Online Journal of Volunteer Archaeology and TrainingIssue 6: January 2009

colouring the past at el pilar

P a s t H o r i z o n s

Adopt-a-Monument Jerash Survey Putney Debates Kolkata Graveyard

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12 Survey: Beyond the City Walls of JerashSurveying the hinterland of Jerash, an ancient Decapolis City in Jordan has become a race against time to discover and map as many sites as possible, many of which are being lost to development.

32 Two MonsoonsArchaeologist and buildings historian Tom Addyman describes the past, present and future of the decaying Scottish Cemetery in Kolkata and the enormous task of surveying the six acre site.

Issue 6January 2009

Editors: Felicity Donohoe & Maggie StruckmeierLayout: David Connolly & Maggie Struckmeier

Past HorizonsTraprain HouseLuggate BurnHaddingtonEast LothianEH41 4QA

Tel: +44 (0)1620 861643 Email: editor@pasthorizons.comFind us on the web: www.pasthorizons.com

Contributors: James BullHelen BradleyDr. Anabel FordTom AddymanAnnie Evans

Front Cover: An artist’s rendition of “Archaeology Under the Canopy” at El Pilar

NotePast Horizons can give no endorsement of any listed project or guarantee the accuracy of the information supplied. The editors accept no responsibility for any loss, injury, or inconvenience sustained by anyone using the resources contained within this magazine and/or the websites mentioned herein. When considering a project, be sure to contact the director with any questions you might have about conditions, travel, health issues, etc. Check for references from previous participants, seek advice where possible and select a project that will be of the greatest benefit to you, the project and the team.

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5 Editorial

6 News News stories from around the world.

38 Dig CookAnnie Evans on culinary escapades, with a delicious recipe each issue.

40 ProfileArchaeologist Tom Addyman.

42 Interested In...The study of textiles.

43 Dig InArchaeological volunteer digs and field schools for 2009.

44 ViewpointDavid Connolly reflects on the crisis within commercial archaeology.

45 Fun Page

Regulars

Contents

20 Colouring the Past at El PilarDr. Anabel Ford describes a unique project that combines archaeology and conservation in the Maya forest amongst the ruins of El Pilar.

8 Putney DebatesRe-enactment group the Tower Hamlets Trayned Bandes bring to life the 360th anniversary of these historic discussions.

26 Adopt-a-MonumentA Scottish initiative that enables communities to interact with their local monuments to safeguard their future.

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editorial

Going into 2009 most of us will no doubt be thinking about tightening our belts to get us through the credit crunch. So how do we pursue

a love of archaeology when the cost to volunteers on an excavation can seem prohibitive? The notion of austerity tourism is creeping into people’s minds, so maybe we can practice a bit of austerity archaeology as well.

A good starting place to indulge your passion inexpensively is to join your local archaeological society. Many societies have active excavation seasons and, when the weather is not so good, do finds processing and historical research, as well as offering lecture programmes throughout the winter months. Many members have years of experience and love to pass on their skills for the benefit of everyone. Some societies even operate affordable yearly field training schools. There may also be opportunities to volunteer in your area so getting in touch with the local museum is a good place to start. Find out what volunteer programmes they have in place, or ask your archaeology service if they can point you in the right direction, as there are often archaeological surveys taking place that need enthusiastic helpers. If you are lucky there may even be a community dig in your area. These are usually free to take part in and can be enormous fun.

If you are studying archaeology at university you will need to participate in some field schools to gain the experience necessary to complete your course. This does not come cheap, however, and your university should be able to give you details about travel grant options. It is also worth considering some of the above suggestions as joining local societies and volunteering with museums might give you an edge over the competition when looking for work after your course has finished.

If you still hanker after a trip to foreign parts there are some options that are available to you that will not break the bank. You might have to rough it a bit so be prepared to camp, wash in the river and eat simple food, but often this experience can beat all the luxuries that other, more expensive, excavations can give you. If you look at www.pasthorizons.com/worldprojects you can browse through lots of excavation and heritage conservation opportunities, many of which are now accepting applications for the coming year. If you need some help choosing please don’t hesitate to email us for some advice at info@pasthorizons.com.

If you are a professional archaeologist and would like a busman’s holiday you may want to consider offering your services to an excavation. In return you may get your air fare paid and your expenses covered. This is quite a difficult one to achieve and requires a bit of work on your part, contacting excavation directors and sending out CVs, but if it works out it can lead to all sorts of exciting opportunities.

I hope this has given you some food for thought, but keep in mind that if an expedition seems expensive to you, try to remember the huge cost involved in carrying out such an operation. Money received from volunteers goes towards offsetting that burden, contributes to the local economy and supports long-term research projects, most of which could not exist without your involvement. So please, if you can afford it, keep supporting them.

For the rest of us, austerity archaeology here we come.

Maggie Struckmeier

Maggie Struckmeier

editor@pasthorizons.com

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news

new pyramid found in egypt

E gyptian archaeologis ts announced the discovery of the remains of a pyramid possibly bui l t for an ancient queen around 4,300 years ago.

The pyramid, with only the lower port ion intact , was found south of Cairo in November 2008. I t was buried under 22 metres of sand in the deser t near the famous Step Pyramid of Saqqara and is thought to house the remains of Queen Sesheshet who was the mother of King Tet i f rom the Sixth Dynasty.

The or iginal entrance to the pyramid was sealed with large grani te blocks forcing archaeologis ts to use an ancient robbers’ shaf t to gain entry to the burial chamber.

Within i t they found a huge sarcophagus. After f ive hours spent l i f t ing the l id they found the remains of a body wrapped in l inen. The only other objects found in the chamber were pot tery and gold wrappings for the f ingers of the mummified body.

This is the 118th pyramid to be found in Egypt and using the angle of the l imestone base i t was possible to determine that i t was or iginal ly 14 metres high.

Archaeologis ts had discovered two subsidiary pyramids for Tet i ’s pr incipal wives Iput I and Khuit around a hundred years ago and i t was assumed this intensively excavated s i te had been exhausted.

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Iron Age stele reveals early evidence of belief in the soul A team from the Oriental Inst i tute , Chicago, working in southeastern Turkey has discovered an Iron Age s tone s lab that provides the f i rs t wri t ten evidence in the region that people bel ieved the soul was separate f rom the body.Read more: ht tp: / /chronicle .uchicago.edu/081120/ i ronage.shtml

archaeologists try to date the Brodgar megaliths This season saw the ant ic ipated re-opening of Professor Col in Renfrew’s 1973trenches at the Ring of Brodgar, Orkney. Although the date has never been scient i f i -cal ly confirmed, the impressive monument is thought to be 4,000 to 4 ,500 years old.Read more: h t tp: / /www.24hourmuseum.org.uk/nwh_gfx_en/ART62367.html

Babylon Is Targeted in Project of World Monuments FundThe World Monuments Fund is launching a project with I raq to preserve the ancient c i ty of Babylon where King Nebuchadnezzar I I (630-562 B.C.) bui l t h is hanging gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Read more: h t tp: / /www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&sid=apwIlJ7IbtWc

Gladiators to ‘Fight’ Again at Rome’s Colosseum Gladiators are to re turn to the Colosseum almost 2 ,000 years af ter their bloody sport las t enter ta ined Roman crowds. Now f ive mil l ion people who vis i t each year wil l experience “the s ights , sounds and smells” again.Read more: h t tp: / /dsc.discovery.com/news/2009/01/06/gladiator-rome.html

German battlefield yields Roman surprisesArchaeologis ts have found over 600 rel ics f rom a huge bat t le between a Roman army and Barbarians in the third century, long af ter his tor ians bel ieved Rome had given up control of northern Germany.Read more: h t tp: / /edi t ion.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/01/05/germany.bat t lef ie ld

dna tracks ancient Alaskan’s descendantsAn ancient mariner who l ived and died 10,000 years ago probably doesn’t have any close relat ives lef t in Alaska. But some of them migrated south and their descendants can be found today in coastal Nat ive American populat ions.Read more: h t tp: / /www.adn.com/news/alaska/rural /southeast /s tory/636254.html

Current Archaeology , Cardiff Universi ty and the Nat ional Museum Cardiff announce the 2nd annual Archaeology Fest ival , 6-8 February 2009 Join us there : http: / /www.archaeology.co.uk

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Explaining the issues surrounding the Putney Debates Al l photographs: John Beardsworth

Putney Debates

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Between 28th October and 9th

November 1647, after the defeat

of King Charles 1, soldiers and

officers of Oliver Cromwell’s New Model

Army held discussions on the constitution

and future of England. Known as the

Putney Debates, these talks were far-

reaching and heralded the way for many

of the civil liberties we value today.

Should suffrage (a civil right to vote) be

limited only to property-holders? Would

democratic changes lead to anarchy?

Should there still be a king or lords? This

historic event, forced by the Leveller

movement, saw ordinary soldiers take on

generals to argue for greater democracy

and to provide a platform for ‘common

people’ to make their voices heard.

by james bull

continued

Re-telling a forgotten past

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Bringing these his tor ic debates back to l i fe , the Tower Hamlets Trayned Bandes re-enacted the event as par t of the 360th anniversary celebrat ions held a t St . Mary the Virgin Church, Putney, in October 2007. This marked one of the key milestones in the development of par l iamentary democracy in England and across the world: the cal l for a wri t ten const i tut ion, universal (male) suffrage, a regular t imetable for par l iaments to s i t , f reedom of conscience and equal i ty before the law - the agenda of the radical pol i t ical Independents or Level ler movement .

The re-enactors set up a soldiers’ encampment in the churchyard overlooking the River Thames, and while the regimental goodwives set about cooking food for the assembled company, the menfolk were placed on guard duty, performed dr i l l and a var ie ty of other chores . On the Sunday morning the group was invi ted by the vicar to join the par ishioners and their guests in St . Mary’s for morning service. The readings were al l associated with the Debates and included Colonel Thomas Rainsborough’s poignant words (below) which have resonated through the centur ies :

The congregat ion took communion to the accompaniment of the soldiers , goodwives and chi ldren s inging per iod psalms, and s inging cont inued in the churchyard, just as i t had 360 years ear l ier. Later in the af ternoon, as the bel ls of St . Mary’s rang out , the regiment provided a guard of honour for c ivic digni tar ies f rom the House of Commons including the local MP and Black Rod, who arr ived in a repl ica of a seventeenth-century barge.

The group aired the main points of the or iginal Putney Debates , with some soldiers espousing the Level ler cause of widening the franchise while others argued for more caut ion. Throughout the weekend the publ ic wandered freely through the camp, s topping soldiers and civi l ians to ask about the background to the event and the nature of mid-seventeenth century pol i t ics , and also about the weapons, equipment , c lothing and even cooking recipes .

The actual Debates ended in f rustrat ion for the Level lers , and their pol i t ical manifesto, ‘An Agreement of the People’ , was not adopted by the Army when the Debates concluded in November 1647. Nonetheless , the document contains much that we in the modern world now hold dear and some things that we s t i l l only aspire to . The Civi l War was to cont inue unt i l Charles I was defeated again, put on t r ia l in London on 1st January 1649 and executed on the 30th January. I t was only in 1867 that ful l male suffrage was achieved, and female suffrage had to wai t unt i l 1928 in the United Kingdom, but the s tar t ing point for this and other pol i t ical r ights can be t raced back to the Putney Debates .

For real ly I th ink that the poorest he that i s in

England hath a l i fe to l ive, as the greatest he;

and therefore t ruly, s i r, I th ink i t ’s c lear, that ever y man that i s to l ive under a government ought f i rst

by his own consent to put himsel f under that

government.

Pike charge Debat ing the issues S inging hymns

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The Tower Hamlets Trayned Bandes was formed as a re-enactment unit by enthusiasts within the Sealed Knot. The regiment has gone from strength to strength and is regarded as one of the best units in the country. Members are dedicated to the goal of achieving authenticity, in both appearance and drill, while still offering the maximum enjoyment from the experience. Visit the website at: http://www.traynedbandes.org.uk

The Levellers represented the aspirations of working people who suffered under the persecution of kings, landowners and the priestly class, and spoke for those who experienced the hardships of poverty and deprivation. They campaigned, first with Cromwell and then against him, for a political and constitutional settlement of the civil war which would embody principles of political freedom, anticipating by a century and a half the ideas of the American and French revolutions. Their ideals and beliefs are still with us today, and the principle of freedom of debate and social justice can be directly traced to this 17th century group.

the new model armyThe New Model Army created by Parliament in 1645 was a military force based on ability rather than on position within society. Cromwell preferred that the men were strong believers and, like himself, many became Puritans. It was not unusual for the men to sing psalms just before going into battle.

Find out moreThe Putney Debates now has a proper monument at St. Mary’s Church where there is also a small permanent exhibition inside the nave. More information can be found at:http://www.putneydebates.com

Pike charge Debat ing the issues S inging hymns

Connect ing the past to the present was a hugely enjoyable experience for the re-enactors and publ ic a l ike. Throughout the weekend the churchyard was f i l led with a large appreciat ive audience, most of whom stayed for several hours to watch the s tory unfold, with many returning the fol lowing day. I t was an important experience for a l l those that engaged in the occasion, where the rel iving and re- te l l ing of the event on the anniversary of the Putney Debates a t i ts or iginal locat ion brought new understanding.

Living his tory displays such as this are extremely valuable , and al though this display may have lacked the blood and thunder of loud musketry duels and clashing pikes , i t offered an int imacy of contact with the publ ic and the t ime needed to explain the complex issues of the per iod. With real people interpret ing real l ives , the rewards and benefi ts to those who at tended wil l remain long af ter the tents have been pul led down and the re-enactors re turn to their 21st century l ives .

G e t In v o l v ed

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by Maggie Struckmeier & David Connolly

This site forms a huge necropolis area which was purchased a few years ago by the Department of Antiquities to save it from development. Unfortunately due to the lack of secure fencing it is sustaining much damage through bulldozing, dumping of rubble on top of the burial areas and tomb robbing. The inset photograph shows a sarcophagus smashed under the weight of a huge dumped boulder.

J erash, or Gerasa as i t was once known, is an ancient Decapol is Ci ty s i tuated on the eastern front ier

of the Roman Empire in northwest Jordan. I t has been s tudied extensively over the past hundred years but a lmost exclusively within the old ci ty wal ls . The team returned there in September 2008 to cont inue a hinter land survey which s tar ted three years ago, inst igated by Professor David Kennedy of the Universi ty of Western Austral ia .

The main goal of the project is to reveal more about how the hinter land of Jerash was ut i l ised to sustain a growing populat ion made weal thy on the prof i ts of t rade from the Si lk Road and southern Arabia . However, the modern ci ty is now expanding into these areas and so this survey may be the las t chance to locate undiscovered s i tes , some of which wil l soon disappear forever, destroyed by the developer ’s bul ldozer.

continued

Survey: Beyond the City Walls of Jerash

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This site forms a huge necropolis area which was purchased a few years ago by the Department of Antiquities to save it from development. Unfortunately due to the lack of secure fencing it is sustaining much damage through bulldozing, dumping of rubble on top of the burial areas and tomb robbing. The inset photograph shows a sarcophagus smashed under the weight of a huge dumped boulder.

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Limestone Roman water channel lying in a field at Wadi Deir

From information gained in the ini t ia l 2005 survey we knew the kind of s i tes we would be l ikely to encounter. They ranged from various types of tombs, quarr ies , c is terns , inscr ipt ions, mausoleums, ol ive and wine presses to archi tectural f ragments and mosaics . Given the large area that the small team needed to cover, the pr imary object ive was to gather suff ic ient information as quickly as possible to enable interpretat ion to take place.

On discovery of a new si te , a global posi t ioning satel l i te (GPS) reading was taken, a unique ident i fying number al located and a survey form f i l led out with a basic descr ipt ion, including type of s i te , condi t ion and immediate threat , a long with a quick sketch plan and measurements . The s i te was photographed and, when necessary, a surface ar tefact col lect ion was undertaken, mainly ceramics in this case. The whole process could take about 20 minutes before the survey team moved on. A more complex s i te , however, could take considerably longer, but i t was important to remember not to get bogged down in detai l , tempting though i t was. The hinter land in the immediate vicini ty of

the ci ty is f i l led with tombs, most ly dat ing from Roman t imes when the populat ion was at i ts largest . I t i s common to f ind that a rocky l imestone outcrop f i rs t used as a quarry was then reworked into a s i te for burial af terwards. We encountered s imple rock cut graves, caves with niches for sarcophagi or ossuaries , to impressive monumental mausoleums complete with underground chambers intended to hold up to 30 sarcophagi which would be sealed behind heavy l imestone doors . Sadly, a l l those we recorded had been robbed with the internal spaces now being used as s torage rooms or rubbish dumps, whils t others are being destroyed by the new construct ion works which are taking place.

Discovering s tone inscr ipt ions was always exci t ing, and those located during the two seasons of work ranged f rom Greek and Roman al tar texts to an ear ly Chris t ian gravestone and a 13th century Abbasid text . One of the most sat isfying days for us was the rescuing of four Roman milestones, one of which was previously unknown, lying amongst rubbish in an ol ive grove. Where possible , a l l of these pieces were immediately recovered by

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One of four Roman milestones that were rescued from an orchard in Wadi Deir

Decorated sarcophagus fragment embedded in the ground

Greek inscription found in City Walls

Finding a tiny stone child’s sarcophagus in a residential garden

A Roman pillar base built into a later terraced wall

continued

the Department of Antiqui t ies of Jordan for protect ion and fur ther research.

Beyond the immediate vicini ty of the ci ty, the survey team began to discover an agricul tural landscape that consis ted of ol ive presses and rock cut wine product ion areas . One such example, excavated 20 years before is s t i l l in an excel lent s ta te of preservat ion and comes complete with a mosaic f loor, sadly now beginning to suffer f rom erosion. Some of the team also came across a s i te that they chris tened ‘ the black cave’ because of i ts soot-blackened inter ior. This large cave, consis t ing of around 10 separate areas , was extremely diff icul t to interpret without fur ther invest igat ion as i t had possibly s tar ted off l i fe as a tomb, then funct ioned as a wine or ol ive product ion area and much la ter on as a dwell ing, hence the soot .

Water had always been important to set t lements in this area and the col lect ion and s torage of every drop was a big pre-occupat ion to the inhabi tants of Jerash. An impression of this intr icate and widespread water management system has begun to emerge from this survey, with larger c is terns and reservoirs feeding

A wel l preserved Roman ol ive press

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Traditional Circassian building Don Boyers draws the “black cave”

Andrew Card prepares to photograph a rock cut tomb

David Kennedy examines a tomb entrance

A twisted column lies amongst a bulldozed pile

down rock cut channels or ceramic pipes e i ther direct ly into the ci ty or diver ted into smaller domest ic c is terns . In one such case, piping discovered in a res ident ia l garden was s t i l l in tact a long with a perforated lead cover to s t ra in the water as i t f lowed into a rock cut subterranean tank. A narrow circular opening would have al lowed buckets of c lean water to be l i f ted to the surface which were then poured into a white plaster- l ined basin for domest ic use. These systems seem to have been used and maintained from the Roman per iod r ight up to the f inal abandonment of Jerash some t ime in the middle ages .

Jerash became ruinous as a resul t of ear thquakes, plagues and a change in t rading routes . From the 16th century onwards the Ottomans ruled Jordan but had very l i t t le control over the out lying areas of the country as they were only interested in protect ing pi lgr image routes to Mecca. By the la te 19th century the Ottomans decided to set t le Circassian people f rom south eastern Russia into Jerash to help protect against a t tack from the local Bedouin t r ibes . These people , who were also Musl im and seeking to escape rel igious persecut ion, set about bui lding houses for themselves within the crumbling ci ty wal ls and establ ished the f ie ld systems that can s t i l l be seen today. There are s t i l l

a few remaining Circassian bui ldings dot ted around the ci ty but these wil l quickly disappear unless they are given some sor t of protected s ta tus .

Some of the f ie ld systems that the Circassians turned from Bedouin grazing land to crop product ion are now under immediate threat of development in the Wadi Deir to the north of

Broken storage jars and light-coloured soil are some of the telltale signs of recent tomb-robbing

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the c i ty wal ls . These f ie lds hold many clues to a more ancient past and are l i t tered with Roman pot tery, tessara and archi tectural f ragments . Whils t invest igat ing this area, two Greek inscr ipt ions were recorded, having apparent ly been bul ldozed onto waste ground as a resul t of the construct ion of a newly-opened medical centre . Nearby, an unusual octagonal s ixth century Byzant ine church s i ts unprotected in an overgrown back plot , and i ts huge red grani te columns, thought to have come al l the way from Aswan in Egypt , l ie forgot ten in the orchard below. On the opposi te s ide of the road a once grand mausoleum, hidden behind a newly-bui l t house, wil l soon be hemmed in by development on i ts north and south s ide.

The team is acutely aware that the Jerash Hinter land Survey is important in many ways, and af ter locat ing over 450 s i tes so far in the most threatened areas , there is s t i l l so much to do. However, some of these s i tes without doubt need re-vis i t ing and fur ther interpretat ion, and i t i s important that this survey wil l provide information for those who wish to carry out fur ther research on the hinter land of Jerash, whether i t i s the farming, the water management systems, the quarr ies and industry or the burial pract ices of the previous inhabi tants . Some need to be excavated to real ise their ful l potent ia l ,

whi le others desperately need conservat ion work. Other s i tes s imply need immediate protect ion by being fenced off so that they cannot be plundered or used as dumps. I t was extremely dis t ress ing to re turn to f ind that approximately 30 per cent of the s i tes that had been surveyed in 2005 had been lost to development over the three intervening years , and many more wil l probably be lost a l l too soon. Hopeful ly act ion wil l now be taken to protect some of these t reasures before i t i s too la te , and a report with appropriate recommendat ions has been handed over to the authori t ies .

Thanks are due to the Department of Antiqui t ies of Jordan for a l lowing this survey to take place, and i t i s hoped that the information provided in the report wil l be an informative and useful point of reference when looking at the areas that are under immediate threat . There is s t i l l much of the hinter land to survey and i f funds permit the project wil l cont inue to discover what l ies beyond the ci ty wal ls of Jerash. Broken storage jars and light-coloured soil are some of the telltale signs of recent tomb-robbing

A mosaic forming part of an olive press complex, excavated 20 years ago but now needing conservation work

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Paul Sharman investigates a large rock cut tomb, now used for storage but under threat of collapse due to roadworks directly above

Jerash Timeline3200 - 1200 BC Jerash area already inhabited by the Bronze Age

3rd century BC Referred to as Antioch on the Chrysorrhoas

63 BC Roman conquest by Pompey

AD 90 Absorbed into the Roman province of Arabia

AD 106 Emperor Trajan brought more trade to the now flourishing Jerash by constructing roads throughout the region

AD 129-130 A Triumphal Arch was built to celebrate a visit by Emperor Hadrian

3rd century AD Jerash starting to decline as a city along with the fortunes of the Roman Empire

AD 400 Christianity has come to Jerash and many churches were built in and around the City

AD 614 Moslem conquest, the population

of Jerash shrank to around quarter of its previous size

AD 635 A major earthquake destroyed much of Jerash and its surroundings

AD 746 The Artemis Temple (now a Muslim fort) was completely destroyed by Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem during the Crusades

AD 1400 After the Crusades the only mention of Jerash was by an Arab geographer, Yaqut in the thirteenth century who described it as a “field of ruins, completely uninhabited”

AD 1808 Ulrich Jasper Seetzen, a German travelling through Jordan recognised a small part of the ruins as that of ancient Jerash.

AD 1878 Circassians, escaping persecution in south east Russia, moved to Jerash and built homes within it’s ruins

AD 1931 University-American School expedition to Jerash, under the direction of Dr. C. S. Fisher

The ful l survey report wil l be publ ished in the CBRL Bullet in and Annual of the Department of Antiqui t ies of Jordan by the project directors Prof . David Kennedy and Fiona Baker (FIRAT Archaeological Services) . The authors were par t of the team which included Paul Sharman, Don and Ann Boyer, Andrew Card, Anne and Naomi Poepjes , with Abd al-Majeed Mujal l i , f rom the Department of Antiqui t ies .

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Map of the Jerash Hinterland Survey area. The brown shaded areas represent the 2005 survey, while the green shaded areas represent the 2008 survey.

Berketeine

Jerash Hinterland Survey

Old City Walls

Wadi Deir

Wadi Jerash

Necropolis

Chrysorrhoas river

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Colouring the Past at El Pilar

An art is t ’s rendi t ion of “Archaeology Under the Canopy” at El Pi lar

past horizons21

Colouring the Past at El Pilar

continued

Inset: A representat ion of the Maya ruins at Labna in Yucatan, Mexico, by Frederick Catherwood

By Anabel Ford

I m a g i n e h o w F r e d e r i c k C a t h e r w o o d a n d J o h n L l o y d S t e p h e n s m u s t h a v e f e l t

u p o n s e e i n g t h e v i n e - w r a p p e d , o v e rg r o w n , a b a n d o n e d c i t i e s a n d t e m p l e s o f t h e a n c i e n t M a y a i n t h e i r e x p e d i t i o n s o f t h e 1 8 3 0 s a n d 4 0 s . D i s c o v e r e d o n l y 2 5 y e a r s a g o , t h e u n i q u e M a y a s i t e o f E l P i l a r o n t h e b o r d e r o f G u a t e m a l a a n d B e l i z e o f f e r s t h a t s a m e e x p e r i e n c e : t h e m o n u m e n t s a r e s t i l l e m b r a c e d b y t h e f o r e s t , s h o w c a s i n g t h e M a y a f o l i a g e a s m u c h a s t h e M a y a c i t y i t s e l f . We c a l l t h e s t y l e o f p r e s e n t a t i o n p r a c t i s e d a t E l P i l a r ‘ A r c h a e o l o g y U n d e r t h e C a n o p y ’ , w h e r e t h e a n c i e n t m o n u m e n t s a r e p r o t e c t e d b y t h e n a t u r a l h a b i t a t t h a t e n v e l o p s t h e m .

past horizons 22

Central Maya Lowlands with El Pilar and other major centres indicated.

A Maya temple at El Pi lar protected by forest vegetat ion (credi t : Macduf f Everton)

At i ts height , this ancient c i ty centre of El Pi lar housed over 20,000 people in a mosaic landscape of c i ty houses and gardens, surrounded by forest and agricul tural f ie lds . I t has over 25 ident i f ied plazas in an area of approximately 100 acres (38 hectares) , ranking i t equal with major centres of the lowland Maya region. I t i s the largest centre in the Bel ize River area, more than three to f ive t imes the s ize of nearby centres Baking Pot or Xunantunich. Protected today in Bel ize and Guatemala, El Pi lar ’s temples and plazas are connected by an ancient Maya causeway, symbolis ing i ts potent ia l to become the world’s f i rs t archaeological peace park.

I f El Pi lar is such a large, important s i te , why not expose i ts monuments? The ancient bui ldings are shel tered by vegetat ion, while s imultaneously encouraging an al ternat ive focus from other s i tes : the environment , l i fe ways and l iving cul ture of the Maya. Research at El Pi lar centres on set t lement pat terns ,

environmental management , and the everyday people of the Maya civi l isat ion. Par t ia l exposures offer gl impses of the monumental archi tecture , while a ful ly excavated and consol idated house s i te , Tzunu’un, evokes everyday Maya l i fe .

In fact , everyday Maya l i fe can s t i l l be experienced in the surrounding vi l lages of El Pi lar, where the r ich cul tural her i tage of the Maya people has been maintained. The management model a t El Pi lar incorporates this community, leading to a rewarding collaboration

past horizons23

with the s tewards of Maya cul ture: t radi t ional Maya farmers . They are known as forest gardeners because their agr icul tural t e c h n i q u e s actual ly encourage biodivers i ty and foster the growth of the forest .

“Archaeology Under the Canopy” and Maya agriculture may seem disconnected. In real i ty, they are the thread connect ing the past to the present and future as researchers unravel the myster ies of the ancient Maya. In pract ic ing their t radi t ional l i feways, the contemporary Maya inform

the past , te l l ing us about l i fe around El Pi lar a t i ts height . E t h n o g r a p h i c analogs have focused on the “milpa” and maize cul t ivat ion which are important aspects of Maya land use. The contemporary Maya forest gardeners , however, have a range of creat ive approaches that have t radi t ional ly provided for h o u s e h o l d l ivel ihood passed down through the generat ions. For example, the forest

garden is an intensive poly-cul t ivated plot that can be nurtured in a house yard or in

continued

Head archaeologis t of El Pi lar and director of ESP-Maya Anabel Ford with forest gardener Carmen Cruz at the Maya house s i te Tzunu’un(credi t : Macduf f Everton)

The Maya Forest Garden at El Pi lar, showcasing the biodiversi ty of the Maya Forest and plants used by the Maya (credi t : BRASS/El Pi lar Project)

past horizons 24

a dis tant agr icul tural f ie ld . A wide var ie ty of useful plants are cul t ivated, supplying ground cover, herbs , shrubs, bushes, t rees and palms, providing for food, spice, medicine, beverage, construct ion and r i tual needs to say the least . Over 370 different plant species have been documented in the forest gardens of the El Pi lar area alone. With their her i tage of knowledge of the mult i tude of plants and their uses , Maya forest gardeners pract ice conservat ion through interact ion with their environment .

Clear ly, Maya her i tage and agricul ture are l inked to the conservat ion of the Maya forest a t large. The non-profi t organisat ion

Explor ing Solut ions Past : The Maya Forest All iance teamed up with a group of Maya forest gardeners to help preserve and teach Maya plant knowledge and land management solut ions. With the support of Bel ize’s Nat ional Inst i tute of Cul ture and History and in conjunct ion with the Minis t ry of Educat ion they developed the Maya Forest Garden and El Pi lar Coloring Book for the integrated heal th educat ion in pr imary schools throughout Bel ize . The colouring book is designed to connect chi ldren to their forest environment and learn plant uses . They, l ike the forest gardeners , wil l learn to be s tewards of the forest , ensuring the future of Maya cul ture and knowledge, as wel l as the Maya forest .

One of the chal lenges of preserving the important cul tural t radi t ions of the Maya is educat ing the publ ic on the meri ts of their t ime-honoured approach that offers an al ternat ive direct ion for cul t ivat ion and conservat ion. With a focus on the everyday Maya people , The El Pi lar Archaeological Reserve for Maya Flora and Fauna is a l iving classroom where touris ts , locals and researchers a l ike are learning. As a protected area where nat ive forest species can f lourish amidst the monuments , i t provides insight into the ancient Maya landscape.

El Pi lar a lso houses an act ive forest garden, maintained by the El Pi lar Forest Garden Network, an organizat ion of Maya forest gardeners f rom the local community. Their involvement and presence at El Pi lar colours the past with the vivid hues of their gardens and Maya t radi t ions.

View of the Maya Forest from El Pi lar (credi t : Macduf f Everton)

Anabel Ford meet ing with members of the El Pi lar Forest Garden Network in Bel ize (credi t : Lisa Udwin)

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G e t In v o v l ed

W e are involved with archaeological survey and work with GIS, laboratory analyses , park management , community development and

environmental educat ion. We welcome new insights with our volunteers .

Our websi tes detai l our mult i faceted project .

ht tp: / /www.marcucsb.edu http: / /www.espmaya.org

We also have an onl ine appl icat ion at the UCSB websi te .

Cost : $2,500 including room and board Dates: 15 Apri l - 30 June 2009

For more information about the El Pi lar Forest Garden Network go to:ht tp: / /www.mayaforestgardeners .org

I f you are viewing this magazine on SCRIBD, then you wil l not be able to see the video.

You can view i t on ei ther the ful l f l ip page vers ion of the magazine:

www.pasthorizons.com/magazineOR: on our dedicated video websi te :

ht tp: / /www.pasthorizons. tv/ tv/view/275/el-pi lar-mesoamerican-research-center

A short video introduct ion to the El Pi lar project

past horizons 26

Adopt a Monument

Adopt-a-Monument teamed up with the Bressay History Group and The SCAPE Trust to carry out an ambit ious project to relocate and reconstruct and eroding Bronze Age burnt mound on the Is le of Bressay this summer. (Credi t : Tom Dawson/SCAPE)

past horizons27

Archaeology Scotland’s Adopt-a-Monument Scheme has been running since August 2006 (re-launched due to

popular demand after a series of projects in the early 1990s) and is supporting 11 volunteer groups across Scotland. Each project brings its own unique challenges and has been a rollercoaster experience, both for participating groups and for me, as Adopt-a-Monument officer.

The principle idea is simple; the scheme provides a supporting framework for societies who wish to do something active to care for local sites and monuments. There are plenty of communities already doing this all over Scotland, but many more would like to be steered in the right direction to get started.

There are thousands of archaeological sites and monuments across Scotland. Some of these are in the custodianship of Historic Scotland. Over 8000 are protected under the Schedule of Ancient

Monuments and this number is increasing. Other bodies, including the National Trust for Scotland and local authorities, also contribute to the management and interpretation of Scotland’s heritage.

Despite this, many sites across the country remain in need of help. They may be at risk of vandalism, dilapidation and collapse, or are simply vanishing into obscurity under a blanket of vegetation. Furthermore, a wealth of sites are well-managed but lack interpretive information to explain their importance and possible meanings to visitors. Other sites are fabulous and really worth a visit, yet are almost impossible to get to.

There are plenty of energetic and committed people with a desire to conserve and promote these sites, and Adopt-a-Monument offers some of the building blocks that help feasible projects to become established. We facilitate a sort of mutual back-scratching between community group and monuments; the community benefits

Adopt a Monument

What’s it all about?

by helen bradley

continued

Scolpaig Tower, North Uist . Access Archaeology has adopted this Georgian fol ly wi th a v iew to interpret ing and conserving the bui lding. (Copyright James Gent les Remote Camera Ltd.)

Cowal Archaeological Society is managing s i tes along the Ardnadam Heri tage Trai l (an original Adopt-a-Monument project from the early 90s) wi th help from the Bri t ish Trust for Conservat ion Volunteers .

past horizons 28

from new experiences and skills (and, on a good day, has a lot of fun) and the chosen monument gets the help it needs.

Deciding to take on the responsibility for caring for a site can be extremely rewarding, but it can also be difficult and complicated, given the minefield of legislation, permissions and funding that must be negotiated. This is where Adopt-a-Monument steps in. We also advocate a ‘lightness of touch’, helping to ensure that interpretation or access works are unobtrusive and reversible, and that conservation works are sensitively planned and implemented.

Adopt-a-Monument tries not to impose value judgements on the communities we support, and prefers to hear from the public which heritage sites are important to them. Projects range, then, from the modest to the truly monumental, with 11 active ones spread across Scotland from Shetland to Arran and Harris to the Borders.

Projects follow the same basic structure, which we have developed during the last two years and are continuing to improve upon as participating groups give feedback on their experiences.

The first step is to get together with the group and help them to identify what the site needs, whether it is further survey or research, conservation, access or interpretation, perhaps all of these. We then devise a project plan, putting the group in touch with everyone they need to consult including landowners and land managers. We support the identification of, and application to, funders and statutory bodies, as well as helping out with the details of health and safety, insurance and project promotion.

what shape do these projects take?

Rubh ‘An Teampull , Northon, Harris . Harris Archaeology Group is working to consol idate and interpret the ruins of this Mediaeval chapel .

Cromar History Group has adopted these Victorian l ined mineral springs which were swamped with Rhododendron and decades of leaf l i t ter. The original culverts draining the wel ls have been excavated and restored, and a waymarked route es tabl ished from the nearby vi l lage of Logie Coldstone. A new bridge has been put in place and a leaf le t is avai lable to te l l the s tory of the s i te .

Coldingham Priory Community Garden:local school chi ldren have fun learning about metal detect ing and geophysical survey as part of a project to develop and conserve the grounds of this Benedict ine priory (The Friends of Coldingham Priory) .

past horizons29

Kilbride Chapel

ArdnadamHeritage Trail

Lyne Adam and Eve Stone

Coldingham PrioryCommunity Garden

Balgarthno Stone Circle

SE PerthshireStone Circle Trail

Poldhu Wells

Bronze Age Bressay!

Sandwick

ScolpaigTower

Rubh ‘an Teampull Chapel

Local school chi ldren sew a nat ive wildl f lower meadow around this inner ci ty s tone circle in Dundee, adopted by the Friends of Balgarthno Stone Circle . (Credi t : M. Ri tchie)

Save Saint Bride’s Chapel (Arran) has adopted this early Mediaeval chapel . Together with Strathclyde Bui lding Preservat ion Trust and Adopt-a-Monument they hope to conserve and interpret the ruins and adjoining graveyard.

Unst Archaeology group, The SCAPE Trust and Adopt-a-Monument worked to part ial ly reconstruct and interpret this Iron Age s i te on Shet land in the summer of 2007.(Credi t : Tom Dawson)

Lyne Kirkyard Project: Peeblesshire Archaeology Society adopted this rare ‘Adam and Eve’ memorial s tone in 2006. I t was recent ly conserved and returned to i ts original locat ion. An ongoing programme of interpretat ion is being developed to te l l the s tory of the s tone and the kirk .(Credi t : Trevor Cowie)

Map of Scot land detai l ing the Adopt-a-Monument projects discussed in this art ic le .

We hope to expand Adopt-a-Monument over the coming years, helping as many new groups as possible to take part. Local heritage has so much to offer from the perspective of education and life-long learning, tourism, and even promoting a sense of place and community. Lots of our groups are reaping the benefits already and are setting an example to the rest of the world about what community intervention can achieve for heritage protection.

Adopt-a-Monument is sponsored by Historic Scotland. To subscribe to the A-a-M Email Bulletin, contact Helen on:h.bradley@scottisharchaeology.org.uk

SCAPE (Scottish Coastal Archaeology and the Problem of Erosion) is a charity that seeks to research, conserve and promote the archaeology of Scotland’s coast.

http://www.scapetrust.org http://www.shorewatch.co.uk

past horizons 30

The axial paths of the cemetery which contain crumbling obel isks of brick and plasterRight: The joint Scot t ish and Indian survey team at the entrance to the Scot t ish CemeteryAll photographs by Simpson and Brown Archi tects

past horizons31

Two MonsoonsSur vey and analys is of the S cott ish Cemeter y, Kolk ata

by Tom Addyman

In the wake of the Firs t War of Independence (or Indian Mutiny, depending on one’s perspect ive) Calcut ta became the Bri t ish imperial capi ta l , a role i t fulf i l led unt i l i t s replacement by New Delhi in 1912. However the legacy of the Bri t ish Indian past is s t i l l central to the ci ty’s character and there are many unsuspected archi tectural survivals – great palaces , churches, broad boulevards and for t i f icat ions…. and cemeter ies .

In the ear ly days of the Bri t ish Raj ‘ two monsoons’ was the expected l i fe-span of a European in India and such extraordinary levels of mortal i ty are ref lected in the colonial cemeter ies throughout the sub-cont inent . Some of the most fascinat ing are in Calcut ta . The South Park Street cemetery is a wondrous necropol is of oversized monuments under a canopy of t ropical verdure, while the Scot t ish and Dissenters’ Cemetery, only a s tone’s throw away, is l i t t le known - an overgrown and impassable wilderness in the hear t of this teeming metropol is of 12 mil l ion people .

Engulfed by the modern townscape within a poor, densely-packed mixed Musl im and Chris t ian neighbourhood, the Scot t ish Cemetery l ies unfrequented and almost forgot ten, screened behind i ts enclosing wal l . As one enters through the at t ract ive ochre-washed gatehouse the eye is met by a scene of desolat ion – gl impsed through the undergrowth hundreds of monuments in every s tage of decay and col lapse, burst apar t by long-establ ished root systems or s imply swamped by s t rangl ing undergrowth. Only along the pr incipal axial path were some of the more beaut i ful survivals to be seen – crumbling obel isks of br ick and plaster.

Despi te the effor ts of the caretaker, who l ives with his family in the arched gatehouse, the cemetery is derel ic t and overgrown with snake-infested

jungle 20 feet high. The monuments and s tones are vis ibly broken and decayed. The cemetery, which is a rare green space in a densely-populated area of Kolkata , serves no useful purpose for the ci ty, the local populat ion or the relat ives of the

people who are buried there . I t has become a great burden for St Andrew’s Church, upon which the Scot t ish Cemetery - and the church in general - is dependent , and is a mat ter of concern for the ci ty and s ta te authori t ies . Yet i t i s an extraordinary record of the l ives of generat ions of Scots , a par t of Scot land’s her i tage overseas and surely a s i te for which present day Scot land should feel some responsibi l i ty.

C alcutta (now Kolkata) was long the pr incipal c i ty of the Honourable East India Company from which the Bri t ish terr i tor ies in India were ruled. I t became a great t rading centre through which the r iches of the sub-cont inent f lowed – indigo, jute , tea and,

notor iously, opium, the la t ter dest ined for the markets of China. Drawn to this vast , d isease-r idden and al ien land were endless waves of t raders , ar t isans, soldiers , missionaries , colonial adminis t ra tors and adventurers – an unusual proport ion of whom were Scots .

continued

past horizons 32

Under the auspices of the newly-formed Kolkata Scot t ish Heri tage Trust (KSHT), in November 2008 a joint team from Scot land and India

undertook the f i rs t s tage of the project to save the cemetery – a prel iminary f ie ld invest igat ion to assess the extent , condi t ion and his tory of the s i te and i ts monuments , work that wil l underpin the development of a detai led s t ra tegy for their res torat ion.

The s ix-acre cemetery was cleared of undergrowth over a per iod of two weeks. The s i te was s t rangled with vines , the occasional c lump of banana palm and general jungle , amongst which a number of mature f rangipani , banyans and other longer-establ ished t ropical t rees were retained for the canopy they provide.

The s i te invest igat ion involved a team of 10, with members f rom Simpson and Brown, The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Histor ical Monuments of Scot land (RCAHMS), Cont inui ty, and The Highland Counci l . The team undertook an intensive, week-long s i te assessment and recording exercise .

In order to ensure that the monuments in the cemetery were recorded systematical ly and consis tent ly, a s tandardised recording methodology was establ ished pr ior to the f ie ld recording exercise . Drawing upon current pract ices in cemetery recording, this involved the creat ion of s tandardised monument recording sheets , developed specif ical ly for this project f rom a wide range of sources . For each monument a var ie ty of information was recorded, including mater ia ls , condi t ion assessments and a t ranscr ipt of the

november 2008 field investigation

Kenny enjoying a welcome cup of sweet tea

Steve Wallace of the RCAHMS undertaking formal photography of the cemetery archi tecture

past horizons33

inscr ipt ion. A corresponding database was also created in order to s tore and al low interrogat ion of a l l the information col lected from the f ie ld survey of the monuments . With such a l imited t ime in the f ie ld a 20% sample of the cemetery was recorded in detai l , wi th fur ther targeted examinat ion in other areas .

The cemetery was establ ished in the 1820s and from then unt i l c1940 was the pr incipal burying place for generat ions of Calcut ta-based Scots , Bengal i members of the St Andrew’s congregat ion, Welsh and other Non-Conformists . Pr ior his tor ical research involved the examinat ion and t ranscr ipt ion of exis t ing records for the s i te including the Regis ter of Internments , which records the names of the many hundreds of Scots who died far f rom home and are buried there . Well over 90% of the names are recognisably Scots – names l ike Anderson, McGregor, Campbel l and Ross. Most of the others are Bengal i , l ike Banerjea and Mukerjee.

An ear ly 20th century cemetery plan also survives , and from this i t i s apparent that the cemetery has over 1600 burial plots . In most areas these were la id out in regimented rows. However, notable i r regular i ty in their posi t ioning to the NW suggested this might have been the ear ly nucleus of the cemetery.

evolution of the cemetery

continued

Recording and photographing the condi t ion of the gravesunder the watchful eye of the local inhabi tants

past horizons 34

Amongst the vast var ie ty of headstones and monuments i t i s possible to discern a very marked c h r o n o l o g i c a l evolut ion of monument type. Those of the ear l ier 19th century are general ly c lassical ly-inspired, bui l t of br ick and f inished with elaborate moulded detai l in l ime plaster. These contain inscr ipt ion insets of imported l imestone, le t ter ing f inely cut . Mid 19th century monuments are of ten of a buff-coloured, f ine-grained sandstone very s imilar to York s tone and apparent ly a lso imported – these are both of c lass ical inspirat ion and high

Victor ian gothic detai l . From the la ter 19th century onwards white marble was increasingly used, monuments of ten becoming recumbent ra ther than erect . However, throughout the cemetery there are oddi t ies : one monument formed of glazed terracot ta blocks, e laborately enriched with acanthus scrol ls ; a marble tomb carved in Moghul s tyle; high crosses of Aberdeen grani te and many others . Many

monuments bear the names of the monumental sculptors who had carved the inscr ipt ions, names such as Lindeman, Dowling, Shami and Llewelyn & Co. The las t is s t i l l in business in the ci ty.

Some of the names of the monumental sculptors who had carved the inscript ions on the gravestones

A sandstone tomb with high Victorian gothic detai l Inset: A marble tomb carved in Moghul

past horizons35

The most s t r iking and, for many, the most important aspect of the cemetery is the genealogical information i t contains . Inscr ipt ions te l l a weal th of human s tor ies , many of which are pecul iar to the Calcut ta s i tuat ion. There is a lso great poignancy;

so many expired at such a tender age – chi ldren, young wives, young sai lors and company off icers , most vict ims of the pest i lent ia l sub-cont inental c l imate . Recorded graves include those of a Glasgow iron-master named Boyle; the director of the Calcut ta Zoological Gardens; off icers of the Honourable East India Company; Mr James Wheat ley, pol ice constable , ‘who was murdered in the execut ion of his duty’ , 1844; The Rev. John Adam ‘ la te Missionary to the heathen…’, numerous jute workers , a tea planter, an American sai lor, Anglo-Indians and an occasional dissent ing Welshman. The towns, vi l lages and shires of or igin are scrupulously recorded: Duffus , Pais ley, Broughty Ferry, Suther landshire , Inverkei thing, Fife , Campbel town, and many from the Dundee area, the major processing centre for Bengal jute .

The cemetery project has s t imulated considerable interest both in India and in Scot land. In Scot land this has been on many levels f rom government down, and from local his tory archives , family his tory groups and family members hoping to

t race the burial place of their forebears . In one such case i t was possible to re locate a grave for re la t ives who had had no knowledge of i ts whereabouts for over 70 years .

A photograph album held at Dundee archives contains mid 20th century images of 25 individual graves. These were relocated on s i te in 2008 and recorded, the comparison providing a s t r iking measure of the extent of decay and physical damage to the s i te in the intervening years .

The Scot t ish Cemetery seems to have been maintained to the ear ly 1950s. Ear ly photographs of that t ime show the grass beginning to grow up but otherwise the s i te is wel l preserved. In the intervening half-century the s i te was only occasional ly c leared and in la ter years became wholly overgrown. Robbing of mater ia ls f rom graves occurred. Lead inset le t ter ing was systematical ly but very careful ly removed from inscr ipt ions throughout the s i te , a l l cast i ron has now gone and s tone robbing took place in isolated areas . The most severe physical damage to monuments has been caused by invasive root systems, a number of individual s t ructures s imply having ‘exploded’ . The br ick and plaster monuments suffered the worst f rom the effects of general weather ing, many now l i t t le more than crumbling rubble pi les . In the 1980s a number of monumental inscr ipt ions were removed for their own protect ion and relocated at the South Park Street Cemetery.

family history

the cemetery since 1950

continued

there is also great poignancy - so many expired at such a tender age.

Recording gravestone inscript ions

past horizons 36

The pl ight of such European cemeter ies came to the publ ic’s a t tent ion in 1976 with the publ icat ion of Two Monsoons; The Life and Death of Europeans in India by Theon Wilkinson MBE, who went on to found the Bri t ish Associat ion for Cemeter ies (BACSA) in South Asia . Over the las t 30 years BACSA has effect ively spearheaded the conservat ion of this important e lement of cul tural her i tage, working closely with Indian NGOs and local communit ies in the restorat ion and maintenance of cemetery s i tes . For more information see:ht tp: / /www.bacsa.org.uk

Two monsoons

Drawing the monuments

past horizons37

The data gathered in November 2008 wil l enable the product ion of a condi t ion survey and conservat ion plan for the Scot t ish Cemetery. A detai led programme of required works and a business plan for the set t ing up of a t radi t ional craf ts t ra ining faci l i ty wil l fol low.

The project cannot hope to be successful without the support and par tnership of authori t ies and groups in Kolkata and, very important ly, the people of the surrounding neighbourhood. Local contacts are being s t rengthened and community involvement developed. I t i s hoped that the t ra ining in the use of t radi t ional mater ia ls wil l provide career opportuni t ies for local teenagers and increase the ski l l base for those working on the repair of t radi t ional ly-bui l t s t ructures that can be appl ied throughout the ci ty.

I t i s intended that the recording data f rom the 2008 s i te assessment be made publ ic ly avai lable through the Trust’s and the RCAHMS websi tes , with the project archive to be lodged in the Nat ional Monument Record of Scot land in Edinburgh, par t of the RCAHMS.

It is the intent ion that the general recording exercise should be extended to take in the remainder of the cemetery in 2009-10. Detai led recording of individual monuments wil l cont inue as the repair programme progresses , and the general database successively upgraded.

I t is hoped that , over the durat ion of a decade or so, this extraordinar i ly evocat ive s i te can be restored for the benefi t of the local populat ion and for those wishing to explore the fascinat ing legacy of generat ions of Scots who died on Indian soi l .

the future

Drawing the monuments

The Kolkata Scottish Heritage Trust

The KSHT was establ ished in 2008 to commemorate and to bui ld on the his tor ic l inks between Scot land and India , with the set t ing up of the Kolkata Scot t ish Cemetery Project as i ts f i rs t task. This ambit ious conservat ion project has the fol lowing aims:

1. To maintain the Scot t ish Cemetery as a managed green space which can be a ‘ lung’ for the surrounding populat ion.

2 . To research and record the cemetery and thereby improve the understanding of the s i te , i ts his tory and i ts genealogical importance. To make this information readi ly avai lable .

3 . To restore the cemetery bui ldings and as many of the monuments as possible .

4 . To establ ish a centre for t ra ining t radi t ional bui lding ski l ls necessary for the repair and restorat ion of the monuments as wel l as of the t radi t ional bui ldings of Kolkata .

how can you help?

To date , the Kolkata Scot t ish Cemetery Project has been ent i re ly supported by chari table contr ibut ions, and fur ther progressed by the donat ion of professional t ime. The support of individuals and sponsoring bodies must c lear ly cont inue i f the aims of the project are to be successful ly achieved.

I f you wish to help or are interested in being kept informed of future progress please contact The Kolkata Scot t ish Heri tage Trust , c /o Simpson and Brown, St Ninian’s Manse, Quayside Street , Edinburgh EH6 6EJ, United Kingdom. The t rust is a char i ty regis tered in Scot land (Chari ty No. SC0039917).

Some weblinksht tp: / /scot t ishcemeterykolkata .wordpress .com - the blog for the 2008 expedi t ionht tp: / /www.simpsonandbrown.co.uk - Simpson and Brown Archi tects’ websi teht tp: / /www.rcahms.gov.uk - RCAHMS websi te

Tom Addyman is the f ie ld director of the survey team that forms part of the KSHT, conceived by James Simpson at the request of GM Kapur, director of the Calcut ta Chapter of the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heri tage (INTACH). I t i s a joint venture developed with and undertaken on behal f of the KSHT by Simpson and Brown Archi tects of Edinburgh, in partnership with the RCAHMS and Kolkata-based Continui ty Archi tects .

past horizons 38

Annie EvansThe Dig Cook

Recipes for Archaeologists

W hile dinner is the highl ight of the cul inary day, no cook worth his

or her sal t can afford to t reat lunch as mere rout ine. When the team comes in , hot and hungry from the f ie ld , there had bet ter be something on the table that pleases their palates and keeps them going through the af ternoon.

Get t ing lunch r ight requires careful judgment and a f ine balance. Too heavy and hear ty a meal runs the r isk of making everyone drowsy when there’s s t i l l p lenty of work to be done.

I a im to make lunch dishes interest ing but avoid put t ing out a meal that requires a lot of energy to digest . There’s a lways plenty of food on the table but none of i t i s dense with substance – i f you get what I mean. A great big, ful l -of-everything salad with a tas ty dressing is the centrepiece.

This is made up of whatever greens are avai lable local ly, plus f inely-shredded cabbage, herbs such as mint , pars ley, cor iander, celery, shal lots , red salad onions, l ight ly s teamed beans, fe t ta , ol ives , oregano (preferably fresh, but dr ied wil l do) , bean sprouts , cucumber, red or green capsicum (peppers) and

tomatoes. This is dressed with ei ther a good vinaigret te or qui te s imply with ol ive oi l and red wine vinegar with a l i t t le sal t and pepper.

I make, not buy, a var ie ty of dips such as hummus, tzatziki , taramasalata , and perhaps eggplant , beetroot , capsicum and gar l ic dips served with lots of f resh, crusty local bread. There are things that a dig cook with a large team to feed s imply doesn’t have t ime to f iddle with but i f you are for tunate enough to have a food processor on hand making dips is easy and very rewarding.

Dishes I serve for lunch include pickled beetroot , potato salad, chickpea salad, r ice and tuna salad and of ten an egg and bacon pie (quiche) or f r i t ta ta . Savoury bread and but ter pudding is a lso a favouri te with my teams as wel l as zucchini pie and many var ia t ions on the old rel iable quiche.

Fr i t ta ta can be made with baked pumpkin, zucchini , potato and maybe lef tover meat or chicken from the previous night’s dinner.

Pasta is a lso a great s tandby for lunch, e i ther cold in a salad or hot in past i ts io or carbonara.

I usual ly make al l of these dishes in large pans so that they can be cut into s l ices . I prefer to cut these myself , as that way I can regulate port ions and ensure that everyone gets their share . In addi t ion to a l l of the above, there is a lways a vegetar ian opt ion.

The table is completed with large plat ters of seasonal local f rui t and pi tchers of cold water for hard-earned thirs ts .

The meal is s imple but there’s enough var ie ty on the table a t luncht ime to ensure that everyone goes away happi ly with s tomachs that are ful l but not overloaded.

The Dig Cook’s websitehttp://www.digcook.com

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bacon and egg pieFor s ix

75g (3 oz) but ter2 tablespoons ol ive oi l2 brown onions, f inely chopped150g (5 oz) bacon, r ind removed and f inely diced2 teaspoons chopped oregano or 1 teaspoon of dr ied2 teaspoons of chopped chivesHalf a teaspoon ground nutmeg6 eggs300ml (half pint) cream250g (8 oz) grated tas ty cheddarsal t and pepper

MethodMelt but ter and oi l in a f rying pan and sauté bacon unt i l cooked but s t i l l sof t . Transfer bacon to a bowl. Add chopped onions to the pan and cook gent ly unt i l t ransparent .

In a large bowl beat the eggs unt i l f luffy and s t i r in cream, herbs , nutmeg, sal t and pepper to tas te .

Brush base of pastry with beaten egg, and arrange bacon and onion over i t . Careful ly pour cream mixture unt i l the dish is ful l . Sprinkle with grated cheese and bake at 180 degrees Cent igrade (350 degrees Fahrenhei t ) for 20 minutes . Then turn down oven to 160 degrees (300 degrees Fahrenhei t ) for a fur ther 30 minutes or unt i l top is golden and the centre of the pie is sof t ly set .

Serve warm from the oven.

Remove paper and beans, increase temperature to 180 degrees Cent igrade (350 degrees Fahrenhei t ) and bake for 10 more minutes . Remove from the oven, set as ide and make f i l l ing.

250g (8 oz) plain f lour125g (4 oz) but ter cut into cubes and chi l led2 egg yolkspinch of sal tsmall quant i ty of iced water1 beaten egg for glazing

MethodRub but ter through f lour unt i l i t resembles f ine breadcrumbs or put in a food processor and pulse to combine. Add egg yolk and pulse then add one tablespoon of iced water unt i l mixture c lumps together. Add a l i t t le more water i f too dry. Form into a bal l , wrap in plast ic wrap and refr igerate for 30 minutes .

Rol l prepared pastry to f i t a 22cm f lan t in , making sure i t goes up the s ides to form a wel l for the f i l l ing. Line with baking paper and add a weight such as dr ied beans. Bake for 15-20 minutes a t 160 degrees Cent igrade (300 degrees Fahrenhei t )

pastry

filling

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Pro f ile

Your first archaeological experience?Digging on the spoilheaps of the old man’s excavation at Chalton, Hampshire, age 2 (1969, see above). My first find, a fossilised sea-urchin - much more fun to lick than a small sherd of Anglo-Saxon pot.

Top three essential items for travelling?Trowel, pith helmet, Imodium (a machete - not so good for travelling these days, but incredibly useful once you’re there…).

What is the worst job you’ve done?Each for a variety of reasons…. On the Canadian border, using blow-torches within a bubble tent to soften the frozen soil before trowelling.

Faneuil Hall, Boston, in mid winter, wet-sieving at about -10 degrees centigrade with finds and gloves freezing to the sieve. Memorably miserable.

A site in Belize which suffered theft of equipment, archives and looting.

Have you ever volunteered on an excavation and, if so, where?Yes, accidentally at a crannog site on Rousay, Orkney, on a biking trip. Copán, Honduras, for a short while helping to piece sculpted monuments back together. Cahal Pech, Belize, to dig a lordly tomb.

Do you have any heroes or heroines?The early antiquarians.

What do you prefer – survey or excavation?Both enjoyable and challenging in their own ways, though much depends on the quality of site catering.

What book are you reading right now?Against a Dark Background by Iain M. Banks.

Have you had any near-death experiences?One or two. Nearly falling from a mountain side in the Faroe Islands; surveying mine-fields in Abkhazia (in retrospect, not necessarily advisable); the odd snake encounter... Until meeting one, I’d never heard of a jumping tommygoff…

What country do you enjoy visiting and why?Belize and Guatemala, particularly the rainforests, a wholly different world where self-reliance is a necessity.

What gets you out of bed in the morning?My beautiful wife; a big stick; bouncing children.

What historical character would you have liked to meet?Master James of Saint-Georges, purveyor of fine 13th century castles.

What is your current obsession?Getting archaeologists and architects to talk to one another without the aid of sharpened implements.

Eighteenth-century pottery.

What is you best work achievement so far?Raising four children on an archaeologist’s lack of salary.

The work of disentangling historic buildings for The National Trust for Scotland.

What new skill would you like to learn?Watercolour painting.

If you weren’t an archaeologist what would you do instead?A bad novelist.

T om Addyman l ives in Argyl l , Scot land, and is a par tner a t Simpson

and Brown Archi tects , Edinburgh, where he is in charge of their archaeological divis ion, Addyman Archaeology. Tom special ises in the archaeology and analysis of s tanding bui ldings both in Scot land and fur ther af ie ld , and spends much of his t ime advis ing on the understanding, conservat ion and presentat ion of bui ldings and archaeological s i tes .

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Learn about Archaeology at

Advertising Feature

We offer a number of courses within the following awards:

MA Archaeology – 2 years Part time Certificate HE Archaeology Certificate HE The Archaeology of Britain Certificate HE Egyptology Certificate HE Ancient Near Eastern and Aegean Studies Certificate HE Archaeologicall Practices & Techniques

www.birkbeck.ac.uk/ce/archaeology where you can enrol directly online by completing the online form beside each module description or by calling central enrolment on 020 7631 6651.

Archaeology & Egyptology Courses Part Time, Evening and Weekly Courses

Archaeology modules include:

We are also offering the following new modules:

1 day conferences (study days)

MA Archaeology

From Babylon to Amarna: Ancient Middle Eastern Interaction in the Days of Akhenaten (1 day conference)Gods of Ancient EgyptNew Research in Egyptian ArchaeologyThe Beginning of the Egyptian State

For a copy of the new 2008/2009 prospectus please telephone 020 7631 6627 or 0845 601 0174 or go to:

The MA Archaeology is designed to teach the methods and practice of contemporary archaeology. It is suitable for both volunteer and professional archaeologists. Our MA in Archaeology has been designed to fit around the lives of working people. Core course and options modules take place over the weekend and in one week slots. The MA course runs from October to July and is undertaken over two years on a part-time basis. Interviews for the MA in Archaeology are between July and September.

For more information please go to: http://www.bbk.ac.uk/ce/archaeology/ma_archaeology.html T: 020 7631 6627 E: archaeology@FLL.bbk.ac.uk

Archaeology, Codices and Ethnohistory of Sixteenth-Century MexicoThe Ancient Near East in the Second Millennium BC: The Rise of Nationalism and International RelationsDiscovering Mesopotamima: History of Ancient Middle Eastern StudiesHistorical Developments in Ancient EgyptIntroduction to Akkadian Advanced Akkadian

At Birkbeck we offer a wide range of courses on all aspects of Archaeology & Egyptology, taught by people who are as passionate about the past as they are about sharing their

expert knowledge with you.

Society and Culture in the Roman Empire Birth of a Nation: The Archaeology of England c.400-1540 Human Evolution Discovering Archaeology: Studying the Past Bioarchaeology – The Archaeology of Human Bones Landscape Archaeology Prehistoric Britain: New Ideas Thoughts & Theories Art and Archaeology I: Prehistoric Art After the Excavation: Archaeology from Processing to Publication The Study of Artefacts Kings over Everything: The Archaeology of Britain within the Roman Empire London Bodies: An Introduction to the Study of Human Skeleton Remains

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In te r e s ted i n textilesCourses

Fibre Identif icat ion Workshop - West Dean College, UKTrains par t ic ipants in the examinat ion of the most important natural and synthet ic f ibres found in text i les . While the emphasis is on pract ical work, essent ia l theory wil l a lso be given. Examinat ion methods presented include the use of the human senses as wel l as the use of the microscope and s ta in tes ts . Dates: 29 June - 2 July 2009, Cost : f rom £345http: / /www.westdean.org.uk/s i te /conservat ion/profdev/pcip/pc_0905.htm

Archaeological Texti les Studies in Peru - California Inst i tute for Peruvian StudiesCourse includes hands-on experience in the analysis , wri t ten documentat ion and museum conservat ion of archaeological text i le specimens. Students learn to analyse text i le specimens, document their features and make a sampler of the ancient weaves they have analysed. Dates: 7 - 27 July 2009, Cost : $940 for 1 weekhttp: / /www.archaeological .org/webinfo.php?page=10037&entrynumber=2282

Seminar

Texti le Terminology in the 3rd and 2nd mil lennia BC - Copenhagen, DenmarkIn the wri t ten records of the Mediterranean area in the 3rd and 2nd mil lennia BC there are references to a complex terminology of text i les , tools , techniques and decorat ion. However, the precise meaning is of ten hard to interpret . The seminar a ims at invest igat ing this text i le terminology.Dates: 5 - 8 March 2009http: / /c t r.hum.ku.dk/upload/appl icat ion/pdf/f51d6748/web%20si te%20text .pdf

Publication

Archaeological Texti les Newsletter (ATN)A twice-year ly publ icat ion for text i les , which have been found in archaeological contexts , dat ing from the Prehis tor ic to the Modern Age. Geographical ly, ATN concerns i tself mainly with the Old World text i les f rom Western Europe to Japan. Current ly i t publ ishes a unique combinat ion of featured scient i f ic ar t ic les and reports , notes , queries , reviews, resources as wel l as conference and event announcements . Subscr ipt ion fee: €20 ht tp: / /www.atnfr iends.com/index.htm

Societies

The Medieval Dress and Texti le Society - UKFounded in 1991 with the aim of providing a forum for a l l those curious about European clothing and text i les secular or sacred, f rom the end of the Roman Empire in western Europe unt i l 1600AD. The Society’s members are f r iendly and informal , newcomers are a lways welcome and s tudents are posi t ively encouraged. Annual subscr ipt ion: £10http: / /www.medats .org.uk/ index.php

The Texti le Society of AmericaProvides an internat ional forum for the exchange and disseminat ion of information about text i les worldwide, f rom ar t is t ic , cul tural , economic, his tor ic , pol i t ical , social and technical perspect ives . Membership cost : $65 North America and $75 rest of the world.ht tp: / / text i lesociety.org

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D i g In A selection of archaeological projects around the world

BELIZE – MAYA RESEARCH PROGRAMThe project is in i ts 18th year of invest igat ing the ancient Maya ci ty of Blue Creek. There are two week sessions for s tudents and volunteers in May and June 2009.Cost : $1500 ($1200 for s tudents)ht tp: / /www.mayaresearchprogram.org/ index.html

BOLIVIA - LAKE TITICACA TEMPLE PROJECTHelp excavate an ear ly Tiwanaku temple threatened by r is ing water levels and road construct ion. Students and volunteers welcomed between June and August 2009.Cost : €2400 for 28 days or €75 per day for informal volunteersht tp: / /www.heri tageaid.com/index.htm

CYPRUS - THE KALAVASOS PREHISTORIC PROJECTThe s i te of Kalavasos-Kokkinoyia dates to the la te Neol i thic . With i ts pi ts , subterranean chambers and connect ing tunnels , i ts purpose s t i l l remains a mystery.Cost : £700. Dates: 6 Apri l - 2 May 2009ht tp: / /www.uea.ac.uk/ar t / research/kalavasos

SOUTH AFRICA - HIGH ALTITUDE OCCUPATIONAL SETTLEMENT SURVEY Documenting al l the his tor ic and prehis tor ic features resul t ing from human act ivi t ies a long the high al t i tude regions of the western Soutpansberg for future research.Cost : R2400 (approx $320 dol lars) per calendar monthht tp: / /www.lajuma.com/ResearchIndexPage.htm

UKRAINE - ARTEZIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONExcavate the ruins of the Bospor Kingdom town of Artezian in the Crimean Peninsula . I t la ter became a Greek outpost and has produced many interest ing f inds from that era .Cost : €40 per day. Dates: 15 June - 1 September 2009Email : sboriskin15@yandex.ru (no websi te)

ENGLAND - WHITEHILL ROMAN VILLA AND LANDSCAPEVolunteers are involved in the excavat ion of a Romano-Bri t ish vi l la concentrat ing on s t ructural e lements of an estate bath house. No experience necessary.Cost : Free (donat ions welcome). Dates: 15 June - 10 July 2009ht tp: / /www.whitehal lvi l la .co.uk/ index.html

UNITED STATES - ALLENDALE PALEOAMERICAN EXPEDITION Volunteers can regis ter for a week or more and help excavate one of North America’s most ancient archaeological s i tes associated with several prehis tor ic cher t quarr ies .Cost : $466 per week. Dates: 4 May - 6 June 2009ht tp: / /www.al lendale-expedi t ion.net

GREECE - THE HELIKE PROJECTAncient Hel ike is on the southwest shore of the Gulf of Corinth where many Hel lenis t ic bui ldings, an Early Hel ladic set t lement and a Late Classical cemetery have been found.Cost : €550 per week (minimum stay two weeks) . Dates: 29 June - 7 August 2009ht tp: / /www.gaiaocean.geology.upatras .gr / labs/ tektoniki /erevna/hel ike_2006/ index.htm

ISRAEL - JAFFA EXCAVATIONSExcavat ions wil l cont inue within a large Hel lenis t ic housing complex and also seeks to ident i fy layers associated with an Egypt ian for t ress of the Late Bronze Age.Cost : $500. Dates: 28 June - 7 August 2009ht tp: / /www.ant iqui t ies .org. i l / jaffa

More projects can be found at http: / /www.pasthorizons.com/worldprojects

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T owards the end of 2008 commercial archaeology around the world s tar ted to feel the squeeze. As a commercial archaeologis t myself , I have looked on in shock as f ie ld archaeologis ts are being made redundant on an unprecedented scale . The downturn in

the world economy has seen housing and infrastructure developments s low to a near s tandst i l l . Commercial archaeology is inextr icably l inked to this kind of development and has become viewed by developers as a contaminat ion to be removed as quickly and cheaply as possible , and has done nothing to promote the posi t ive benefi ts that archaeology can br ing.

This negat ive view of archaeology has had a knock-on effect within the archaeological community i tself and has produced companies whose business i t i s to help remove the contaminat ion. This is not the archaeology that most of us want to be involved in and indeed by i ts very nature has seen the publ ic excluded from part ic ipat ion. The reasons for this lack of involvement are due to pressures f rom developers themselves: ‘heal th and safety’ , ‘c l ient confident ia l i ty’ , ‘ inappropriate’ , ‘only under control led condi t ions’ , these are the explanat ions that are commonly given to just i fy exclusion of the very people whose support is badly needed to give archaeology an added value to society.

So, with so many out-of-work archaeologis ts and a publ ic who obviously want to be involved, how do we br ing about a change? How do we give archaeology a value? The answer has to l ie in archaeology as a tool for educat ion. For example, a pi lot project is being rol led out by Archaeology Scot land in the county of Midlothian for t ra ining in schools . This is in i ts infancy but a l ready thoughts and discussions are leading to cal ls for expanding this to day schools for both chi ldren and adul ts , and for creat ing a ser ies of f ie ld schools around the country for people who want to learn the theory then put i t in to pract ice . This presents exci t ing possibi l i t ies for the future which could see archaeology brought back into the publ ic domain and give professional archaeologis ts , s ick of the cynicism that prevai ls in the commercial world, a chance to use their ski l ls for the good of society.

Of course, commercial archaeology is never going to go away and i t would be fool ish to assume that the publ ic can be involved to any great extent in this area. Things did seem to be different when I was working on commercial developments in York in the 1980s, though. I t was common pract ice then to a l low publ ic access , put on a display and construct a gantry for the publ ic to view the excavat ion with someone taking the t ime to explain what was happening. Maybe archaeologis ts have to take some of the blame for this recent a t t i tude being al lowed to develop where the prof i t motif has taken over. However, the external pressures have been immense, to do the job as quickly and as cheaply as possible , and not le t the archaeology get in the way. I t i s no surpr ise , then, that the publ ic e lement has been squeezed. However, there have been recent notable except ions to this with commercial companies such as L-P Archaeology creat ing a publ ic e lement to their Prescot t Street excavat ion, and Headland Archaeology holding master c lasses as par t of the M74 road project . This shows that i t i s s t i l l possible to do but i t takes a desire and a wil l .

So, what might the future hold for archaeology as we s tar t 2009? I for one am exci ted about the possibi l i t ies . Harsh as i t may seem, the world economic problems have al lowed us to take s tock, do some soul-searching and come up with some potent ia l solut ions. We have t ransferable ski l ls which can benefi t many people and for this reason we should be able to present archaeology in a way that exci tes and educates , and this , I am sure you wil l agree, can only have a posi t ive outcome.

V i e w p o i n t

David Connolly

crisis, what crisis?

David Connolly is director of Brit ish Archaeological Jobs and Resources (BAJR)www.bajr.org

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The professor ’s calculat ions were obviously wrong

Quotes for archaeologists Taken from the BAJR si te hut

While working on a large s i te in London and becoming increasingly hacked off as the months went by, i t seemed that I was being asked to dig more than my fair share of the large features . While others were working in groups, digging ankle deep gul l ies , I was digging quarry pi ts , a lone!

One of the books I was reading at the t ime during the lunch breaks provided a quote that s t i l l s tands out and sums up my memories of that s i te .

“The reward for toi l had been more toi l . I f you dug the best di tches , they gave you a bigger shovel” .(Terry Pratchet t ’s Carpe Jugulum) Aust in Ainsworth

I saw this a t the s tar t of the sci-f i show Andromeda…

“Those who do not learn from the mistakes of his tory are doomed to repeat them.. . .and those who don’t learn their his tory, wel l they are just doomed”.

Seems to sum up the nature of our profession.

Dirty Dave Lincoln

From The Good, The Bad and The Ugly:

“There are two kinds of people in this world, my fr iend; those with loaded guns and those that dig. You dig”.

Always seemed to me to sum up the relat ionship between archaeologis ts and developers .

Curator Kid

Fun Page... archaeology can be fun...honest

“What you cal l hel l , he cal ls home”.

Colonel Trautmann in First Blood’ , commenting on the fact that Rambo is a bi t of a masochis t and loves fut i le watching br iefs in the p*ssing rain and s leet on the Scot t ish Borders .

Bier Kel ler

A couple of Bibl ical quotes to s tar t with:

“Remove not the ancient landmark which your fa thers have set” . (Proverbs 22:28)

“He who digs a pi t wil l fa l l in to i t” .(Ecclesiastes 10:8, showing that even the Bible acknowledges Sod’s Law)

John Walford

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