

Nad

ahup

Nad

ahup

Futu

re /

Non

futu

re–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(E

pps 2

005:

488)

Iloca

no [i

lo]

Nor

ther

n Lu

zuon

Aust

rone

sian

Past

/ Fu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Rub

ino

1997

: 276

ff)

Iraq

w [i

rk]

Sout

hern

Cus

hitic

Afr

o-A

siatic

Pres

ent /

Pas

t–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive/

Non

-lin

ear

(Mou

s 19

93: 1

51ff)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

enes

sO

blig

ato

rine

ssFu

sion

Sour

ce

Izi (

Izi-E

zaa-

Ikw

o-M

gbo)

[izi

]Ig

boid

Nig

er-C

ongo

Futu

re /

Non

futu

ren

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive/

Non

-lin

ear

(Mei

er e

t al.

1975

: 191

, pas

sim)

Japa

nese

[jpn

]Ja

pane

seJa

pane

sePa

st /

Non

past

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive*

(Kai

ser e

t al.

2001

)

Jiaro

ng, C

aode

ng

[jya]

rGya

rong

Sino

-Tib

etan

Past

/ N

onpa

stn

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Sun

200

3: 49

6)

Kam

ula

[xla

]K

amul

aTr

ans-

New

Gui

nea

Pres

ent /

Pas

ty

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Rou

tam

aa

1994

: 24ff

)

Kan

nada

[kan

]So

uthe

rn D

ravi

dian

Dra

vidi

anPa

st /

Non

past

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(S

ridha

r 19

90: 2

19ff)

Kan

uri (

Kan

uri,

Cen

tral

) [kn

c]W

este

rn S

ahar

anSa

hara

nPa

st /

Futu

ren

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Hut

chin

son

1976

: 48f

, 51f

)

Kar

itiân

a [k

tn]

Arik

emTu

pian

Futu

re /

Non

futu

ren

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Eve

rett

2006

: 265

)

Kere

san,

San

ta

Ana

(Ker

es,

East

ern)

[kee

]

Kere

san

Kere

san

Futu

re /

Non

futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Dav

is 19

60: 2

7)

Kisi

(Kiss

i, N

orth

ern)

[kqs

]M

elN

iger

-Con

goPr

esen

t / P

ast

–N

AN

on-li

near

*(C

hild

s 19

88: 2

18ff)

Koas

ati [

cku]

Mus

koge

anM

usko

gean

Pres

ent /

Pas

tPa

st: 4

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e*(K

imba

ll 19

85: 1

80ff)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

enes

sO

blig

ato

rine

ssFu

sion

Sour

ce

Kola

mi (

Kola

mi,

Nor

thw

este

rn)

[kfb

]

Cen

tral

Dra

vidi

anD

ravi

dian

Past

/ N

onpa

st–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(McN

air

& M

cNai

r 19

73: 1

56ff)

Konk

ow (M

aidu

, N

orth

wes

t) [m

jd]

Mai

duan

Penu

tian

Past

/ Fu

ture

yop

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Ulta

n 19

67: 9

5ff)

Kore

an [k

or]

Kore

anKo

rean

Past

/ N

onpa

st–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e*(S

ohn

2001

: 362

ff,

pass

im)

Kuot

[kto

]Ku

otKu

otFu

ture

/ N

onfu

ture

Futu

re: 2

optio

nal

Isol

atin

g/N

on-li

near

(Lin

dstr

öm

2002

: 14)

Kuuk

Thaa

yorr

e (Th

ayor

e) [t

hd]

Pam

a-N

yung

anAu

stra

lian

Past

/ N

onpa

st–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Gab

y 20

06: 3

53ff)

Kuvi

[kxv

]So

uth-

Cen

tral

D

ravi

dian

Dra

vidi

anPa

st /

Non

past

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(I

srae

l 19

79: 1

56ff)

Lavu

kale

ve [l

vk]

Lavu

kale

veSo

lom

ons E

ast

Papu

anPr

esen

t /

Futu

ren

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e*(T

erril

l 199

9: 29

5)

Lepc

ha [l

ep]

Lepc

haSi

no-T

ibet

anPa

st /

Non

past

nop

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Pla

isier

20

06: 1

11, 1

13)

Logb

a [lg

q]Kw

aN

iger

-Con

goPa

st /

Futu

ren

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e/N

on-

linea

r(D

orvl

o 20

08: 1

40ff)

Mac

aguá

n [m

bn]

Gua

hiba

nG

uahi

ban

Futu

re /

Non

futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive/

Non

-lin

ear

(Bue

nave

ntur

a et

al

. 199

3: 41

ff)

Man

obo,

Wes

tern

Bu

kidn

on [m

bb]

Gre

ater

Cen

tral

Ph

ilipp

ines

Aust

rone

sian

Past

/ N

onpa

st–

optio

nal

Isol

atin

g/C

onca

tena

tive

(Elk

ins 1

970:

49ff)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

enes

sO

blig

ato

rine

ssFu

sion

Sour

ce

Mar

i, H

ill [m

rj]M

ari

Ura

licPa

st /

Non

past

nob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(A

lhon

iem

i 19

93: 1

14ff)

Miw

ok, L

ake

[lmw

]M

iwok

Penu

tian

Past

/ Fu

ture

nop

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Cal

lagh

an

1963

: 223

, pas

sim,

Cal

lagh

an 1

984)

Mon

a (M

wan

) [m

oa]

East

ern

Man

deN

iger

-Con

goPr

esen

t / P

ast

nob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(F

lem

ing

1995

: 37ff

)

Mon

i [m

nz]

Wiss

el L

akes

-Ke

man

doga

Tran

s-N

ew G

uine

aPa

st /

Futu

rey

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(L

arso

n &

Lar

son

1958

: 28ff

)

Mut

sun

(Ohl

one,

Sout

hern

) [cs

s]C

osta

noan

Penu

tian

Past

/ N

onpa

sty

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Okr

and

1977

: 261

f)

Nam

ia [n

nm]

Yello

w R

iver

Sepi

kFu

ture

/ N

onfu

ture

nob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(F

eldp

ausc

h &

Fel

dpau

sch

1992

: 38)

Nub

ian,

Kun

uz

(Ken

uzi-D

ongo

la)

[kzh

]

Nub

ian

Nilo

-Sah

aran

Past

/ Fu

ture

nob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(A

bdel

-Hafi

z 19

88: 1

30ff)

Orig

(Teg

ali)

[ras

]Ra

shad

Nig

er-C

ongo

Pres

ent /

Pas

tn

oblig

ator

yN

on-li

near

(Sch

adeb

erg

&

Elia

s 197

9: 49

ff)

Oro

mo,

Har

ar

(Oro

mo,

Eas

tern

) [h

ae]

Low

land

Eas

t Cu

shiti

cA

fro-

Asia

ticPr

esen

t / P

ast

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive*

(Ow

ens

1985

: 67ff

, pas

-sim

)

Puin

ave

[pui

]Pu

inav

ePu

inav

ePa

st /

Futu

rey

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(G

irón

2008

: 277

ff, 2

80)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

enes

sO

blig

ato

rine

ssFu

sion

Sour

ce

Qaw

asqa

r [al

c]A

laca

lufa

nA

laca

lufa

nPa

st /

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Isol

atin

g/C

onca

tena

tive

(Cla

iris

1985

: 455

ff, 4

68f)

Ram

a [r

ma]

Ram

aC

hibc

han

Pres

ent /

Pas

t–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Grin

eval

d 19

90: 1

44ff)

Rikb

ákts

a (R

ikba

ktsa

) [rk

b]Ri

kbak

tsa

Mac

ro-G

ePa

st /

Non

past

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(S

ilva

2005

: 57ff

)

Sate

ré-M

awé

[mav

]M

awe-

Sate

reTu

pian

Futu

re /

Non

futu

ren

oblig

ator

yIs

olat

ing

(Per

eira

da

Silv

a 20

10: 1

35)

Sela

yar [

sly]

Sout

h Su

law

esi

Aust

rone

sian

Futu

re /

Non

futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Bas

ri 19

99: 4

1,

pass

im)

Selk

nam

(Ona

) [o

na]

Cho

n Pr

oper

Cho

nPr

esen

t / P

ast

Past

: 2ob

ligat

ory

Isol

atin

g(N

ajlis

197

3: 11

ff)

Shas

ta [s

ht]

Shas

taH

okan

Pres

ent /

Pas

tPa

st: 2

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(S

ilver

196

6: 11

5,

127f

)

Tam

ashe

k (T

amas

heq)

[taq

]Be

rber

Afr

o-A

siatic

Past

/ Fu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive/

Non

-lin

ear

(Hea

th

2005

b: 29

9ff)

Ticu

na [t

ca]

Ticu

naTi

cuna

Futu

re /

Non

futu

ren

optio

nal

Isol

atin

g(A

nder

son

1962

: 2, 1

8)

Urn

inga

ngk

(Urn

inga

ngg)

[u

rc]

Giim

biyu

Aust

ralia

nFu

ture

/ N

onfu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(C

ampb

ell

2006

: 90)

Wap

po [w

ao]

Wap

poW

appo

-Yuk

uan

Past

/ Fu

ture

nob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(Th

omps

on e

t al.

2006

: 32ff

)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

enes

sO

blig

ato

rine

ssFu

sion

Sour

ce

War

i’ (P

akaá

snov

os)

[pav

]

Cha

pacu

ra-

Wan

ham

Cha

pacu

ra-

Wan

ham

Futu

re /

Non

futu

re–

optio

nal

Isol

atin

g*(E

vere

tt &

Ker

n 19

97: 3

10ff)

War

ray

(War

ay)

[wrz

]W

aray

Aust

ralia

nPa

st /

Non

past

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(H

arve

y [n

ot la

ter

than

] 199

9: 98

ff)

Wic

hí L

ham

tés

Vejo

z [w

lv]

Mat

acoa

nM

atac

oan

Past

/ Fu

ture

Past

: 6op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Ter

raza

20

09: 1

61ff)

Yala

[yba

]Id

omoi

dN

iger

-Con

goFu

ture

/ N

onfu

ture

nob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(O

ko 1

986)

Yape

se [y

ap]

Yape

seAu

stro

nesia

nFu

ture

/ N

onfu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(H

su 1

969:

141ff

)

Yoru

ba [y

or]

Def

oid

Nig

er-C

ongo

Futu

re /

Non

futu

re–

oblig

ator

yIs

olat

ing/

Non

-line

ar*

(Bam

gbose

1966

: 90ff

; {Bo

de

2000

#30

18; 1

32})

Yuka

ghir,

Kol

yma

(Yuk

aghi

r, So

uthe

rn) [

yux]

Yuka

ghir

Yuka

ghir

Futu

re /

Non

futu

ren

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Mas

lova

20

03: 1

66ff)

Yura

care

[yuz

]Yu

raca

reYu

raca

rePo

st /

Non

post

nop

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(van

Gijn

20

06: 1

81ff)


Thre

e te

nses

Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

a tor

ines

sFu

sion

Sour

ce

Akl

an (I

nake

anon

) [a

kl]

Gre

ater

Cen

tral

Ph

ilipp

ine

Aust

rone

sian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(C

hai 1

971:

117f

)

Ako

ye [m

iw]

Ang

anTr

ans-

New

G

uine

aPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Past

: 3 /

Futu

re: 2

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Whi

tney

& W

hitn

ey

1991

: 30ff

)

Ala

wa

[alh

]M

aran

Aust

ralia

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(D

ahl 1

985:

159,

Sh

arpe

. 197

2)

Alb

ania

n (A

lban

ian,

To

sk) [

als]

Alb

ania

nIn

do-E

urop

ean

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(New

mar

k et

al.

1982

: 35f

)

Am

a [a

mm

]Le

ft M

ayLe

ft M

ayPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Past

: 3ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(Å

rsjö

199

9: 50

)

Am

anab

[am

n]Bo

rder

Bord

erPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Past

: 2ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(M

inch

199

2: 11

0ff)

Am

arak

aeri

[am

r]H

arak

mbe

tH

arak

mbe

tPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Past

: 2ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(C

ampb

ell 1

976:

18,

pass

im)

Am

bula

s [ab

t]M

iddl

e Se

pik

Sepi

kPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(W

ilson

198

0: 67

–8)

Ang

gor (

Ang

or)

[agg

]Se

nagi

Sena

giPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(L

itter

al 1

980:

69)

Ano

ng (N

ung)

[n

un]

Nun

gish

Sino

-Tib

etan

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive/

Non

-line

ar(S

un &

Liu

200

9: 80

ff)

Ara

bela

[arl]

Zapa

roan

Zapa

roan

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 3

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Wise

n.y.

: 61)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

a tor

ines

sFu

sion

Sour

ce

Atak

apa

[aqp

]At

akap

aAt

akap

aPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(S

wan

ton

1929

: 131

)

Awa

Pit (

Awa-

Cuai

quer

) [kw

i]Ba

rbac

oan

Barb

acoa

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(C

urno

w 1

997:

176)

Awar

a [a

wx]

Fini

ster

re-H

uon

Tran

s-N

ew

Gui

nea

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Qui

gley

200

2: 69

)

Awng

i [aw

n]C

entr

al C

ushi

ticA

fro-

Asia

ticPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–N

AN

A(B

ybee

et a

l. 19

94: 8

2,

248

citin

g H

etzr

on

1969

: 12ff

)

Bard

i [bc

j]N

yuln

yula

nAu

stra

lian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Bow

ern

2004

: 210

ff)

Basq

ue [e

us]

Basq

ueBa

sque

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Hua

lde

& O

rtiz

de

Urb

ina

2003

: 249

ff)

Beja

(Bed

awiy

et)

[bej

]Be

jaA

fro-

Asia

ticPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e/N

on-li

near

*(W

edek

ind

et a

l. 20

08)

Berik

[bkl

]To

rTo

r-O

rya

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Wes

trum

19

88: 1

50ff)

Buru

shas

ki [b

sk]

Buru

shas

kiBu

rush

aski

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Mun

shi 2

006)

Buw

andi

k (B

unga

nditj

) [-]

Bung

andi

djAu

stra

lian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 2

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Bla

ke 2

003:

57ff)

Che

halis

, Upp

er

[cjh

]Ts

amos

anSa

lisha

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(K

inka

de 1

963:

63ff)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

a tor

ines

sFu

sion

Sour

ce

Che

roke

e [c

hr]

Sout

hern

Ir

oquo

ian

Iroq

uoia

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(K

ing

1975

: 71ff

)

Chi

chim

eco

(Chi

chim

eca-

Jona

z)

[pei

]

Chi

chim

ecO

to-M

angu

ean

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 3

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive/

Non

-line

ar(A

ngul

o 19

33: 1

64ff)

Chi

mar

iko

[cid

]C

him

arik

oH

okan

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Jan

y 20

09: 1

03ff)

Chi

paya

[cap

]U

ru-C

hipa

yaU

ru-C

hipa

yaPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(C

erró

n-Pa

lom

ino

2006

: 147

ff)

Cor

a (C

ora,

El

Nay

ar) [

crn]

Cor

acho

lU

to-A

ztec

anPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Past

: 2ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(C

asad

198

4: 35

8ff)

Cuna

(Kun

a, S

an

Blas

) [cu

k]Ku

naC

hibc

han

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Hol

mer

194

6: 19

2ff)

Cupe

ño [c

up]

Taki

cU

to-A

ztec

anPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Futu

re: 2

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Hill

200

5: 11

6)

Dag

a [d

gz]

Dag

anD

agan

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Mur

ane

1974

: 49ff

, 52

ff, 5

8ff)

Dan

i, Lo

wer

Gra

nd

Valle

y [d

ni]

Dan

iTr

ans-

New

G

uine

aPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Futu

re: 2

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Bro

mle

y 19

72: 2

8)

Dim

e [d

im]

Sout

h O

mot

icA

fro-

Asia

ticPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Past

: 2ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(S

eyou

m 2

008:

121ff

, 12

8, 1

34, 1

36)

Dun

a [d

uc]

Dun

aTr

ans-

New

G

uine

aPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Isol

atin

g/C

onca

tena

tive

(Coc

hran

e &

C

ochr

ane

1966

: 17)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

a tor

ines

sFu

sion

Sour

ce

East

Dan

gla

(Dan

galé

at) [

daa]

East

Cha

dic

Afr

o-A

siatic

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive/

Non

-line

ar(S

hay

1999

: 193

–216

)

Enen

lhet

(Tob

a-M

asko

y) [t

mf]

Mas

coia

nM

asco

ian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 2

oblig

ator

yIs

olat

ing

(Unr

uh e

t al.

2003

: 30,

28

4ff)

Epen

a Pe

dee

(Epe

na) [

sja]

Cho

coC

hoco

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Har

ms 1

994:

97ff)

Eton

[eto

]Ba

ntoi

dN

iger

-Con

goPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Past

: 3ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e/N

on-li

near

(van

de

Veld

e 20

08: 2

31ff)

Eude

ve (O

pata

) [o

pt]

Cah

itaU

to-A

ztec

anPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(S

haul

199

1: 82

f)

Even

ki [e

vn]

Tung

usic

Alta

icPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(N

edja

lkov

19

97: 2

35ff)

Fasu

[faa

]Fa

suTr

ans-

New

G

uine

aPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Loe

wek

e &

May

: 66f

, pa

ssim

)

Fur [

fvr]

Fur

Fur

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive/

Non

-line

ar(J

akob

i 199

0: 94

, 10

1ff, 1

15, 1

29)

Gaa

gudj

u (G

agad

u)

[gbu

]G

aagu

dju

Aust

ralia

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(H

arve

y 19

92: 2

09)

Gaa

hmg

(Gaa

m)

[tbi]

East

ern

Jebe

lEa

ster

n Su

dani

cPa

st /

Futu

re /

Non

past

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e/N

on-li

near

(Stir

tz 2

011:

20, 5

3,

173ff

)

Gar

o [g

rt]

Bodo

-Gar

oSi

no-T

ibet

anPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Futu

re: 2

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Bur

ling

2003

: 390

)

Geo

rgia

n [k

at]

Kar

tvel

ian

Kar

tvel

ian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Dah

l 198

5: 16

4,

Aro

nson

199

0: 40

ff)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

a tor

ines

sFu

sion

Sour

ce

Gim

ira (B

ench

) [b

cq]

Nor

th O

mot

icA

fro-

Asia

ticPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e/N

on-li

near

(Bre

eze

1990

: 29)

Goo

niya

ndi [

gni]

Bunu

ban

Aust

ralia

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(M

cGre

gor 1

990:

215)

Gre

ek [e

ll]G

reek

Indo

-Eur

opea

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(R

uge

1984

: 55ff

)

Gun

dang

ara

[-]

Ans

on B

ayAu

stra

lian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Mat

hew

s 190

1: 14

5ff)

Hai

da, S

kide

gate

(H

aida

, Sou

ther

n)

[hax

]

Hai

daH

aida

Past

/ Fu

ture

/ N

onfu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(L

evin

e 19

77: 1

06,

115ff

)

Hal

kom

elem

[hur

]C

entr

al S

alish

Salis

han

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Gal

low

ay

1977

: 296

ff)

Heb

rew,

Mod

ern

[heb

]Se

miti

cA

fro-

Asia

ticPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e/N

on-li

near

*(G

liner

t 200

4: 12

1ff)

Hin

di [h

in]

Indi

cIn

do-E

urop

ean

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Dah

l 198

5: 16

8,

Kac

hru

1990

)

Hm

ong

Dâw

(Mia

o,

Whi

te) [

mw

w]

Hm

ong-

Mie

nH

mon

g-M

ien

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 2

optio

nal

Isol

atin

g(M

ottin

197

8: 84

ff)

Hun

garia

n [h

un]

Ugr

icU

ralic

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Ken

esei

et a

l. 19

98: 2

89ff)

Hur

rian

[-]

Hur

rian

Hur

ro-U

rart

ian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Bus

h 19

64: 1

88ff)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

a tor

ines

sFu

sion

Sour

ce

Ibib

io [i

bb]

Cro

ss R

iver

Nig

er-C

ongo

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive/

Non

-line

ar(K

aufm

an 1

968:

199)

Ik [i

kx]

Kulia

kEa

ster

n Su

dani

cPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(T

ucke

r 197

1, 1

972,

19

73: p

assim

)

Ines

eño

[inz]

Chu

mas

hC

hum

ash

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(A

pple

gate

19

71: 2

91ff)

Ingu

sh [i

nh]

Nak

hN

akh-

Dag

hest

ania

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(N

icho

ls 20

11: 2

43ff)

Italia

n [it

a]Ro

man

ceIn

do-E

urop

ean

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(per

sona

l kno

wle

dge)

Iwam

[iw

m]

Upp

er S

epik

Sepi

kPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(C

onra

d 19

76: 9

)

Jabu

tí [jb

t]Ja

butí

Jabu

tíPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(N

asci

men

to P

ires

1992

: 78,

pas

sim)

Jam

inju

ng

(Dja

min

djun

g)

[djd

]

Jam

inju

ngan

Aust

ralia

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(S

chul

tze-

Bern

dt

2000

)

Jara

war

a (J

amam

adí)

[jaa]

Ara

uan

Ara

uan

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 3

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Vog

el 2

006:

34,

Dix

on 2

003:

168,

174

)

Java

é (K

araj

á) [k

pj]

Kar

aja

Mac

ro-G

ePr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(M

aia

1998

: pas

sim)

Jivar

o (S

huar

) [jiv

]Jiv

aroa

nJiv

aroa

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Past

: 2ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(T

urne

r 195

8: 64

, 89,

93

f)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

a tor

ines

sFu

sion

Sour

ce

Juan

g [ju

n]M

unda

Aust

ro-A

siatic

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Mat

son

1964

: 28)

Kab

ardi

an [k

bd]

Nor

thw

est

Cau

casia

nN

orth

wes

t C

auca

sian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Col

arus

so 1

992:

124)

Kal

uli [

bco]

Bosa

viBo

savi

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Gro

sh &

Gro

sh

2004

: 16ff

)

Kam

ano

[kbq

]Ea

ster

n H

ighl

ands

Tran

s-N

ew

Gui

nea

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(P

ayne

& D

rew

200

9 [1

970]

: 43ff

)

Kan

oé [k

xo]

Kap

ixan

aK

apix

ana

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Bac

elar

200

4: 22

0f)

Kap

ampa

ngan

(P

ampa

ngan

) [pa

m]

Cen

tral

Luz

onAu

stro

nesia

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e/N

on-li

near

(Miri

kita

ni 1

972:

65ff)

Kar

abor

o (K

arab

oro,

Wes

tern

) [k

za]

Gur

Nig

er-C

ongo

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

NA

NA

(Dah

l 198

5: 17

6)

Kar

kar-

Yuri

[yuj

]K

arka

r-Yu

riK

arka

r-Yu

riPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Rig

den

1986

: pas

-sim

)

Kar

ok [k

yh]

Kar

okK

arok

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Kro

eber

191

1: 43

2)

Kay

ardi

ld [g

yd]

Tang

kic

Aust

ralia

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(E

vans

199

5: 25

8, 4

02)

Kha

si [k

ha]

Kha

sian

Aust

ro-A

siatic

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

reFu

ture

: 2ob

ligat

ory

Isol

atin

g*(R

ober

ts 1

995:

55ff,

59

ff)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

a tor

ines

sFu

sion

Sour

ce

Khw

arsh

i (K

hvar

shi)

[khv

]Av

ar-A

ndic

-Tse

zic

Nak

h-D

aghe

stan

ian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Kha

lilov

a 20

09: 1

83,

184f

, 188

, pas

sim)

Kusu

nda

[kgg

]Ku

sund

aKu

sund

aPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Wat

ters

200

6: 66

f)

Lak

[lbe]

Lak-

Dar

gwa

Nak

h-D

aghe

stan

ian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Sch

ulze

200

7: 7)

Latv

ian

[lav]

Balti

cIn

do-E

urop

ean

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Vik

snin

s 199

2: 13

0ff)

Lem

bena

[leq

]En

gan

Tran

s-N

ew

Gui

nea

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 3

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Hei

nem

an

1998

: 24ff

)

Lezg

ian

(Lez

gi) [

lez]

Lezg

icN

akh-

Dag

hest

ania

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(H

aspe

lmat

h 19

93: 1

36, 1

40ff,

146

)

Logo

[log

]M

oru-

Ma’

diN

ilo-S

ahar

anSi

mlta

neou

s / A

nter

ior /

Po

ster

ior

–op

tiona

lIs

olat

ing

(Wrig

ht 1

995:

52ff,

55,

70

ff)

Mal

agas

y (M

alag

asy,

Plat

eau)

[plt]

Barit

oAu

stro

nesia

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(K

eena

n &

Pol

insk

y 19

98: p

assim

)

Mam

aind

é [w

md]

Nam

biqu

aran

Nam

biqu

aran

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 3

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Ebe

rhar

d 20

09: 3

80ff,

39

4, 4

32, 4

45ff)

Mat

sés [

mcf

]Pa

noan

Pano

anPa

st /

Futu

re /

Non

past

Past

: 3ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(F

leck

200

3: 39

5ff,

431)

Mau

ng [m

ph]

Iwai

djan

Aust

ralia

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(C

apel

l & H

inch

19

70: 6

7ff, 7

3ff, 7

8ff)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

a tor

ines

sFu

sion

Sour

ce

Mau

wak

e [m

hl]

Mad

ang

Tran

s-N

ew

Gui

nea

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Ber

ghäl

l 201

0: 17

)

Mbo

dom

o (G

baya

-M

bodo

mo)

[gm

m]

Gba

ya-M

anza

-N

gbak

aN

iger

-Con

goPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Isol

atin

g/C

onca

tena

tive

(Boy

d 19

97: 9

6ff)

Moc

hica

[-]

Chi

múa

nC

him

úan

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 2

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Ade

laar

& M

uysk

en

2004

: 336

f)

Mor

o [m

or]

Hei

ban

Kord

ofan

ian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive/

Non

-line

ar(B

lack

& B

lack

197

1:

pass

im)

Nah

uatl,

Tet

elci

ngo

[nhg

]A

ztec

anU

to-A

ztec

anPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(T

uggy

198

2: 11

2f)

Nas

ioi (

Naa

sioi)

[nas

]Ea

st B

ouga

invi

lleEa

st

Boug

ainv

ille

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 3

/ Fu

ture

: 2ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(H

urd

& H

urd

1970

: 57ff

)

Nez

Per

ce [n

ez]

Saha

ptia

nPe

nutia

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Past

: 2ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(R

ude

1985

: 51ff

)

Ngä

bere

[gym

]G

uaym

iC

hibc

han

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 2

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Alp

hons

e 19

56: 2

6f)

Nga

rdi [

-]N

gard

iAu

stra

lian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Hon

eym

an 2

005:

43)

Nuu

chah

nulth

(N

ootk

a) [n

oo]

Sout

hern

W

akas

han

Wak

asha

nN

onfu

ture

/ A

nter

ior /

Po

ster

ior

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Dav

idso

n 20

02: 1

04ff,

pa

ssim

)

Ocu

iltec

o (M

atla

tzin

ca,

Atzi

ngo)

[ocu

]

Oto

mia

nO

to-M

angu

ean

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Mun

tzel

198

6: 10

5,

111,

117

)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

a tor

ines

sFu

sion

Sour

ce

Oro

kaiv

a [o

kv]

Bina

nder

ean

Tran

s-N

ew

Gui

nea

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 3

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Lar

sen

1977

: 14)

Páez

[pbb

]Pá

ezan

Páez

anPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Past

: 3ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(S

locu

m 1

986:

58ff,

62

)

Pala

uan

[pau

]Pa

laua

nAu

stro

nesia

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(F

lora

197

4: 73

ff)

Pers

ian

(Far

si,

Wes

tern

) [pe

s]Ir

ania

nIn

do-E

urop

ean

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Dah

l 198

5: 16

8,

Mah

ootia

n 19

97)

Piar

oa [p

id]

Piar

oaSá

liban

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Mos

onyi

200

2: 96

ff)

Popo

loca

, Mez

ontla

[p

be]

Popo

loca

nO

to-M

angu

ean

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Vee

rman

-Le

ichs

enrin

g 19

91: 1

22, 2

02ff)

Pure

pech

a [ts

z]Ta

rasc

anTa

rasc

anPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(C

ham

orea

u 19

98: 5

8)

Que

chua

, Im

babu

ra

(Qui

chua

, Im

babu

ra

Hig

hlan

d) [q

vi]

Que

chua

nQ

uech

uan

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Col

e 19

82: 1

42ff)

Rapa

nui (

Rapa

Nui

) [r

ap]

Oce

anic

Aust

rone

sian

Past

/ Fu

ture

/ N

onpa

st–

optio

nal

Isol

atin

g*(D

u Fe

u 19

96: 1

53ff)

Reng

ao [r

en]

Bahn

aric

Aust

ro-A

siatic

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Isol

atin

g(G

rege

rson

19

79: 4

3ff)

Roto

kas [

roo]

Wes

t Bou

gain

ville

Wes

t Bo

ugai

nvill

ePr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Futu

re: 2

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Firc

how

198

7: 20

ff)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

a tor

ines

sFu

sion

Sour

ce

Russ

ian

[rus

]Sl

avic

Indo

-Eur

opea

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(D

ahl 1

985:

170,

Ti

mbe

rlake

. 200

4)

Shen

enaw

a [s

wo]

Unc

lass

ified

Unc

lass

ified

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 4

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(C

ândi

do 2

004:

109ff

)

Sius

law

[sis]

Sius

law

anO

rego

n C

oast

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Fra

chte

nber

g 19

22b:

491,

510

–2,

527–

9)

Sulk

a [s

ua]

Sulk

aSu

lka

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Thar

p 19

96: 9

1ff)

Swed

ish [s

we]

Ger

man

icIn

do-E

urop

ean

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(per

sona

l kno

wle

dge)

Tapi

ete

(Ñan

deva

) [tp

j]Tu

pi-G

uara

niTu

pian

Past

/ Fu

ture

/ N

onfu

ture

Past

: 2 /

Futu

re: 2

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Gon

zále

z 20

05: 1

54ff)

Tepe

hua

(Tep

ehua

, Tl

achi

chilc

o) [t

pt]

Toto

naca

nTo

tona

can

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Wat

ters

198

8: 26

5ff)

Tepe

huan

, So

uthe

aste

rn [s

tp]

Tepi

man

Uto

-Azt

ecan

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yN

on-li

near

(Will

ett 1

991:

101ff

)

Tifa

l [tif

]O

kTr

ans-

New

G

uine

aPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Past

: 3 /

Futu

re: 2

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Bou

sh 1

975:

22)

Tiriy

ó (T

rió) [

tri]

Car

iban

Car

iban

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Mei

ra 1

999:

297ff

)

Tiw

i [tiw

]Ti

wia

nAu

stra

lian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Osb

orne

197

4: 40

)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

a tor

ines

sFu

sion

Sour

ce

Turk

ish [t

ur]

Turk

icA

ltaic

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Kor

nfilt

1997

: 236

ff)

Ulw

a (S

umo-

May

angn

a) [s

um]

Misu

mal

pan

Misu

mal

pan

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yIs

olat

ing/

Con

cate

nativ

e(G

reen

199

9: 93

ff)

Um

buga

rla [u

mr]

Um

buga

rla-

Ngu

mbu

rAu

stra

lian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

optio

nal

Con

cate

nativ

e(D

avie

s 198

9: 58

ff)

Ung

arin

jin

(Nga

rinyi

n) [u

ng]

Wor

oran

Aust

ralia

nPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(R

umse

y 19

78: 1

04)

Uw

Cuw

a (T

uneb

o,

Ang

ostu

ras)

[tnd

]C

hibc

han

Prop

erC

hibc

han

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 2

/ Fu

ture

: 2ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(H

eadl

and

1994

: 23)

Vie

tnam

ese

[vie

]V

iet-

Muo

ngAu

stro

-Asia

ticSi

mlta

neou

s / A

nter

ior /

Po

ster

ior

–op

tiona

lIs

olat

ing*

(Thom

pson

19

87: 2

09)

Wam

baya

[wm

b]W

est B

arkl

yAu

stra

lian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Nor

dlin

ger

1993

: 195

ff)

Wam

bon

[wm

s]Aw

yu-D

umut

Tran

s-N

ew

Gui

nea

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive/

Non

-line

ar(V

ries &

Vrie

s-W

iers

ma

1992

: 25ff

)

Wao

rani

[auc

]W

aora

niW

aora

niPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Past

: 2N

AC

onca

tena

tive

(Pee

ke 1

973:

14ff,

38

ff)

War

ao [w

ba]

War

aoW

arao

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Osb

orn

1967

: 47ff

)

War

dam

an [w

rr]

Yang

man

icAu

stra

lian

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive*

(Mer

lan

1994

: 175

ff)


Lang

uage

Gen

usFa

mily

Tens

eRe

mot

e nes

sO

blig

a tor

ines

sFu

sion

Sour

ce

War

ihio

(Hua

rijío

) [v

ar]

Tara

hum

aran

Uto

-Azt

ecan

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Fel

ix A

rmen

dariz

20

06: 5

5, 1

21ff)

Was

ho [w

as]

Was

hoW

asho

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 3

/ Fu

ture

: 2ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(J

acob

sen

1964

: 606

ff,

pass

im)

Wel

sh [c

ym]

Cel

ticIn

do-E

urop

ean

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

re–

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Kin

g 19

93: 1

36f)

Wol

of [w

ol]

Nor

ther

n At

lant

icN

iger

-Con

goPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–op

tiona

lC

onca

tena

tive

(Dio

uf 2

009,

Ngo

m

2003

)

Yagu

a [y

ad]

Peba

-Yag

uan

Peba

-Yag

uan

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 5

/ Fu

ture

: 2ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e*(P

ayne

198

5: 24

0ff)

Yale

[nce

]Ya

leYa

lePr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(C

ampb

ell &

C

ampb

ell 1

987:

49)

Yana

[ynn

]Ya

naH

okan

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 2

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(Sap

ir 19

22a:

231ff

)

Yess

an-M

ayo

[yss

]Ta

ma

Sepi

kSe

pik

Pres

ent /

Pas

t /

Futu

rePa

st: 2

oblig

ator

yC

onca

tena

tive

(For

eman

197

4: 39

ff)

Yuch

i [yu

c]Yu

chi

Yuch

iPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

Futu

re: 2

optio

nal

Isol

atin

g(L

inn

2001

: 270

ff)

Zuni

[zun

]Zu

niZu

niPr

esen

t / P

ast /

Fu

ture

–ob

ligat

ory

Con

cate

nativ

e(N

icho

ls 19

98: 1

0ff,

pass

im)


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Dr. Viveka VelupillaiResearch FellowInstitut für Anglistik, FB 05Justus-Liebig-Universität GiessenOtto-Behaghel-Str. 10 BD-35394 GiessenGermany

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