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| Thomas Brodbeck | 25.9. 2013
Patents of NatureThomas Brodbeck, Biologist, Media Producer, Executive Coach, Dozent
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FESTO
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1. Lotus
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Superhydrophob, α > 160° Hydrophob, α > 90° Hydrophil, α > 90°
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2. Shark Scales
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3 Diatoms as a model for sturdy rims
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Dr. Christian HammAlfred-Wegener-Institut
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4. Mussle glue as an ideal adhesive
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MUSSEL-INSPIRED 'GLUE' FOR SURGICAL REPAIR AND CANCER DRUG DELIVERYMimic of key mussel adhesive protein is harnessed for biomedical applications
text size AAAFebruary 18, 2013 | by Megan Fellman
EVANSTON, Ill. --- When it comes to sticking power under wet conditions, marine mussels are hard to beat.
They can adhere to virtually all inorganic and organic surfaces, sustaining their tenacious bonds in
saltwater, including turbulent tidal environments.
Northwestern University’s Phillip B. Messersmith will discuss his research in a talk titled “Mussel-Inspired
Materials for Surgical Repair and Drug Delivery” at the American Association for the Advancement of
Science (AAAS) annual meeting in Boston. His presentation is part of the symposium “Translation of Mussel
Adhesion to Beneficial New Concepts and Materials” to be held from 8:30 to 11:30 a.m. Saturday, Feb. 16.
- See more at: http://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2013/02/mussel-inspired-glue-for-
surgical-repair-and-cancer-drug-delivery.html#sthash.5lDDcIan.dpuf
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23.09.13 [Scientists Create Glue Inspired by Mussels] - [VOA - Voice of America English News] - VOA News
www.voanews.com/articleprintview/169630.html 1/1
February 17, 2011
Scientists Create Glue Inspired by Musselsby Rosanne Skirble
Sticky, self-healing properties could have far-reachingmedical and industrial applicationsHave you ever wondered how those hard-shelled mollusks known as mussels anchor themselves to rocks on
lake and river bottoms? How they stick to sea walls, or resist pounding waves?
Scientists at the University of Chicago have done more than come up with some answers. They’ve actually
created a synthetic gel that mimics the mussel’s sticky, self-healing properties. Their invention could have far-
reaching medical and industrial applications.
Niels Holten-Anderson - a post-doctoral scholar at the University of Chicago - says mussels do two things really
well. They excrete a sticky adhesive and they can use that natural glue to repair the anchoring bond.
"And the important thing to remember is that there are no cells. There is no live or living activity taking place
inside these materials. The material is basically a dead material, just like our hair," says Holten-Anderson. "So
this capacity to re-heal itself is completely automatic, and it’s not relying on any energy input from living cells."
Holten-Anderson, his University of Chicago colleagues and a team of international scientists worked on how to
turn what mussels create naturally into a synthetic material. They zeroed in on the chemistry of what the
mollusks secrete and discovered metal mixed inside their thin, hold-fast fibers. Holten-Anderson says iron is a
key ingredient that makes the adhesive strong and flexible.
"The unique thing is that you can pull them apart and if you leave them be, they can find their partners again and
re-heal, and that’s where the original strength of the healing comes from."
Holten-Anderson and colleagues set out to replicate that in the laboratory using a synthetic polymer or a
simplified version of a string of mussel protein molecules. They succeeded when they pre-mixed the polymer
with metal salts at low pH.
"You instantly get an initiation of these self-healing gel-like, sticky materials as soon as you do this basically
step-wise process of mixing things," he says, "and then increase the pH potentially mimicking what happens in
the natural case anyway."
Iron is the metal available to mussels in the environment. Holten-Anderson says scientists can expand that
pallet and experiment with other metals.
"We’ve shown so far that a metal such as titanium, for example, which is interesting from the bio-medical side of
things with implants materials and so forth, that we can actually use titanium atoms too to cross in these
materials and those materials seem to have even stronger, even higher strength than the iron based materials."
Holten-Anderson expects the nature-inspired material will have practical medical and industrial uses. A patent is
pending on how to make the gel, which is described online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences.
http://www.voanews.com/content/scientists-create-glue-inspired-by-mussels--/169630.html
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5. The atomic adhesion of geckos
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5 The atomic adhesion of geckos
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6. Friction and abration of the Sandfish
• Scientific name: Scincus scincus (spices of skink)
• Habitat: Northern Africa, east into Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Iran (mostly in deserts)
• Size: usually about 20 centimeters long
• Colour: yellow-caramel with brown-black cross bands
Description and classification
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scincus_scincus
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Functionality of the skin referring to friction
How to measure friction on a Sandfish skin compared to other materials?
•Sand from a canula ripples on the test surface
•Slowly reducing the angle θ of the surface until the sand stops streaming down
•The tangent of this angle is the coefficient of sliding friction
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The following results where made:
•The average value for Sandfish skin is at about 21°
•Buffed steal has 20% more friction than the skink’s skin
Functionality of the skin referring to friction
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To measure the abrasion of different surfaces a special device was built:
•Sand is filled into a hopper•In a height of 30cm above the tested surface•A constant stream of sand hits the surface for 10 hours
Functionality of the skin referring to abrasion
Stream of sand
Hopper filled with sand
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Result after 10 hours:
•Sandfish skin did not show any signs of abrasion:(Needle shows the point where the stream hit the skin)
•Steal (a) and glass (b) showed clear signs of abrasion:
Functionality of the skin referring to abrasion
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Reasons for this behaviour can be found on every single scale:
•Small spikes cover the surface of a scale•Alignment across the grain of the sand•Distance between two close-by spikes: 400nm
Patents by Sandfish
Source of picture: “Der Sandfisch der Sahara – Vorbild für Reibungs- und V erschleißminderung” by Ingo Rechenberg and Abdullah Regabi El Khyari
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Now taking the size of a grain of sand into consideration:
•The average external diameter of a grain of sand is 250µm•A single grain of sand would touch 20.000 spikes at once
This reduces the area of contact by 1 : 20.000
Reasons for the observed circumstances
• Unevenness of a grain leads up to an effective area of contact of 1 : 2.000.000
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The most important application might be a foil to cover solar panels.
•Bigger areas covered with solar panels will be in or close by deserts– Sand settles on these panels over time– Reduces their efficiency– Abrasion appears on the panels because auf sand storms
•Friction-reducing foil would reduce both effects
•Some more examples of technical applications:
•Abrasion-proof touch-screens•Abrasion-proof plastic bottles•Abrasion-proof paint (cars, ships, …)•Friction-reduced mechanical seals•Friction-reduced cylinders (engines)•Friction-reduced pipelines
Fields of application
Source: http://www.reallynatural.com/pictures/brightsource-thermal-solar.jpg
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7. Nacre as an ideal composite material
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Aragonit and Chitin like a Brickwall or Composites and mortar structur
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New composite materialAlmost better than mother-of-pearl
Strong, tough but light is the rare but desired combination of properties for numerous artificial materials. Now a new material is similar to natural mother-of-pearl, but twice as strong.
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8. Spider silk as high-tech material
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Compare with other devices
Material Zugfestigkeit(GPa)
Bruchdehnung (%)
Belastbarkeit (MJ/m3)
Drag line 10 30 160spider-web thread
0.5 270 150
Silkworm thread
0.6 18 70
Rubber 0.05 850 100Nylon1 0.95 18 80Steel 2 2 26 ?Kevlar1 3.60 2.7 50
1 Quelle: http://daten.didaktikchemie.uni-bayreuth.de/umat/proteine_spinne/spinnenseide.htm
2 Quelle: http://www.swiss-composite.ch/pdf/i-Werkstoffdaten.pdf
tensil strength elongation propert. max. load
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9. Lignin as an alternative to plastics
Cellulose fibers:
› Tearproof › Give tensile strength
Lignin:
› Keeps fibers together› Gives compression
strength
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9. Lignin as an alternative to plastics
Cellulose fibers:
› Tearproof › Give tensile strength
Lignin:
› Keeps fibers together› Gives compression
strength
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ARBOFORM - “Liquid Wood”
New bionic material
Competitor of plastics
On the basis of 100% natural ingredients
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Finishing ARBOFORM can be
handled like classic plastics:
› Injection molding› Deep drawing› Extruding› Compression
molding
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Properties The combination of natural fibers and Lignin
makes ARBOFORM very strong
The wooden expansion coefficient causes ARBOFORM excellent lamination properties
Polypropylene ARBOFORM Wood (beech)
E modulus [N/mm²] 600-1700 2000-6000 1500
Expansion coefficient [1/K]
100-200*10^(-6)
18-50*10^(-6) 45*10^(-6)
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Car dashboard inlays
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10. Self-sharpening knives following the basic patent of beaver teeth
• Bionicproject Fraunhofer Institut, Marcus Rechenberger
• Patents of Nature
• Materials and technical adaption
• First technical system: cutting mill
• Cutting knive
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cutting mill
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• Cutting edges loose its sharpness and has to be sharpen
• new adjustment of the tool higher cost, loosing time
Rodent-Toothpermanent sharpness throughpermanent useage
Problem
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Extrem hard enamel
Soft Dentine
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Enamel Typ 1:
Hunter-Schreger-Ligaments
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Flexural Strength
Cutting Material
Vickers-Hardness
ideal cutting-material
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Rodent-Tooth Self-sharpening cutting knives
Rodent Tooth Bionic Knive
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conventional cutting-mill bionic cutting-mill
30 Times longer sharp!
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25.09.13 How plants use quantum physics to boost photosynthesis - NBC News.com
www.nbcnews.com/science/how-plants-use-quantum-physics-boost-photosynthesis-6C10477922 1/3
search topics
US World Politics Business Tech Science Health Investigations Entertainment Sports Travel Nightly News Meet the Press Dateline TODAY msnbc
TOPICS Space Environment Innovation Weird science
WEIRD SCIENCE
How plants usequantum physics toboost photosynthesis
SPACE-TOURISM
Bezos in space? 'Idefinitely want to go,'says billionaire
COMETS
NASA to keepprotective eye onMars spacecraft ascomets buzz by
EARTHQUAKE
Pakistan earthquakecreates new island,'mud volcano' toblame
AQUARIUS
Age of Aquarius: Seethe famedconstellation in nightsky this week
Katia Moskvitch, LiveScience,
How plants use quantum physics to
boost photosynthesis
June 27, 2013 at 9:45 PM ET
Humans can't teleport or
reside in multiple places at
once — but the tiniest
particles of matter can.
These eerie quantum
effects have traditionally
been studied and observed
only under the strictly
controlled conditions of a
physics lab. That is, until
some scientists suggested
that such weirdness also
exists in wet and soggy
biological systems.
In recent years, this hypothesis has gained more and more support:
A research paper published in the June 21 issue of the journal
Science suggests that plants may rely on such physics to survive.
[The 9 Biggest Unsolved Mysteries in Physics]
The most efficient path
Plants are able to harvest as much as 95 percent of the sunlight they
soak up, instantly converting this solar energy into chemical energy,
in 1 millionth of a billionth of a second, in a process called
photosynthesis.
The new Science study on purple bacteria, which also
photosynthesize, gives more support to the idea that plants use
quantum mechanics to achieve this near-perfect efficiency. A trick of
quantum physics called coherence, the researchers suggest, helps
the energy of the elementary particles of light, called photons, find
the most efficient path to a plant's (or purple bacterium's) so-called
reaction center, where the light's energy fuels the reaction that
produces carbohydrates.
On a physical system, coherence could be illustrated with a pair of
pendulums that continuously transfer energy from one to the other,
backward and forward, in a coherent, cyclic mode.
When a photon excites molecules inside a cell, the energy does not
hop through the system, but follows different energy pathways at
once, simultaneously searching for the most efficient way into the
reaction center where the chemical reaction actually takes place.
This is known as the quantum principle of superposition, or being
in many different places at the same time.
Quantum effects in nature
Coherence has been suspected and experimented with in living
ICFO
This molecular diagram shows how "antenna proteins"capture photons from the sun. Researchers say theproteins use a quantum transport mechanism to guidethe photons and store the energy in their reactioncenters.
SCIENCE
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23.09.13 BIOKON - Bionics Competence Network
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ResearchWie ein Haifisch imWasser Ein perfekterNässeschutz Wernicht sehen will, mussfühlen
Read onEventsvom 20.09. bis 23.09.2012BIT Congress Inc.-2nd Annual WorldCongress of MarineBiotechnology(WCMB-2012) vom16.06. bis 20.06.2013Fourth InternationalConference on SelfHealing Materials(ICSHM2013) 13.08. -16.08.2013 4thInternationalConference of BionicEngineering (ICBE2013) 13th to 16thAugust 2013 4thInternationalConference of BionicEngineering (ICBE2013) vom 03.09. bis05.09.2013 9. ThüringerGrenz- undOberflächentage,ThGOT 14 - 15September 2013 AnnualInt. Conf. onBiologically InspiredCognitiveArchitectures 2013(BICA 2013) vom 25.09. bis 27. 09. 2013 DGMIntelligent MaterialsConference 18 - 21March 2014 2ndInternational Schooland Conference onBio-inspired Materials
Read onPress reviewEntwickeln im Sinneder Natur: Chancendurch BioNik Mit derParadiesvogelblumezum ArchitekturpreisTrendthema Bionikauf der MedtecEurope 2013 EineHaihaut für dieFrachter
Read onTV-TippsFaszination Wissen:Bionik - ist die Naturder bessereBaumeister? Arte:Natürlich genialPlanet Wissen:NaturpatentWhat's onStandardization ofbionic strategies atISO (pdf)
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