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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY www.irjponline.com ISSN 2230 – 8407

Research Article

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY OF NEOLAMRCKAIA CADAMBA (ROXB.) BOSSER BARK Patel Divyakant A.1*, Patel Yogesh K.2, Dr. Shah Paresh B.3

1Ph. D Scholar, Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, India 2Ph. D Scholar, Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, India

3Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Amruta School of Pharmacy, Gandhinagar, India

Article Received on: 14/04/12 Revised on: 22/05/12 Approved for publication: 08/06/12 *Email: divyangcognosy05@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT The bark of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Family Rubiaceae is reported to have good medicinal values in traditional system of medicines. The present study deals with pharmacognostical examination of morphological and microscopical characters of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser barks including determination of ash values and extractive values. Key words: Neolamarckia cadamba, Kadam, Microscopy, Bark

INTRODUCTION The plant Neolamarckaia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser (Family: Rubiaceae) is commonly known as Kadam.1-2 The barks and leaves of the plant are reported to have various medicinal uses such as astringent, anti hepatotoxic3, anti diuretic, wound healing, antiseptic4 and anthelmintic5. The pharmacognostical study of leaves of the plant is reported6 and for bark is not reported. Therefore, the present investigation was planned to study the pharmacognostical aspects of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser barks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Material The barks of the plant Neolamarckaia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser were collected from Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh and positively identified and authenticated by Prof. P.Jayraman, Plant Anatomy Research Centre, Chennai. Pharmacognostical Studies Morphological studies such as colour, odour, taste, shape, size, external surface, internal surface, fracture of barks were carried out. Microscopical studies were also carried out using Nikon Labphot-2 instrument (Japan). The transverse sections were taken with the help of rotary microtome. The average thickness of section was 10-12 µm. Dewaxing of the sections were done by customary procedure. The sections were stain with toluidine blue. Some Phytochemical reactions were also carried out. It rendered pink colour to cellulose walls, blue to the lignified cells, dark green to suberin, violet to the mucilage, blue to the protein bodies, etc., some of the bark sections were also stain with safrenin and iodine solution for the detection of starch.7-8

As a part of quantitative microscopy length and width of phloem fibres were determined by using powder of the bark. The total ash, water soluble ash, water insoluble ash, sulphated ash, alcohol and water soluble extractive values were determined. The dried powder material of barks was also subjected to identification tests for the detection of various phytoconstituents.9

RESULT AND DISCUSSION The colour of the bark is grayish brown. Taste and order is characteristic. The bark consists of outer bark of rhytidoma and inner bark of secondary phloem. The rhytidoma has two

or three narrow, wavy zones of periderm which occur one after the other with wide secondary phloem between the sequent periderm zones. The sequent periderm consists of 3 or 4 layers of thin wall pollen cells. Secondary phloem or the inner bark is a broad zone which can be differentiated into two zones namely broader collapsed phloem and narrow noncollapsed phloem. Secondary phloem is characterized by several discrete, radial blocks of fibres arranged in successive cylinders the fibres are squarish in cross sectional view with heavy secondary walls and reduced lumen. The phloem rays are narrow, 2-4 cells wide and run parallel to each other. The ray cells are narrowly oblong and thin walled. Sieve elements are arranged in radial files in between the rays. The sieve tube members are wide and polygonal in outline, they are thin walled. The companion cells are narrow and occur in the corners of the sieve tube member. Axial parenchyma cells are slightly dilated and are intermixed with the sieve elements. Under bright field microscope, the axial parenchyma can be identified with brownish contents in the cells, Characters of the phloem rays, phloem parenchyma and sieve elements were studied. The morphological and microscopical diagrams of the bark were shown in figure 1-4. Results of quantitative analytical parameters were shown in table 1. The qualitative chemical tests were revealed the presence of saponins, proteins, terpenes, carbohydrates and alkaloids in the bark powder of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser. REFERENCES 1. Naithani HB, Sahni KC. Forest flora of GOA. 1st ed. Dehradun:

International Books Distributors; 1997. p. 318. 2. Yoganarsimhan SN. Medicinal Plant of India. TamilNadu, Volume 2.

Bangalore: Vedmas Books (P) Ltd; 2000. p. 374. 3. Kapil A, Koul IB, Suri OP. Antihepatotoxic effects of chlorgenic acid

from Anthocephalus cadamba. Phytotherapy Research 1995; 9; 3: 189.

4. Anonymous: The Wealth of India: Raw Materials. Volume I, New Delhi: Publication and Information Directorate, CSRI; 1992. p. 305-308.

5. Gunasekhran R, Divyakant A. Anthelmintic activity of leaf alcoholic extract of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser. Indian Journal of Natural Products 2006; 22; 1: 11-13.

6. Divyakant Patel, Vimalkumar. Pharmacognostical studies of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Leaf. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 2008; 1; 2: 26-27.

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7. Khandelwal KR. Practical Pharmacognosy, Techniques and Experiments. 12th ed.; Nirali prakashan; 2004; 9; p. 149.

8. Kokate CK. Practical Pharmacognosy. 4th ed; Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan; 2005; 7; 14: p. 107.

9. Anonymous, Indian Pharmacopoeia. Volume 2, New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Controller of Publication; 1996; A-47, A-53-54.

Table 1: Quantitative Analytical Parameters of the plant Neolamarckia

cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Bark Sr. No Parameters % W/W

1 Total Ash Values 8.97 2 Acid Insoluble Ash Values 1.20 3 Water Soluble Ash Values 2.62 4 Sulphated Ash Values 4.51 5 Loss on Drying 8.66 6 Water Soluble Extractive Values 3.2 7 Alcohol Soluble Extractive Values 4.0

Figure 1: External Surface of Bark of the plant Neolamarckia cadamba

(Roxb.) Bosser

Figure 2: Internal Surface of Bark of the plant Neolamarckia cadamba

(Roxb.) Bosser

Figure 3: Microscopical Diagram-1 of Bark of the plant Neolamarckia

cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser

Figure 4: Microscopical Diagram-2 of Bark of the plant Neolamarckia

cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser

Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared