PARTS OF SPEECHPARTS OF SPEECH

By Maher NazBy Maher Naz

Parts of SpeechParts of Speech

Classifications of words according to their Classifications of words according to their relations to each other and to the things relations to each other and to the things they represent.they represent.

Different parts of speech name actions, Different parts of speech name actions, name the performers of actions, describe name the performers of actions, describe the performers or actions, and so on.the performers or actions, and so on.

The Greek grammarian Thrax, who invented The Greek grammarian Thrax, who invented the whole idea of the the whole idea of the parts of speech.parts of speech.

The common parts of speech The common parts of speech are are

NounsNouns PronounsPronouns VerbsVerbs AdjectivesAdjectives AdverbsAdverbs PrepositionsPrepositions ConjunctionsConjunctions InterjectionsInterjections

NounNoun

A A nounnoun is a word that names a person, a place is a word that names a person, a place or a thing.or a thing.

Examples:Examples:Sarah, lady, cat, New York, Canada, room, Sarah, lady, cat, New York, Canada, room, school, football, reading.school, football, reading.Example sentences:Example sentences:PeoplePeople like to go to the like to go to the beachbeach..EmmaEmma passed the passed the testtest..My My parentsparents are traveling to are traveling to JapanJapan next next monthmonth..

The word "noun" comes from the Latin word The word "noun" comes from the Latin word nomen,nomen, which means "name," and nouns are which means "name," and nouns are indeed how we name people, places and things.indeed how we name people, places and things.

Abstract NounsAbstract NounsAn abstract noun is a noun that names an idea, not a physical thing.An abstract noun is a noun that names an idea, not a physical thing.

Examples:Examples:Hope, interest, love, peace, ability, success, knowledge, trouble.Hope, interest, love, peace, ability, success, knowledge, trouble.

Concrete NounsConcrete NounsA concrete noun is a noun that names a physical thing. A concrete noun is a noun that names a physical thing.

Examples:Examples:Boy, table, floor, coffee, beach, king, rain, children, professor.Boy, table, floor, coffee, beach, king, rain, children, professor.

Common NounsCommon NounsA common noun is a noun that names a general thing, not a specific A common noun is a noun that names a general thing, not a specific thing.thing.

Examples:Examples:Boy, girl, city, country, company, planet, location, war.Boy, girl, city, country, company, planet, location, war.

Abstract Abstract NounsNouns

Proper NounsProper NounsA proper noun is a noun that indicates A proper noun is a noun that indicates the specific name of a thing. It begins with a capital letter.the specific name of a thing. It begins with a capital letter.

Examples:Examples:Robin, Alice, London, Sweden, Google, Earth, Eiffel Tower, Civil War.Robin, Alice, London, Sweden, Google, Earth, Eiffel Tower, Civil War.

Countable NounsCountable NounsA countable noun is a noun that indicates something you could A countable noun is a noun that indicates something you could actually count. actually count.

For example, you could count For example, you could count pigspigs: one pig, two pigs, three pigs... : one pig, two pigs, three pigs...

A countable noun has both a singular and a plural form, and it can be A countable noun has both a singular and a plural form, and it can be used with used with the indefinite articles (a/an)the indefinite articles (a/an)..

Examples:Examples:Window, teacher, tree, lion, eye, cloud, pencil, heart, movie.Window, teacher, tree, lion, eye, cloud, pencil, heart, movie.

Uncountable NounsUncountable Nouns

An uncountable noun is a noun that indicates something An uncountable noun is a noun that indicates something you cannot count. you cannot count.

For example you couldn't count For example you couldn't count waterwater: one water, two : one water, two water – no, it doesn't work...water – no, it doesn't work...

An uncountable noun has only one form (no plural), and it An uncountable noun has only one form (no plural), and it cannot be used with cannot be used with the indefinite articles (a/an)the indefinite articles (a/an)..

Examples:Examples:Furniture, advice, mail, news, equipment, luggage, work, Furniture, advice, mail, news, equipment, luggage, work, coffee, information.coffee, information.

PronounPronounA A pronounpronoun is a word that is used instead of a is a word that is used instead of a nounnoun. For . For example, you could say, "Lisa is a nice girl." example, you could say, "Lisa is a nice girl." Then you could replace the noun "Lisa" with the word "She" Then you could replace the noun "Lisa" with the word "She" and get the following sentence: "She is a nice girl." and get the following sentence: "She is a nice girl." "She" is a "She" is a pronounpronoun..

Examples:Examples:I, he, it, we, them, us, mine, itself.I, he, it, we, them, us, mine, itself.

Example sentences:Example sentences:HeHe doesn't want go with doesn't want go with themthem..Would Would theythey help help usus??HisHis house is bigger than house is bigger than oursours..WhoWho is is sheshe??

The word "pronoun" comes from "pro" (in the meaning of The word "pronoun" comes from "pro" (in the meaning of "substitute") + "noun.""substitute") + "noun."

Personal PronounsPersonal PronounsPersonal pronouns represent people or things. Personal pronouns represent people or things. The personal pronouns are: The personal pronouns are: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them.I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them.

Demonstrative PronounsDemonstrative Pronouns"Demonstrative" means "showing, making something clear.""Demonstrative" means "showing, making something clear."

Demonstrative pronouns point to things. The demonstrative pronouns are: this, that, these, Demonstrative pronouns point to things. The demonstrative pronouns are: this, that, these, those.those.

Use "this" and "these" to talk about things that are near in space or in time. Use "this" and "these" to talk about things that are near in space or in time. Use "that" and "those" to talk about things that are farther away in space or time.Use "that" and "those" to talk about things that are farther away in space or time.

Example sentences:Example sentences:ThisThis cannot go on. cannot go on.ThatThat was beautiful! was beautiful!He wanted He wanted thosethose, but decided to compromise on , but decided to compromise on thesethese..

Interrogative PronounsInterrogative Pronouns

"Interrogative" means "used in questions.""Interrogative" means "used in questions."

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns interrogative pronouns are: who, whom, which, what, whoever, whatever, etc.are: who, whom, which, what, whoever, whatever, etc.

Use "who" and "whom" to talk about people.Use "who" and "whom" to talk about people.Use "which" and "what" to talk about animals and things.Use "which" and "what" to talk about animals and things.

Example sentences:Example sentences:WhoWho is your father? is your father?WhomWhom did you speak to? did you speak to?WhichWhich bag did you buy? bag did you buy?WhatWhat are my choices? are my choices?

Possessive PronounsPossessive Pronouns"Possessive" means "showing ownership.""Possessive" means "showing ownership."

Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to somebody/something. The possessive pronouns are: my, somebody/something. The possessive pronouns are: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine, yours, his, hers, ours, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.theirs.

Example sentences:Example sentences:I've lost I've lost mymy wallet. wallet.He married He married hishis girlfriend. girlfriend.This place is This place is theirstheirs..Is that cat Is that cat yoursyours??My car is slow. My car is slow. HersHers is much faster. is much faster.

Relative PronounsRelative Pronouns

"Relative" means "connected with something.""Relative" means "connected with something."

Relative pronouns are pronouns that link different parts Relative pronouns are pronouns that link different parts of a sentence. of a sentence. The relative pronouns are: who, whom, which, that, The relative pronouns are: who, whom, which, that, whoever, etc.whoever, etc.

Examples sentences:Examples sentences:The girl The girl whowho called yesterday came to see you. called yesterday came to see you. The teacher The teacher whomwhom you wrote has answered your you wrote has answered your questions.questions.She lives in Kiev, She lives in Kiev, whichwhich is the capital city of Ukraine. is the capital city of Ukraine.I really liked the book I really liked the book thatthat you gave me. you gave me.

Reflexive PronounsReflexive Pronouns

"Reflexive" means "going back to itself.""Reflexive" means "going back to itself."

Reflexive pronouns show that the action affects the Reflexive pronouns show that the action affects the person who performs the action. Reflexive pronouns person who performs the action. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural). The end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural). The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.      Example sentences:Example sentences:He cut He cut himselfhimself while shaving. while shaving.I sent I sent myselfmyself to bed. to bed.He could hurt He could hurt himselfhimself!!We must help We must help ourselvesourselves..She trusts She trusts herselfherself..

Intensive PronounsIntensive Pronouns

"Intensive" means "giving force or emphasis.""Intensive" means "giving force or emphasis."

An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used for emphasis. An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used for emphasis. In other words, intensive pronouns emphasize the In other words, intensive pronouns emphasize the subject of the sentence. They are written exactly the subject of the sentence. They are written exactly the same way as the reflexive pronouns, but their function same way as the reflexive pronouns, but their function is different.is different.

I I myselfmyself baked the cake. baked the cake.The queen The queen herselfherself recommended this restaurant. recommended this restaurant.Have you Have you yourselfyourself been there? been there?The project The project itselfitself wasn't difficult. wasn't difficult.We will do it We will do it ourselvesourselves..

Reciprocal PronounsReciprocal Pronouns

ReciprocalReciprocal means that two people or groups do the same thing to means that two people or groups do the same thing to each other. They treat each other in the same way.each other. They treat each other in the same way.

For example, Joe teaches Kate, and Kate teaches Joe. So we can For example, Joe teaches Kate, and Kate teaches Joe. So we can say, "Kate and Joe teach each other."say, "Kate and Joe teach each other."

Another example: Mike helps Lucy, and Lucy helps Mike. So we Another example: Mike helps Lucy, and Lucy helps Mike. So we can say, "Mike and Lucy help each other."can say, "Mike and Lucy help each other."

There are two reciprocal pronouns in English:There are two reciprocal pronouns in English:Each otherEach other and and one anotherone another..

The cat and the dog like The cat and the dog like each othereach other..The two politicians hate The two politicians hate each othereach other..We must stop fighting We must stop fighting one anotherone another..They gave They gave each othereach other Christmas presents. Christmas presents.They can't hear They can't hear one anotherone another..

Indefinite Pronouns  Indefinite Pronouns  "Indefinite" means "not exact, not limited.""Indefinite" means "not exact, not limited."

Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not refer to any Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not refer to any specific person or thing.specific person or thing.

Examples:Examples:Anything, everybody, another, each, few, many, Anything, everybody, another, each, few, many, none, some.none, some.

Example sentences:Example sentences:ManyMany have died during the war. have died during the war.Can Can anyoneanyone call her? call her?EverybodyEverybody wants to see you. wants to see you.SomethingSomething can be done to help. can be done to help.

verbverbA A verbverb is a word or group of words that express an is a word or group of words that express an action or a state.action or a state.

Examples:Examples:Go, jump, sleep, eat, think, be, Go, jump, sleep, eat, think, be, change, become, drive, complete.change, become, drive, complete.

Example sentences:Example sentences:We We hadhad a nice lunch. a nice lunch.I I thinkthink that he is right. that he is right.He He drovedrove for hours. for hours.

The word "verb" comes for the Latin word The word "verb" comes for the Latin word verbumverbum, , which means "word."which means "word."

Auxiliary VerbsAuxiliary Verbs(also called "helping verbs")(also called "helping verbs")

Auxiliary verbs are verbs that are used together with the main verb of the Auxiliary verbs are verbs that are used together with the main verb of the sentence to express the action or state. sentence to express the action or state.

Main verb + auxiliary verb = complete ideaMain verb + auxiliary verb = complete idea

The main auxiliary verbs are:The main auxiliary verbs are:be, am, is, are, was, were, do, did, have, has, had.be, am, is, are, was, were, do, did, have, has, had.

Example sentences (the auxiliary verb is in bold, and the main verb Example sentences (the auxiliary verb is in bold, and the main verb is underlined):is underlined):They They areare joggingjogging..She She waswas sittingsitting..We We werewere waitingwaiting for hours. for hours.IsIs she she sleepingsleeping??He He didn'tdidn't knowknow the answer. the answer.We We havehave gonegone a long way. a long way.HasHas she she receivedreceived any of my letters? any of my letters?DoDo you you smokesmoke??WillWill she she helphelp??

Compound VerbsCompound Verbs

A compound verbA compound verb = auxiliary verb + main verb. = auxiliary verb + main verb.

Examples:Examples:was playing, has eaten, doesn't want.was playing, has eaten, doesn't want.

They They were discussingwere discussing their future. their future.He He didn't telldidn't tell us the truth. us the truth.I I have finishedhave finished my homework. my homework.She She will meetwill meet us there. us there.

Stative VerbsStative Verbs

Stative verbs are verbs that express a state Stative verbs are verbs that express a state rather than an action. rather than an action.

Examples:Examples:be, seem, love, own, want, sound, have, know, be, seem, love, own, want, sound, have, know, understand.understand.

Examples sentences:Examples sentences:She She isis a great wife. a great wife.He He seemsseems rather strange. rather strange.He He wantedwanted to see you. to see you.He He wantswants to see you. to see you.I I havehave a laptop. a laptop.I I am havingam having lunch with Kate. lunch with Kate.I I havehave lunch with Kate. lunch with Kate.

Dynamic VerbsDynamic Verbs

Dynamic verbs are the opposite of stative verbs. They Dynamic verbs are the opposite of stative verbs. They express a real action.express a real action.

Examples:Examples:Jump, swim, catch, write, call, sleep, hit, open, speak.Jump, swim, catch, write, call, sleep, hit, open, speak.

Example sentences:Example sentences:

They They swamswam to the other side. to the other side.She She hithit me on the head! me on the head!OpenOpen the window, please. the window, please.

Correct:Correct: He He is drinkingis drinking water. water.Correct:Correct: He He drinksdrinks water. water.

Regular verbs are verbs that follow this Regular verbs are verbs that follow this rule:rule:Past form of the verb = present form of the Past form of the verb = present form of the verb + ed / d.verb + ed / d.

Examples:Examples:Past form of "check" = check + ed = Past form of "check" = check + ed = checked.checked.Past form of "open" = open + ed = opened.Past form of "open" = open + ed = opened.Past form of "bake" = bake + d = baked.Past form of "bake" = bake + d = baked.

Regular Regular VerbsVerbs

Irregular VerbsIrregular Verbs

Irregular verbs are verbs that do not follow Irregular verbs are verbs that do not follow the above rule, and there are quite a lot of the above rule, and there are quite a lot of them!them!

Examples:Examples:Past form of "drink" = drank.Past form of "drink" = drank.Past form of "sleep" = slept.Past form of "sleep" = slept.Past form of "bring" = brought.Past form of "bring" = brought.

Phrasal VerbsPhrasal Verbs

A phrasal verb is a verb that is combined with an adverb A phrasal verb is a verb that is combined with an adverb or a preposition. The combination creates a new meaning.or a preposition. The combination creates a new meaning.

Examples:Examples:Run = to move very quickly with your legs. ("She can Run = to move very quickly with your legs. ("She can runrun fast!")fast!")Into = in the direction of something. ("He looked Into = in the direction of something. ("He looked intointo my my eyes.") eyes.") Run into = to meet someone by accident. ("I Run into = to meet someone by accident. ("I ran intoran into Joe Joe yesterday.")yesterday.")

Make = to create or do something. ("He Make = to create or do something. ("He mademade a lot of a lot of noise.")noise.")Up = to a higher point. ("Look Up = to a higher point. ("Look upup!")!")Make up = invent (a story, an excuse). ("It never Make up = invent (a story, an excuse). ("It never happened. He happened. He mademade the whole thing the whole thing upup!")!")

Put = to place something somewhere. ("Could you Put = to place something somewhere. ("Could you putput this upstairs?")this upstairs?")Up = to a higher point. ("Look Up = to a higher point. ("Look upup!")!")With = concerning ("She is happy With = concerning ("She is happy withwith her workplace.") her workplace.")Put up with = to tolerate. ("I cannot Put up with = to tolerate. ("I cannot put up withput up with his his behavior any more!")behavior any more!")

AdverbAdverb

An adverb is a word that describes or An adverb is a word that describes or gives more information about a gives more information about a verbverb, , an an adjectiveadjective, another adverb, or even , another adverb, or even the entire sentence. the entire sentence.

Adverbs usually answer the following questions: Adverbs usually answer the following questions:

Where? Where? HomeHome. ("I went . ("I went homehome.").")When? When? YesterdayYesterday. ("We met . ("We met yesterdayyesterday.").")How? How? SlowlySlowly. ("The turtle moves . ("The turtle moves slowlyslowly.").")How often? How often? SometimesSometimes. (". ("SometimesSometimes it stops responding.") it stops responding.")How long? How long? TemporarilyTemporarily. ("She is staying with us temporarily."). ("She is staying with us temporarily.")How likely? How likely? SurelySurely. ("Our team will . ("Our team will surelysurely win!") win!")To what degree? To what degree? VeryVery. ("She was . ("She was veryvery pleased.") pleased.")

An adverb can describe a verb:An adverb can describe a verb:She She runsruns quicklyquickly..

An adverb can describe an adjective:An adverb can describe an adjective:She is She is soso beautifulbeautiful..

An adverb can describe another adverb:An adverb can describe another adverb:She smokes She smokes veryvery rarelyrarely..

An adverb can describe an entire sentence:An adverb can describe an entire sentence:NaturallyNaturally, you don't have to come., you don't have to come.

The word "adverb" comes for the Latin The word "adverb" comes for the Latin ad-ad- (in addition) and (in addition) and verbumverbum (word). (word).

In many cases (but not always!) adverbs have the In many cases (but not always!) adverbs have the following form:following form:Adjective + "-ly"Adjective + "-ly"

Examples: Examples: Quick + ly = Quick + ly = quicklyquicklyStrange + ly = Strange + ly = strangelystrangelyDead + ly = Dead + ly = deadlydeadlySudden + ly = Sudden + ly = suddenlysuddenlyClever + ly = Clever + ly = cleverlycleverly Brave + ly = Brave + ly = bravelybravelyReal + ly = Real + ly = reallyreally

When an adjective ends with "y" replace the "y" with When an adjective ends with "y" replace the "y" with an "i":an "i":Heavy + ly = heavi + ly = heavilyHeavy + ly = heavi + ly = heavilyHappy + ly = happi + ly = happily Happy + ly = happi + ly = happily

When the adjective ends with an "e" drop the "e":When the adjective ends with an "e" drop the "e":True + ly = tru + ly = trulyTrue + ly = tru + ly = truly  However, there are many adverbs that do not end in However, there are many adverbs that do not end in "-ly":"-ly":Fast, very, hard, home, just, too, well, never, sometimes, Fast, very, hard, home, just, too, well, never, sometimes, and so forth.and so forth.

We can divide English adverbs into We can divide English adverbs into several categories:several categories:

Adverbs of degreeAdverbs of degree, , adverbs of manneradverbs of manner, , adverbs of placeadverbs of place, , adverbs of timeadverbs of time, , 

adverbs of frequencyadverbs of frequency, , adverbs of durationadverbs of duration, , adverbs of probabilityadverbs of probability, , comparative adverbscomparative adverbs and and superlative adverbssuperlative adverbs..

Adverbs of degreeAdverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree show us the strength or Adverbs of degree show us the strength or degree of the action or state. They answer the degree of the action or state. They answer the following questions: following questions: How much? To what degree?How much? To what degree?

Examples: Examples: Very, highly, totally, perfectly, partially, almost.Very, highly, totally, perfectly, partially, almost.

Example sentences:Example sentences:He is He is veryvery concerned with you. concerned with you.You are You are totallytotally right. right.We We almostalmost made it to the train. made it to the train.

Adverbs of mannerAdverbs of manner

Adverbs of manner show us the way the action is Adverbs of manner show us the way the action is done. They answer the following question:done. They answer the following question:How?How?

Examples:Examples:Well, badly, nicely, slowly, loudly, quietly, happily, Well, badly, nicely, slowly, loudly, quietly, happily, sadly, secretly, weakly.sadly, secretly, weakly.

Example sentences:Example sentences:He handled the situation He handled the situation wellwell..She listened She listened secretlysecretly to their conversation. to their conversation.The children ran The children ran happilyhappily to their father. to their father.

Adverbs of placeAdverbs of place

Adverbs of place show us the location of the action Adverbs of place show us the location of the action or state. They answer the following question:or state. They answer the following question:Where?Where?

Examples:Examples:Home, here, there, outside, inside, away, around, Home, here, there, outside, inside, away, around, anywhere, abroad, up, down, out.anywhere, abroad, up, down, out.

Example sentences:Example sentences:We are We are herehere..He went He went homehome..We found him We found him outsideoutside..She looked She looked upup. .

Adverbs of timeAdverbs of time

Adverbs of time show us the time of the action or Adverbs of time show us the time of the action or state. They answer the following question:state. They answer the following question:When?When?

Examples:Examples:Now, soon, later, yesterday, tomorrow, early, before, Now, soon, later, yesterday, tomorrow, early, before, lately, recently.lately, recently.

Example sentences:Example sentences:Let's talk Let's talk nownow..I will do it I will do it laterlater..He promised to write back He promised to write back soonsoon..What are you doing What are you doing tomorrowtomorrow??We haven't met We haven't met beforebefore. .

Adverbs of frequencyAdverbs of frequency

Adverbs of frequency show us the frequency of the Adverbs of frequency show us the frequency of the action or state. They answer the following action or state. They answer the following question:question:How often?How often?

Examples:Examples:Always, never, sometimes, often, rarely, usually, Always, never, sometimes, often, rarely, usually, occasionally.occasionally.

Example sentences:Example sentences:I I alwaysalways brush my teeth after a meal. brush my teeth after a meal.We We oftenoften meet and chat. meet and chat.He is He is usuallyusually here on time. here on time.

Adverbs of durationAdverbs of duration

Adverbs of duration show us the length of the Adverbs of duration show us the length of the action or state.action or state.They answer the following question:They answer the following question:For how long?For how long?

Examples:Examples:Forever, constantly, temporarily, briefly.Forever, constantly, temporarily, briefly.

Example sentences:Example sentences:He is working there He is working there temporarilytemporarily..We spoke We spoke brieflybriefly..I will be I will be foreverforever grateful. grateful.

Adverbs of probabilityAdverbs of probability

Adverbs of probability show us the chances for the Adverbs of probability show us the chances for the action or state to happen. They answer the following action or state to happen. They answer the following question:question:How likely?How likely?

Examples:Examples:Certainly, maybe, probably, possibly, surely.Certainly, maybe, probably, possibly, surely.

Example sentences:Example sentences: She will She will certainlycertainly forget about it. forget about it.MaybeMaybe we'll come after all. we'll come after all.It will It will probablyprobably not work. not work.SurelySurely you are not serious! you are not serious!

Comparative adverbsComparative adverbs

"Comparative" means "comparing something to "Comparative" means "comparing something to something else."something else."

Comparative adverbs show us which action or state is Comparative adverbs show us which action or state is better, worse, stronger, weaker, and so forth. better, worse, stronger, weaker, and so forth.

Examples:Examples:more, less, better, worse, faster, slower, farther, closer. more, less, better, worse, faster, slower, farther, closer.

Example sentences:Example sentences:Maggie works out Maggie works out moremore seriously than Donna. seriously than Donna.She eats She eats lessless than her friends. than her friends.You are You are betterbetter than this. than this.We couldn't go We couldn't go slowerslower even if we wanted to. even if we wanted to.Let's get Let's get closercloser..

Superlative adverbsSuperlative adverbs

"Superlative" means "of the highest degree.""Superlative" means "of the highest degree."

Superlative adverbs show us which action or state is Superlative adverbs show us which action or state is the best, the strongest, and so forth.the best, the strongest, and so forth.

Examples:Examples:Best, most, least, worst, strongest, fastest, slowest.Best, most, least, worst, strongest, fastest, slowest.

Example sentences:Example sentences:He knows He knows bestbest..It was the It was the mostmost boring experience. boring experience.He shouted the He shouted the loudestloudest so he won. so he won.He ran the He ran the slowestslowest so he lost. so he lost.

AdjectiveAdjective

An adjective is a word that describes a person or An adjective is a word that describes a person or thing. thing.

Examples:Examples:Big, pretty, expensive, green, round, French, Big, pretty, expensive, green, round, French, loud, quick, fat.loud, quick, fat.

Example sentences:Example sentences:He has He has bigbig blueblue eyes. eyes.The The newnew car broke down. car broke down.The The oldold lady was talking in a lady was talking in a quietquiet voice. voice.

The word "adjective" comes from the Latin word The word "adjective" comes from the Latin word jacerejacere, which means "to throw.", which means "to throw."

Different Types of adjectivesDifferent Types of adjectives

Adjectives can be divided into several types:Adjectives can be divided into several types:

OpinionOpinionNice, pretty, stupid, original, expensive, etc.Nice, pretty, stupid, original, expensive, etc.

SizeSizeBig, small, large, tiny, enormous, little, etc. Big, small, large, tiny, enormous, little, etc.

AgeAgeYoung, old, new, ancient, antique, etc.Young, old, new, ancient, antique, etc.

ShapeShapeRound, square, flat, straight, etc.Round, square, flat, straight, etc.

ColorColorBlue, red, white, black, dark, bright, yellowish, etc.Blue, red, white, black, dark, bright, yellowish, etc.

OriginOriginItalian, British, Mexican, western, southern, etc.Italian, British, Mexican, western, southern, etc.

MaterialMaterialMetal, wooden, plastic, golden, etc.Metal, wooden, plastic, golden, etc.

A determiner is a word that comes before a noun to show which person A determiner is a word that comes before a noun to show which person or thing you are talking about. or thing you are talking about. 

Examples:Examples:AA, an, the, my, your, some, any, several, enough, any., an, the, my, your, some, any, several, enough, any.

Example sentences:Example sentences:I have I have aa red hat. red hat.Please give me Please give me mymy bag. bag.SomeSome people decided to leave. people decided to leave.She doesn't want She doesn't want anyany money. money.They watched They watched severalseveral movies. movies.

Some people consider Some people consider determinersdeterminers to be a type of to be a type of adjectiveadjective. What's . What's special about determiners is that you usually can use only one special about determiners is that you usually can use only one determiner at a time.determiner at a time.

Incorrect:Incorrect: He has the my ticket. He has the my ticket.Correct:Correct: He has He has mymy ticket / He has ticket / He has thethe ticket. ticket.

DeterminersDeterminers

Nouns that act like adjectivesNouns that act like adjectives

Sometimes nouns function as adjectives. In other Sometimes nouns function as adjectives. In other words, they come before another noun and words, they come before another noun and describe it.describe it.

Examples:Examples:SportsSports car carOrangeOrange juice juiceTelevisionTelevision station stationCoffeeCoffee shop shopBookBook cover cover

Adjectives of the same type:Adjectives of the same type:

When you have several adjectives of the same When you have several adjectives of the same type, you should separate them with commas type, you should separate them with commas or a conjunction (and, but).or a conjunction (and, but).

Examples:Examples:A A cheapcheap, , goodgood meal mealA A happyhappy, , smartsmart man manThe The beautifulbeautiful, , originaloriginal painting paintingMy My nicenice and and sweetsweet cat catAn An expensiveexpensive but but importantimportant trip trip

Comparative adjectivesComparative adjectives

"Comparative" means "comparing something to something "Comparative" means "comparing something to something else."else."

Comparative adjective show us which thing is better, worse, Comparative adjective show us which thing is better, worse, stronger, weaker, and so forth. stronger, weaker, and so forth.

Examples:Examples:Better, worse, bigger, smaller, nicer, fatter, thinner, more Better, worse, bigger, smaller, nicer, fatter, thinner, more dangerous. dangerous.

Example sentences:Example sentences:She is a She is a betterbetter student than her brothers. student than her brothers.The test was The test was worseworse than I'd expected. than I'd expected.You are You are strongerstronger than me. than me.He seems He seems healthierhealthier..You are You are more beautifulmore beautiful than her. than her.

Superlative adjectivesSuperlative adjectives

"Superlative" means "of the highest degree.""Superlative" means "of the highest degree."

Superlative adjectives show us which thing is the best, the Superlative adjectives show us which thing is the best, the strongest, and so forth.strongest, and so forth.

Examples:Examples:Best, worst, strongest, smallest, cheapest, most expensive.Best, worst, strongest, smallest, cheapest, most expensive.

Example sentences:Example sentences:You are my You are my bestbest friend. friend.This is the This is the worstworst day of my life. day of my life.Even the Even the smallestsmallest donation helps. donation helps.This is the This is the most expensivemost expensive restaurant I've ever heard of. restaurant I've ever heard of.

PrepositionPrepositionA preposition is a word that is used before a noun or a pronoun to A preposition is a word that is used before a noun or a pronoun to connect it to another word in the sentence. It is usually used to connect it to another word in the sentence. It is usually used to show location, direction, time, and so forth.show location, direction, time, and so forth.

Examples:Examples:On, in, at, by, under, above, beside, to, out, from, for.On, in, at, by, under, above, beside, to, out, from, for.

Example sentences:Example sentences:I sat I sat onon the floor. the floor.Let's go Let's go intointo the house. the house.We will meet We will meet atat four o'clock. four o'clock.Have a look Have a look underunder the couch. the couch.He went He went toto school. school.This letter is This letter is forfor you. you.

The word "preposition" comes from the Latin word The word "preposition" comes from the Latin word praeponerepraeponere (put (put before). So prepositions usually come before). So prepositions usually come beforebefore the noun/pronoun. the noun/pronoun.

For example:For example:

The dog rests The dog rests onon the armchair. the armchair.

(The word "on" is used before "the armchair". We (The word "on" is used before "the armchair". We understand that the dog is understand that the dog is onon the armchair. He is the armchair. He is not not underunder it, it, aboveabove it or it or besidebeside it, for example.) it, for example.)

The name "preposition" (pre + position) means The name "preposition" (pre + position) means "put before". "put before". So prepositions usually come So prepositions usually come beforebefore the noun. the noun.

Here are some more examples:Here are some more examples:

She stands She stands byby the tree. the tree.

The cat leans against the garbage can.

The sign is The sign is underunder the car. the car.

The rocket went through the heart.

They flew They flew intointo the snow. the snow.

He is climbing up that mountain.

A preposition can come before a pronoun as A preposition can come before a pronoun as well.well.

For example:For example:

This is This is forfor you! you!

She is standing She is standing besidebeside him. him.

ConjunctionConjunctionA conjunction is a word that A conjunction is a word that joins parts of a sentence together.joins parts of a sentence together.

Examples:Examples:And, but, or, because, so.And, but, or, because, so.

Example sentences:Example sentences:I want to come, I want to come, butbut I can't. I can't.She is smart She is smart andand beautiful. beautiful.Would you like a cat Would you like a cat oror a dog? a dog?He didn't pass the test He didn't pass the test becausebecause he didn't understand the he didn't understand the subject.subject.We were hungry, We were hungry, soso we ordered pizza. we ordered pizza.

The word "conjunction" comes from the Latin word The word "conjunction" comes from the Latin word conjungereconjungere (join together). (join together).

Coordinating conjunctionCoordinating conjunctionA A coordinating conjunctioncoordinating conjunction connects words, connects words, phrases, or groups of words in a sentence. The words phrases, or groups of words in a sentence. The words or phrases being connected should be equal or similar.or phrases being connected should be equal or similar.

For example, the word For example, the word andand is a coordinating is a coordinating conjunction.conjunction.

Example sentences with "and":Example sentences with "and":

We are hungry We are hungry andand thirsty. thirsty. He asked us to clean our rooms He asked us to clean our rooms andand wash the dishes. wash the dishes. John works as a teacher John works as a teacher andand Beth works as a nurse. Beth works as a nurse. The mailman is running away The mailman is running away andand the dog is chasing the dog is chasing

him.him.

There are seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language. There are seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language.

An easy way to remember the coordinating conjunctions is to remember An easy way to remember the coordinating conjunctions is to remember FANBOYSFANBOYS. .

F = forF = forA = andA = andN = norN = norB = butB = butO = orO = orY = yetY = yetS = soS = so

Coordinating conjunctions always go between the words or phrases that they are Coordinating conjunctions always go between the words or phrases that they are connecting. connecting.

In the examples below, the equal parts of the sentences that are being joined are In the examples below, the equal parts of the sentences that are being joined are underlined. The coordinating conjunction is bold.underlined. The coordinating conjunction is bold.

Examples:Examples:

I will be late to the partyI will be late to the party, , forfor  I am working until sevenI am working until seven..

Tom likes to Tom likes to readread andand  writewrite..

Sally does not like the mountainsSally does not like the mountains, , nornor does she like the oceandoes she like the ocean..

I wanted to ride my bikeI wanted to ride my bike, , butbut  the tire was flatthe tire was flat..

Fred wants Fred wants peaspeas oror  carrotscarrots for supper. for supper.

I love chocolateI love chocolate, , yetyet  I do not eat chocolate ice creamI do not eat chocolate ice cream..

She was late to workShe was late to work, , soso  her boss made her stay after fiveher boss made her stay after five..

Examples of independent clauses:Examples of independent clauses:

Tom walked the dog.Tom walked the dog.

SubjectSubject = Tom = TomVerbVerb = walked = walked

"Tom walked the dog" is an independent clause."Tom walked the dog" is an independent clause.

Tom grabbed the mail.Tom grabbed the mail.

SubjectSubject = Tom = TomVerbVerb = grabbed = grabbed

"Tom grabbed the mail" is also an independent clause."Tom grabbed the mail" is also an independent clause.

These two independent clauses can be These two independent clauses can be combinedcombined with a coordinating with a coordinating conjunction. When we combine these two sentences, the second "Tom" will conjunction. When we combine these two sentences, the second "Tom" will be changed to "he."be changed to "he."

Examples:Examples:

Tom walked the dog, so he grabbed the mail.Tom walked the dog, so he grabbed the mail.ORORTom walked the dog, and he grabbed the mail.Tom walked the dog, and he grabbed the mail.

Here are a few more examples of coordinating Here are a few more examples of coordinating conjunctions connecting independent clauses.conjunctions connecting independent clauses.

I want to go see a movieI want to go see a movie,, but my sister has my car. but my sister has my car.

Lisa loves catsLisa loves cats,, yet she does not want one living in her yet she does not want one living in her house.house.

When using a coordinating conjunction with a list When using a coordinating conjunction with a list of items of items You should put or leave out the comma before the You should put or leave out the comma before the coordinating conjunction coordinating conjunction Example with comma:Example with comma:

She is cooking chicken, potatoes, corn, and carrot.She is cooking chicken, potatoes, corn, and carrot.

Example without comma:Example without comma:

She is cooking chicken, potatoes, corn and carrot.  She is cooking chicken, potatoes, corn and carrot. 

InterjectionInterjection

An interjection is a short sound, word or phrase An interjection is a short sound, word or phrase used to express the speaker's emotion.used to express the speaker's emotion.

Examples:Examples:Oh! Look out! Ow! Hey! Wow! Ah! Um...Oh! Look out! Ow! Hey! Wow! Ah! Um...

Example sentences:Example sentences:WowWow, that's amazing!, that's amazing!AhAh, that was a good meal., that was a good meal.UmUm... I'm not sure what to say.... I'm not sure what to say.Oh dearOh dear! What happened?! What happened?HelloHello! How are you doing?! How are you doing?WellWell, that's an option too., that's an option too.

The word "interjection" comes from the Latin word The word "interjection" comes from the Latin word interjicereinterjicere (throw between). (throw between).