p&c - part 1- brain anatomy

8/14/2019 P&C - Part 1- Brain Anatomy

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P E R C E P T I O N&

C O O R D I N A T I O NBY:

APPLE G. ALVAREZ, RN,MN

Ateneo De Davao University


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POLICIES

1. Attendance will be checked 8:00 AM 8:00 -11:00 AM , 1:00PM 1:00 -4:00PM

2. Quiz will be administered after attendance is check. 3. 15 minutes late considered absent!4. Doors will be closed after 15 MINUTES.5. Nobody is allowed to talk / chat once the class has already started. .

If someone is caught - - - he/she will be asked to explain theconcept in the class.

6. Anyone caught CHEATING will be reprimanded right away and willautomatically get a zero grade in his/her quiz.

7. No loud voices during group activities . A deduction of 10 points will be the consequence.

THANK YOU!


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INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY 1 June 14, 2012 15 POINTS

Brain ResumePretend your brain was going on an interview for a particular job. Why would your brain be best for the

position? What parts of your brain are best for the job?

Develop a resume (a summary of qualifications,experience and education) for your brain.

You may want to pick an occupation. For example, why is your brain best suited for a teacher?

Why is your brain best suited for a basketball player?


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WHAT KEEPS US FROM MOVING?


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WHAT MAKES US INTERPRETSENSATIONS?
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.

WHAT IS PERCEPTION &COORDINATION?

PERCEPTION mental process by which thebrain selects, organizes and

interprets these sensations

COORDINATION -movement of parts together: the

skillful and balanced movement ofdifferent parts, especially parts of

the body, at the same time


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At the end of this session, thestudents shall:

1. Enumerate the main divisionsof the nervous system with itscorresponding functions.

2. Recall the appropriatediagnostic exam given thedisorder

3. State the nursing responsibilitiesfor a particular diagnostic exam.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:


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Anatomy and Physiology

of theNERVOUS SYSTEM

PART 1


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Seat of all mentalactivity

1.Consciousness2.Memory3. Thinking.

NERVOUS SYSTEM


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One of the bodys major regulatory andcoordinating systems


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2 MAIN STEMS

Central Nervous SystemBrain

Spinal CordPeripheral Nervous System Nerves and Wirings


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LargestMost prominent part of the brain

Right hemisphereLeft hemisphere

A. CEREBRUM

SENSORY & MOTORFUNCTION

THOUGHT &LEARNING


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Outer gray layer

Responsible for the

conscious activities ofthe cerebrum

Four (4) lobes

1. Frontal lobe

2. Parietal lobe

3. Temporal lobe

4. Occipital lobe

B. CEREBRAL CORTEX


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Interpretation ofpain, touch,

temperature &pressure

2.PARIETAL LOBE


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Auditory center

Wernickes area for

sensory & speech

3.TEMPORAL LOBE

Language development


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Visual area

4.OCCIPITAL LOBE


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SUMMARY


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C. BASAL GANGLIA

smooth voluntary movements

Set /clusters of neuralstructuresInterconnectedBuried deep inside thecerebrum

Main basal ganglia are :Caudate nucleusPutamen

Globus Pallidus


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PARKINSONSDISEASE


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Located around the third ventricle

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

D. DIENCEPHALON


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Directing Sense Impulses Throughout the Body

Autonomic Function ControlEndocrine Function Control

Motor Function ControlHomeostasis

Hearing, Vision, Smell, and Taste Touch Perception

SEVERAL FUNCTIONS OFDIENCEPHALON


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Sensory integration andmotor integration

Receives sensoryinformation

Relays it to the cerebralcortex

Transmits this information

to other parts of the brain andthe brain stem.

THALAMUS


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Controls body temperature,emotions, hunger, thirst, appetite,digestion and sleep

Located at the base of the brainSize of a pea

HYPOTHALAMUS


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1. Medullaoblongata

2. Pons3. Midbrain

E. BRAINSTEM


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ANOTHER PICTURE:BRAIN STEM


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Most vital part of thebrain necessary forHUMAN LIFE

BreathingBlood pressureHeart beat among

other involuntary bodyfunctions not underconscious control

1.MEDULLA OBLONGATA


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Relay station - - fromcerebrum to cerebellum

Respiratory centerRegulates breathing

Regulates sleep

2.PONS


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Receives incoming sensorymessages, integrates them, and

transmits decisions to theappropriate motor nerves

Responsible for motorcoordination

Contains the visual reflex &auditory relay centers

3.MIDBRAIN


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Second largestdivision of the brain

Runs uninterrupted with the spinal cordCoordinates smoothmuscle movement

Coordinates posture,

equilibrium, andmuscle tone

F. CEREBELLUM


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- Protected by:MeningesCerebrospinal fluid

Adipose tissue

G. SPINAL CORD


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LEVELS OF INJURY


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Provides neuron and synapse networks to produceinvoluntary response to sensory stimulation


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Allows for control of the number of pain impulses that pass through the spinal cord in their way to the brain.


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Carries sensory information to & motor information fromthe brain


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Extends from the first cervical to second lumbar vertebra


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Protected by meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and adiposetissue


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31 segments:8 cervical12 thoracic

5 lumbar5 sacral1 coccygeal


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DEGENERATION


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DISCS


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To protect the brain and spinal cord


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MENINGES

Provide structural support to large blood vessels that supply the CNSPhysically anchor the brain to the skull


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Is tough and fibrous membrane

DURA MATER


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Vascular membraneDelicate membrane is tightly bound to the surface of the

brain and spinal cordCannot be dissected away without damaging the surface.

PIA MATER

Subarachnoid


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Subarachnoidspace

Between arachnoidmembrane and the Piamater

Cerebral fluid flowsthrough this space

I . CEREBROSPINAL FLUID


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Secreted in the ventricles

Circulates through the ventricles

Arachnoid layer of themeninges

where it isreabsorbed

I . CEREBROSPINAL FLUID


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ABNORMALITY- CSF


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Circulates in thesubarachnoid space

Acts as a protective

cushion

CEROSPINAL FLUID . . .


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System of fluid-filled openspaces in the brain

4 Ventricles

Communicates between thesubarachnoid spaces

Produces and circulatescerebrospinal fluid

J. BRAIN VENTRICLES


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FUNCTIONS OF THE

BBB Protects the brain from"foreign substances" inthe blood that mayinjure the brain.Protects the brain fromhormones andneurotransmitters in therest of the body.Maintains a constantenvironment for thebrain.

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

Blood Brain Barrier


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Blood Brain Barrier

A mechanism that controls the passage of

substances from the blood into the cerebrospinalfluid and thus into the brain and spinal cord


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Chemicals whichallow thetransmission ofsignals from oneneuron to the nextacross synapses

Found at the axon

endings of motorneurons, where theystimulate the musclefibers.

J. NEUROTRANSMITTERS


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Acetylcholine Amino acidsPolypeptides


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Nerve cells that transmitnerve signals to and fromthe brain

Communicates with eachother = chemical processCell body that contains thenucleus

Specialized extensions =axons and dendritesSpecialized structures =synapse &neurotransmitters

K. NEURONS / NERVE CELLS


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Take information away fromthe cell body

Smooth surfaceNerve fibers -- elongated and

slender

Transmit signals

Bring information to the cellbody

Rough SurfaceExtensions of nerve cellsOperate as conductors of

electrochemical stimuli receivedfrom neighboring cells

Receive signals Impulses they receive are

carried inwards and towards thesoma, or cell body

DENDRITES AXONS

Summary:


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y

1. Dendrites receive electrochemicalimpulses from other neurons, and carrythem inwards and towards the soma,

while axons carry the impulses awayfrom the soma.

2. Dendrites are short and heavily branchedin appearance, while axons are muchlonger

3. Generally, dendrites receive neuronsignals, and axons transmit them

4. Most neurons have a lot of dendrites and

only have one axon.


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Neurons that carries impulses to the CNS

MOTOR NEURONS


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SYNAPSE PROCESS


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Information from one neuronflows to another neuron across a

synapseSYNAPSE contains a small gapseparating neurons

The synapse consists of:

1. Presynaptic ending that containsneurotransmitters, mitochondria& other cell organelles

2. Postsynaptic ending that contains

receptor sites forneurotransmitters3. Synaptic cleft or space between

the presynaptic and postsynapticendings


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The synapse consists of:

1. Presynaptic ending

2. Postsynaptic ending(receiving like DENDRITES)

3. Synaptic cleft or space

Synaptic vesicles containsNEUROTRANSMITTERS


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For communication between neurons to occur, an electricalimpulse must travel down an axon to the synaptic

terminal.


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The axon of one neurondoesn't touch the dendritesof the next.

Nerve signals have to jumpacross a tiny gap.

To get across the gap theyhave to change fromelectrical signals intochemical signals then backinto electrical signals.


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31 pairs of spinal nerves

Mixed nerve fibers are formed bythe joining of the anterior motor and

posterior sensory roots. Anterior (ventral) roots- contain efferent (motor)nerve fibers

Posterior (dorsal) roots- contain afferent(sensory) nerve fiber

L. SPINAL NERVES

31 pairs of spinal nerves

Mixed nerve fibers are formedby the joining of the anteriormotor and posterior sensoryroots.


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M. CRANIAL NERVES


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Nerve Name Functions

I Olfactory Smell

II Optic Vision

III Oculomotor Movement of the eyes, elevation of the eyelids, constriction of pupil in response to light

IV Trochlear Inferior and lateral movement of the eyes

V Trigeminal Sensation from the face, control of the muscles involved in chewing

VI Abducent Lateral movement of the eye

VII Facial Control of the muscles involved in facial expression, taste, tear production, salivation

VIII Vestibulocochlear Hearing and balance

IX Glossopharyngeal Salivation, taste, sensation from external ear

X Vagus Control of the muscles involved in swallowing, taste, autonomic innervation of various organs including tongue,larynx (area of voice production), pharynx (throat), heart, bronchi of lungs, esophagus

XI Accessory Control of the muscles of the palate, pharynx, larynx

XII Hypoglossal Control of the muscles of the tongue

CRANIAL NERVES


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12 pairs 1st & 2 nd emerge from

the cerebrum Olfactory Optic

10 emerge from thebrain stem

CRANIAL NERVES


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II.OPTIC NERVE


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Nerve that transmits visualinformation from the retina of the eyeto the brain

GLAUCOMA


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Eye nerve

III. OCULOMOTOR

NERVE

Eye movement

Constriction of the pupil

Holding the eyelid open


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Superior obliquemuscle

IV.TROCHLEARNERVE

Rotate the eye away from the nose

Moves the eye downward


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VI ABDUCENT


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Last nerve to control the eyes

VI. ABDUCENTNERVE

Move the eyesaway from the

MIDLINE

VII FACIAL


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Works = Trigeminal nerve Rest of the facial muscles Operates the middle ear's muscles

Controls the rear two thirds of thetongue

VII.FACIALNERVE

TASTE & HEARING

VIII. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR


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Auditory nerve Splits into two nerves as it

enters the ear

Cochlear nerve

Vestibular nerve

NERVE

Information - hearing

Information - balance

G OSSO A G A


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Mouth nerve

IX. GLOSSOPHARYNGEALNERVE

Sensory taste information Taking data from : tonsils, pharynx & middle ear

X. VAGUS


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PNEUMOGASTRICNERVE

NERVE

brainstem

Jugular foramen

head

abdomen

Innervates both the lungs and the stomach

XI ACCESSORY NERVE


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Neck muscles Sensory (haptic) feedback

from the neck.

XI.ACCESSORY NERVE


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Last muscle involved in the use of themouth

Tongue movement

Responsible for eating and part ofspeech

XII. HYPOGLOSSALNERVE

COMPARISON


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12 pairs Emerge = directly from

brain

31 Emerge = segments of

the spinal cord

Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves

COMPARISON

N. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS


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Peripheral nervous system

Controls the glands and themuscles of the internal organs Operates on its own and isinvoluntary

N. AUTONOMIC NERVOUSSYSTEM

UNAWARE OF THE FUNCTION

Parasympathetic Nervous


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Parasympathetic NervousSystem

Works to save energycausing the body torelax.Rest and Digest

responseOriginates in the spinalcord and the medulla


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Sympathetic NervousSystem

Fight or Flight response.Originates in the spinal cord .

2 DIVISIONS


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1. Sympathetic "arousesthe body, mobilizing itsenergy in stressfulsituations" / F or F

2. Parasympathetic

Produces the oppositeeffect

"calms the body,conserving its energy"

2 DIVISIONS


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Chart about the reactions of the organ inSympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System


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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

OrganSympathetic Parasympathetic

Eyes Dilated Pupil Contracted Pupil

Heart Accelerated Heartbeat Slow Heartbeat

Stomach Inhibits Digestion Stimulates Digestion

Liver Stimulates glucoserelease

Stimulates gallbladder

Kidney Decreased urine secretion Increased urine secretion

Bladder Relaxes Bladder Contracts Bladder

AROUSES CALMS


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p&c - part 1- brain anatomy

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