pavilion 14

8/3/2019 Pavilion 14

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PAVILION journal for politics and culture / #14

BIOPOLITICS


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5 Biopolitics, Necropolitic s and De-ColonialityMarina Gr ini

c oluMN

Biopolitics , Necropolitics aNd d e -c oloNialitypart i

a rouNdpart ii

e xteNtpart iii

137 Life After DeathN j N n ng

9 From Biopolitics to Necropolitics andthe Institution of Contemporary ArtM n G n

94 Metastasis of Democracy, Communication and Mass Intelect f k k t

147 The Communal and the DecolonialW M gn

156 De-Linking from Capital and the Colonial Matrix of Power:Class Racialization and the (De)Regulation of Lifes b j n l b n

162 Beyond the State and the Market:Trans-Modern Art as a Way of Liberating Knowledge and BeingM n t n v

170 Biographies

[2]


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B i o p o l i t ic s , N e c r o p o l i t ic s a n dDe - C o l o n i a l i t y

C olumn

by Marina Grini,guest editor

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From Biopolitics to Necropoliticsand the Institution ofContemporary Art

by Marina Grini

Biopolitics , Necropolitics aNdd e -c oloNialitypart i

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[16]

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[18]

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s v n . on h h h n , n hm m , h nn ng h M n

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12/89

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[20]

ff n n ( h h n b h v ng n m v h NGo). th n nn n, h, h w( n n n n gn n) b-

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m n . 14 M b n n h m g-n h h m h ng h ng ng n v h n af ; n hn , m n m b m ngh n h eu n G b W ,f m , f h w , wn n n w k ng - nn n n h v f ng m nn b ng j b , ., h vn g v nm n f n n b w fg n z ng h b n n ng

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13/89

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/ / ng f h w k ng w h n h b n f h n n -f z n f f f m h b -

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j g n f f - b , f -b n h n b z ,n n f , w n b b fh n n m gf h h ng n h m n g m n ff h F c W .

t , h n n n f n f b - n k ng n h

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on h n h n , a h Mb mb wb m n h h b hw h f b f h nn z n n m z b h - f n m h , , n f n f h F w n n n -

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[22]

- g f h q b nf n b n n ; f

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b n, m ng f q , wh h b n g ng n n nm n h n h f f n m n , n h v f n

h j w , n h fn h v f w ng n b h ngg n g . N v h v w w n n v n h h -

b n , j , m , . h kb f m W n ( . ., F mW : in n n r h,p b h ng n e h b n p j 2009-2012)16, f f m h f m W G m n n n. th nn w h h f n ng

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., h W j f m ng . i w h v f m f f

( w n h nk h b f -n); h w f m n -v m h g v h W hb b n n n f

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f . th v h f hf m W n e mbw h f h vh f f n n m h

n , n . B h n hf w n j , mn m n n wh h h m

n z ng f w v h wh w n z n h ,n h wh h n ng h m nh n h f m ngf h v ng n h ng w h hn n g f m f h hw v , m k ng f n nv z n.

8.

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, wh h wh wh n ng n W s . e m n fh n b n n hw h n n f n n b -g ng b n v b f g

.


14/89

n f h b f nh 1990 n h -y g v , m n n z b n p n

s b . 19 i m m k ng f n b h h m m n h nf ng s n g l z p ,wh n h a v m : n w f m f n , 20 m h w n w

. a h gh m h h w v ff n n h

n b b h f m f mm n, h gh h n, g n g , mh h h n-n n h f v n m ff -v , h f h f h

w e n un n . th n b b , f i m k f-

n N G v n fh d gm 95 f m m v m n , w n-f f m n g f m. 21 th-y g v n n n -n , . ., n n

f m h n n n n bg b m. on h n , hh n f h f m w k, i nf g , m n n .

N m b m n h h wn h g n n-

n f h n fh -y g v . in s v n ,n h b n n m n n w v n . onh - wh h h b n n n-z n z f h - h f

h - e , n hs v n ng g , zb n .

on F b 26, 1992, gh m n hf ng n n n f my g v , h n w r b fs v n m 30,000 n

f m v g . th h nng f h b w n s v nn y g v h n , w n-n b n f h mn n f h n g

. th , wh m bkn wn zb n , h e , s b , c , B n n M m ,a b n n K v , r m n hn n- hn s v n n g n f mh f h f m y g v wh

h v n w k n s v n fm n , m f h m f .th w n v f ff -

n s v n . th m n nn w nf ,

nv , wh h m nh h h ff m n w

m nv . a , hf n h m v v f h gh w k, n n , n hgh v n m f . th

m n n m f h m v v nf h m n gh b h s v n n :f g n , m n v g n ,m n v hn n ng, vh, m n n z n n

n. th n m f n m n n n h - n - -z n f b n v n

b k n f n mb , b f n . a

f h , m 12,000 m m-b f h g g ( f

m 30,000) f s v n . th18,305 e h m n n s v n

b w n w h : h h -n w h h nn f n -n - n h mb , ng f m

h h f h g fb ng f m h n ,

ff f m h wn f m n f m m n f n f b f .

[24]

mm n , wh mm n m( v f m h n b n ) h m m n h h j- f h f b W n n -.

th w b b f b wh h n z h f h h ng n f me n e n , n h -g f m n n f v

n b g b n . a f h n w b h f m -

y g v , n v n m f - s v n . on J n 25, 1991, h

r b f s v n n -n n . a 10- w w h y g v

f w (J n 27, 1991 - J 6, 1991).th y g v p a m (JNa)f w h w f m s v n n j n h un N n n M 22,1992. s v n w ng nf n h e n un n.th n M 1, 2004. thh y g v r b h m n h e n un n.

J f w w k - n M h2004 - s v n h b m m mbf Nato. s v n j n h e nM n un n n h f f hn w m mb n he n n 1 J n 2007.s v n m m n h s h ng nag m n n d mb 21, 2007.

th g f m b ng b w h n h f m -y g v (s F r b f

y g v sFry) n b ng n n n n n b -

b gh ng w h h n f n m m. F m n n n n 1991, s v n -

h f n n v -

n h nk , n h nh n , f k n -

v b v n m , ,g n n n f f

w n s v n , n , n h h , m n b n h

n b m v v m f v -n g n b h m n gh n

s v n n n e g . i n h

n , z h m n m k v b n - m n

n s v n n , h gh , nh w eu w . Wh g ng n n s v n n v ff nf m m f m n n,

n, . g ng n n eu .an m f h -m n n n w b m

n b h e n c mm nn 14 F b 2008. B h -

f ng n ng f gn v e n n g ngh m h n n . s m fh n m b ng b m j n B n,F n , G m n n h N h n .a e n B s v n s mf n n n b n h b f b ng n n

, B ff . M j n n f m mb w

h n n f h f heu b n g n FroNtex.

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m b f m amb , s v n , n hn b v g n h h m ,h n ng k h m n m n ngh v n. Wh h k hw b k, s v n n g v nm n ff - n g h f m b zk g

m v f m h n . B f hg v nm n n h f m vf h s j n f m , h n n nk n f h m k n

r m mm n n e n , ng h m n gh

g .

M v , h nf n n n z ff -n v f m h -y g v n n, n nfb h n b g b m ne . in h b v -m n n ,s n g l z p w h h -

n v b h v m nq w m n : h f h

w -s , n h n m -n f m. c v b h v , g

p , w f -m n ng h n v n n b h g

n n h n h , wh n m n b

g b zh n v n n b n f m ng h

z n h n n h nh h m v n n n q g f z n

- h q f h m m w f m n .

Wh w h v n h f h e, n n h f h s j n ,

h w n n m ngg h . th n n v - n ng

f n w . th w -s , f n b p ,

m h n m h bn w h n m n n n -v n f h n m . in , h w h , n s v n f m ,ng f m w g n v h

w g n h j n wh n 2007n n h eu n n

b ng h n f h m ns v n n, h nm m n , wh h s v n n g v n-m n n w g n h -

n - . p h m n f m kn w gff n h h n b n f . in h n , h f nf n n m f mf n ; f m f h m n hn h ng h ng . a ng p , m h- n f h w -s n -

m n f m. th n n hw m j f f h -y g vn n, b f h eu w , f w

j h nk f h b v -m n nh ng n b m / n . H w v , hm m m n ng f

n f h w f .

t , h n n b g b -m h ng, z ng n -

ng ng f -g v nm n -z ng f wh w n n h

b f : n h hg n f mm n n h wf f gg (n h-ng g v n n m) h v fh m j f z n - h , h f h e n , wh h w

v n h y g v n n hm f s m. t , h -g v n-

m n z ng ng ngw h h n m v z n

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in 2003, h s v n n c n nc (w h n N . u-i-246/02)

m f n f v f h e, k ng v gn z

h e n g v h mv g ng b k h

f h n F b 26, 1992.th gh -w ng n n n nw n s v n (f m 2004 n 2008)

h c n n cd n. a h n f o b 2007,h gh w ng s v n n G v nm n( b J n z J n ) n d fc n n l w f him m n n f h F n m nc n n ch n h n n -n f h r b f s v n , n-n ng h e . W h h

d f , m ff n -g f e ; w f -

m n w h e . inf f n g v ng n v b k he , h g v nm n w -ng m m n f h n n n-, n wf n m n -

. if v n w w h w f w b n b , n b -

f h b f h w b n n h gh f he m n n wb nn .

th 2008 g n n n s v nb gh v v h sd m (f m mm n ). a n wg v nm n w w n n n 21N v mb 2008. in d mb 2009,h w v , h 2003 c n n c

n n m m n , wh h n n g ng h f h f w n s v n .

th n M n f in , K nK , n h h n

w b n h -n n f f m y g v bwh w f m h m n n

n g n 1992 - wh hm n g n h m n m h

n s v n . W h h m nh n n w b g n

n f h b w nh n wh n h m n g g n h n . H w v , h v v h n wh

h v n . th M n , K ,n h h g v nm n w b g n

f ng w g h n nf g n ng h h

wh n v n s v n wh v n s v n w h f m

. th m v n h f h e m f h m-m m n v b h n w g v nm n f n v h f h en f f h c n n c ngf m 2003, wh h h h fh e m b m w h

v ff . K h gh gh hh n v ng -m n n n n m n h he w b m n m n n. th q n f m n-

n (m n ng h s v n w bf m n h e ) gg v m h z n b bh gh -w ng n wh n b g n n g n h j n n h f h e ,f m h n 17 !

th n h h n b n n n z n z f h h f h - s j n , nn f m f 31 r m , 14 f h m

h n, wh w f b n nh n n 28 o b 2007 wh n


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n m n n n n -ng n ( h m n m m h

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f h e n un n. th n , v , n

f n n n h gh fng g m h gh B n

B n (b n ) g h mm ng n h 19 h n n n

n gh f s v n , c ,s b , w F n h n G m n ,

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W h v v f h n h -m n f m n f n h -y g v n n h gh s b nK v . Wh ? B h -y g v n n f s v n n

b b n z f w n n-n , n h n , w h h geu , n n h h , w hh M v n n n f

, n f g ng h h - b h m n g

s b n f n h 1990 ns b n n B H ( n f gb h uN k ng f ).

a b amn in n n n1998 n h a H m n r ghc n K v p v n . B kg n :a w ng h n, 22 f hs n W W n h n fh n y g v , K v wg v n n ng g f n m .th m n n h 1974 c n nf h f m s F r b

f y g v (sFry), wh n, s a n m p v n , hm h m g f n m h n n b f h sFry,b k ng h n n gh

f m h sFry. in M h na 1981, hn a b n n m n -

v f K v b m f b . th m n n wb k n v n n amnin n n n h hc n c mm f h l g fc mm n w nf m h v 300

w k n h ,h gh b h m n

m h n 11 . a f m -g n f w f n , g n , h h b nn ng n h v n vn . in h 1980 , s b n

M v m w , f p n f h ng l g fc mm n f s b n h n p n f s b , w h h vs b n n n g m hf n K v . in 1989, h -

n b h ng h v n n m n n m

m n v g n f s b . th h-n a b n n n w b -

h s b n n y g v - m g h , ng

n n n n n r b fK v , n b h -

m n , n n g v nm n . inn, v h h, -

n n h n n w -. th n h , b mm f m n -

, m n a b n n w k w -m n m f m m m n( m m f f ng gn -

n f h s b n h -

), n h ng n h a b n n n-g g w ff v n n h

- n m. th m n fa b n n f m K v n -

z n h gh f f my g v n n s b w , n b n p n1994, f h h g m n n n m .N n m , h v n n

n m g n z n f( n n w) m n g ,

, nn w h h ,m n n v n

g n w m n n h v n gh . s h n m n n h

1990 w h h w n y g v .

l , n p b h n h 1990 n h b g nn ng

f 2000 n s b , ng, i m fb ng h t b -F m. shn n , i , f , kn wn h

F m h m; h h h - f N z G m n n h m

h f M v s b . H w v , n-m n n f m n h wk f h f ng n , wh n n wh nh w h m n n- b ng ng n n , k ,

f n n h f m n n n f h f -ng h . in m v w, w h nf h f b g m f h -

b n .s b n F m h wn n n -

n m , wn m -n n f v n g n o h , wn f h f m n f h

, n h , f n ff n w h

n f h o h , f - n f n n wn ;

h b n m h n b nm m; h w f m

ng n n f g n ; h n n g ; h n m n f n ng h w nb ng h . th f b f h f m f ,

, m n w n h -z n f f n s b : h m f

n b n, -m n n -m n, n h n , n v , m n n m , . inh m, n v nn n

n , h f m n n . l k f m , t b -

F m n n b j -v n m ng, n n, n f n

m v , f h o h : c , B n n ,n a b n n . t b -f m n fm n n b n h - f h n m f f m h h

b n n w b f h k ng n h w . 23

in m n n bh -y g v n n n -n f f , b w n f ng

m m n h v - m n , la h w , h wh -y g v n nn h eu, i w h n m ,

n n n s v n b n b m. B n ng n

g f n b m, w h b n -f n ,

gh f w , n v-, n k n f b .

c.) on n n m n n n: t bn b m n G b m

N n m h f h v -n m n wh h n f g n z n n f h f -


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o , h n f m - f z n, wh h -

v n h m h m m n n f hm f gm n n f h n h gh n -v z n ( n ffh gh h m m n n f hB gn H gh e n mh gh e n h G bc W , wh h n

n nv m n ), fh f m e fn n n f n. i m h-n f n n m,

h g m h v k n w n

b ng .

N w b , n h W n e ,n n m w k h n n h nw h h n f h w gm n v j f m n : hen gh nm n n c mm n m. th

b h w ( f b ) n h v ( h

en gh nm n n h W nc mm n m n h e ). th hf f h en gh nm n N z m n F m, n h f fc mm n m s n m. B n ,n b f h m -z n b n b g b m,

w n n n f fh n f m n. th en gh nm n n b b h gh f n h

f m f m n g m n ( n n m n-z n) f f . l w h f

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n b . s h m n-g m n ( f g n w ) -n f m f g v nm n h n ng f-g v nm n . in h

f n n , h g f-m n g -m n n v v f f f h n v -

. r n v m h f nf m f h f n gh nm n n h W n h ng m b n f m f f-g v nm n-

, m n ng h k f m h f n n gh n f

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h b w n m h n n f -n n v -w k n -

n , h n v , n h n mf h f , f h n n f w k ngh f h n v n f , .)n b n n n w h v-z f m f wh g ng n n h

b b f e h gh - n . B h m f n -

n z ng/ n z ng m h f k-ng m n n wn f .c v z f- nn h n h f-g v nm n h b

f b n n , n n w hh ch n . Wh n wb v m gn w k ng g m n , h h f h b n f f

n w f m f m , wh mf m n hm n f j b n - h n n n hh n h h b f

n v z n.

a ng , n n m n f m f z n h m -n mb ff n b b hh gh n f . Whh gh n h n n- n n n n m n fh m v w h ( n n

[30]

m e n e n h f f hB n W , n h n m n n . i h h

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, b w -f ng h n m-m n , n m v w hh b n f h n f mn h n mm n -m. o h h n n m ,n h m, h m n

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th n n m b h eu w , v n m b h eu, h n h nh g f n n n

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h m m n n f n b g bm m n? in h f m e n

e n n , m n fn n f n f n n

n h nn w h ngh g n gh ( gh h h n n , b n f , w k, .); h h ng

gh n g n ngn b f m nm ( . ., b ng f n n n f w n , n -

b , w h j b gh ). t b - v g , w h ,

h h n b gh , m n b m n w h n n b g b-

m. th n h gh m f n n f n z n( h g , .) h m w h

z m n g m n n w v z n f h , n n m .

in W n e n n , m nh mb ng f h bm h n f g ng vv f h m. th

, h -1970 w f ( f m v n) m n w , h gh hn b h n h n ff -

n n ff n h n- n ff n v b

m m n .

in e n n h W n e , hv n f b n n n m ; b h h n n , b

n n , b n nh b n w n

b ng v z . in b h n- wh k z n,

h w ng h n n ( h n g n m) f m h n

.

d z n n h e n W fe h m n f f n n-ng, b n ff n . t m h h n h v - n n f

v z n , w ff n m . in h f m W ,

f n v z n b bj v h f -w , wh h n v n m n g f h /h m f, n h n h m ff v -

m n f n b g b m.


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wh h n (f m m/m g n h-n (r m ) n n-hg ). th f h n n

n n s v n h e, n s b , s v n , s v k ,

r m n , ., h r m , nF n h n n h g n -

n f F n h z n f m hn , n a n ,

m g n , . in , , - w k , h n , .

k ng n f m h w m n , h n m n n-

z n h b .

th gh n h n, n s v n , n2009, wh h g v n b f n

n, h n f m w b h b h m q z ngm - n n w h h f m

n n . th f w g h n n m g

n n f w n f h m ff n . th f , h b m n-n h n f q f -. Wh m n h fh s v n n n b f h - h w, v bf n ng n v nf h m n gh h h m m nm n n n heu. th w g n n ,b h , hn n v

n f b m n n h h h f ( h h n b

m n g ) b f n m m n n. H w -

b m h ng k h ? thn w h e , wh h

n n, h f , n v -n f m b h h h m n gh n wn n .

H w v , h n b v nm n n f . th e n un nn n k f h w v h ng n w b m ng n ng m - w m b n n m b n n -, wh n w w n f

n n , b h , n n f f h h h vb m n m z n h b w h h n b m h n ,wh h g ng n f h

n f m-n n. in f h n nh n, n wk w -f h: n h ,n h h n h b fn z ng n m f m f mw h n e n h f h wh h n b h n ff nh . th i n n mh h d m n l h n n n h nn m m m, n - n h n f b -

m ( , n b m h m jg f g b m) n h

n f n m, wh h f m hf n n f W n m w h.

F w ng l , w n nk - wh h h b n f g n n h

n - b w n h f u.s.n m n N z G m n th

r h. th nk n f n hm h ng n b n nh 1920 b w n h K K K nn G m n g n z n f h fgh h w b n n -b k nn -J w h m. th K K K nn h h n n -(n )N z m ff v g h f h n m wh

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h w z n hwn n), wh h f

f h v m k bn, h h v - nk h m v , n h f , f m h gh -w ng

n n f , b n h hh n , h h v - nk h m vf m h f v -f m- h - w k ng

h h f w m n . th - nk ng n - v h n

n b m n g -z f . in nh b g f m f h z eu(wh h , n h h , h hg n z , f m n m F

e h gh m f n n fm n v , b n w), h f n n f

h v v h b - nkf m mm n m. c mm n m

q z n n h mv N z m. th f , h m n

b eu h g f m e ne n mm n n m -f h b k n b m n -m n f v m f h n m-m n g m g ng f m f n b n -N z f n. 24

N w, n f h n q n f h ( n n h f ) m n h n n w h h

f z n kg n h m k w h wh h -f , h k, h f m n -n f n , . in fk ng b , b h h ng

b gh b b n b g b -m, w f k b -

n n, f m , f m n -n h gh g n z n ng, f -

n . 25 th h n n

n w w f .i h h f n n

h v v h h b f f m ng n mb ng

z n n n b mb b h W n m-

. th b m f n h n m m n wh n h h n h w k wh ,

w h h m n , n ng h f ng h ( ) n g n m, k f

n w n w . inh 1990 , f h f f h B nW , w w h h h f , w h n-n n b z n,

n ( m ng n n v -m n ) n b v n f m -z n ( f n b , .) nv v f . th n f , nn w n n n b m n g ,

h w k n h m nh k f n w . on hf , h w k ng hh b h f n bj -v h n w z h nn h m k ng h f n - h m b nn w h ;

n h gh w ng, wh f - ( m n , m g n m n -, ) n b ng f hn n n n . 26 on h , h

g ng n b w f f m ng f k n w h h ( n ) f hn n h gh m h n m f h v n n .

a n , h n b n h n h g n

n n b h b nh g f b n hh f h f m n n( m n ng n ) n h


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b w h n m n vn , n w h g m n gh gn n. th f , m n n n h n w f m f

m, n c r m r z n W h r , wh h

n n v h gh e . 30

i v n b w n h w k nh wh b f -, m ng , h f h wh f w k n h

f h wh f w k.th f , w f h n f n f eu b wh , f ,

n h h w k f h b n f fh n w eu h n f, hb n, h n w v n fb . 31

th gh h v n w w n hv m n f n w f b- -

( n h f m f g w k ,m g n w k , n eu w k ,n m , n h f gh n ng

) wh gh b .a n w v n n h eu b nh , h n n w h v hm n g n n h h , hm n v f h

n h v m - m - . th n w eu f

m n g n bv h n f n n v n h h n w b m z ;h f m n g , nm n v b - v nn h n n v f h eu,b w h n h n v n n eu

- b m m n mh f m h n n n

wh h w k , m g n n w h g m n w k n v .

th f e n n f nn m z n b n n wh h n f n.

d.) c n m a G n nB M h n

a h n n k nwh h w wh i h v b n bn n w h v w h n m n . M gn n , h w w nn h n

, f n h n n , f g bm n b n b m w h

h n m ( . . f m) f n-v ng n m j ?

Wh i w n h , n n m - n h , n n f b ng h , h mm , h w m , b hg n b h fn m ( n n

in n) ff n h wh j z , n h wh w h f , f m , hn n .

W n k f n g nb h f h gm fn m ; n wh n i n-m , i m n n n n m-

j f m h -f m n v , b h ,

m, . th n q n f ng - , m w, - w h n h m h n f h

f n. s ng h , i w n m h z h nf ng h

f n n f n n-ng n h w n h f n, b b ng ,h ng .

[34]

m . i n m v m n v h w n j f n m-, n n

ff b , g v ng n f n n m b gg -

n , n ng n m n w .B G m 28 g h n b -ng h wh , f h h v g nB k n J w ; n b ng wh f n m n n b ng h m n.G m , w k ng l h gh ,

h n h m n b ng wh ! a h f n n h n h h f n-n n m n v n hn h n , n b k ng , m n-m n n m w , n h h .

c n m m n h - f h w v h

b g nn ng f h 19 h n b F n hm J h a h G b n , h

f n f m v n m nh n n f N

m . G b n vg h f m n ng v : a b , J w , B k , r m ,n h . in , m n hn q n f gn n ,

b g , m n v h n b n ,h f , g , -

w , h n , n m ,n h g , n v , m v -

, j n n b n m n - hw - b g (

b G m n f n l ). on h bj f am nm , l : m - n h wh mm n v

n m n w h h n v -m n f b k n h k ng f

in n . F 32 f h f 36 fh un s n , h -n h ng ff w v wn , w h w f h d n f

in n n n h c n n.W h v ( n b q n g g n), n h ng b am n

f m n b n : h g w b , n ng hh . 29 l f h w b

e n n m: ... b w n hn f 1800 n h b g nn ng f 1900,h n n f ff g , h gh v , n e g b w h

n z n n w h h m n fv m - v w k n hbj g n ; h g v nm nf w n h m (m v , - n n f m g n ,

h , wh n h bj f h ) n w n

w h h v n n -b - h n h f g n h

n . c n m, f m nN z m k m n -g , n h h v b nn b h h g f f n n

ng v , w hng ng n nq n w f h f n.

i n h n h w nn n h nk b m n n w

f m f n m w h n h e nun n w h n h n w e hf f nn n nh b z n b w n n n we n n n . the n un n n h

n f h gh b f m n, bn wh h g n h wh f mm n b , w k n h

n n , n


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e . in n , J n zJ n m h n b

b n n -f n n . on n h n , h m -m n ng n c mm n m h-

f b w ( -n n n f m m ), n

n h h h n , h ng h-f nn n w h h

n b - s v n n -. F m , h h f w

e n f v z n f -n, n m n f q z n f

p n n h s v n n N z -b ( h d m b n ) n

f h.

th f , f w m k nb w n h v n q h -hJ n z J n m n f g n h

J n z J n , n m h z h wh m vn w ff n n f h

w j , n b ng n hh b ng , m b ng h . W h n - nk h v n-

q h -h J n z J n n h J n , h n n : h f m n J n n m mb , whh h m . B h f h m , h v ng h m n fg b h .

F h , n , b f v ngh n w h q n - Wh he ? - n wh

b h f n h n -n f h v n q h -h

J n z J n m n f g b .o f m h ff n , n wh

h n f n w h hgh -w ng b h

h -h J n z J n b ?th f h h -h J n n b n f n -n m n f wh w gnv n b h m g l b h nh 1980 ; l b h, m g f mlj b j n ( v ) -h G m n n m f lj b j n ( hn m b m n v

ng h m f h G m n -n f s v n n WWii wh n h N z

gg v G m n z n fs v n ) n f m n hw m b w n n M n h; h f m nh 1980 w h ff ng n f h

n n f h n. l b hg , wh h kn wn v -

n f n n h n m , , m n f n w h

b (M n ), n m (lj b j n ), . w bv h

m h h g f n n f m b h W nn m f f n h 1980 .

th f , h v - n f n ( m n g ) n wh h

l b h n n mn f h n v n .

l b h m mb n m w n h 1980 ; h b-

n , b n m n n n v w , n f, h , n m h w kn w hn h n w m k , f h b f n

, .

a m h , n2007/2008, h h -h J n b g n, h gh f ng l b h,

h m, b n h v . thh -h J n n g n

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Wh i w n m h z h n-m n m z h f

n. th m w h h w.i n q b ag mb n n

n s v gn h l w n h ngb f n f m

n f v w. B h n n b ng, h ng h fn h h b f n m-

. W n h mb ; h w h f .B h f m j h -

w k .

a g m f h m nn f f h n g nm ng f m s v n . in 2007/2008h v - f m v n m

f m lj b j n , s v n (d vG , em H v n n g K )h ng h n m J n z J n -n n mb , b m nm n v w (b h ng ng f h n m n , f m n

, J n zJ n ). J n , J n , J n (JJJ) n j n n v n, - m f w k ng n - , b b ng!

in n n wh JJJ ng, n nn w hn h v n n 2008 n s v n , w hh b h ng f h h m fh J n f c q f s n ,im g n n n N w an h g( z k k zn n , m j j nn v n g j - KZ, lj b j n )n th s f n e h

n n n v h n g f he z n f s v n . i h h h w / n -f m v j - h J n f -

m v b (JJJ) n th s f ne - n m

f m v - h n -h n v n n w h n h

n f s v n . ths f n e n v n - , h h , h v n qh -h J n z J n mn n h n, b bf h gh n ng h gh -w ng f/ n s v n n h -z h gh -w ng g nm n v .

t n n m h , n n w w n : wh J n z

J n n wh h e p .B h j f h m .

Wh J n z J n ?

J n z J n gh -w ng s v n nn wh w nn ng h

s v n n g v nm n f m 2004 2008; h n h h n w -

n n 2008! th g n g f h f -m n b n n h fv . in h 1980 , h w h

f g h v k h gh v f m m n

h n f h n n n fs v n n 1991; , h h -

n v f n w b n b- n ng m n w h w n

s v n h n h z hg n g f h s v n n f m

n n b . J n zJ n - n m n m n ( h n m gn) - h p m M n f s v n nh f m 2004 2008, w n f h m f fv n ng h b f -ng n n h n f h


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w gg b m bg m n b s vk d b k n h

m , F b 26, 1992. thn mb f h g m 0016/4-14968. s vk d b k w h mb n ig B v . J n z

d n v k w n f hs v n n g v nm n n a 1992.M v K v f h

n n f h f m ng fd n v k b n n J n 1992, wh nB v , b ng h M n f in naff n d n v k g v nm n w , nf m h m b h b mg ng h v n f h m n ghn s v n .

t , B v , h n-n n , n f h m nf n

n s v n n n h g fh m n n n i b nz,wh h h n h gh

v z n mn (i b nz w n f h m

n f s v n ).th gh B v n f m h -

n n h w , wh h wv w k w h j b f ,

h n f ng n g h g hm m n .

t n v n m gh n h1992 v n n h kn f h -n , f h w h1992 n b h e

h m v : i m n h h f m n n -

n , n f w, h h m n gh , n b b n

nf n n h b f w,m n v , n .

th f m n n n v b b h h gh h g

m n . th v ngh . s v n w n 1992 h g

f h f m mm n f -v f y g v , g h w hm n n n n n ,g f h n n , , , g n f v n v . th

b n f h eh b n k n f m h m w h nw, g , n f n, n b m g m!

th f , h h f h hJ n b f n n h v - n-

g n h gh n h - v f f n h

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n wh h m n w h n h ns v n n h h 18,000

f m h e n ng n ,w h , wh h nb n v , v n f 17 !(th h 12,000 w n ff nm b n q n , m

b n h m n n h m th s f n e .)

th J n , n n, wh n h wk n 2008 w m k n f -

h h , wh h wh n b h n h w k -m n f h lj b j n n wdn vn k, h v m n b

f w k m h .th J n n g v n mf h f h gh -w ngg v nm n , h j w -

n n h v ng n n m nm n n b h ff n

f b h n g n . th n -ng n gh h h h

n m m f J n .[38]

w h n m - h ng ng;h n h n f -m . th w nn n b hn wb n b b J n , h gh -mn h f m f mm n ngw h h g n b . ev m h

nn n h , i w , w n bv n, b - w m n n - h v ng h

, m n m n h ngh n m . th f , i w n m h h b n m.

u m , h n h m j m k h w , h b , w nm wh h h ng hn m . i w h g f -ng n f f b n ng nm n . in f , h h -hJ n f w b n n - b h g v nm n n w ! th

M n f c b n n - m h j n wh h

n f, f n h , J n zJ n k , wh m n h

ng f -f n n ng f m hM n f c n 2007/2008 wj n h n h g f h

f f n b z -n.

N w wh h e - ( n z n v h w ) n h w b h h h f h h -hJ n n n h J n zJ n n b n n h ghh e .

th e h n bn n wh h h f hf m ng f h h -h J n , h e , w b -n , n m f h n -

h w b ng m m n b hs v n n h gh nf ngn ng h n n m n . th gh h f /n m ng n f ng h n ,h e w v f h

n n m h g n - n v h gh h n m n ; n h f n n ,h w v f f . th f , h h -h J n vh j n h m , b h h h ( n

B m) f h f m n , fh f h ng ng h m nn k ng, - w

b - h n w n , n bn z n z n n

n h e .

Wh h e ?

in F b 1992, h m wh ns v n w n nf n , hs v n n g v nm n , wh h wh b h n-p m M n l jzp n h M n f in naff , ig B v , ( n w h h -

f h s s f hM n f in n aff , s vkd b k), m b n -

m f , n f m ng30,000 n w h -n m n v ng h m fn gh . th 30,000 wm w k n n n m g nh w w k ng n v ng n s v nwh w f n n-s v n n hn ,B n k , c , s b , r m ,K v , M n n , . Wh h -n n F b 26, 1992 w h

nf n f h f -m n n n , n h nf n


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23/89

wh n n nf JJJ wh h h h vh gh b n m n n h nk b wh h g ng n nh f h n .th m m n n h h -

( h ), ng ag mb n, n f n n m f gw v n h m -n v : ng f m hn n f m , f h . i

m n n z n f n m n- w ( ) n h v n fh , h . th f hn wh JJJ ( f b

n n ) n n b ng J nh n, f h h nn 2008, n w f f m n

n n h s v n n m n .

J , h n n h jf b w h h

JJJ q f h gh -w ng,n b f w f h -

n J n z J n . in 2009, h hw , b h n

n J n f m n n m n -v n, b gh -w ng -n g m. th f ,

J n n n ng f -n n v n v ng w

b , h m m f m- n h gh h n

e n un n n g b w . o n n n h

j JJJ h m b -q f J n h n b

ng h n m , n n 2009 n -ng v n h f hn m .

ag mb n h n n , n

g h h f m b n m. onwh h v ng h f m b n ? p ( w ) h m g -

, n b ag mb n,wh h v w b f h h ( h , fw , w h b ng n n b f h m g ),

wh , h w g n b w h n m ngf m b m nf m h n f. ev n m , ag mb n w , n m n -

n ( n f n w ), m f h

n n v wh n ng n f . a ,

h , w h n v w, b n f m n

f w. th n , gb ag mb n, n n f nn m n n b w n - n h b b

f n w n h f n g-n m m n ng n h f h ngf w wh n m n n n n h n m mb n w k ( . 79). i n h n -gn m h h -

n n ( m b k hw n h n-b w n m ). th f -

m , b ag mb n, h h b n h f h( ).

p , wh m n f h ( h ) h w n-n n w h h n n f n , h m m , h w

n h f n n ng f hb n n m-

n . a h gh J n h n h n, h h

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h n n h m mb b .

i w k n w n h q fh J n j f h n h wh , h n ng , n2009 n nw , n h n m ( n

n), h gn f f m m n

f n f h n m j-.

i w b h f h n nn ag mb n b k s fe n. 33 ag mb n f n h sf e n h wh h h f n hm n nf n f n

. th w n hag mb n, q ng p , n m w n h h g nn h gh wh h h r m n n v h mm n f ( . 75).

th , ng ag mb n, b ff n w h nb n v w. in h f f -

v w, ( h ) h f m , h f h h nf

g v n h f h bjwh nn n n n b ng g - v n b ng. th m

m n , n n m -n , h h f h f h(wh h h f m ) h zh m g f h n wh , n h h b . th f , -

n , n f b h -v n b w, n n n k, b n ( ) h -z h h h .a n , n h b , n n h n n m h ng

wh h h, b -n h f ng f m n wn

b : v . a h nff n n f, wh h h z f , w m n n - v h v , h gh w h- h v n h w f

n n gh h !

th q n b ag mb n f mwh h f f h m ?F , n f h n nn n f h j J n ,h m q n m n m .a w w, h f b h n w ww ng , h m m n hn , h nk ng h h J n j b n n

w f h n J n ,h v n b h . in 2009,f J n h n h -n, J n h n n h

f h n m .

ev n m , h nv g n n nb ( f h n h b -

f J n ) n n h n- f v gn ( w f n j ), n n j n m

nf n (b w n n m n m ); nn( b ag mb n f ng p ) h h nk h f m n .

a ag mb n , h f n n n n n m -

h ng wh h h, bn h f ng f m

n wn b : v . thJJJ j , n 2009, n -

h, v , f h n m f f -m. i w h m n h -

n , , j n , n f w-


24/89

s v n n h h f heu w . th f , h bb nn n n h b f h f n

n n v h h JJJ j w ( ) n m k

f h n b g f v n m n h z n n h n b n wh h k .

a ag mb n , K n w z h - f h k ng w b h b- ( . 83). K n w z,

b ag mb n, g n n v hm n f h r m n n h h h h k nf h eng h n F n h m n h ,n h n h n nb w n n wh nh k b h k ng w b nb h n h gn n w h h h f h k ng ( . 83).

an , n n b ag mb n, b h v gn w

f n f m h mb m n f h n n n f ,

h w b n h h n, h q ng hm f n ng wb f h v gn n h f n

m g n m ( . 83) - m h ng hh n n wh n n f h

j b h h -h m n J n n m n m n

( b ) f h j .

ag mb n h f n h , b h r m n m , bf h n n n b w n hn w , wh h v n bf h v n n z n f bn n n, b m n ng h b w n h w b .

o h ff n , m -f n wh h b n wh m-

n w w , w h wh h bw w b m n , wh h b ww m f .

th w h b f h f f J n z J n ; b wh

n w, f f h n h ,, f h h h

w , h b m ng v n mg n . ag mb n g h h m -n h , m n ,

h v b n n h hm h nh mm -

n h v ng n f h f m -, k, n h mm n n w ,

n. ag mb n h h w n g

f n n n g n h -m n n , n n , m n hh f nk f n n b m f g f wmm n n f .

i n b h n , ag mb n n n , h h h h n n h

wh n h h n nw n n b h n eh gh f m n N ns m. o h -h m nJ n k ng n h

, nf ng n m k ng f f m , m n ng n m - n n h f f h ,v , , f h f g h

f g f mm -n n h f f h s . th h h v b fm h j b h J n f hf n nm h f m n h n n b v n -g -

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m n n h wh JJJ kh n m n n n , n ng m b f h h nh gh wh h w n m k n f h n f h n

n n m .

th ff n b b f n f w : wh h m g ,

n h r m n n , - b h f m ( m h ng - w h n b ) h h

n v n n n wh h n - h f h w wh n -

ng n h , h , nh h h n , ng f m h n m h ng h n h gh

h m ( . 82). ag mb n n h n n m n h n m nh h F d n h N z

F h , m n n f g hn n w h h n f h -

n ( . 83). a ag mb nn , v n h gh M n h

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n f n b ff m g - ( . 83). th q f d

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( w h g v nb b ng n n m m n n n

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f h n f wn h m f n ms v n n ), b J n z J n ? a n b

ag mb n, h w f d n Hw w , w b n h - n h h h , w b n

, h , n v b f h , f h

b n h h w jb m n !

th h -h m nJ n j m h h f h f g , h h f J n ,wh h h w h n ms v n n f n n . JJJ h h , h v n , wh ,m , h m f h


25/89

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g ), b b n z ng hb f h n n f , h

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f m m n b h g v bf n f ( h ) m-

m m .

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q ag mb n, h n nm n wh h h m n n w hn n w n b f n mw h n n f . th nm n h h m h n , w h mn , n ff v ; n h n ,

h b n w k ng n WWi hn . i m n h f n

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out a ForM) f h mm h n n n m h ng h h ! i n h w

h v b f n n , n h nm f n h h , n ; h b hn m f f h -n f n b g b m nf .

l w n f , n f f m hf f m h ng wh h w h vn h h n h gh h -

n. th w b h m, n f n w n f , bn w n , b h w hh b h n m f

f n. th m h h w n n h w-

ng h f n f n f b ng n[46]

f m n f m h n - - n m -n s v n n ( w b

b f m -y g v) .

in h , J n h q h n b nk ng h m f

h gh m n - h wh v, b wh w f wh (

h - n nh ng ) w h h , w , h gh h b h nf mw f n n-

f m f h s v n n h gh m nh f m . th n m n

w g ng f h , -- m n m f

h 1980 h b gh h f hn v ( b ) m v m n n

lj b j n n h m ng f hh m n b n n ns v n n f m e n e .

s v n n (h gh) m n m(b ng h m fh n v m v m n f h 1980 ) n w b ng n n ( , w h- b k) n nn w h h

n n n s v n n . th m n b n n nn m h h

q n h ff n m fh n f h m f m n( m n m) n , h -f , h h J n h h h h nn h nm h n h f h

m n (!) .

th h -h J n m , nh f h h z bag mb n, k f g n h

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m m g f m h v n fh F h . th , n h f n n ,m n h n jh gh h w w m n-

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n n b h f h -gm f , h . s h

n m n b h n m -n n n b n w h

nn ng h j b n h f m f v-

gn n, f mm f , ng f m f ( . 85).

a ag mb n v , h h fd F h n n v b v vb w g n n ng f mh n; f h m , n n , n v , b h f nn n n n h f kn w g-m n f f v , w

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26/89

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m m z n, v , ff nn h k - b . i h v gh w h h m v , Mb mb g v h b b wh h - zb . i n w h m fh n n n f n fb , n f h z n w . if b w , ng F , h f h w m kv n , h n n w h

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v n , n i w h h n h, n v n ob m , b wh h h n nm n f ( n

s n h b m n ), h n bm q g n -

n ng n h ng f .N b g b z n, bp , n h ng m h n h nf h ng v n , h , h n -

nm n f (p , . 24).M m, p , h nnn h q f m w hh f n f h f m h

b v m n n . t h m m n

h h n f mm n n .th h h f h mm n n

[48]

n m f n b , nh n , n n h h ,

h f f n z n b ng h f n f n f . th f , f b

n h n h n n n-m b gm,

b h n w k n b fn. a w k h fn m b n n m z

h n; n ng w h hn. s h h f h

w k Jana, Jana, Jana .

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h f n b m m- b ng f h b n v ,

. t wh h w w hf ( gn z n h w ff n n ng f h M nG j /M m f M n a ,lj b j n ) n m b a h Mb mb v nf m w .

JJJ n n mh n m z n b b .

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h ng b gh w h m f m n-g m n f f h Fc W - w h n .

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n m n m , f w ngG g ag mb n, 34 f b /n k f f -w h-f m ) n h zg f n v n n f h n v

n n m .H w v , v b n h z n f h(l n, n ) w . in h N (2003), 35 a h Mb mb

h n w g f n f g m -n f w z n h b n h

m b z n f h w m h n .Mb mb m h h n fb , h w m h n nh f n b ng n f hm j g f n m ,h b w h n .


27/89

n n m n h b mb . th g b b k w hm n n w h h m n -

z n f m n h wv b G n , B k n l h.

p h h n fm n b m n z n (p ,. 18). i n n n g n

h b f w h nh m. M n n h w k f n f. l k w ,m n n n m gf h w h m h bj / bj , n h n ,

p , h f m n n h w .p m n m b h h nn m n n h w h m f gn n h n-g g . th g b h

n b w n z n nf n . th wh h h f ng f h b nf h w n h m m ww n v - b n n . s m n h m f h h - b k h h v b n b hn w h h n

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n . B wh n - f h -

z n f , n - nk -v f m n .

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; n n w h v hb h f n m, n h

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n h , k, w h vs b n n B n n H z g v n .th gh w g n n m k f n : rw n , d f ,ch hn , G z , . t b , -n m N z m n f -

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, n b n nnf n g n m f j nf m n W n n . igg , n n a n B ,

f ForciNG, m ng f h h f n hh n n n n n fkn w g / n /m n . thf ng b n hm n - nk n m nh f m n m f m f -m g n ( f n b

W M gn 37 n M nt n v 38). c n m m -g n n n h

W n m f h en gh nm nn n k n n n h

m g b k n h f k ng n h - , h

h g f W n e n -n f h gh .

M n G , n h b k in hp n f h p b , 39 hn m m n m-b w h n h n f -

m n n m m n -n, b b m h f f ,

h n ng w h f n hf n n . th m n n , m , wh

[50]

f m b n h . th k n f

f m h h h , n nh n , f v - n , n h h ,f n - n m n. H w v , p g , h v - n f hm n f n n v - b n-n f m k mm h -

v n h z n f f n h ngm h n n f h m n f

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h g h n h f : n f h b n-f f n g n f ,

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n b ng ng m n n . on hn , b M n q

b p . th m f h n f (F m

c , v m iii n p , . 24).p k h n m n , i w n h n .

th n nm n f z n h q

w n : n h n h n ,ng p , f n ng n

w h wh h m f h h b h , ng h n n

n n f n n h-; n , n h h h n , --f n n n h n

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. th n nm n f , g b p , m b h -n n . th , n n -

n h j n f m n -m ff n , b n m h n m f n , bj g n n

n. r n f h n n-m n f , v nh z n , g b

- m h ffh - f n w .th n nm n f , g b p , h n v n h -

b ng n m m n n nn - n f h w n n-n v h ng h g ng n w h n. r n -f n n h g w h wh h, ng p , n ff n fq .

i n , h f , h m jf w h wh h p k g b

m. th : ,/ w , n m . th

gm n nk g h h ghw m -f h n m h n mh v n v :

n h w f f- f nn m f m m, n h n ,n g h bv -n , n h h . t g m nbv n . th g , gb p , n f hm n n n f -

m n . t h mn n m n h

. th f hv n h m h n -m n , g b

p , s mb 11 h, 2001. p h h m f s mb 11 h,2001 w h f , wh m m n wh n (p , . 80). p w n h n hg b , h b b w n m -


28/89

h z n f , n n F J m n gn v m -ng, w n h nk, i , f h

w k ng g h n h f m- m g h . th m n ,

i h v n h , h n b n n g b -

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g mm ng n g f f n n ng.c m m g h (ct) -

z x- m g ng hn q . i mb f m , n m

hn ng g , n w h hnj n f c n ag n . thm k f m h f n , w n h n n

af , K v , ch hn , w nh w k (w h n gh nv - ) f m h f m -y g v b n s v n , wh nj f ng h n w h m g n(m k ng h m g ) n h eu h gh

n n n. p nm n w h , n k , b f .

o n b w h h c nag n , n i q afgh n n p k n. in h g n , m j -n m n k , h

n h n, v f h u.s., eu,., n h f , v h ,

n h v g n . ct n m g b ng n f m n -v x-r n n m .B nn ng h x-r ,

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n m g n h n. th w -s n f f m n

v f m n n . th h -m n f m. i v h -

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ff n . i n mm -n n. th ff n b n

b n h b k b p ( . 87-88).

i m h h w -s , n v - - f n n ng b w f f , v -n , f - b f .

H w v , w b m f ww h f m f n m-ng, b w w f m h zwh h m j g f m n n n hw , n h g h gf w . th w -s f n h -m n f f m: v gn

, , h h m n g -m n f f . Wh , n h h h n ,h h n b n f h

n m f n v , wh h hn b f m f h v ng gh j b n n v b n . i gh

, b p , n m m n f m. a p ,m n f m z h

o h , v h nf f m b- n n z h . i n ng h w n n

h g b m bz n. p m n f m

w k h gh n n f-m b z -[52]

n n n n - n m , b n n nv -nm n h n n b j nm v b n bv n n n . G k b hm -m k n wh h n h ngn , b k n f g n , n

wh h w n n n k h. M n ng: h wh ! i m n bv n h n w n n, b nw h f , ng h nn n f h w k ng f nf n-. in h b kg n f h n n-

m n f , n v h n - h nk b h m f .

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p , n wh h v n b . B h n m f f, h n nm n f

n b m h ng f ( b h , b ngm h ng bn m n m -h ng h w b ng m n );h n nm n f j m nm h ng m h n .

p nk n w n h f -w ng w : 1. c m ( h n)

2. c h m h n - w . s h n n

n w n b w n nw , wh h n m b p h- / w (p , . 30).

th - / w n m m n k . W h vh f n m n m wh

n w wn h h : nn -v n, b , n w (p , .38).

inn v n: n w nf m n n m-

m n n hn g , b hn -g , h h m n n

n f f nn -v n w h wh h w w v m h n . p b

n ng v z nz ; n f , w k

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, k f ff n -n b w n g b z n n h

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, f m n h h n, n n h w h

v n n m m n g n n m n . in n f

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n b m .d m w m fw . a g b p , n h

w -s (g v n n n v nw h b n, n,

m n n, n), n hh m n f m (p , .

84). th w k g f v n


29/89


30/89

in n n i nb B nn h Wh K M nk n a v ?,

b WHW, wh h h fh ng h h n fh th th nn o , w nb B B h n b n w he b h H m nn n K W n1928. a h n n f h 11 hin n n i nb B nn (w nb WHW) , B h w hth th nn o n f m nf h h h gh n

n f h ng n n f h - g n n h n h

w h h n . th n f m nw b n B h n h acriMiNal is a BourGeois aNd aBourGeois is a criMiNal. th

n f B h , bv h f WHW n , h m n

f n h h f h b nn w . WHW n n ff m h

w k ng f h m n ( h w -ng), n n , b n-

ng h f m w k n hb nn h k ng w h v -b n v n - n f m-ng h w k ng f hm n n n m z f , n n v , m k ng wh w kn w bv - n , v n m , k ng h bv -

n f ( m n b -g n b g m n ).

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m n n f n m z n,h gh f f m v n

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ng f a h ), b h

m gn n k n h wm f h . i n gh f g n m , b n f

m n n, nv n n n nf nm g n n.

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n, n wh h g -n z n (p , . 48). Wh w b f g n , m f n v n-n f m n

h m v , m h g n f m m . th v f m -v m h n m f n n g n z -n, b m ng q

h gh f n n h f m n.

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n h n . Wh h b m- f h n ? B b h s v n ,

f . 44

G n z n m n g v ng n nf h n f b ng

, b , n n n .r h m m v n

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[56]

H mz , 43 n wh h h m bj g v n n q ff n w : n hf m f ng n v ng f -ng, n n h f m f kn w g ( nh n , b n ), h n h m h w n w k n h h n n n wh w g ng n. Bwh n a h m n v n n f

kn w g n n n ng n fn g , n ( h nm n ff n ) h f , n m-

g n ng n hv f n n b b mn h f m v f kn w g .

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n n n . th f h 1970 , wh h a h m

b ng h n f -g m f n b w n nn g , m n -

n . th f n n ,n f , b p , h n ng .th n bn m f h

, wh h v n q ,wh h m h n m f n n n n , f m w h n

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gn n , b f gn -n h k b h g - m gn n f h 1970 , n

n h w m k , m b b , n

kn w g ; h m f g n w k n w m b n -g n f m v n nwh h m n b k h v f h m g n .

a f m f wh h b n n w h 11 h in n n

i nb B nn n 2009 bWh , H w & f Wh m (WHW), n n-

f g n z n / v n v f m n 1999 n

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31/89

h n b h n n g b n m ng g ; h h

b n b n m , w: a criMiNal is a BourGeois

aNd a BourGeois is a criMiNal.s wh ? B w h f n B h , in g , h f b n , n

m v n z .

W g n .c h b ng mm nw h n h n , n , b t (wh f h b -

), n k n f m n f k n ; h n n ff n - h n

w h n h m f m f f nv b h g m . th gh h gh

h f m v v m h n m n k n f f f k n

h n ng m n ( h - / w ) w h h m.

th , h , h n - b n n h m n

n n ng h m z -n, b n f f b-

j v h f h mh h m n h f . a w b p , n f n -n, n m m n f -m n f n f nb v-

b f m f .

iii. r n, : G nch k - F m n n n M n nh a f e n e , M m fM n a (MuMoK), V nn , a 46

th n n m k ng n n f hh b n h -f . th h b nv w h f m f m k ng

h n f h n w e , h 20 hnn v f h f f h B n W

n e n f v ng n w wf h nk ng b h n b w n

n w . th h w w - b B j n p j , n h n wh

h v n B n f m hw , n wh w nm n f g n h 1970 n 1980n B g , b ng v n h s nc c n n B g , w k ngw h m n n f g f h n - v n -g m v m n n s b nn - b , n v n

f m n m ( h d nj B v ,B j n t m , M n ab m v , J d n g , .).

th h b n n MuMoK w -, h m n n n , wh

v n m m n , f n n mb b erste F n n. erste

F n n f n n h m n-g , - w f w m nh n ng h f h h b n,n n - n ng m mv n w - h erste B nk. ann v v , w h b v nh n. th m k n m n ff -n , b n n w, h n fj b h erste

F n n, n h n m(b ng h b n f erste), ww , f n b h -n n n v n n ,

m b h m n n b nk -n erste,b n V nn , v

h f , k, f nv -v n f m h gh- h f m e n e n -.

B h m w v ff n -n. i w n , n i w n m h z , h w (w h n -

[58]

v w h bv n . p n h . M -

n b h n ! G n z nm k v g h bj . an

, m - v g nh n m . i f m m m mb n n b n -n .

th f , n ff n f m M n f mm f h m, w n h v m h ng n m nh v f f m wh h h n - f h f m f n n n ,

f m , n h , w h w h wh n m n n

n n h , m -h ng ng n ff n f m wh

, . t , n ff n f mM , h w h n f f n fa h , w v n m n wh h h

bn m n h f m f n h n n m z

h bn m b n n f h gh v ng h bn m f nn n , m n ng, . th m ng

g ng n bv n . s f hh ng b ng n wn, nh n h f m j k ng m -wh . th m wh f n b n f m v g h n v n ng h wh w w -n ng n bn m , b m-

m ng h n n h gh n -m n n, n n, n.

obf n n h v f f m - w h b bf -

n, n M w , v , b p , h

f m n b h qh h v f m v m h-n m. th f m n h ng h n-n n m , b h w n wh h

n h gh f m z nm k h n n b .

f k k t , n h c mm n n n M in , 45

h n f h m j b m fg b m h

f n n n - wn, b m n, f h -b w n Wh , H w & f Wh m h ng

n n . F h -n b k v n n b ,

wh m n n h fv n , h h f h b n h v z ( h n m z h q n h n

m b m ng b ), wh b m n h v n

nf m n z ( nh h m n z n b nm m n m n

b w n m n n ff , ff ng hb f nkn wn n h f

f b w w h ng n -n n h b n m n f v-

n n h ), b wh k h n n w h v b-n f h f m v ng g f h n n, n n

n v n z n f h j- f. G b m n z f

b ng ng g n f, nn n q v , b -

v f m n w , n wh h n ff n n n

n . th gh h n ,n b ng v n , w h h k n -ng f ng g n ,

n v n , w m f n f m n f h

m h n , n b t ,n m h n m f n m z n f h

m. ev n m , h h n


32/89

th f , n ng f m h af hW h b n w h a n m , w g-n n k n hG n ch k h b n, h gh ww h gh b p j n h-

. th n f n k w m wh n i w nf n

w h h n- n h m m. in b

h n w n k n h h w! N b ng n b, wh nj b k n b ?

s f : f m n m h nb f n f m q n n b

. s wh w h ( hn ) n n n h h f w h w h wh h i f -

w h n f h h w h ff n h h ng n f g b- m n h n fh B n W n e n We .

F th : th nv n h h b -n n m n n n ng n m f

h n . th m h ngh w n b b f w h

h W n w k ng n h h w. on f h n f

h m n b erste,MuMoK n h ( h ngh b m n h h ) w hm h n 200 w nv . ah f h h w h ersteF n n, m b m g nh n h f n bv n h nv n n wh h

h n m wn! M n w n v q n n h h b n, wh n m h nk ng b h whk n h h w n w n ,

n bv wh n m b h-

ng h n m f h n h nv -n . B wh w v n mb ng w h f h h

m n f n m n w . a n b a n rM , h n m h w f m h 200 k ng nh G n ch k h b n w -n ( ) b ng f h

cV f h v n n(erste, MuMoK n h ).Wh i w n h h e ne n , wh n m wh n f m h f m 200,w , n n n hb ( ) m , n.

th m h w hcV h v b n w n b h m-

v n n w. th f , f erste,MuMoK n h , h

n m f m h f m e ne n w ( b n hf ) k n/ n /

n ng f h n f wh h hff n n n n h cV .

Wh b h n j k ; b n v n f h f e ne n ( nf n , nb h n f w k h

w h W n e n ),h gh h b n h hf m w k. on f h m h ng-ng, m b h n h ng ng, -n n h m m, g n zmm f h n ng f hG n ch k h b n, w h -

b Vj K n q ( h nf m p h n , K v ). in h k, n -

r n ng h G z : G n np w n K v , h n

ng f h n n fK v b h e n un n. H

[60]

) b h h ersteF n n, wh h, b ng

, b nk ng b -n . B h n w n n

nf m wh w b s n gl z p n h b k, G bM b z n: a B f t fa k ng r , 47 n b nn w n h n m n , hg b m h w w m j h -

. on h m n n v b b ,

b p , v b n nf - v n h n h ng m h n h

n f h n nm n f -. th h h - -/ w .

th - / w h wn n n b h ersteF n n m n wn ng ( nm f n m ) h -b n n : f m , ,

h h, n, . MuMoK f h n, f n w ng (

k) hj n g m n n n. 48

B f ng n h n , m n n m wn, Go k n h i n nc m n N eng g -m n : th c f i q, 49 b m-

n h j G n ch k (bk ng n h h b n n

w h a n m , n n h G n h k n ng m m readiNG

GeNder: a , p w n p fr n n n e n e n ).

i n h h n f h -b n j b B j n p j

v h b m b . th m m nf n f h m n w nf h f n n n h b n nh f h n e n ef h f f h B n W , g n zb W n n n f n m

. th h w w af h W : an n -c mm n e ,(1999/2000), b ng h h M nM /M m f M n ns kh m, sw n, - bB j n p j n h B h n

h n d v e ( n b nw h i M -W m nn, j -

); e w h f hM m h m f h h b n.th h b n n s kh m, wh h wh f n f h b n n-n ng h B k n e n e n h w b g n z n

G m n , a , F n , . n h1990 n 2000 , v b -

. W w , m n f h m ng n h h b n n

s kh m, nv , b h n w h n h h b n w k.s m n v n h v n n h n gh n h n b k.B wh b m m m (f wn v h , h n f e n e n

h h n v n w h m n-n ng n m ) h b f wh n p j ff n j- h , n h w h G n

ch k, h b h g n b v n n

f ng f v n , hn v n f m h f m-y g v n f m hh f e n e .


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m f n m , nb ff n n n h h b -n, b j m n v h f n -n n m n m w n -

n n -f h n m h(e n l gh , fn , m n m h b f hm h ) f h e gh n b nf v n b , n .

J m k mm n , w n b g f mm n ,

h f f h nv n h m -m, wh h w n b -n m ng f m h e n h

W , n n n m ; n h w f n . i w n

b b nv k f ma F m W n e (h k h m v h )n n h v h m ! th n m -v g m m n n h n -n f h h b n m

g f n ng nz n f n h gh g n z -

n. i v n n s v n n p , 52 h n - b - f g v nm n -, h gh g n n h

wh f h e f e ,f b ng f n hm h m m n f h W fe .

th m g n z n, h nmb z n n z -n, n n g n g n ng

( m b m ng), b b n g f f bj g -

n f h wh f f me

pavilion 14

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