partnerships gov-nonprofit in environmental services ... · partnerships gov-nonprofit in...
TRANSCRIPT
Partnerships Gov-NonProfit in Environmental Services: Opportunities and Challenges for
Co-Management in the Waste Sector
Jose A. Puppim de OliveiraAssistant Director & Senior Research FellowUnited Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU-IAS)Yokohama, Japan
2
CO2 Emissions (Ref Scenario)
3
Trends- Increase in consumption and
lack of space for storage and/or treatment,
- Increase in externalities (urbanization),
- Waste as a commodity at the local and global level,
- Appearance of different kinds of organizations and specialists.
China Solid Waste Facts
• Landfills of solid waste reached 50,000 ha
• By 2020, landfills would reach their capacities
• Garbage pile up in 2020 could reach the volume generated in the entire world in 1997
Sun, 2007
Contrast
… while in the poor countries, policies should also examine the actors that subsist from the garbage, the garbage recyclers and the rest of the chain.
- Governments and citizens/firms (SMEs) generally cannot afford the technically cutting-edge appropriate option for waste management
-In rich countries policies consider the best technologies for the collection, transportation, storage of garbage...
- Governments subsidize or citizens/firms can afford recycling or proper treatment/disposal…
Governance and Waste Management
• Many opportunities to improve effectiveness in waste reduction and management in LDCs,
• Governments and state organizations are important, but need coordination within other governments/sectors and other sectors of the society,
• Win-win (eco-eco) situations exist, but there are institutional obstacles.
7
Some Institutional Obstacles• lack of information on how to recycle,
reuse and reduce, • lack of use or markets for
recycling/composting materials,• lack of collective action to increase scale
of collection,• informality of the recycling sector,• lack of trust on public agencies and
corruption,
• Opportunities for different PPPs8
PPP Taxonomy
Brinkerhoff and Brinkerhoff, 2011
Reasons for Partnering(1) To enhance efficiency and effectiveness through a reliance on comparative advantages, a rational division of labor, and resource mobilization,(2) To provide the multi-actor, integrated resources and solutions required by the scope and nature of the problems being addressed,(3) To move from a no-win situation among multiple actors to a compromise and potential win-win situation,(4) To open decision-making processes to promote a broader operationalization of the public good.
Government-NonProfit Partnership
Brinkerhoff, 2002
Achievements from PPP and Good Governance in SWM
• The city of Sao Paulo reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by more 10% by improving its landfill and created an environmental fund from the sales of the carbon credits,
• The city of Surabaya reduced its waste volume by around 30% with cost-effective +technological simple innovative community-based solid waste management
Community-based and Informal Recyclers
13
Recycling in China
• 5,000 enterprises (informal)• 160,000 waste collection centers• 10 million people involved in the
economic activity (informal)
Source: China Resource Network, 2006
Disposal: Controlled sanitary landfills
Waste generators: industry, commerce, offices, homes, streets, etc
Recycleables separated by generators
Recollection (formal): municipal and private
companies,
Recycling plants
Large and medium-sized intermediaries
(warehouses and middleman)
Recycleables
Productive process
Recollection: municipal and private companies, NGOs,
group of small intermediaries (scrap metal
dealers and recyclers’ cooperatives, individual
recyclers
Recollection (informal): street recyclers’, odd-job people, homeless people, housewives
Disposal: Uncontrolled landfills, open air dumps
Recollection (informal): dumping recyclers’
Waste
Typical WasteCirculation inDevelopingCountries
Do Carmo and Puppim de Oliveira, 201015
Government Discourses towards Informal Recycling
• Ignore• See them as a problem to the formal
waste system
X
• Try to work with them (cooperatives) to improve their conditions,
• Integrate them in the formal waste management system (??)
16
Benefits for Sustainable DevelopmentEnvironmental Benefits (local, global)• Improve recycling, composting and re-using• Reduce waste collection volumes and the pressure on the already
overburdened landfills, operating over capacity• Mitigate climate change• Reduce exposure of communities to health risks due to wasteEconomic Impacts• Provide a cost-effective way to collect waste in places where there is no
other viable option• Create a sustainable source of income for low income groups• Provide a source of increasingly valued items to a range of small
industries that convert these materials into marketable goods and processed raw materials.
Social/others• Provide an alternative occupation for those most likely to engage in
illegal activities (e.g., petty street crime, drug dealing)• To reduce the predatory gathering of recyclables that causes street
clashes among collectors and the scattering of garbage. • Reduce odor and other nuisances • Improve community self-reliance and self-esteem
Three Cases In Brazil and Indonesia
Case 1 - SURABAYA, Indonesia
UP3D - ITS Co-Benefits Approach 19
SOURCE and DISPOSAL:
PROBLEMS:
Capacity of Benowo,
Uncollected waste,
Compliance with regulations and international standards,
Lack of resources to implement conventional waste management practices,
Social Innovations in Waste Management
• Takakura: Community-based solid waste management
• Compost houses: Local based solutions
A- TAKAKURA METHOD
HOUSEHOLD COMPOSTERS:
COMPOSTING AND USES
BRATANG
LIPONSOS
DEPO BIBIS KARAH
KEPUTRAN
TENGGILIS UTARA
WONOREJO
RUNGKUT ASRI
MENUR
BENOWO
TENGGILISRAYON TAMAN
SONOKWEJINAN
GAYUNGSARI
SUMBEREJO
PUTAT JAYASRIKANA
JAMBANGAN
B-Compost Houses in Surabaya (16)
UP3D - ITS 26Co-Benefits Approach
COMPOST HOUSE:
From household waste to compost use
178317971804181518191765
1640.7
1480.4
1258.71229,43
1241.8
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
Target 1819 1815 1804 1797 1783 1765Realisasi 1819 1640.7 1480.4 1258.7 1229.43 1241.8
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
WASTE TO BENOWO (tons/day):
Case 2 – Yogyakarta, IndonesiaCommunity-Based Waste Management
Village of Independent Waste management eco-tourism kampung
started by Informal Local Leader, expanded with the help of local government
Composting, BIOGAS, BIOPORI, BIORANG, STRYOFOM Recycle, HANDCRAFT, Communal Waste Water Threatment, Eco Friendly House
Basic Concept
Model
Scope
Waste separated in household scale Waste separated in neighborhood scale Place of Temporary Trash Can Sukunan
Trashes before proceed Proccess of composting Management of comunal liquid waste
Community-Based Waste Management Actions
Management tool of water rain in households scale
Batako from sterefom mixed
Biogas from cow cattle feces
Egg shell handcraft Plastic trash handcraft
Community-Based Waste Management Actions
Indonesia Case Study Analysis 2:Solid Waste Management, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
The growth of CBSWM in 7 years shows correlation to waste generation and disposal into landfill. Figure shows there is a decreasing of solid waste about 28 % from 2008 until 2010. 33
Case 3 - The government’s support in Rio de Janeiro
The first governmental policies supporting collectors in Rio de Janeiro city were created in 1993 named “Collectors’ Cooperatives Program” .• Coordination and support: the City, NGOs and
buyers. • Space: granted by the City (with electric installation,
sanitation, and offices).• Equipment (presses, weight scales, etc.): supplied
by the buyers.• Management: performed by local leaders without
interference of the mayor. • Obligations: contributions as social security, as well
as others.• Recognition. Recognizes the recyclers as profession
35
Challenges: Moving to “ideal” partnership
• Jointly determined goals.• Collaborative and consensus-based
decision making.• Non-hierarchical and horizontal structures
and processes.• Trust-based and informal as well as
formalized relationships.• Synergistic interactions among partners.• Shared accountability for outcomes and
results.
Policy Messages-Technological approaches are important, but solutions
go beyond technology,-In PPP, organizational approaches are not enough, as
governance goes beyond individual organizations,-Solutions go beyond governments, but they are key to
shape outcomes (and roles may differ),-Economics are fundamental, though not enough,-Concession contracts can be key to create incentives to
different actors,-Informal organizations should be given opportunity to
participate in the formal system,-Need to understand the local political economy in more
details to propose viable solutions in the long term.
37
Some Publications
Special Issues in Public Administration
and Development (Wiley)
• Governance and Civic Engagement in the Asia Pacific RegionVolume 31, Issue 2, May 2011
• Public-Private Partnerships: Familiar Ground, Fresh PerspectivesVolume 31, Issue 1, February 2011
• State Capacity Building in ChinaVolume 29, Issue 1, 2009
• Government–Nonprofit Relations in Comparative PerspectiveVolume 22, Issue 1, 2002
Some references• Puppim de Oliveira, J. A. and Do Carmo, Maria Scarlet and (2010). The Semantics of
Garbage and the organization of the recyclers: Implementation challenges for establishing recycling cooperatives in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Resources, Conservation and Recycling (Elsevier). 54(12), 1261-68.
• Brinkerhoff DW, Brinkerhoff JM. (2002). Government-nonprofit relations in comparative perspective. Public Administration and Development (Wiley) 22(1).
• Brinkerhoff DW, Brinkerhoff JM. (2011). PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS: PERSPECTIVES ON PURPOSES, PUBLICNESS, AND GOOD GOVERNANCE. Public Administration and Development (Wiley) 31(1), 2-14.