patterns of social behavior sociability: an important primate characteristic
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Patterns of Social Behavior
Sociability: an important primate characteristic
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Advantages of Group Living
• 1. Makes possible observational learning.– Shortcut past individual trial-and-error
learning.• 2. Increases possibility of genetic resistance to
disease and parasites. • 3. Increases the fitness of group members.– Reproduction opportunities activities more
predictable– More efficient location of food resources.– Group defense
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Grooming 1) prevents aggression; 2) maintains groupcohesiveness
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An individual’s Inclusive fitness: direct + indirect components Direct: reproducing Indirect: assisting relatives in raising offspring
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Reproductive strategies
• Female. • To maximize the amount of resources
available to her and her offspring.• Non-human female primates spend most
of their adult lives pregnant, lactating, or caring for offspring.
• Daily energy demands are as great as the larger males.
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Female reproductive cycle
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Signals of ovulation (vary)1. Morphological: perineal swelling and pigmentation (baboons & chimpanzees)2. Behavioral: females approach males and present
3. Pheromones = hormones that carry scent messages
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Examples of social organization
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Foraging units withinlarger groups
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Single male harem: Gelada baboons
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Lip retraction: threat display
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Maintain exclusiveterritories
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• Solitary• Males are intolerant of one another.• Single male establishes a large territory.• Contains several females• Each female has her own separate home range
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• Polygany• Strongest bonds between male and his • females• All occupy an extensive range
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Strongest bonds among males (hunting & defending sharedterritory Females not strongly bonded to other females or to any one male. Overlapping territories
Females sexually receptive less than 5% of her adult life.
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• Peaceful• Strongest social bonds among females• Females also bond with males.• Status of male depends on social status of his mother.• Females sexually receptive for about 1/2 of her adult
life.
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• Human societies extremely diverse • Monogamy, polygyny, and polyandry• For most of human evolution - and for most
women in the world today, menstruation is a rare occurrence
• Repetitive pregnancies and long periods of lactation
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Grooming: systematically picking through the hair of another individual to remove foreign matter
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Male strategies
• Produce many offspring and make sure they are yours
• Non-humans: androgen levels fluctuate in response to female receptivity.
• New dominant males may attempt infanticide. If infants are killed, females immediately go into estrus.
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Nonhuman Cultural Behavior
• Cultural behavior is learned and passed from generation to generation
• Chimpanzees: tool use• Termite fishing with modified stems and twigs.• Have a preconceived idea of what the finished
tool needs to be in order to be useful.• May make the tool before a termite mound is
seen. • Preparing for the future. Requires planning and
forethought.
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“The thinker”
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Look familiar?