passive vernacular architecture-libre

8/11/2019 Passive Vernacular Architecture-libre

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PASSIVE ARCHITECTURE

ARC 3215 _ SUSTAINABLE DESIGN METHODOLOGIES _ Semester I 2012/13


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PASSIVE ARCHITECTURE _VERNACULAR ARCHITECTRUE

SUSTAINABLE

DESIGN

PASSIVE

SYSTEMS

ACTIVE

SYSTEMS

SYSTEMS THAT MINIMIZE OR OBVIATE

THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND THEUSE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES:

PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS

PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEMS

BUILDING ORIENTATION AND

PLACEMENT

USE OF VEGETATION

SYSTEMS THAT USE RENEWABLE ENERGY

THROUGH THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES:

SOLAR PANELS

SOLAR WATER HEATING

WIND TURBINES

HEAT PUMPS

WOOD STOVES


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PASSIVE

SYSTEMS

VERNACULAR

ARCHITETCURE

PASSIVEHOUSE

TOTALLYDIFFERENT

In the building the addition of the passive solar radiations transmitteddirectly through the windows and indirectly through roof or walls andthe interior heat produced by appliances and dwellers, is enough tobalance the building heat loss in winter.To achive this result you can use active systems as well.

Category of architecture based onlocalized needs and construction

materials, reecting local traditions andinuenced by local culture and climate.

Vernacular architecture tends to evolveover time to reect the environmental,

cultural, technological, and historicalcontext in which it exists.

Architetcure without architects.


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VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

ARC 3313 _ SUSTAINABLE DESIGN METHODOLOGIES _ Semester II 2012


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VERNACULAR ARCHITETCUREAll building typologies that root in local tradition. They use efciently local resources and available energy and materials,

so accordingly to climate, site and culture there are specic typologies. The common basic function is to protect from

weather conditions, instead the shape answers to local climate, techniques and social features.

The shape is usaully studied to answer the climate limit conditions: for istance the Arabic house ansewrs to the daily

temperature range and the strong solar radiation using raw earth bricks covered by white quicklime. And the same typologywas developed in central America by Indios and in Mediterrean area.To protect from the intense rain in the tropical climate the hut shape was developed using wood, piling structure, wattleand broad sloped roof made by leaves. The same hut is present in Madagascar, Carabeans and Polynesia.


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RURAL HOUSE, VENETO, ITALY


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In the Venician area before the Serenissima Republic the typicalhouse was called CASONE. Simple buildings descended from theprimaveral hut made by raw earth and straw.

The walls are short and thick built in raw earth bricks, instead the slopedroof has a wood main structure and is covered by marsh reeds.

When Venice became rich, the nobles started to build new typologiesaround the island. The tradition developed the RURAL HOUSE madein cooked bricks and designed to hold animals and harvest.

The big porch is the main design feature: it allows to collect, work,dry and store the harvest (especially corn) and protects from the hotor cold climate. It consists of a covered space grounoor that opens

to the eld through many round archs (they are bigger in front of the

house and smaller in front of the stable or the storage).


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Un secondo elemento di protezione dalla radiazione solare costituitodalla pergola in genere di vite sul fronte sud e a volte anche su quelloovest e est.

The building orientation follows the east-west axis to face the longfacade to the south: this to receive more solar radiation in winter. Thelong facade to the north characterizes few little windows to limit theheat loss.

The porch allows the solar radiation passage inside the building inwinter and stops it in summer. Often to improve the porch functionin summer theres a PERGOLA in the southern, eastern and westernsides.


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MEDITERREAN HOUSE

The mediterrean house is the typical building we can nd all around the Mediterrean sea, like in Greece, South Italy, Spain

and South France.

The climate in this region is so hot and dry and the vegetation consists of little shrubs, so the wood is not a good material tobuild. The main features of this typology are:

Walls made in raw earth bricks, cooked bricks, stone or tuff. 50 cm - 100 cm thick walls accordingly to the construction materials. Roof charactecrized by ligh wood structure, more often in bricks and lime. Closed volumes, few and little windows. There isnt roof projection, but often there are stairs outside to reach the at terraced roof.

Floors in hard court mixed to cooked oil and resin or in clay tiles.


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To avoid the strong solar radiation all year long were developed some features:

White color for both walls and roofs (sometimes also for the streets, which are more narrow in hot climates) because thiscolour reects the 70% of the solar radiations.

Houses placed around little central courts (patios) and small spaces between the houses: these spaces create bigshadows, often increased by the curtains on the courts. These spaces also keep cool air, especially during the night.

Presence of fountains inside the patio, whose water evaporate or is squirted on the walls and the curtains to cool. Massive walls with few small windows keep the solar radiation outside and the cool air inside.


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MEDITERREAN HOUSE: TRULLO, SOUTH ITALY

These typical mediterrean rural buildings were built originally as seasonal stone structures that, after their use, could bedemolished.

After a while the TRULLI became permanent residential buildings and recently they are built using new technologies asbricks and concrete.


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The TRULLI work as underground building: the huge massive stone isusually joint to a big subterraneus basin to collect rainwater used todecrease of 6-7C the interior temperature in summer. This allows the

natural ventilation through the dome holes and is improved by thewhite color of the exterior surface made in lime.


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The plan is compact and almost square-shaped, instead the roofs are cone-shaped:these allow to collect the solar radiationheat in the domes during the day in winterto be transmitted during the night inside thebuilding.

The whole shape of the TRULLO is a mixbetween a cube and a cone where the wallsare 1 or 2 m thick. The roos can be calledfalse-dome, its so light and its thicknessdecreases from the base to the top, whereusually there is a sphere.

The central space is the living room andthe service spaces are placed around itin smaller rooms. The interior is really darkbecause the only opening is the entrancedoor.


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AMERICAN TIPIThe typical american tent made by a wood cone main structure and animals skins sewn together, was developed to beeasly set up and moved along the big prairies.


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A big hole on the top allows the smoke exit, instead the cone-shape allows to resist against strong rain and wind. In wintera second layer of skin can be placed inside to give more indoor comfort, as well as a barrier made by branches can helpto protect the tent from outside.


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Really sophisticated structure whose walls consist of willow wood foldable wattle. The roof can be dome or cone-shapedand is made by folded elements joint in a ring in the middle of the dome. Through this ring the smoke from the re exits and

allows the interior sace natural ventilation.

On the structure eece faric is xed using ropes: in winter they use 8 fabric layers to protect from cold and strong wind.

MONGOLIAN YURTA


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To speak about the islamic architecture means to talk about a big group of typologies that answers the particular dryclimate of north Africa, Arabia and middle east Europe. In all these regions the climate is so dry, the temerature range isso high as well as the average maximum temperature, theres a strong solar radiation and the winds can transport hugeamount of dust and sand.

The architecture design was developed following tradition, culture, religion and climate answers. The features are:

building shape wall typologies interior spaces distribution openings ventilation and cooling systems

ARABIC HOUSE

Th h l d i i f d d th t l h d ti t h ll th f t A d


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The whole design is focused around the central square-shaped patio: an empty space where all the rooms face to. Aroundthe patio often there are porches on one or more sides and one or more stored.

C t f ti


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Court functions:

1. NIGHT: the cool air comes down in the court and goes inside each room that face to it. The at roof and the thick walls

also improve the cooling system.2. AFTERNOON: the sun directly heat the walls that face to the court. The air heats and goes up providing for the natural

ventilation. The court works as a chimney. The massive walls and oors protect the interior spaces from the direct solar

radiation.3. EVENING: the air is so hot and the court oor heats creating a natural air ow from the rooms that face to it through the

patio. The last cool air goes out from the rooms in the evening, but also the shadows are longer and quickly the court isprotected from the radiation.

To improve these passive systems theyusually x a wet curtain on the court

and a fountain in the middle. The patiooor and the walls on the court are

covered by tiles to preserve the natureof the structure against the water.

This water system doesnt work in thosecities, like Algeri, where the air humidityis so high because the evaporation istoo limited.

UNDERGROUND ARCHITETCURE


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UNDERGROUND ARCHITETCUREThe underground constructions are typical of the dry hot climate and they use the soil constant temperature to have abetter indoor comfort.

The most famous inderground settelment in the mediterrean area are: Cappadocia in Turkey, Mat-Mata in Tunisia and thetypical italian and spanish underground settelments.

This architecture was born not only to answer climate features, but also for social reasons and defence necessities.

Mat mara in northern T nisia consists in ho ses placed aro nd a big co rt dig into the rock: this co rt is the central point of


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Mat-mara in northern Tunisia consists in houses placed around a big court dig into the rock: this court is the central point ofthe spaces distribution. Different rooms face to the court: bedrooms, kitchen and storage.The particular shape protects from the hot climate, but also from the dusty and sandy desert winds.


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In Italy the best example of this architecture is the city of Matera whose features are:


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In Italy the best example of this architecture is the city of Matera, whose features are:

different shapes and different kind of closing system to the exterior different orientation of the main facade small presence of vegetation and water (opposite of islamic architecture) different use of the interior spaces (often humans and animals lived together) high termal capacity able to provide the best indoor comfort both in winter and summer the door is the only opening to the exterior (low ventilation, low natural light, high humidity)


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AMERICAN PUEBLOS


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AMERICAN PUEBLOSIn the region where now there are Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, California and Utah the vernacular architecture wasdeveloped to mitigate the dry hot climate by controlling the solar radiation seasonally. These PUEBLOS are designed toanswer the 25C temperature range.

The building technology is adobe often mixed to straw and covered with a thick raw earth plaster. The 75 cm thick walls

can easly collect heat during the day to use it during the night, when the temprature decreases a lot.

The windows are few and well protected in order to avioid the heat entrance and the light to dazzle at noon.

Mesa Verde in Colorado

The house disposition allows the sun entrance inside the canyon in winter to heat each space The high summer sun cant


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The house disposition allows the sun entrance inside the canyon in winter to heat each space. The high summer sun can tgo inside the stone wall, which provides shadows and lower temperatures.

Acoma Pueblo consists in three lines of buildings and the distance between them is designed to allow the sun radiation forall the houses. In each building the stores are staggered to create terraces on the roof: the section presents steps on thesouthern side.

Acoma Pueblo in New Mexico


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TROPICAL HUT


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TROPICAL HUTIn the tropical area the climate is hot and humid all year long and the temperature range is limited.The structures here need to be protected from the solar radiation, but also from the strong rain. The roof becomes the mainfeature in the building: so sloped to drain the rain, projected to protect the walls from the rain and the dwellers from thesun.

Usually they are turned up to be exposed to the cool air and to be protected from animals and soil heat. The wall are

usually light, made by wood, natural bers, weaveings or wattles: because of the low temperature range they dont needmassive walls. The wattle allows the natural ventilation, the roof shades the walls and the whole structure.

In the topical areas with the monsonics inuence (Zanzibar, Madagascar, India, Thailandia) the traditional architecture


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PASSIVE ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTRUE

In the topical areas with the monsonics inuence (Zanzibar, Madagascar, India, Thailandia) the traditional architecture

charcterized massive adobe walls and projected sloped roofs that protect the walls from the rain.

Usually a kind of ventilated roof made by a raw earth at surface and a layer of natural bers tted by a wood structure is

the best choice to protect from the rain and dispose the heat.

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