pasture conservation - hay method

8/12/2019 Pasture Conservation - Hay Method

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http://sapplpp.org/rearing-and-management-practices/cpr-livestock/use-of-greenfodder-for-hay-

making#.U9N6yvmSwWJ 26/7/2014

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Services0
http://sapplpp.org/informationhub/cpr-livestock/other-related-publications/Himmothan-margdarshikahttp://sapplpp.org/informationhub/cpr-livestock/other-related-publications/Himmothan-margdarshikahttp://sapplpp.org/informationhub/cpr-livestock/other-related-publications/Himmothan-margdarshikahttp://sapplpp.org/informationhub/cpr-livestock/other-related-publications/Himmothan-margdarshikahttp://sapplpp.org/informationhub/cpr-livestock/other-related-publications/Himmothan-margdarshikahttp://sapplpp.org/informationhub/cpr-livestock/other-related-publications/Himmothan-margdarshikahttp://sapplpp.org/informationhub/cpr-livestock/other-related-publications/Himmothan-margdarshikahttp://sapplpp.org/informationhub/cpr-livestock/other-related-publications/Himmothan-margdarshikahttp://sapplpp.org/informationhub/cpr-livestock/other-related-publications/Himmothan-margdarshikahttp://sapplpp.org/informationhub/cpr-livestock/other-related-publications/Himmothan-margdarshikahttp://sapplpp.org/informationhub/cpr-livestock/other-related-publications/Himmothan-margdarshika


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_________________________________________________________________

In 2007-08, the Himmotthan Society, Dehradun, commenced work on the Development of Fodder Resources

on Common Lands in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. The programme was implemented under the

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MG NREGA), with financial support from the

Sir Ratan Tata Trust, Mumbai. Since the commencement of interventions in 2007-08, fodder development

initiatives on common land supported by the Himmotthan Society, have been undertaken in over 100 villages in

six districts of Uttarakhand , generating annually 3.40 quintals of additional fodder per household, and providing

0.5 lakhs person-days of employment each year.

This manual is a comprehensive guide on how the development of common lands for securing fodder resources

for rural communities can be implemented under the MG NREGA. It also provides useful information on

techniques for fodder cultivation on common lands, soil and water conservation measures, distribution of fodder

and community management of common lands. The field manual is a useful guide for community

representatives,panchayati rajinstitutions, staff of government line departments and NGOs interested in fodder

development on common lands under MG NREGA.
http://sapplpp.org/informationhub/cpr-livestock/other-related-publications/Himmothan-margdarshika/image/image_view_fullscreen


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Small Ruminant Rearing Sub-sector Overview and

major challenges/ constraints

Dec 06, 2013

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Overview:With 15% of the worlds goat population and 6% of its sheep, India is among the highest small ruminant

holding countries in the world. As per the 18th livestock census (2007), the number of sheep and goats in the

country was 71.5 and 140 million respectively.

Goats are found across all agro-climatic zones in the country, with higher densities in irrigated eco-systems,

followed by hill and mountain eco-systems. The states with the highest number of goats are Rajasthan (21.5

million), West Bengal (15 million), Uttar Pradesh (14.7 million), Maharashtra (10.3 million), and Bihar (10.1

million), followed by Andhra Pradesh (9.6 million), Tamil Nadu (9.2 million) and Madhya Pradesh (9 million).

These eight states together account for nearly 70% of the countrys goat population.

Sheep rearing on the other hand is a feature of the arid and semi-arid regions of western India, the Deccan

plateau and the western Himalayas. Sheep ownership is the highest in Andhra Pradesh (25.5 million), followed

by Rajasthan (11.1 million), Karnataka (9.5 million) and Tamil Nadu (7.5 million) the combined sheep

ownership of these four states makes up 75% of the countrys total. The two states of Andhra Pradesh and

Rajasthan account for more than 50%, Jammu and Kashmir has 5.8% and Maharashtra 4% of the total sheep

population.

Around 70% of the goat and sheep in the country are reared by small and marginal farmers and landlesshouseholds.

While sheep rearing is most often the primary source of livelihood for shepherds, who often belong to distinct

communities (for example the Raikas of Rajasthan, Dhangars of Maharashtra, Kurubas of Karnataka) goat

rearing is a supplementary, support activity for other livelihoods, particularly agriculture. Sheep are reared in

relatively larger herds (averaging 60-70) whereas goats are reared in smaller numbers (9-10). Goat rearing is

also characterized by a greater involvement of women.

The major products of the small ruminant sectormeat, wool and leatherhave different value chains. There is

need to understand the differences in these value chains and the communities dependent on them, rather than

considering small ruminant rearing as a single uniform livestock sub-sector.
http://sapplpp.org/lessonslearnt/small-ruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challengeshttp://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=300&winname=addthis&pub=sapplpp&source=tbx-300&lng=en-US&s=linkedin&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsapplpp.org%2Flessonslearnt%2Fsmall-ruminants%2Fsmall-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challenges&title=Small%20Ruminant%20Rearing%20%E2%80%93%20Sub-sector%20Overview%20and%20major%20challenges%2F%20constraints%20%E2%80%94%20South%20Asia%20Pro-Poor%20Livestock%20Policy%20Programme&ate=AT-sapplpp/-/-/53d37830f0a42128/2&frommenu=1&uid=53d37830f464edf6&ct=1&pre=http%3A%2F%2Fsapplpp.org%2Flessonslearnt&tt=0&captcha_provider=nucaptchahttp://sapplpp.org/lessonslearnt/small-ruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challengeshttp://sapplpp.org/lessonslearnt/small-ruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challengeshttp://sapplpp.org/lessonslearnt/small-ruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challengeshttp://sapplpp.org/lessonslearnt/small-ruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challengeshttp://sapplpp.org/lessonslearnt/small-ruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challenges/image/image_view_fullscreenhttp://sapplpp.org/lessonslearnt/small-ruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challenges/image/image_view_fullscreenhttp://sapplpp.org/lessonslearnt/small-ruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challengeshttp://sapplpp.org/lessonslearnt/small-ruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challengeshttp://sapplpp.org/lessonslearnt/small-ruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challengeshttp://sapplpp.org/lessonslearnt/small-ruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challengeshttp://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=300&winname=addthis&pub=sapplpp&source=tbx-300&lng=en-US&s=linkedin&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsapplpp.org%2Flessonslearnt%2Fsmall-ruminants%2Fsmall-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challenges&title=Small%20Ruminant%20Rearing%20%E2%80%93%20Sub-sector%20Overview%20and%20major%20challenges%2F%20constraints%20%E2%80%94%20South%20Asia%20Pro-Poor%20Livestock%20Policy%20Programme&ate=AT-sapplpp/-/-/53d37830f0a42128/2&frommenu=1&uid=53d37830f464edf6&ct=1&pre=http%3A%2F%2Fsapplpp.org%2Flessonslearnt&tt=0&captcha_provider=nucaptchahttp://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=300&winname=addthis&pub=sapplpp&source=tbx-300&lng=en-US&s=linkedin&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsapplpp.org%2Flessonslearnt%2Fsmall-ruminants%2Fsmall-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challenges&title=Small%20Ruminant%20Rearing%20%E2%80%93%20Sub-sector%20Overview%20and%20major%20challenges%2F%20constraints%20%E2%80%94%20South%20Asia%20Pro-Poor%20Livestock%20Policy%20Programme&ate=AT-sapplpp/-/-/53d37830f0a42128/2&frommenu=1&uid=53d37830f464edf6&ct=1&pre=http%3A%2F%2Fsapplpp.org%2Flessonslearnt&tt=0&captcha_provider=nucaptchahttp://sapplpp.org/lessonslearnt/small-ruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challengeshttp://sapplpp.org/lessonslearnt/small-ruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-subsector-overview-and-major-challenges


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Major Learning emerging fromdocumentation and studies undertaken bySA PPLPP:

Absence of timely and adequate veterinary services (in particular access to preventive veterinary care) is

a major constraint in small ruminant rearing. Mortality averages 30-40%. Small ruminant rearers often

resort to self medication (for example shepherds in Rajasthan use terramycin injections as a common

practice).

Vaccines for major diseases (such as PPR) are not available. Linked with this is the absence of cold chain

facilities.

Information on major diseases, symptoms and prevention has emerged as a priority need for goat and

sheep rearers.

Para-vets trained by both NGO and government programmes perform a much needed service. There is

however a lack of accreditation of these trained para-vets, and numerous differences in both the

duration and content of training provided to them, as also supervision of their work.

Non-availability of good quality breeding bucks and rams. Bucks are often sold for slaughter as meat, and

since price is based on visual attributes, often good quality bucks are sold off. There is no market for

breeding bucks, and limited community initiatives on identification and recognition of superior bucks.

Limited supply of good quality bucks, and the lack of monitoring of herds, results in in-breeding, and an

adverse impact on productivity.

Programmes supporting small ruminant rearing are often limited to buck distribution, often without due

regard to breed suitability.

Reduction in grazing lands, encroachment of common lands, and increasing industrialization have

adversely affected small ruminant rearing who depend on these lands for fodder.

There is a lack of focus on the development of institutional structures to facilitate that rearers

collectively access required inputs and markets.

Small ruminant markets are structured in favour of intermediaries, to the disadvantage of the consumer,

rearer and the by-products markets. The market is structured in a manner that clearly puts the rearer at

a disadvantage; however it is not even a buyers market. It will not be inappropriate to label the meat

market as a brokers or commission agents market. The operational focus on meat to the exclusion of all

other by-products obtained from small ruminants manifests in poor price realization for the rearer.

Transactions in the livestock trade are non-standardised and one comes across numerous unfair trade

practices because of the ad-hoc nature of the market. Animals are sold purely on the basis of a visual

estimation of their weight, age and appearance. Females for the meat sector are sold at prices lower

than males although no such distinction is made in the final price of meat sold in the market through


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retail outlets. At the same time, while sheep fetch a lower price than goats, the meat of sheep is

frequently passed off as goat meat.

There is virtually no value addition that takes place along the value chain from producer to consumer

although the price of the commodity keeps rising at every level. In the meat industry, intermediaries

gains are on account of economies of scale and market location.

Except where operations have been modernized and mechanized, there is a lot of wastage, in-efficient

by-product collection and utilization.

Changes in import policies and licenses have flooded the market with products made of imported wool.

Costs incurred by shepherds in sheep rearing and shearing of wool have been rising. This is not matched

by a corresponding rise in the returns from wool, making sheep rearing for wool a less preferred option.

There is a lack of good quality reliable data on small ruminant numbers and breed populations, trends

over time and the drivers of these trends. It is necessary that such data is collected and analyzedperiodically to establish the reasons for the increase or decrease in the numbers of specific breeds. This

will also help in identifying breeds that are at the greatest risk of extinction.

The majority of sheep and goats in India belong to un-described (usually referred to as non-descript)

breeds or they are local animals not necessarily belonging to a distinct group or breed. The constant

emphasis on breeds in the context of conservation or improvement programmes, therefore needs to be

reconsidered. Instead of emphasizing breed purity, it is important to improve the existing adapted

populations of various breed types in different parts of the country.


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Small Ruminant Rearing

-

(Jainul Aabeedin, West Bengal)

This business of goats -

Sometimes it flourishes

Sometimes it yields only a handful of chickpeas

And sometimes even that is denied

The above quote, from a goat trader in West Bengal sums up the fluctuating nature of small ruminant rearing,and more specifically goat rearing.

With 15% of the worlds goat population and 6% of its sheep, India is among the highest livestock holding

countries in the world. As per the 18th Livestock Census (2007), the number of sheep and goats in the country

was 71.5 and 140 million, respectively1.

Goats are found across all agro-climatic zones in the country, with higher densities in irrigated eco-systems,

followed by hill and mountain eco-systems. The states with the highest number of goats are Rajasthan (21.5

million), West Bengal (15 million), Uttar Pradesh (14.7 million), Maharashtra (10.3 million), and Bihar (10.1

million), followed closely by Andhra Pradesh (9.6 million), Tamil Nadu (9.2 million) and Madhya Pradesh (9

million).These eight states together account for nearly 70% of the countrys goat population.

Sheep rearing, on the other hand is a feature of the arid and semi-arid regions of western India, the Deccan

plateau and the western Himalayas. Sheep ownership is the highest in Andhra Pradesh (25.5 million), followed

by Rajasthan (11.1 million), Karnataka (9.5 million) and Tamil Nadu (7.5 million) the combined sheep

ownership of these four states makes up 75% of the countrys total. The two states ofAndhra Pradesh and


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Rajasthan account for more than 50%, Jammu and Kashmir has 5.8% and Maharashtra 4% of the total sheep

population.

Around 70% of the goat and sheep in the country are reared by small and marginal farmers and landless

labourers (Biswas, 2010). Small ruminant rearing is therefore a priority livelihood activity for resource poor

farmers, and is often a key support activity for other livelihoods.

SA PPLPPsdocumentation of interventions on small ruminant rearinghas been clustered around four core

themes

(i)breed conservation and improvement;

(ii)health systems, institutional arrangements and collaborative programmes;

(iii)feed, fodder and access to grazing lands; and
http://sapplpp.org/aboutus/thematicfocus/resolveuid/2a7aebb9b69caccb3cc509bc59ce9ddehttp://sapplpp.org/aboutus/thematicfocus/resolveuid/2a7aebb9b69caccb3cc509bc59ce9ddehttp://sapplpp.org/aboutus/thematicfocus/resolveuid/2a7aebb9b69caccb3cc509bc59ce9ddehttp://sapplpp.org/aboutus/thematicfocus/resolveuid/2a7aebb9b69caccb3cc509bc59ce9dde


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(iv)market opportunities, value chains for meat, wool and leather and facilitating access to remunerative

markets for small ruminant rearers.

Studies and documentation on three of the above core themes have been completed, and reports and casestudies are available on the SA PPLPP website.

A few major findings and constraints facing the small ruminant sector that have emerged from SA PPLPPs

documentation on small ruminant rearing are enumerated below:

Small ruminant rearing is still primarily for livelihood security. There is a gradual commercialization of the

sector, fuelled largely by the increasing demand for meat.

The major products of the small ruminant sectormeat, wool and leatherhave different value chains.

There is therefore a need to understand the differences in these value chains and the communities

dependent on them, rather than considering small ruminant rearing as a single uniform sector.

Major constraints facing the small ruminant sector are inadequate access to veterinary services,

diminishing grazing lands and the lack of good quality breeding bucks and rams.

Inadequate access to veterinary services and preventive vaccination results in high levels of mortality,

averaging 30-40%.

Small ruminant markets are structured in favour of intermediaries, to the disadvantage of the consumer,

rearer and the by-products markets. The market is structured in a manner that clearly puts the rearer at

a disadvantage; however it is not even a buyers market. It will not be inappropriate to label the meat

market as being a brokers or commission agents market. The operational focus on meat to the

exclusion of all other by-products obtained from small ruminants manifests in poor price realization for

the rearer.

Transactions in the livestock trade are non-standardised and one comes across numerous unfair trade

practices because of the ad-hoc nature of the market. Animals are sold purely on the basis of a visual

estimation of their weight, age and appearance. Females for the meat sector are sold at prices lower

than males although no such distinction is made in the final price of meat sold in the market through

retail outlets. At the same time, while sheep fetch a lower price than goats, the meat of sheep is

frequently passed off as goat meat.

There is virtually no value addition that takes place along the value chain from producer to consumer

although the price of the commodity keeps rising at every level. In the meat industry, intermediaries

gains are on account of economies of scale and market location.


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Except where operations have been modernized and mechanized, there is a lot of wastage, in-efficient

by-product collection and utilization. Although by-products are sold outside slaughterhouses, the full

potential of the by-products industry has not been realized.

The loss of grazing lands has, in particular, adversely affected sheep rearing, leading to a decrease in

flock sizes and reduced number of shepherds, most of whom have taken to working as daily wage

labourers. For example according to an estimate, the average flock size in the shepherd belt of western

Rajasthan has declined from 200300 to 6070 sheep over a period of 10 years.

Changes in import policies and licenses have flooded the market with products made of imported wool.

Costs incurred by shepherds in sheep rearing and shearing of wool have steadily been rising, however,

this is not matched by a corresponding rise in the returns from wool, making sheep rearing for wool

production a less preferred option. Loss of markets for traditionally valued products such

as gongadiand kambalihave led to a loss in demand for local wool.

There is a lack of good quality reliable data on small ruminant numbers and breed populations, trends

over time and the drivers of these trends. It is necessary that such data is collected and analyzed

periodically to establish the reasons for the increase or decrease in the number of specific breeds. This

will also help in identifying breeds that are at the greatest risk of extinction so that their ex-situ

conservation can be initiated.

The majority of sheep and goats in India belong to un-described (usually referred to as non-descript)

breeds or they are local animals not necessarily belonging to a distinct group or breed. The constant

emphasis on breeds in the context of conservation or improvement programmes, therefore needs to be

reconsidered. Instead of emphasizing breed purity, it is important to improve the existing adapted

populations of various breed types in different parts of the country.

Reference:

1. 18th Livestock Census 2007, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture,

Government of India


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pasture conservation - hay method

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