passive voice
DESCRIPTION
Passive VoiceTRANSCRIPT
THE PASSIVE VOICE
Present Passive Voice: Latin use of the Active and Passive Voices correspondsgenerally to the English use. The passive forms for present, imperfect and futureare based on present stems for all conjugations, with these personal endings:
-r -mur-ris -mini-tur -ntur
-äre -ëre -ere -ere (io) -ïre
portorportärisportäturportämurportäminiportantur
doceordocërisdocëturdocëmurdocëminïdocentur
mittormitterismittiturmittimurmittiminïmittuntur
capiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminïcapiuntur
audioraudïrisaudïturaudïmuraudïminïaudiuntur
Imperfect Passive: The imperfect passive is formed by inserting -ba-:
portäbarportäbärisportäbäturportäbämurportäbäminïportäbantur
docëbardocëbärisdocëbäturdocëbämurdocëbäminïdocëbantur
mittëbarmittëbärismittëbäturmittëbämurmittëbäminïmittëbantur
capiëbarcapiëbäriscapiëbäturcapiëbämurcapiëbäminïcapiëbantur
audiëbaraudiëbärisaudiëbäturaudiëbämuraudiëbäminïaudiëbantur
Future Passive: Formed by inserting -bi- for first and second conjugations, -ë- forthird and fourth:
portäborportäberisportäbiturportäbimurportäbiminïportäbuntur
docëbordocëberisdocëbiturdocëbimurdocëbiminïdocëbuntur
mittarmittërismittëturmittëmurmittëminïmittentur
capiarcapiëriscapiëturcapiëmurcapiëminïcapientur
audiaraudiërisaudiëturaudiëmuraudiëminïaudientur
Passive Infintives : Change the final -e of the infinitive ending to -ï, except in thethird conjugation where the entire infinitive ending becomes -ï.
portärï docërï mittï capï audïrï
Spectätörës procul audïrï possunt, the spectators can be heard at a distance.
Perfect Passive System
The perfect system for the passive voice (perfect, pluperfect and future perfect) isformed by adding a form of esse to the perfect passive participle (the 4th principalpart). The perfect passive participle (always nominative) will agree with its subjectin number and gender.
Perfect Passive (I was carried . . . ): present tense of esse + the perfect passiveparticiple:
portatus sum
portatus es
portatus est
portatï sumus
portatï estis
portatï sunt
doctus sum
doctus es
doctus est
doctï sumus
doctï estis
doctï sunt
missum sum
missum es
missum est
missï sumus
missï estis
missï sunt
captus sum
captus es
captus est
captï sumus
captï estis
captï sunt
audïtus sum
audïtus es
audïtus est
audïtï sumus
audïtï estis
audïtï sunt
Pluperfect Passive (I had been carried . . . ): imperfect tense of esse + the perfectpassive participle:
portatus eram
portatus eras
portatus erat
portatï erämus
portatï erätis
portatï erant
doctus eram
doctus eras
doctus erat
doctï erämus
doctï erätis
doctï erant
missum eram
missum eras
missum erat
missï erämus
missï erätis
missï erant
captus eram
captus eras
captus erat
captï erämus
captï erätis
captï erant
audïtus eram
audïtus eras
audïtus erat
audïtï erämus
audïtï erätis
audïtï erant
Future Passive (I will have been carried . . . ): future tense of esse + the perfectpassive participle:
portatus ero
portatus eris
portatus erit
portatï erimus
portatï eritis
portatï erunt
doctus ero
doctus eris
doctus erit
doctï erimus
doctï eritis
doctï erunt
missum ero
missum eris
missum erit
missï erimus
missï eritis
missï erunt
captus ero
captus eris
captus erit
captï erimus
captï eritis
captï erunt
audïtus ero
audïtus eris
audïtus erit
audïtï erimus
audïtï eritis
audïtï erunt
The perfect passive participle will agree with its subject in number and gender:
Vir ab agricolä in casam ductus est. The man was led into the house by the farmer.
Virg ö a virö in casam ducta est. The maiden was led into the house by the man.Animal ä puerö in casam ductum est. The animal was led into the house by the boy.