past, present and future phosphorus use and management in europe

Past, present and future phosphorus use and management in Europe

Kimo van Dijk

Wageningen University / European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

[email protected] / [email protected]

Interdisciplinary Workshop Sustainable Phosphorus Management for Future Food Security, CAS-LMU, Munich, Germany, 10 June 2016

mailto:[email protected]


Overview

Historical phosphorus (P) use Present P flows and balances in the EU-27 Options for sustainable P use

Future P use scenarios

Sustainable P use implementation (ESPP)

● Research: Data on Nutrients to Support Stewardship

● Policy: revision of legislation

● Companies: success stories

The biosphere and life

The biosphere involves different other spheres Life is part of the

ecosphere Processes in all

spheres are necessary for life Nutrient cycles go

accross all spheres, dependending on the type of nutrient

Phosphorus (P) cycle

Phosphorus challenges

Source: Cordell, D., J. O. Drangert, et al. (2009). "The story of phosphorus:

Global food security and food for thought." Global Environmental Change-

Human and Policy Dimensions 19(2): 292-305.

Non-renewable at human time scale

Spatially concentrated: geopolitical dependency and tension

Relatively low price, but price volatility (2008 case)

Lower P-rock quality:

● Decreasing P content

● Increasing impurities (e.g. cadmium, uranium)

Pollution and eutrophication

Changing perspective of P challenge

Research and societal attention on P has moved to new issues in the recent years: ● ⇒ P as a nutrient (P availability in soils,

fertiliser recommendation systems…)

● ⇒ P as a pollutant (P losses, water eutrophication…)

● ⇒ P as a non renewable resource (P

recovery, sustainable use…)

Geological versus anthropogenic cycles

RESOURCE RESERVES

SINKS

Society

Crops

Animals

Industry & retail

Consumers

Non-food

Losses Inputs [90% fertilizer, and other mineral P use]

Geological cycle

Direct IMPACTS

Anthropogenic cycle

Global fertilizer P consumption 1961-2010

Source: United Nations Food and Agriculture

Organization, FAOSTAT data 2010

Changes in EU-27 P inputs 1961-2009

Van Dijk et al. 2016, Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States

EU-27 annual soil P balances 1961-2009

Western Europe (EU-15) Eastern Europe (EU-12)

Van Dijk et al., in preparation, Modelling crop yield responses to drastic

decreases in phosphorus fertilization in EU-27

Present P flows and balances in the EU-27

Phosphorus use in the EU-27 in 2005

Detergent, wood, paper & fibres

Crops, fish, food products & mineral additives

Animal feed, mineral additives & live animals

Mineral fertiliser, seeds & pesticides

Solid & liquid organic waste

Organic waste

Wood, paper & fibres

Slaughter residues, solid & liquid waste

Crops & food products

Manure losses

Live animals

Leaching & runoff

Seeding materials

Input 2392

Output 1468

Flows & stocks in Gg = Mkg = kton P per year

Van Dijk et al. 2016

Import, export and losses per sector

Van Dijk et al. (2016) 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Gross import Gross export Net trade Losses Accumulation

Phos

phor

us q

uant

ity [G

g P/

year

]

Absolute quantity [Gg P/year]

Relative fraction of total system import, export & losses [%]

Primary P import

Import Export Losses Import Export Losses Gg P/year % of total system primary import

% of total sector import

CP 1399 4 84 58 1 7 1391 78 99

AP 440 21 62 18 9 5 250 14 57

FP 338 216 339 14 86 28 27 2 8

NF 215 11 77 9 4 6 110 6 51

HC - - 655 - - 54 - - -

Total 2392 251 1217 100 100 100 1777 100


Main sources of P-rock in the EU [Mt/yr]

30 years remaining for Finland at current rate of extraction, which is only 10 % of EU demand

de Ridder, M., S. de Jong, et al. (2012). Risks and Opportunities in the Global

Phosphate Rock Market: Robust Strategies in Times of Uncertainty. The Hague, The

Hague Centre for Strategic Studies (HCSS).

EU-27 P use efficiency per sector in 2005


CP AP FP NF HC

PUE-1 Output flows minus losses 70 97 80 76 21

PUE-2 Upward output flows plus export

70 24 52 76 -

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡∗ 100

Fertilizer P consumption in EU-27 in 2010

FAOSTAT data 2010

Animal feed P origin in EU-27 in 2005

Source: Miterra-Europe model, CAPRI & FAOSTAT data 2003-2005

Agricultural P balances per country for 2005 & period 1905-2005

Van Dijk et al., in preparation Van Dijk et al. 2016

128 Mtons P accumulated in agricultural soils between 1905 -2005

Agronomic P balances in the EU

Annual regional agricultural P balances [kg P/ha] for EU-15 in 2000

Estimated cumulative P balances [kg P/ha] of EU countries during 1991–2005

Source: Csathó & Radimszky 2012

Source: Grizzetti & Aloe, 2007

Soil P status in EU countries

Virtual phosphorus import to EU

Virtual P inflow from the different source countries 2009 in Tg P/yr.

Virtual P inflow to the EU27 in 1995 and 2009 according to the imported commodities.

Nesme et al. 2016. The surprisingly small but increasing role of international agricultural trade on the European Union’s dependence on mineral phosphorus fertiliser. Environmental Research Letters

Per capita P supply per country in 2005


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

Dom

estic

food

P su

pply

[kg/

ca/y

ear]

AnimalPlant

Domestic food P supply in EU-27 in 2005

Domestic food P supply necessary to fullfill human dietary P intake requirements at consumption level

Van Dijk et al., in preparation

Minimum P intake requirement

Mean EU P intake

Maximum P intake level

EU-27 consumption sector P losses in 2005

Van Dijk et al. (2016)

41%

12%

6%

26%

14%

Reuse of organic waste in EU-27 in 2005

Based on Barth et al. 2008

Sludge destinations in EU-27 in 2010

Source: P-Rex, FP7 project, www.p-rex.eu; based on Eurostat 2010, Milieu Ltd 2010 & Destatis 2011

http://www.p-rex.eu/

P concentrations in rivers and lakes in EU regions, period 1990 - 2005

Source: European Environment Agency, 2007

Options for sustainable P use

Current ‘linear’ use: primary P input

Source: Fertilizers Europe, 2012, adapted from Environmental Aspects of Phosphate and Potash Mining, UNEP & IFA, 2001.

Rehabilitation

Beneficiation

Exploration

Application Plant Uptake

Food-Feed-Fuel Consumption

Harvest

Waste & Losses Recycling

Mineral P

Waste & Losses Recycling

Mining Processing Distribution

Closing the cycle at the level of: Farm City Region Country Continent World

Sewerage

Food processing and Catering waste

Household waste

Erosion Run-off

Transition towards sustainable P use

•remove non-essential P inputs (e.g. detergents) •match P requirements more closely (precision agriculture)

•utilise legacy P stores Realign P inputs

•optimise input management •minimise runoff and erosion •strategic retention zones

Reduce P losses to water

•avoid wastage •improve utilization efficiency •adopt integrated production systems

Recycle P in bioresources

•recover P in societies' wastes •produce fertilizer substitutes

Recover P in wastes

•influence dietary choice •define end-user P requirements •re-connect crop and animal production systems

Redefine P in the food chain

Withers, Van Dijk, et al. (2015): Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: the case of Europe

P recycling potential in EU-27

[Gg P/year] Total Recycled Potential

Sewage sludge 297 115 182

Biodegradable solid waste 130 38 92

Meat & bone meal 128 6 122

Total (minimum) 427 153 274

Total (maximum) 555 160 396

Mineral fertiliser use 1448 Manure use 1763


P2O5 contents [%] common ‘wastes’

[% P2O5] Fresh matter

Dry matter Ash

Mean Mean Mean Meat & bone meal 9.5 9.7 33.1 Pig manure 0.4 5.0 18.8 Bio (kitchen) waste 0.4 0.6 17.1 Sewage sludge 6.5 6.9 15.7 Chicken manure 1.9 2.7 15.3 Green (garden) waste 0.2 0.3 9.7 Iron slag 5.6 Bark 0.10 0.11 3.0 Wood 0.05 0.07 2.6 Coal 0.1 0.1 0.5

Dutch P fertiliser price developement

Source: Reijneveld, J. A. (2013). Unravelling changes in soil fertility of agricultural land in The Netherlands, Wageningen UR, Wageningen.

R/P ratio for P, K & micronutrients

Source: de Haes et al. 2012. Schaarste van micronutriënten in bodem, voedsel en minerale voorraden:

Urgentie en opties voor beleid. Utrecht, Netherlands, Platform Landbouw, Innovatie & Samenleving.

AND Chardon & Oenema, 2013. Verkenning mogelijke schaarste aan micronutriënten in het

voedselsysteem, Wageningen: Alterra Wageningen UR.

A simplistic way of expressing resource scarcity R/P ratio = reserve / production

Future phosphorus use scenarios

Dynamic food system P model

Dynamic crop P uptake

Dynamic crop P uptake Mitscherlich yield response curve: Puptake= [a – b * exp (-c* Papplication)] * d

Van Dijk et al., in preparation, Modelling crop yield responses to

drastic decreases in phosphorus fertilization in EU-27

EU-27 P fertilization reduction scenarios

Van Dijk et al., in

preparation),

Modelling crop yield

responses to drastic

decreases in

phosphorus

fertilization in EU-27

2116

2170

Fertilisation scenarios of 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 and 0 % of original P application in baseyear 2005

EU-27 P fertilization reduction scenarios

Fertilisation scenarios of 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 and 0 % of original P application in baseyear 2005

Van Dijk et al. (in

preparation).

Modelling crop yield

responses to drastic

decreases in

phosphorus

fertilization in EU-27

EU-27 P fertilisation reduction scenarios

Van Dijk et al., in preperation

Agricultural P management scenarios Van

Dijk

et

al.,

in p

repe

ration

Objectives & research questions

To develop a dynamic model for the analysis of the effects of changes in drivers and nutrient management strategies on P dynamics in the food chain.

What would be the P dynamics & food production in EU-

27 in case of a stop of P import via ● Q1: mineral fertilizers? ● Q2: mineral fertilizers and animal feed?

Q3: What are effects of best management practices (BMPs) on food production and P use efficiency?


Food system P scenarios

The scenarios are: ● BAU: present (~2005), Business as Usual ● S1: no P import via fertilizer ● S2: no P import via fertilizer + compound feed ● S3: as S2 + BMPs

The best management practices (BMPs) are 90 % less: ● biowaste + waste water P losses (HC) ● forestry sector losses (NF) ● slaughter waste losses (FP) ● stable manure losses (AP)

No changes in other drivers and factors, such as population, agricultural area, crop types etc.

= 65% less system P losses = 65% more recycling

= 60% system P input reduction

= - 80%


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

2005

2030

2055

2080

2105

2130

2155

2180

2205

2230

2255

2280

Aver

age

crop

P u

ptak

e [k

g P/

ha/y

ear]

BAU

SI

S2

S3

Per ha EU-27 crop P uptake per scenario for 2005-2300

50 %

25 %


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

2005

2030

2055

2080

2105

2130

2155

2180

2205

2230

2255

2280

Aver

age

soil

P st

ock

[kg

P/ha

]

BAUSIS2S3

Per ha EU-27 soil P stock per scenario for 2005-2300


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Fran

ce

Lith

uani

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Irela

nd

Ger

man

y

Swed

en

Uni

ted

King

dom

Belg

ium

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Italy

Bulg

aria

Mal

ta

Denm

ark

Gre

ece

Esto

nia

Spai

n

Rom

ania

Net

herla

nds

Port

ugal

Finl

and

Slov

akia

Pola

nd

Aust

ria

Latv

ia

Hung

ary

Cypr

us

Slov

enia

BAU

S1

S2

S3

Per capita food P supply per Member State per scenario in 2050


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

2005

2030

2055

2080

2105

2130

2155

2180

2205

2230

2255

2280

Aver

age

food

P su

pply

[kg

P/ca

/yea

r]

BAU

SI

S2

S3

Changes in per capita food P supply in EU-27 per scenario for 2005-2300

Van Dijk et al. (in preparation)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

2005

2030

2055

2080

2105

2130

2155

2180

2205

2230

2255

2280

Aver

age

dry

mat

ter y

ield

[kg

P/ha

/yea

r]

BAUSIS2S3

Changes in dry matter crop yield in EU-27 per scenario for 2005-2300

50 %

33 %


Sustainable P use implementation (ESPP)

WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°52 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP) [email protected]

www.phosphorusplatform.eu @phosphorusfacts

http://www.phosphorusplatform.eu



http://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/

https://twitter.com/phosphorusfacts

http://phosphorusplatform.eu/scope-in-print/scope-in-press


DONUTSS Data on Nutrients to Support Stewardship - workshop Ghent 3 (science) – 4 (stakeholder) Sept - EU COMM DG GROW support identify data needs to support decision making for industry, regulators define how and who to monitor, collate, data

www.phosphorusplatform.eu/DONUTSS



http://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/DONUTSS

Data quality & monitoring challenges

Data quality: trade > production > consumption > recycling

Unclear definitions & not enough detail in data

Eurostat data is incomplete and inconsistent

Data gaps for waste flows & (new) recycling flows

Literature data mostly not recent and only specific base years

Trade databases not available for all products/materials

Data gaps requires data filling procedures & flow balancing

Industry data not publically available, sometimes commercially, but no peer reviewed

Uncertainties for most data unknown

Nutrient concentrations not monitored spatially & temporarily

From quantity to quality, from theory to practise


EU Raw Materials policy • 2014: phosphate rock added to

EU Critical Raw Materials list Implications for other EU policies

1. Policy developments … at the EU level, nationally, regionally




Phosphorus in European policies • Fertiliser Regulation (access to market for recycled P)

• ESPP proposed criteria for struvite, ashes and biochar: www.phosphorusplatform.eu/regulatory

• Nitrates Directive (“processed manure”) • REACH (chemical regulation): recycled P, digestates • Agriculture: CAP / RD, nutrient farm best practices,

EIP-AGRI (dissemination, research implementation)



http://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/regulatory


Phosphorus in European policies • Water Framework Directive: driving P-removal in

sewage works, manure management • Groundwater Directive: P added to monitoring list 2014 • Organic Farming Regulation • European Food Safety Authority 2015

opinion on dietary reference values for phosphorus • BioRefineries initiative • Circular Economy: Consultation open to 20/8/15

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/consultations/closing_the_loop_en.htm



http://ec.europa.eu/environment/consultations/closing_the_loop_en.htm


National policy initiatives on phosphorus • Switzerland: waste ordonnance, proposal to make

obligatory P-recovery from sewage sludge and animal waste ash (or separate storage pending recovery)

• Sweden: proposal to oblige 40% recycling of P & 10% of N (including via agricultural valorisation of sewage biosolids)

• Germany: political commitment to make P-recovery obligatory in sewage works

• Netherlands: struvite allowed to the market, in regulation




European Commission Investment Fund • European Commission / European Investment Bank • “Phosphorus recycling Investment Fund” • EU loan funding to stimulate bank support • Call for ‘bankable’ project proposals currently open first project funded 5/2015: COOPERL Brittany 38 000 t manure/year + slaughterhouse + sewage sludge processing to organic fertiliser




Standards • CEN: SABE ENVI, water treatment standards, … • ISO 275 “Sludge recovery, recycling, treatment, disposal” • Fertiliser analysis standards: recycled products • Industrial Emissions Directive: nutrient recovery

in BATs for incineration, water treatment … • ESPP proposed Struvite Fertiliser Standard



61 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

Success story: COOPERL / Brittany farmers’ cooperatives • 400 000 t/y manure processed to organic fertiliser product

- 150 000 t composted poultry litter - 150 000 t dried poultry manure - 100 000 t pig manure (1 100 farms)

• Adapted to specific crops and exported to other regions of France

• Positive farmer acceptance • TRAC Emeraude stabling system Supported by EU Investment Plan http://www.cooperl.com/en/environmental-solutions



http://www.cooperl.com/en/environmental-solutions


Success story: Fertikal, Antwerp • 180 000 t/y (wet weight) manure

processed to organic fertilisers: • solid/liquid separation

dried, pelletised • For agriculture, horticulture • Distributed

to 25 countries worldwide www.fertikal.be



http://www.fertikal.be/


Success story: Friesland Campina milk cooperative, NL • Biogas production and P-recovery from manure • Bonus/malus in milk purchase prices • Funding support for farmers’

manure treatment investments

www.frieslandcampina.com



http://www.frieslandcampina.com/


Success story: Käppala municipal sewage works, Sweden • REVAQ sewage sludge certification • 260 tP/year recycled to agriculture • Reductions in industry & household contaminants • Sludge mixing with manure for contaminant degradation http://www.svensktvatten.se/Vattentjanster/Avlopp-och-Miljo/REVAQ/Certifiering/ http://www.iea-biogas.net/case-studies.html?file=files/daten-redaktion/download/case-studies/REVAQ_CAse_study_A4_1.pdf

BUT: EU decision 11/2015 to NOT ban cadmium in artists paints …



http://www.svensktvatten.se/Vattentjanster/Avlopp-och-Miljo/REVAQ/Certifiering/

http://www.iea-biogas.net/case-studies.html?file=files/daten-redaktion/download/case-studies/REVAQ_CAse_study_A4_1.pdf


Success story: cnp-Technology Water and Biosolids GmbH SME, Germany • 4 installations recovering

Phosphorus as struvite • Municipal waste water

• Berlin Wassmannsdorf • Mönchengladbach (DE) • Echten (NL) • Amsterdam http://cnp-tec.com/



http://cnp-tec.com/

http://cnp-tec.com/

http://cnp-tec.com/

http://cnp-tec.com/


Success story – 50 M€ Investment: Kanton Zürich • 72 ARAs have agreed to deliver 100 000 t dewatered

sludge to one central mono-incineration plant in Zürich Werdhölzli

• 93.7% of population has voted “yes” in the referendum • Commissioned 2015

• Supplies 35500 MWh/a to WWTP • 15 000 t ash for P-recycling • ZAR develops P-recycling solution

for implementation 2018 http://www.awel.zh.ch/



http://www.awel.zh.ch/


Success story: SNB – HVC Groep - Ecophos • Sewage sludge incineration ash

and low grade phosphate rock • Production of DCP

(Di Calcium Phosphate) for fertilisers or animal feed

• Varna Bulgaria: 8 000 t/y pilot • Dunkerque France:

60 000 t/y ash = 4 000 t/y P www.ecophos.com



http://www.ecophos.com/


Success story: ICL fertilisers Amsterdam & Ludwigshaven • Use of secondary materials

in fertiliser production: - meat and bone meal ash - struvite

• Objective: 100% by 2025 • Pilot testing successful • Industrial installations

(storage, handling) planned www.icl-group.com



http://www.icl-group.com/




Success story: Recophos – ICL • Electrothermal production

of white phosphorus (P4) from sewage sludge / ashes

• High-value raw material for chemicals: fire safety, electronics, …

• Recophos FP7 pilot project • Technology acquired by ICL March

2016 www.icl-group.com http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/icl---next-step-towardssustainable-innovation-571973381.html




http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/icl---next-step-towardssustainable-innovation-571973381.html

http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/icl---next-step-towardssustainable-innovation-571973381.html


• Thermal process for sludge smelting and transfer of phosphates to the slag

• CAPEX 3.5 M€ • 500 kg/h sludge • 12% P2O5 in the slag • Commissioning Qu3/2017 www.nuernberg.de/internet/krn_mephrec

Success story – 3.5 M€ Investment Mephrec Pilot Plant Nürnberg



http://www.nuernberg.de/internet/krn_mephrec


Success story: Waternet Amsterdam West sewage works • AirPrix struvite precipitation • Upstream of sludge digestors • Operational savings:

150 000 € / year • Improved sludge dewatering:

250 000 € / year • Increased methane production • Achievement of 1 mgP/l discharge




Success story: NuReSys • SME, Belgium • 8 installations recovering

Phosphorus as struvite • Potato processing, dairy,

pharmaceuticals, municipal waste water




Success story: Thames Water – Ostara Pearl® • Slough municipal wastewater treatment plant, UK • 150 tonnes Crystal Green® fertiliser / year • High quality slow release fertiliser www.ostara.com

http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/earthrise/2014/12/recycling-phosphorus-2014121693225616272.html



http://www.ostara.com/


http://www.ostara.com









Success story: Bioptech polonite P-filter • Calcium silicate based filter material • Adsorbs phosphorus • Removes bacteria, odour • Recycle as fertiliser

and soil pH adjuster • On-farm, economic installation http://bioptech.se/



http://bioptech.se/en/fosforfilter/polonite-fosforfilter


Success story: Italy bio-waste collection • Novamont bio-degradable polymers • Separate collection of food waste • Green garden wastes • Biodegradable bags 4.5 million t/year collected 1.3 million t/y compost https://waste-management-world.com/a/italian-lessons-in-biowaste-collections www.novamont.com



https://waste-management-world.com/a/italian-lessons-in-biowaste-collections

https://waste-management-world.com/a/italian-lessons-in-biowaste-collections

http://www.novamont.com/


Success story: DSM phytase in pig feed • DSM phytase is produced from bio-sourced materials • Renders feed P available (phytate) • Reduces feed phosphate use • Reduces manure P by up to 30% • 60-80% market uptake in livestock farms in Europe



Thank you for your attention

Questions? Comments? Suggestions? [email protected] [email protected] Twitter: @kimovandijk Website: kimovandijk.weebly.com



https://twitter.com/kimovandijk

http://kimovandijk.weebly.com/