paul nicolae borza smart grids and ict2014

8/18/2019 Paul Nicolae BORZA Smart Grids and ICT2014

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Energy efficient systemsin distribution grid

Prof dr ing Paul BORZA

4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY

22.01.2015



Transilvania University of Brasov

Brasov Romania city mentioned from 1241 asGerman cityGeographic coordinates: 45.6528° N, 25.6119° EActually number of inhabitants:

Transilvania University History:1940 First HE institutionAcademy of Trade andIndustrial Studies.1948 The Silviculture Institute isset up.

1949 The Mechanical Instituteis set up1971 The University ofBrasov is born through themerger of the Polytechnicand Pedagogical Institutes.1991 University of Brasov’sSenate decided to changethe name of the universitythat becomes University of



Transilvania University

Campus

18 Faculties

27,000 students

Graduates, Masters and PhD students

More than 800 professors



Institute for sustainable

development “GENIUS” Campus

March 2012 Inauguration of PRO-DD Institute12 Research Departmentsoriented to durable developmentFull Institute become an exampleof eco-friendly buildings using in

principal renewable resources



Energy and his characteristics

Energy: Capacity to provide an action

Electrical energy must be consumed when it isproduced (volatility), in all other situation appearlosses

Finite character of energetic resources andpower generation

The multidimensional forms of energy: electrical,mechanical, chemical, thermal, radiant, etc.

Offer an Integral image of movement as

reflection of energy

(from the Greek ἐνέργεια - energeia, "activity, operation", from ἐνεργός - energos,

"active, working“ [1])



Raw material used as Energysources

Conversion of fossil energy in electricity – chemical way - or co-generation (CHP) from:

Coal

Petrol

Natural gas

Atomic

Capture of Sun energy – radiant way - by renewable:

Direct solar radiation conversion by PV cells

Thermal cells Wind mills and wind farms power

Water by hydro-electric power

Wave energy

Biomass based power plants



Several feature of primary formsof energy

The fossil fuels present a high energy density

Fossil fuels generate “greenhouse” gases

Technologies are mature

The “green” technologies are dependent on sun radiation andalso local factors: latitude, climate

Part of technologies are in research phase or “earlier” stages ofimplementation



Price for different forms ofgeneration

http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/publications/list/reports/Cost_Generation_Commentary.pdf see

2.2p2.3p

• Pulverised fuel (PF) steam plant; • Circulating fluidized-bed combustion (CFBC) plant;• Integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) plant

• Open-cycle gas turbine (OCGT) plant;• Combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant;

2.6p

3.2p

Royal Academy of Engineering data (UK)

http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/publications/list/reports/Cost_Generation_Commentary.pdf

http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/publications/list/reports/Cost_Generation_Commentary.pdf



Ontological image aboutenergetic processes

Different parameters : fromseveral volts to mega-volts,from several W to GW

Voltage from: 1.2MV to110KV, Power from: TWto MW

Voltage from: 50KV to 6 KV



Facets from ontological point of viewrelated to the energetic processes

Energetic capacities & Power flows (finite)

Information flow (essential to optimize the efficiency) Effects of energy (“usage value”)

Environmental concerns (“eco-footprints”)

Economical effects (“smart systems”)

Societal effects (rules, regulations, contracts for providing,consumption and quality of energy supplied)

Opportunity of generation, consumption & conversion(generation characteristics, load characteristics, load“demands” - matching phenomena -)



Parameters and characterization of

energy providedType of power flow variation in time:Alternative current:

Mono phase

Three phase

Multi phase

Direct current

Electrical parameters:Voltage

Current

Power

Frequency

Phase

Qualitative parameters:Noise spectrum

Availability of power supplies

Reliability of providing process



Matching processes in powerflow transfer

Types of systems that implement the matching processes:

Electrical transformers

Voltage control rectifiers Inverters

Noise cancellers (quality of power flow variation)

Management of energy (time oriented matching processes)

Active Filters (Power quality assurance)

Electronic power commutation devices implement themajority of matching processes

Types of commutation processes:

Forced

Natural (or crossing zero / resonant converters)



Other energy characteristics

Granularity of the system (from power andinformation embedded into the system

elements)Capacity and reaction speed of the

electricity system

Stability of the system assured: In the past: by over-generation and central control of the power flow

In the present and more in the future: by embedded of control at very lowlevel in order to find out the equilibrium at the level of elementary groups(e.g. case of Distributed Generation most remarkable example: RenewableEnergy Sources RES) that minimize the power flow circulation andsuccessive conversions



generation, transport, conversion and

consumption of electrical energy

The problem is a COMPROMISE Wisdom in choosing of targets/objectives for

optimal Uniform definition of the multidimensional problem

Adoption of the optimal granularity for the system elements

Choosing of the appropriate model and developing of virtual models toeasier the control process that assure the mastering of the systemcomplexity

Choosing of the right informational system attached at the energeticsystem able to process, communicate and real time control of thesystem. The common languages, the appropriate protocols used forcommunication represent premises to reach an optimal control



Types of services related to thegeneration of electric energy (1)

Base load (production of electric energy quasi constant in time)

Peak shaving (procedure to increase the production of energy

and to shift the maximum of load profile in order to smooth theload curve)



Types of services related to thegeneration of electric energy (2)

Standby power (minimum power necessary to maintain infunction a system)

Spinning reserve (The spinning reserve is the extra generatingcapacity that is available by increasing the power output ofgenerators that are already connected to the power system.)



Types of services related to the

generation of electric energy (3)

Reactive power supply generation in order to compensate the load factor into thegrid;

Ancillary services those services necessary to support the transmission of electricpower from seller to purchaser given the obligations of control areas andtransmitting utilities within those control areas to maintain reliable operationsof the interconnected transmission system, and consists in the followingservices:

1) Scheduling, System Control and Dispatch

2) Reactive Supply and Voltage Control from Generation Sources

3) Regulation and Frequency Response

4) Energy Imbalance

5) Operating Reserve – Spinning

6) Operating Reserve – (Supplemental see Federal Energy Regulation Commission order888 and 1995)



Types of services related to the

generation of electric energy (4)

Power quality is the result of an incompatibility between the power delivered into the grid and the

loads that consume this power; This notion reflect how much differ the form of voltage relative atsinusoidal form

Type of disturbances that affect the power quality:

Voltage sags (dips) are brief reductions in voltage, typically lasting from a cycle to a

second or so, or tens of milliseconds to hundreds of milliseconds.

Voltage swells are brief increases in voltage in the same range of time

Transient overvoltage are variation of voltage in the range from 10 to 80% of nominal

voltage

Harmonics induced in special by rectifiers and inverters as result of circuit

commutation by electronic power devices (involve important values for 3 rd, 5th , 7th

harmonics

Frequency variation of voltage supplied could be the result of over load of the

network or poor network, high frequency noise produced by arch of motor brushes or

radio transmitters, extremely fast transient overvoltage result of arches appeared intothe network, unbalance three phase systems



Power networks evolution 19th & 20th C

Generation based on local power plants majority functioning withcoal – steam – . Island networks (close inter correlation between

generation &load) clustered

19th Century – INSULATED-

Classical power networks: bulk generation, wide power networks,captive consumers; assurance of network stability by excess of energyproduction especially based on fossil resources: coal, gas, petrol;generation follow the loads .

20th Century – INTEGRATED & AGGREGATED- producer centered



Power networks evolutiontoday & tomorrow

Nodaway: Decentralization of generation and increasing ofintermittent generation based on renewable sources; management

of fluctuations on both sides: producer & consumer; producing ofenergy based on classical & renewable fuels TOWARD LARGE SCALEINTEGRATION & AGGREGATION, INTRODUCTION OF VIRTUALIZATIONCONCEPTS , consumer centered.

Tomorrow : complete INTEGRATION between generation andconsumption by ICT; self healing systems able to manage byfeedback and also feed-before procedures the fluctuations on bothsides; minimizing of power flow excursion with benefic effects ofenergy efficiency; clean / green technological processes in energyproduction & usage prosumers’ centered



A classical power network systems

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Sub-transmission

Substations

Feeders

Services

Customers

Ch t i ti f l i l



Characteristics of classical

systems

Independent technologies for every layer of the system

Information exchange realized using sessions – discontinuously –

between the different layers

Assure a relatively independently functionalities that preserve thecoherencies of data and functions used in functionalitiesimplementations

Encourage the specificity of developed solutions

Increase competitiveness in industry

Facilitate Trade and Commerce of specific solutions



Smart Grids a vision about futurepower networks



Smart Grid vision

Smart grids will implement the desiderate of fusion betweenenergy and information at all levels of power network systems by:deeply integration of all control components of the powernetworks using ICT.

The two-way communication system will improve the reactivity(fast and complex) of the power system at the demands fromconsumer side and all other actors (providers, traders, regulators

entities) involved in the frame of power systems The SG will implement an intelligent monitoring and control

functionality of all power networks components, thecommunication between all these components, and theprocessing of all signals afferent to power grid.



Smart Grid vision

Will better solve the incidents and malfunctioningevents that could appear on power networks inclusive

by developing “self healing” facilities

Will offer a high level of reliability, resilience andsecurity of power network system

Will integrate new intermittent power generators anddistributed generators such as: renewable powersources thus, the consumers will be transformed in“ prosumers” respectively they will become in the sametime energy providers and consumers



Smart Grid vision

Will offer the support for operating the energy storage facilitiesthat will be integrated into the power grid not only at energy

provider level (generators) but also deep into the grid at thelevel of end-users (consumers)

Will significantly reduce the environmental impact of thewhole electricity supply system

SG represents in the same time the complex system able toaccommodate the requirements from economical, social andtechnological sides in order to assure a high efficient powernetwork operation, facilitating trading of the energy



Trinomial model of SG

Consumers

Electric Energy

Providers

Electric Energy

Traders

Operational networkPower plant automationGeneration & Load BalancingStation Sub-Station automations

Feeder automation and monitoring

Local consumer’snetwork

RES managementSmart appliances

Building EnergyManager

Smart metering

Commercial network:TSO Transmission System OperatorDSO Distribution System OperatorAutomated billing system

Dynamic tariff applicable for prosumersMarket place interaction

AMI (Advance Metering Infrastructure)



Smart Grid actual stage – anexample-

Power network management

Market

Operation

AMR

Automatic

MeterReading

Billing systemCIS, GIS,

ERP…

Enterprise Integration

Power PlantAutomation

SubstationAutomation

Feeders

monitoring &Control

ResidentialGateway

SmartMetersHome

Automatio

nsProducing/Storing

CustomerServicesProviders

GENERATION TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION

ADINE ABB project 2010



EU vision about what means and howwill evolutes the Smart Grid concept

This will be done via an integrated and innovative approach to

technical,

commercial

regulatory

dimensions

European Smart Grids Technology Platform Vision

and Strategy for Europe’s Electricity Networks ofthe Future see on



SG in EU vision (1)

User-centric approach: increased interest in electricity marketopportunities value added services, flexible demand for energy,lower prices, micro generation opportunities;

Electricity networks renewal and innovation: pursuing efficient assetmanagement, increasing the degree of automation for better qualityof service;

SmartGrids SRA 2035: Strategic Research Agenda Update ofthe SmartGrids SRA 2007 for the needs by the year 2035



SG in EU vision (2)

Using system wide remote control;

Applying efficient investments to solve infrastructure ageing;

Security of supply: limited primary resources of traditionalenergy sources, flexible storage; need for higher reliability andquality; increase network and generation capacity;

SmartGrids SRA 2035: Strategic Research Agenda Update of

the SmartGrids SRA 2007 for the needs by the year 2035



SG in EU vision (3)

Liberalised markets: responding to the requirements andopportunities of liberalisation by developing and enabling bothnew products and new services;

High demand flexibility and controlled price volatility,

Flexible and predictable tariffs;

Liquid markets for trading of energy and grid services;




SG in EU vision (4)

Interoperability of European electricity networks: supporting theimplementation of the internal market; efficient managementof cross border and transit network congestion; improving thelong-distance transport and integration of renewable energysources; strengthening European security of supply throughenhanced transfer capabilities;




SG in EU vision (5)

Central generation renewal of the existing power-plants,

Development of efficiency improvements, increased flexibilitytowards the system services;

Integration with RES and Distributed (decentralized) Generation DG;





SG in EU vision (6)

Developing of Distributed generation and production based onrenewable energy sources (RES):

Local energy management, and as consequence losses andemissions reduction, integration within power networks;





SG in EU vision (7)

Environmental issues:

“reaching Kyoto Protocol targets” and evaluate their impact on theelectricity transits in Europe;

reduce losses;

increasing social responsibility and sustainability; optimizing visual impact and land-use;




SG in EU vision (8)

Demand response and demand side management(DSM):

developing strategies for local demand modulation and loadcontrol by electronic metering and automatic metermanagement systems;





SG in EU vision (9)

Politics and regulatory aspects: continuing development andharmonisation of policies and regulatory frameworks in theEuropean Union (EU) context;





Investments for SG in EU

countries



A remark of Frederick Butler 2008

“most people have paid for their electricity at the same rate

every day of every year, every hour of every day.”

Butler said, “That’s going to have to change,” noting that “Ifyou’re going to have a smart grid, that allows you to measureand have two-way communication between the end-userpremises, the utility company, the [Regional Transmission

Operator] RTO, and other entities, rates will have to change tobe more time-of-use rates or critical peak period rates.”



SG function definition(1)(recovery act smart grid programs)

Fault Current Limit devices able to automatically limit highcurrent that occur during faults

Wide Area Monitoring, Visualization & Control

Dynamic Capability Rating

Power Flow Control having as objective to reduce the power

flow travel along power networks



SG function definition(2)(recovery act smart grid programs)

Adaptive Protections

Automatic Feeder and Line switching

Automatic Islanding and Reconnection Automatic Voltage and VAR Control

Diagnosis and notification of Equipment Conditions

Enhance Fault protection

Real-time Load measurement & management Real time load transfer as result of feeder reconfiguration

Customer electricity use optimization

CISCO i i b t SG



CISCO vision about SG

assessment

Observable Controllable

Automated

Integrated

Implementation proposed b



Implementation proposed by

CISCO

Challenges rinsed by SG



Challenges rinsed by SGimplementation(1)

Development of a secure, reliable and resilient

communication system – creating redundantinfrastructures

Improvement of M2M connectivity down to the lastelements integrated into the power grid

Strict control of propagation delays on operationalnetwork in order to maintain the “real-time” capabilitiesfor whole system

Challenges rinsed by SG



Challenges rinsed by SGimplementation(2)

Development of appropriate strategies in order to pass-off oravoid the “silent” – unresponsive nodes that should be over passed

Coordination and alignment of requirements from plurality of

stakeholders (EU case)

Development of standard and regulations that impose the usageof strict security solutions in order to avoid possible intrusion intoSG systems

See standards:IEC 61850 standard Communication networks andsystems for power utility automation; IEC 61499 standard forgeneral purpose Function Block architecture for industrial processmeasurement and control systems, endowing the architecturewith bio-inspired control patterns

V Vyatkin, G Zhabelova, N Higgins, M Ulieru, K Schwarz, N-Kumar,CStandards-enabled Smart Grid for the Future Energy Web, IEEE SG2009



d i



Advance MeteringInfrastructure(AMI)

Bi-directional communication based on standard protocols

Enabling usage of dynamic tariffs or instant price of Electricityconsumed or generated

Visualization in real – time of current status of the powernetwork

Endowing with control functions the Energy Counter in order to

be able not only to switch on-off the devices but also to offerstrategies for replacing components



A model set-up for SG network

Tamilmaran V, D P Kothari “Smart Grid: An Overview “, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2011,2, 305-311 http://www.SciRP.org/journal/sgre) visualized 2012



Electric Energy Counter

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/contor_avansat_b5.swf



IC meters

Sensors => Precisions of whole system Metering involve CALIBRATION ofmeasurementsCommunication module could be

changedSeals are mandatoryAuthentication is mandatory

A Laboratory implementation



A Laboratory implementation

S l id ti b t



Several considerations aboutelectric energy storage devices

21

21

21

111

C C

C C C

C C C

ESR R

V P V C E

42

1 2

2

Helmholtz 1853

(Symmetric electrodes)

Capacity, energy, power

Nano-structure of supercaps

electrodes



Ragone Diagram

Different kind of



Different kind of

supercapacitors

ELECTROLYTE organic anorganic Important for

Decomposition

voltage Higher Lower

Cell voltage

Electrical

conductivity Lower Higher

functionality

Environmentalconcern

Restrictions formaterials,

available nowno

Topic ofadmission



How look these devices?

Cylindrical device “Stacked” device

paul nicolae borza smart grids and ict2014

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