pbl report control finish!!

8/10/2019 PBL Report Control Finish!!

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CONTROLLING PALM SUGAR MACHINE BY PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

P.Dhadung1, P.Frandika

1, K.Mahendra

1, W.Miko Hadi

1, R.Wahid

1

1Faculty of Mechanical, UteM, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Palm sugar was originally made from thesap of thePalmyra palm, thedate palm or

thesugar date palm.Now it is also made from the sap of theArenga pinnata (sugar palm) and

thenipa palm,and may therefore also be sold as "arenga sugar". Palm sugar is produced by

tapping the sap from theinflorescence of the tree and boiling it down to produce a syrup,

which is then sold as is, or allowed to crystallize into various shapes and sizes. But there is a

problem in the old machine have an inaccuracy when fill gula melaka into container causing

the size of the gula Melaka to be small. So we design new machine system using a sensor and

pneumatic to increase the accuracy.

KEYWORD: pneumatic, accuracy, palm sugar, design and block diagram

INTRODUCTION

Control engineering or control systems engineering is the engineering discipline that

applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. The practice uses sensors to

measure the output performance of the device being controlled and those measurements can

be used to give feedback to the input actuators that can make corrections toward desired

performance. When a device is designed to perform without the need of human inputs for

correction it is called automatic control (such as cruise control for regulating a car's speed).

Multi-disciplinary in nature, control systems engineering activities focus on implementation

of control systems mainly derived by mathematical modeling of systems of a diverse range.

Likewise, if something happens to disturb the systems output without any change to

the input value, the output must respond by returning back to its previous set value. In the

past, electrical control systems were basically manual or what is called an Open-loop System

with very few automatic control or feedback features built in to regulate the process variable

so as to maintain the desired output level or value.

For example, an electric clothes dryer. Depending upon the amount of clothes or how

wet they are, a user or operator would set a timer (controller) to say 30 minutes and at the end

of the 30 minutes the drier will automatically stop and turn-off even if the clothes are still wet

or damp.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_sylvestrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenga_pinnatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa_fruticanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa_fruticanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenga_pinnatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_sylvestrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap


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In this case, the control action is the manual operator assessing the wetness of the

clothes and setting the process (the drier) accordingly.

PROBLEM DEFINITION

SME Corporation Malaysia has hired your company to design a control system for

gula Melaka filling system. The filling system consists of filler that fills the gula Melaka into

container those are being transported on a conveyor. However, the systems that have been

designed have an inaccuracy causing the size of the gula Melaka to be small.

As a control system engineer, we are required to propose a solution for the system.

The design must include the assumption and justification of the selected approach in

analyzing the problem.

3. Concept and Solution

Fact Idea Learning Issue Action Plan

1. the system that

have been

designed have an

inaccuracy

causing the size

of the gula

Melaka to be

small

1. We design a

machine that

considering time

variable, so the

accuracy when we

fill gula Melaka

into the container

will increasing.

2. we using pneumatic

system to operate

this machine,

because its more

simple and cheap,

with minimal risk

1. how to control the

pressure of

pneumatic system

2. how to set the right

time to operate

pneumatic

system

3. how to make an

argonomic design

1. observe the failure

of the system

2.calculate formula

and scheme to

make ladder

diagram

3.we create the

diagram ladder for

system

4.we make the design

of the machine

Pneumatic System

A pneumatic system is a system that uses compressed air to transmit and control

energy. Pneumatic systems are used in controlling train doors, automatic production lines,

mechanica clamps, etc


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The advantages of pneumatic systems

Pneumatic control systems are widely used in our society, especially in the industrial

sectors for the driving of automatic machines. Pneumatic systems have a lot of advantages

a. High effectiveness

Many factories have equipped their production lines with compressed air

supplies and movable compressors. There is an unlimited supply of air in our

atmosphere to produce compressed air. Moreover, the use of compressed air is not

restricted by distance, as it can easily be transported through pipes. After use,

compressed air can be released directly into the atmosphere without the need of

processing.

b. High durability and reliability

Pneumatic components are extremely durable and can not be damaged easily.

Compared to electromotive components, pneumatic components are more durable and

reliable.

c. Safety

Pneumatic systems are safer than electromotive systems because they can

work in inflammable environment without causing fire or explosion. Apart from that,

overloading in pneumatic system will only lead to sliding or cessation of operation.

Unlike electromotive components, pneumatic components do not burn or get

overheated when overloaded

d. Easy selection of speed and pressure

The speeds of rectilinear and oscillating movement of pneumatic systems are

easy to adjust and subject to few limitations. The pressure and the volume of air can

easily be adjusted by a pressure regulator.

Components

a. Compressor

A compressor can compress air to the required pressures. It can convert the

mechanical energy from motors and engines into the potential energy in compressed

air (Fig. 2). A single central compressor can supply various pneumatic components


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with compressed air, which is transported through pipes from the cylinder to the

pneumatic components. Compressors can be divided into two classes: reciprocatory

and rotary

b. Double acting cylinder

In a double acting cylinder, air pressure is applied alternately to the relative

surface of the piston, producing a propelling force and a retracting force (Fig. 6). As

the effective area of the piston is small, the thrust produced during retraction is

relatively weak. The impeccable tubes of double acting cylinders are usually made of

steel. The working surfaces are also polished and coated with chromium to reduce

friction.

Figure 1 :double acting cylinder

c. Directional control valve

Directional control valves ensure the flow of air between air ports by opening,

closing andswitching their internal connections. Their classification is determined by

the number of ports, the number of switching positions, the normal position of the

valve and its method of operation.

Common types of directional control valves include 2/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The first

number represents the number of ports; the second number represents the number of

positions. A directional control valve that has two ports and five positions can be

represented by the drawing in Fig. 8, as well as its own unique pneumatic symbol.

Principles of pneumatic control

1. Pneumatic circuit

Pneumatic control systems can be designed in the form of pneumatic circuits. A

pneumatic circuit is formed by various pneumatic components, such as cylinders, directional

control valves, flow control valves, etc. Pneumatic circuits have the following functions:

1. To control the injection and release of compressed air in the cylinders.

2. To use one valve to control another valve.


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2. Basic principles

The basic principles of drawing pneumatic circuit diagrams, the numbers in the

diagram correspond to the following points:

Figure 2: Basic principles of drawing pneumatic circuit diagrams

1. When the manual switch is not operated, the spring will restore the valve to its original

position.

2. From the position of the spring, one can deduce that the block is operating. The other block

will not operate until the switch is pushed.

3. Air pressure exists along this line because it is connected to the source of compressed air.

4. As this cylinder cavity and piston rod are under the influence of pressure, the piston rod is

in its restored position.

5. The rear cylinder cavity and this line are connected to the exhaust, where air is released

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

Block Diagram

Figure 3: Block diagram

Valve time,G2(s)Pressure

calculation, G1(s)

Conveyor

velocity G3(s)

Sensor scale


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Block Diagram

Figure 4: Block diagram

Block Diagram

Generate Transfer function and Laplace equation.

()

()

()()()

()()()()()

()()

()()()

()()()

()()() ()()()()( )( )

( )

()()

=

1 = a()() + b()( ) + c()( )If s = 0 ; a = 0.33

H1(s) H2(s)

G1(s) G2(s) G3(s)

G2(s)G1(s) G3(s)

H1(s) H2(s)


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0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

0,3

0,35

0 1 2 3 4 5

output

output

If s = 1 ; c = (-b(5.3027)-1.696)/1.6972

c = -0.99b 3.12

If s = -1 ; c = 1.33+b 3.3027

Y(s) =

-

-

y(t) = - +

Time Respond

From the y(t) equation, we are managed to plot the graph of system output against

time, t. The polar of the graph shows that, the graph of step response has been achieved.

Time (second) Output , y(t)

0 0.1456

1 0.1420

2 0.2344

3 0.2883

4 0.3059

5 0.3179

Figure 5: The Graph Of Time Response


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4.6 Pneumatic Diagram

Figure 6: pneumatic diagram

Machine Design

1. Overall design


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2. Machine Part

a. Piston and valve

b. Tank

c. Compression Piston


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CONCLUSION

From our report we can conclude from the equation of block diagram that changed

into time response.From the y(t) equation, we are managed to plot the graph of system output

against time, t. The polar of the graph shows that, the graph of step response has been

achieved.Therefore The time respone is increasing following the time.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our lecturer Dr.Mohd

Khairy B Mohamed as well as our principal who gave me the opportunity to do this project,

which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new

things we are really thankful to them.Secondly we would also like to thank my parents and

friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

REFERENCE

Hazem I. Ali, Samsul Bahari B Mohd Noor, S.M Bashi, M.H Marhaban,A review of

Pneumatic Actuators (Modeling and Control), Australian Journal of Basic and

Applied Sciences,3(2): 440-454,

Igor L Krivts, German V Krejnin, Pneumatic Actuating Systems for Automatic

Equipment Structure and Design, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006

Ferdinand P.Beer, John T.Mazurek, (2012). Engineering: Mechanics of Materials (6th

ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY.


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APPENDIX


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MINIT MESYUARAT /2014

TEMPAT :

TARIKH/HARI :

MASA :

KEHADIRAN : Dhadung Prihananto B041410286

Frandika Primayoga B041410288

Mahendra Kurniawan B041410284

Miko Hadi Wijaya B041410285

Wahid Ramadhan B041410287

TIDAK HADIR DENGAN MAAF : -

NO PERKARA PERBINCANGAN PERLAKUAN/

KEPUTUSAN

TINDAKAN

1.0 Aluan pengurus

1.1 Ucapan 1.

2.0 2.


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MINIT MESYUARAT 2/2014

TEMPAT : BK.7 FKM

TARIKH/HARI : 13 November 2014

MASA : 10:00-11:00 a.m








KEPUTUSAN

TINDAKAN

1.0 Aluan pengurus

1.1 Ucapan 1.

Greetings, to all member.

First of all wed like to say

basmallah to our success

2.0 2.

To make a flow chart to dothis project

3. We discuss about the new

design of machine that will

solve the problem

4. We decide the way to fill up

the gula malaka by

controlling the valves by

pneumatic system that

powered by compressor


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MINIT MESYUARAT 3/2014

TEMPAT : BK.7 FKM

TARIKH/HARI : 24 November 2014

MASA : 10:00-11:00 a.m








KEPUTUSAN

TINDAKAN

1.0 Aluan pengurus

1.1 Ucapan 1.

Greetings, to all member.

First of all wed like to say

basmallah to our success

2.0 1.

We decide the blockdiagram to control the

accuration of valve that

related by scale.

Explanation:

From our block diagram we

can control flow rate by

controlling valve after the

scale read some Melakasugar and make a feedback

to main control. So, main

control will control about

valve with controlling

pressure.

2.

We discuss about valve

design by pneumatic

concept


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We use 3 pneumatic valves

moved by piston that

powered by compressor.

Look at the figure above

3.0 1.

Gathering information and

the data about gula Melaka

such as density, viscosity,

etc. So we can do

calculation that necessary to

pneumatic system, that will

influence when the machine

fill up gula Melaka into

conveyor and it will help toincrease efficiency.


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LOG BOOK

No Date Care taker Result

1 First meeting Miko hadi wijaya and Wahid

ramadhan

Make a concept of machine

designFrandika primayoga Search all about pneumatic

concept

Mahendra kurniawan search all about gula melaka

properties

Dhadung prihananto Search about principle of

pneumatic


1 Second meeting Miko hadi wijaya machine design

Frandika primayoga Make a block diagramWahid ramadhan Find The mechanisme of machine

Mahendra kurniawan Find the formula of pneumatic

diagram

Dhadung prihananto Search about principle of

pneumatic


1 Thirth meeting Miko hadi wijaya Machine design

Frandika primayoga Calculation block diagram

Wahid ramadhan Find The mechanisme of machine

Mahendra kurniawan Silmulation of pneumatic diagram

Dhadung prihananto Silmulation of pneumatic diagram

pbl report control finish!!

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