parts of the human heart

8/7/2019 Parts of the Human Heart

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Parts of the Human Heart

The outer covering of the heart is a strong, thin membrane calledthepericardium. The superior vena cava, aorta, and other largeblood vessles lead in and out of the heart. Smaller blood vessels

nourish the heart itself.

The ventricles make up the largest part of the heart. They form

the whole lower portion. Their thick, strong muscles pumpblood throughout the body.

The atria form the upper, smaller part of theheart. They have thin walls, and are smaller than

the ventricles. Each atrium serves as a collectingstation for the blood that flows into the heart.



IV. Anatomy and Physiology

The Anatomy of the Heart

Your heart is located under the ribcage in the center of your chest between

your right and left lung. It¶s shaped like an upside-down pear. Its muscular

walls beat, or contract, pumping blood continuously to all parts of your body.

The size of your heart can vary depending on your age, size, or the condition

of your heart. A normal, healthy, adult heart most often is the size of anaverage clenched adult fist. Some diseases of the heart can cause it to

become larger.

The Exterior of the Heart

Below is a picture of the outside of a normal, healthy, human heart.

The illustration shows the front surface of the heart, including the coronary

arteries and major blood vessels.

The heart is the muscle in the lower half of the picture. The heart has four

chambers. The right and left atria (AY-tree-uh) are shown in purple. The right

and left ventricles (VEN-trih-kuls) are shown in red.

Connected to the heart are some of the main blood vessels²

arteries and veins²that make up your blood circulatory system.

The ventricle on the right side of your heart pumps blood from the

heart to your lungs. When you breathe air in, oxygen passes from your lungs

through blood vessels where it¶s added to your blood. Carbon dioxide, a

waste product, is passed from your blood through blood vessels to your

lungs and is removed from your body when you breathe air out.

The atrium on the left side of your heart receives oxygen-rich blood

from the lungs. The pumping action of your left ventricle sends this oxygen-

rich blood through the aorta (a main artery) to the rest of your body.

The Right Side of Your Heart

The superior and inferior vena cavae are in blue to the left of the

muscle as you look at the picture. These veins are the largest veins in your

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assessment DIAGNOSIS plan INTERVENTION RATIONALE EVALUATION

Objectives:

y Attachedtracheostomy tube

y Longhospital ±

lization

Potential for

infection

related to

invasive

procedure-

tracheostomy

tube

attached.

At the end of

24 to 48 hours

of nursing,

intervention,

patient will be

protected from

possible

potential

infection.

I ndependent:

1. Observed color/odor characteristicsof sputum. Notedrainagearoundtracheostomy

tube.2. Reduced

nosocomial riskex.Handwashing,maintainingsterile suctiontechnique.

3. Encourageddeep breathin,coughing andfrequentpositionchanges.

4. Instructed

1. Yellow/ greenpurulentodoroussputum isindicate of infection;while thick,

tenacioussputumsuggestsdehydration.

2. These factorsmay be thesimplest butare the most

important keysito preventionof hospital-acquired-infection.

3. Maximizes lungexpansion andmobilization of

At the end of

24 to 48 hours

of nursing

intervention,

patient was

protected from

possible

potential

infection.



Significant othersand patient in

proper secretiondisposal ex.Tissues soiledtracheostomydressing.

Dependent:

5. Administer antimicrobials asindicated.

secretions toprevent/reduce

accumulation of secretions.

4. Reducestransmission of fluid-borneorganisms.

5. One or moremay be useddependent onidentifiedpathogens if infection doesoccur.



Assessment DIAGNOSIS planning INTERVENTION RATIONALE EVALUATION

Objectives:

y poor muscletone

y poor skinturgor

y bodymalaise

y Sunkeneyeballs

Altered

Nutrition: less

than body

requirements.

At the end of

3 days to 1

week nursing

intervention,

patient will be

able toincrease body

weight to a

more

desirable

weight within

normal limits.

I ndependent:

1. Monitoredpatient¶sgeneralizedmuscle wasting.

2. Documented oral

intake if/whenconsumed. Offer foods that patientenjoys.

3. Providedsmallfrequent feedingsof soft/ easilydigested foods if

able to swallow.

Dependent:

4. Administer fluidintake of atleast2500 ml/ day

1. These symptomsare indicative of depletion of muscle energy andcan reduce

respiratory musclefunction.2. Appetite is usually

poor and intake of essential nutrientsmay be reduced.Offering favoritefoods can

enhance oralintake.

3. Preventsexcessivefatigue,enhancesintake andreduces risk of

At the end of 3

days to 1 week

nursing

intervention,

patient was

able toincreased body

weight to a

more desirable

weight within

normal limits.



within cardiactolerance.

5. Adjusted dietwith help of dietician to meetrespiratoryneeds.

gastric distress.4. Prevents

dehydration thatcan beexacerbated byincreasedinsensible lossesand reduces risk of constipation.



Assessment DIAGNOSIS planning INTERVENTION RATIONALE EVALUATION

Objectives:

y weak inappearance

y limited rangeof motion

y decreasedperformance

y inability to

maintainusual routines

Activity

intolerancerelated to

generalized

weakness.

At the end of

24 hoursnursing

intervention

patient will

be able to

remain free

of

preventablediscomfort.

I ndependent:

1. Adjusted

activities asnecessary,reducingintensity level/discontinuingactivities asindicated.

2. Encouragedpatient to dowhatever possible ex.Self care.

3. Stressednecessities inof allowing for

frequent restperiods.4. Encouraged

nutritionalintake/ use of supplementsas appropriate.

1. Prevents

overexertion, allowsfor some activitywithin patient ability.

2. Provides for senseof control andfeeling of accomplishments.

3. Enhancesperformance whileconserving limitedenergy, preventingincrease in level of fatigue.

4. Necessary to meetenergy needs for

activity.5. Increaseoxygenation.Evaluateseefctiveness intherapy.

At the end of

24 hoursnursing

intervention

patient was

able to remain

free of

preventable

discomfort.



Dependent:

5. Administer O2at 2l/min tosustain patientoxygenation, if

necessary.

parts of the human heart

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