PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PSYCHODYNAMICS OF DISEASE CAUSATION

By:- firoz qureshiDept. psychiatric nursing

DEFINITIONPATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The study of

disruption of normal bodily functions due to disease.

The study of structural and functional changes in tissue and organs that lead to disease.

The functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury.

DEFINITIONPSYCHODYNAMICS: It is the study of the

interrelationship of various parts of the mind, personality as they relate to mental, emotional or motivational forces especially at the unconscious level.

The interrelation of various conscious and unconscious mental as they influence personality, behaviour and attitudes.

PEPTIC ULCERA peptic ulcer may be referred to as a

gastric, duodenal, or esophageal ulcer, depending on its location.

A peptic ulcer is an excavation ( hollowed out area) that forms in the pylorus (the opening between the mucosal wall of the stomach, in the pylorus (the opening between the stomach and duodenum), in the duodenum( the first part of small intestine), or in the esophagus.

CAUSES- Erosion of mucous membrane.- Infection .- Close contact with infected person.- Excessive secretion of HCl.- Stress.- Smoking , alcohol.- Eating spicy food.- Chronic use of NSAID’s.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Due to the causes

There is increase in concentration and activity of gastric acid (HCl) and pepsin.

Decreased resistance of the mucosa. Causes Erosion.( The damaged mucosa can not secrete

enough mucus to act as a barrier against HCl.

Damage to the gastro duodenal mucosa

Allows for decreased resistance to bacteria

Thus infection from H.Pylori bacteria may occur.

Peptic Ulcer.

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

DEFINITIONAlzheimer’s disease is a progressive

degenerative neurologic disease that is characterized by gradual looses of cognitive function and disturbance in behavior and affect.

ETIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

ETIOLOGY The exact cause of AD is unknown .

Several hypothesis have been supported by varying amounts and quality of data . These hypothesis includes:

1. Acetylcholine Alteration: Research has indicated that in the brain of AD clients , the enzyme required to produce acetylcholine is dramatically reduced.

This decrease in the production of acetylcholine reduces the amount of the neurotransmitter that results in disruption of the cognitive processes’

ETIOLOGY2. PLAQUES AND TANGLES: Overabundance

of structures called plaques and tangles appears in the brains of individuals with AD.

The plaques are made of a protein called amyloid beta which are fragments of a larger protein called amyloid precursor protein.

Plaques are formed when these fragments clump together and mix with molecules and other cellular matter. Tangles are formed from a special kind of cellular protein called tau protein , whose function is to provide stability to the neurons.

ETIOLOGYIn AD , the strands of the protein tangled

together . It is thought that the plaques and tangles contribute to the destruction and death of neurons, leading to memory failure , personality changes.

Head Trauma: The etiology of AD has been associated with serious head trauma. Studies have shown that some individuals who had experienced head trauma had subsequently developed AD.

ETIOLOGY Genetic Factors: Researchers believe

that there is a link between AD and the alteration of a gene found on chromosome 21 . People with Downs syndrome , who carry an extra copy of chromosome , have been found to be usually susceptible to AD.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Neurofibrillary tangles ( tangled masses of non functioning neurons and neuritic plaques ( deposits amyloid protein, part of a larger protein called amyloid precursor protein in the brain.

Causes Neural damage in the cerebral

cortex. results in

Decreased Brain size. effects The cells that use the neurotransmitter. it decreases.

The enzyme active in producing acetylcholine which is specially involved in memory processing

which further

Damages the brain cells

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

RESEARCH ABSTRACTHALLUCINATION : ETIOLOGY AND

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSSantosh Kumar , Subhash soren and

Suprakash chaudhury.Hallucinations are intriguing psychological

phenomena that have a number of important clinical, theoretical and empirical implications: they are also among the most severe and puzzling forms of psychopathology. Usually regarded as characteristics of psychoses, they are found in a wide range of medical and psychiatric conditions.

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