pcc-sylvania bi 233 laboratory...

PCC-Sylvania Bi 233 Laboratory Supplement

1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, andclean up materials for chemical spills. The location of fire blanket, safety kit, and showerswill be demonstrated by your instructor.

2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.3. Food and drink, including water, is prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory

guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of anykind, store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may beon the benches.

4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at therear of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving inrear for this purpose.

5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair tiesare available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory.Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apronor lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.

6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, takingimmunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes,immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory mustinform the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals,please inform instructor.

7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving thedissection of preserved material.

8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or wheninstructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.

9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching itemsor surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: coveropen cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash hands immediatelyafter removing gloves.

10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify yourinstructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transferto water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for anyspill.

11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter howminor, to the instructor immediately.

12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines will be excluded from the Laboratory

Biology 233, Anatomy and Physiology III, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide Spring 2005 Update, p. 1

Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials

• Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and papertoweling that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposableAutoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.

• Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucketof 10% Bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, no trash.

• Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets donot replace their covers.

1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items

or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: coveropen cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash hands immediatelyafter removing gloves.

3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde orstored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.

4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic byyour instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicatethe need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available onevery chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.

5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hardto replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in thebest condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, asare the models and may take a long time to replace.

6. At the end of an experiment:• clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.• return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in

cupboards!7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are

clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet.Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope bechecked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.

9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes arenumbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Clean slidewith Kimwipes if dirty or covered with oil, before placing back in box. If you break a slide,please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there arehundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carryingto and from your work bench.

10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of intrash container provided.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines and directions will be excludedfrom the Laboratory.


Respiratory SystemExercises 36, 37A

Gross Anatomy1. Nose:

a. external naresb. superior, middle, and inferior turbinates (nasal conchae)

2. Auditory tube3. Tonsils

a. palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual4. Pharynx

a. Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx5. Larynx: (click here for some cool cases)

a. Thyroid cartilage (“Adam's apple”) and cricoid cartilageb. cricothyroid ligament (site of emergent cricothyrotomy)c. tracheal cartilage, hyoid boned. epiglottis (elastic cartilage) and glottise. vestibular folds (=false cords) and true vocal cords

6. Airways: a. trachea b. carinac. right and left primary (=mainstem) bronchi (right is more vertical and larger

diameter)d. secondary bronchi (one per lobe)e. tertiary bronchif. bronchioles

7. Lungs: a. parietal pleura and visceral pleurab. pleural cavity filled with pleural fluidc. apex, base, and hilusd. pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein

8. Right lung: a. upper (superior), middle, and lower lobes, horizontal fissure, oblique fissure

9. Left lung:a. left upper and lower lobes, cardiac notch, oblique fissure

10. Mediastinum11. Diaphragm

Histology:1. Trachea : identify trachea, C-shaped hyaline cartilage, pseudostratified columnar

epithelium, cilia, goblet cells2. Lung with bronchioles:

a. Bronchioles: no cartilage in wall, large ones lined with either ciliated simplecolumnar epithelium, small ones lined with simple cuboidal epithelium. Outsideepithelium, note smooth muscle.

b. Alveoli: simple squamous epithelium. On 40x, note may see areas where red cellsare arranged single file within capillaries. What is the name for the membranecreated by the simple squamous cells of alveoli & capillaries, plus the basementmembranes in between?


Spirometry: Define and be able to calculate from any spirogram (not just the one in manual):

Tidal Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Residual Volume Vital Capacity Total Lung Capacity FEV1 FEV1/FVC ( FEV1%); ratios is over 76% in normal individuals, ratio is decreased

in obstructive airway disease

Sketch a spirogram. Label the X- and Y-axis. Estimate the volumes and capacities listed above.

Buffers:What is a buffer:What is the importance of the carbonic acid buffer?Write the reaction that is facilitated by carbonic anhydrase. List several factors that shift theequilibrium of the reaction.

What happens to pH of water when one exhales into it? How was this made evident in lab?

What happens to pH of a buffered solution when one does the same maneuver?How was this made evident in lab?

How does carbonic acid buffer deal with excess acid or base?

Click here to learn about pulmonary embolus!


Digestive SystemExercises 38

Histology Notes: You will not identifying the submucosal and myenteric plexuses; review your text and learn theirlocations. Learn the secretory products of the various mucosal and glandular cells.

Esophagus

1. Mucosaa. Non-keratinized, stratified squamous epitheliumb. Lamina propria: loose areolar CTc. Muscularis mucosa

2. Submucosaa. Esophageal glands b. Blood Vesselsc. Submucosal plexus

3. Muscularis Externaa. Upper 2/3: voluntary, striated skeletal smooth muscleb. Lower 2/3: smooth musclec. Myenteric plexus

4. Adventitia (no serosa)

Click Here to learn about esophageal carcinoma!

Stomach1. Mucosa

a. Simple columnar epitheliumb. Gastric pits leading into gastric glandsc. Mucous neck cellsd. Parietal cellse. Chief cellsf. not visible: G cells in antrum, a type of enteroendocrine cell

2. Lamina propria: loose areolar CT3. Muscularis mucosa4. Submucosa

a. Blood Vesselsb. Submucosal plexus (just know exists…not identify)

5. Muscularis Externa: don't need to be able to identify each different layer of smoothmuscle

a. Inner oblique layerb. Middle circular layerc. Myenteric plexusd. Outer longitudinal layer

6. Serosa

Small Intestine: 1. Mucosa


a. Simple columnar epithelium folded into villib. luminal surface of cells’ membranes: microvillic. deeper parts: crypts of Lieberkuhn


a. Blood Vesselsb. Submucosal plexusc. Submucosa & mucosa folded as plicae circularesd. Duodenal glands e. Distal small intestine: lymphoid nodules called Peyer’s patches

5. Muscularis Externaa. Inner circular layerb. Myenteric plexusc. Outer longitudinal layer

6. Serosa

Large Intestine1. Mucosa

a. Simple columnar epitheliumb. No villi or microvillic. Deeper parts: crypts of Lieberkuhnd. Lots of goblet cells


a. Blood Vesselsb. Submucosal plexus

5. Muscularis Externaa. Inner circular layerb. Myenteric plexusc. Outer longitudinal layer: on model, note this exists as the 3 strips called Teniae

coli6. Serosa

Liver: 1. hepatocytes in cords2. central vein3. portal triad :

a. bile ductb. branch of hepatic arteryc. branch of portal vein

Pancreas:1. acinar cells 2. pancreatic duct3. Islets of Langerhans


Gross Anatomy:1. Tongue2. Teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, molars3. Salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual4. Esophagus: (click here for endoscopic photos) upper esophageal sphincter, body, lower

esophageal sphincter5. Stomach : (click here for photos) cardia, fundus, body, antrum (text calls this the pyloric

region, but physicians usually call it the antrum), greater curvature, lesser curvature,angulus, rugae

6. Pyloric Sphincter, also called pylorus7. Small Intestine: 8. Duodenum: (click here for photos) bulb, C-loop, major papilla (papilla of Vater), minor

papilla9. Jejunum10. Ileum: (click here for photos) region just before ileocecal valve called terminal ileum11. Ileocecal valve12. Large Intestine :

a. Cecumb. appendix (click here to learn about laparoscopic appendectomy)c. colon (click here for photos)(ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)d. rectum (click here for photos)e. anal canalf. Important bends in colon: hepatic flexure, splenic flexureg. Haustra and teniae coli

13. Biliary tree: Sketch: a. right and left hepatic ductsb. common hepatic ductc. gall bladder d. cystic ducte. common bile ductf. sphincter of Oddi

14. Pancreas: a. head, body, tail;b. pancreatic ducts: duct of Wirsung (main duct which leads to major papilla) and

duct of Santorini (smaller duct which leads to minor papilla)15. Liver:

a. right lobe, left lobe (containing caudate and quadrate lobe)b. hepatic arteryc. portal veind. hepatic vein

16. Membranes: Describe each of the following:a. parietal and visceral peritoneumb. mesentery, mesocolonc. greater omentum, lesser omentumd. falciform ligament, ligamentum teres


Digestive EnzymesExercises 39A

This week, read through the lab exercise and complete as much as you can before coming to lab.

macromolecule enzyme building block(s) source Calories / gram

proteins meat, soy beans 4

carbohydrates potatoes, rice 4

triglycerides(fats)

glycerol and adipose, oils 9

In the third column, list the building blocks of each of the organic molecules.

In the second column, write an enzyme that speeds the breakdown of each macromoleculeinto its subcomponents.

Assays:You will use the following assays to detect organic molecules.

starch + IKI blue-black color sugar + Benedict’s solution + heat green-orange precipitateBPNA + active trypsin yellow colorlitmus cream + base blue colorlitmus cream + acid pink color

Assessing enzyme activity:

ProteinsPepsin comes from the ____________ (in the presence of HCl.)Proteins are digested by pepsin into _______________Pancreatic enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase break large

polypeptides down into _______________Dipeptidases on the brush border and inside intestinal epithelial cells digest dipeptides into

_______________What is trypsin? What does it do?

________________________________________________________________What is BAPNA?

________________________________________________________________How does BAPNA work to indicate protein digestion? What color does the solution change

to? ________________________________________________________________

Starch


Amylase comes from __________________ and ___________________Amylase digests starch to ______________________ and ____________________Lactase, maltase, and sucrase are ____________ border enzymes of the small intestine.Lactose is digested by lactase to _________________and _______________Maltose is digested by maltase to _______________ and _______________ (careful!)Sucrose is digested by sucrase to _______________ and ______________________________salts are amphipathic, and emulsify fats so that they can be digested by the

enzyme _______________Which reagant tests for starch? _______________What color does it turn if starch is present? _______________If starch has been digested, will you see this color? _______________What enzyme digests starch? _______________If starch is digested, what disaccharide is formed? _______________Which reagant tests for this disaccharide? _______________What color is this reagant in the bottle? _______________What color will it change to if maltose is present and the reagant and maltose are heated to an

extremely high temperature? _______________List conditions that will slow starch digestion. Examples of conditions include temperature,

pH changes (if mentioned in the lab-if not, think this through. Enzymes function the bestin the pH of the fluids in which they are secreted.), enzymes, etc._______________

Name a condition or conditions that can speed starch digestion________________________________________________________________

TriglyceridesPancreatic lipase breaks triglycerides down into monoglycerides and _______________

What does bile do to speed triglyceride digestion?________________________________________________________________

What fat-digesting enzyme is in pancreatin?______________________________________________________________

What color does litmus cream change to when fat digestion has occurred?________________________________________________________________

What pH range specifically makes the litmus turn this color?__________________________________________________________________

What product of fat digestion creates this pH?________________________________________________________________

What conditions speed fat digestion?________________________________________________________________

What conditions slow fat digestion?________________________________________________________________


Surface AnatomyExercises 46

Head and Neck: 1. Temporalis Muscle2. External Occipital Protuberance3. Superficial Temporal Artery4. Auricle5. Mastoid process6. Angle of Mandible7. Superciliary Arch8. Temporomandibular joint9. Ramus of Mandible10. Facial Artery11. Frontalis muscle12. Lacrimal fossa13. Ala of nose14. Bridge of nose15. Dorsum nasi16. Apex of nose17. Philtrum18. Hyoid bone19. External jugular vein20. Laryngeal prominence21. Cricothyroid ligament22. Sternocleidomastoid: sternal and clavicular heads23. Subclavian artery: feel pulse24. Clavicle25. Jugular notch26. External carotid artery27. Trapezius28. Posterior triangle of neck29. Anterior triangle of neck: note carotid arteries and internal jugular vein here

Arm:

1. Deltoid2. Triceps3. Medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus4. Olecranon process5. Biceps6. Cephalic vein7. Median cubital vein8. Basilic vein9. Brachial artery10. Brachioradialis

Wrist/Hand


1. Styloid process of radius2. Styloid process of ulna3. Radial artery4. Pisiform bone5. Ulnar artery6. Dorsal venous network on hand7. Hypothenar eminence8. Thenar eminence

Leg1. Three sites of intramuscular injections (See lab manual.)

a. deltoidb. gluteus mediusc. vastus lateralis

2. Greater trochanter3. Patella4. Vastus medialis5. Rectus femoris6. Vastus lateralis7. Patella8. Medial malleolus9. Lateral malleolus10. Tibialis anterior muscle11. Tibia12. Hamstrings muscles: know biceps femoris, semitendinosus tendons13. Medial condyle of femur14. Medial condyle of tibia15. Patellar tendon (ligament)16. Tibial tuberosity17. Lateral condyle of femur18. Lateral condyle of tibia19. Dorsalis pedis artery20. Popliteal fossa21. Lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius22. Soleus23. Calcaneal tendon=Achilles' tendon24. Calcaneus


Urinary SystemExercises 40

Gross Anatomy:Note the position of the kidneys compared to the peritioneum. What term describes its

relationship?_____________________________What is the "casing" around the kidney called? It contains adipose tissue.

_____________________________What endocrine glands are on the superior pole of the kidneys?

________________________________________________________________What is the medial border of the kidneys called?

________________________________________________________________Name three structures that enter or leave the kidneys at this area.

________________________________________________________________What is the relationship between the kidneys and the ribs? major calyces

Internal Anatomy:Identify the cortex, columns, and pyramids. Which of these structures is equivalent with the

renal medulla?________________________________________________________________

What is the tip of the pyramid called?________________________________________________________________

What part of the calyceal system is next to this tip?________________________________________________________________

Identify the minor calyces (singular=calyx), major calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter.________________________________________________________________.

Identify the renal artery and vein.________________________________________________________________

Histology:1. A nephron includes a glomerulus plus a _____________________________2. A renal corpuscle includes a glomerulus plus Bowman's capsule.3. What is the glomerulus?

________________________________________________________________4. What is contained inside it?

________________________________________________________________5. The cells of the glomerulus are __________________________(starts with letter f),

meaning they have tiny holes in them.6. The visceral layer of Bowman's capsule has podocytes. The outer layer of Bowman's

capsule is the parietal layer. What fluid is in between these two layers? How is thisdifferent from the fluid inside the glomerulus?________________________________________________________________

7. Identify the proximal convoluted tubule, the descending limb of the loop of Henle, theascending limb of loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule.

8. The distal convoluted tubule contains the macula densa, which monitors NaCl in thefiltrate and feeds this information to the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which can adjustthe glomerular filtration rate via a process called autoregulation (see lecture text).


9. Most regions are made of simple cuboidal epithelium. However, the thin segment ofthe descending limb of the loop of Henle is made of simple ____________________epithelium.

10. Multiple nephrons drain into a single __________________duct.11. These __________________ducts drain urine into the minor calyx through the

___________________ (region) of the renal pyramid. 12. Contrast the afferent and efferent arteriole. Which supplies the glomerulus, and

which drains the glomerulus?________________________________________________________________

13. What pressure(s) cause filtration volume to increase in the glomerulus?________________________________________________________________

14. The ______________________capillaries are near the convoluted tubules; the___________________________ are looping vessels near the long loops of Henle inthe renal medulla.

15. Describe the conceptual difference between filtration, tubular reabsorption, andtubular secretion._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. What is the difference between the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells?(Review lecture notes.)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

17. Which of these monitors the filtrate passing through the distal convoluted tubule?________________________________________________________________

18. Which of these secretes renin?________________________________________________________________

19. What is the action of renin?________________________________________________________________

20. Urinary bladder : Identify the following:a. trigone and the ureteral orificesb. internal urethral orificec. internal urethral sphincter and external urethral sphincterd. detrusor muscle.

21. What is the difference in length between the male and female urethra?________________________________________________________________

22. What is one consequences of this difference?________________________________________________________________

23. What is transitional about transitional epithelium? Explain when transitions wouldoccur.________________________________________________________________


UrinalysisExercises 41A

1. What makes urine yellow?________________________________________________________________

2. What can cause an ammonia-like odor to urine?________________________________________________________________

3. What does the urine smell like if a diabetic is suffering from ketoacidosis?________________________________________________________________

4. Urine pH: What is the average, as well as the normal range?________________________________________________________________

5. How does diet influence urinary pH?________________________________________________________________

6. What is the medical term for a kidney infection?________________________________________________________________

7. What is the medical term for a kidney stone?________________________________________________________________

Define the following: , , , , , , and. List the cause(s) of each. Pay special attention to the differences between the causes ofhematuria and hemoglobinuria.8. glycosuria

________________________________________________________________9. albuminuria

________________________________________________________________10. ketonuria

________________________________________________________________11. hematuria

________________________________________________________________12. hemoglobinuria

________________________________________________________________13. bilirubinuria

________________________________________________________________14. pyuria

________________________________________________________________

15. Specific gravity is the relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared to anequal volume of________________________________________________________________

16. What is the normal range for the urine specific gravity?________________________________________________________________

17. What conditions would lead to a specific gravity near 1.001?________________________________________________________________

18. How about a specific gravity of 1.030?________________________________________________________________

The most important nitrogenous wastes to enter the urine are urea, uric acid, and creatinine.


19. Urea comes from________________________________________________________________

20. Uric acid comes from________________________________________________________________

21. Creatinine comes from________________________________________________________________

22. What is the usual cause of high urine sodium: high sodium intake or dehydration?Explain.________________________________________________________________

23. Is there any significance to seeing epithelial cells in the urine?________________________________________________________________

24. How about white blood cells?________________________________________________________________

25. How about red blood cells?________________________________________________________________

26. What is a cast? Describe examples of different casts.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Electrolyte LabHandout

Intravenous(IV) Solutions: Normal Saline

1. Make up a normal saline IV solution (0.9% NaCl solution.) 0.9% means that forevery 100ml of solution, 0.9 grams will be NaCl. Therefore, you need to dissolve 0.9grams (=900 mg.) sodium chloride in enough water to make a 100 ml. solution.

2. Calculate how many millimoles and milliequivalents of sodium and chloride arepresent in the 0.9%NaCl solution.

Overview of the calculations: a. Express the concentration of each ion in millimoles/L

i. Figure out how much a mole of the substance weighs (in gramsii. One mole of a substance is the molecular weight expressed in grams.

iii. The molecular weight of NaCl is 58.4; its molecular weight expressed ingrams is 58.4g.

b. You need to figure out how many grams NaCl are in a Liter of the above solution,instead of the 100 ml that you learned about above

i. There are 1000 ml in a liter.ii. The solution has 0.9grams NaCl per 100 ml, or 9 grams per 1000 ml.

c. Convert the weight of the NaCl to molesi. Convert 9 grams to moles: 9 grams x 1 mole/58.4 grams = 0.154 moles

d. Convert moles to millimolesi. 0.154 moles x 1000 millimoles/mole = 154 millimoles NaCl

ii. NaCl splits apart (since it is held together by ionic bonds)iii. There are thus 154 millimoles of sodium and 154 millimoles of chloride

ions. e. Convert millimoles to milliequivalents.

i. multiply #millimoles/L times the charge of the ion. ii. The charge of the sodium ion and chloride ion is 1 (Ignore the sign of the

charge.)iii. In this case, the #millimoles/L equals the # milliequivalents/L. iv. There are 154 mEq/L of sodium ions, and 154 mEq/L of chloride ions. v. Note: 1 millimole Ca++/L equals 2 mEq Ca++/L because Ca++ has a

charge of two.Notes: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. What is the total osmolarity of the solution? 1 millimole of sodium ions does notdissociate any further, so 1 millimole = 1 milliosmoles. However, if you were talkingabout a molecule that breaks apart in solution, such as NaCl: 1 millimole/L of NaCl =2 milliosmoles/L, since each sodium chloride molecule breaks apart to form twoosmotically active ions.


2. Change each constituent's concentration from millimoles to milliosmoles.

154 millimoles NaCl 154 milliosmoles/L of Na+ plus 154 milliosmoles/L of Cl-

3. Add up the total milliosmoles/L to get the total osmolarity: 154 + 154 = 308milliosmoles/L.Alternatively, you knew that the NaCl concentration was 154 millimoles/l and thatthis would break apart into two osmotically active ions, so 154 x 2 = 308milliosmoles/L

4. If you give this IV to a patient, what space, or combination of spaces will sodiumreadily enter? Intravascular, and/or interstitial, and/or intracellular?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Will this cause water to be drawn out of cells? Is the sodium concentration outsidecells what is important, or is it the total osmolarity of the interstitial fluid? Why?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IV Solutions: 25% Albumin Solution

Make up a 25% albumin solution by adding 25-g albumin plus water to make a 100-ml.solution. It contains 25% albumin.

Albumin should not be used as an IV nutrient, because of the slow breakdown & unfavorablecomposition with respect to essential amino acids. Two main reasons for its use:

Plasma or blood volume deficit. Since the oncotic pressure of 25% albumin is four timeshigher than that of normal human plasma, it will expand the plasma volume ifinterstitial water is available for inflow through the capillary walls. However,many patients suffering from an acute volume deficit also have some degree ofinterstitial dehydration. In these patients, albumin should also be given with anisotonic electrolyte solution.

Oncotic deficit resulting from hypoproteinemia. The 25% albumin concentration isoncotically equivalent to approximately 5 times its volume of normal plasma.

Maintenance IV therapyMinimum daily water & electrolyte requirements can be provided IV to a patient who istemporarily unable to ingest food & fluids. This assumes normal renal function is present, &does not address any water or electrolyte imbalances.

Minimum water requirements for fluid balance can be estimated from the sum of the urine outputnecessary to excrete the daily solute load: 500 ml/day (obligatory minimal urine output) & theinsensible loss of water from skin & respiratory tract (700 ml/day) minus the amount of waterbeing produced in the body from endogenous metabolism: 250 ml/day.


1. What is the minimum water requirement per 24 hours?___________________________________________________________________

2. How many ml/hour does this represent?___________________________________________________________________

It is customary to administer 2000ml-3000 ml/day to produce a urine output of 1000-1500ml/day, since there is usually no advantage to minimizing the urine output.

3. How many ml/hour does this IV infusion rate of 2000-3000ml/day represent?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Weighing the patient daily is the best means of assessing net gain or loss of fluid,since the GI, renal, and insensible fluid losses of hospitalized patients areunpredictable. Does a loss of two pounds indicate a loss of 1 liter of water, or couldthere be other factors causing the weight loss?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The electrolytes that are usually administered during maintenance IV fluid therapy aresodium, chloride, and potassium. The kidneys are normally capable of compensating forwide variations in sodium intake. For example, in absence of sodium intake, urinary sodiumexcretion can be reduced to less than 5 mEq/day. It is customary to supply 50-150 mEq ofsodium daily.

Some potassium supplementation is also given, due to its obligatory renal potassiumexcretion. Usually 20-60 mEq/day is given if renal function is adequate.

Carbohydrates: 100 to 150 g. /day of glucose is necessary to minimize protein catabolism andto prevent ketosis.

An adequate maintenance IV fluid regimen is 2000 ml/day of 0.45% NaCl (“1/2 normalsaline”) with 5% dextrose and 20 mEq KCl/liter. Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus,vitamins, and protein replacement are necessary after 1 week of parenteral (IV) therapy.

5. If the fluid rate is 2000 ml./day, what is the IV rate in ml/hour?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. How many milliequivalents of Na+ ions is the person receiving per day?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. If the person is receiving more than their minimal needs, how are they dealing withthe excess?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


8. How many milliequivalents of K+ ions is the person receiving per 24 hours?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. If the person is receiving more than their minimal needs, how are they dealing withthe excess?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. If their serum potassium increases, what hormone will help them secrete morepotassium?____________________________

11. How many grams of carbohydrates is the person receiving?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. How many calories is in that? ___________________

IV Replacement of abnormal water and electrolyte losses:Insensible water losses average 500-1000 ml/day and depend on respiratory rate, temperature,humidity, and body temperature. Water losses increase by 125 ml/day for each degree of bodytemperature over 37.

If a person has a temperature of 103, how much extra fluid loss are they suffering from? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

First, convert from Fahrenheit to Centigrade: (5/9) x (Degrees F - 32) = Degrees Centigrade___________________________________________________________________

Then calculate the extra water loss:___________________________________________________________________

Note: insensible water losses from the skin would best be corrected with hypotonic saline:sweat is hypotonic, and the sodium concentration ranges from 5-50 millimoles/L

13. The sodium concentration of sweat is about 35 mmol/L in your patient. Convert thissodium concentration from mmol/L to mEq/L.

___________________________________________________________________

14. Assuming the person's sweat has a sodium concentration of 35 millimoles/L, whichIV solution would be most appropriate to correct these losses? 1/4 normal saline,1/2 normal saline, or normal saline?_______________________________________________________________________


Fluid losses from sweating can vary enormously: from (0-2000 ml/hour) and depend onphysical activity, body temperature, and outside temperature.

Gastrointestinal losses vary in composition & volume depending on the source.

Note: The following table values are approximate, and have been adjusted a bit for ease of learning.

Fluid Lost [Na+]mEq/L

[K+] mEq/L [H+] mEq/L [Cl-] mEq/L [HCO3-]mEq/L

Sweat 35 5 50GastricJuice

50 10 90 120

Diarrhea 35 45 35 35

Don't worry about memorizing the above, but remember these key points:

ð Sweat causes loss of a hypotonic saline solution.

ð Vomiting and nasogastric suction causes loss of fluid that is a hypotonic saline solutioncontaining a small amount of potassium, but very rich in HCl.

ð Diarrhea causes loss of fluid that is a hypotonic saline solution very rich in potassium.

15. If you lose hypotonic saline, and do not drink fluids, what will happen to your serumsodium level: will it go up, stay the same, or decrease? (Hint: pretend you are justlosing water. You are actually losing relatively more water than salt.)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. If you lose hypotonic saline and replace it by drinking pure water, what will happen toyour serum sodium level: will it go up, stay the same, or decrease?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Calculations for your own body:1. Calculate your own total body water (TBW):2. Convert your weight in pounds to kilograms: # pounds x 1kg/2.2 pounds = #kg.3. Multiply wt. x 55% if female, 60% if male to get TBW:

___________________________________________________________________4. What is your intracellular fluid volume?

___________________________________________________________________


5. What is your extracellular fluid volume?___________________________________________________________________

6. What is your interstitial fluid volume?___________________________________________________________________

7. What is your plasma volume?___________________________________________________________________

8. What is your blood volume?___________________________________________________________________

Acid-Base disorders:

Normal arterial blood gasses: pH7.35-7.45, PO2 90-100, pCO2 38-42, HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L

Describe the primary acid-base disturbance and the compensatory mechanism that would occurin a person who:1. Overdoses on heroin (which depresses respirations)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Chronically hypoventilates, and is hypoxic & retains CO2____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Suffers from an anxiety attack and acutely hyperventilates____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Has a renal disorder where they lose excessive bicarbonate into the urine_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Has suffered from repeated vomiting, losing HCl.___________________________________________________________________


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Hypernatremia: elevated serum sodium above 145 (normal = 135-145). Usually due to a waterdeficit rather than a sodium excess.

If someone has volume depletion and a pure water deficit as the cause of hypernatremia, theyshould be treated by mouth and /or an IV solution of 5% dextrose in water. This is because theylack mainly water; they usually do not have a sodium excess if they are volume depleted. (Yourvolume status is often a better clue to your total body sodium level than your serum sodium.) Thebenefit of giving D5W is that it provides some tonicity to the solution (D5W has an osmolarity of252 mOsm/kg) and thus won't burst their red cells when given IV, and you avoid giving theperson any sodium.

Hypernatremia should be corrected slowly; no more than half the water deficit should bereplaced in the first 12-24 hours.

If a person has severe volume depletion causing hemodynamic instability (such as orthostatichypotension, very low urine output, shock), saline solutions should be infused to restorethe volume status; then D5W can be given to help correct the hyponatremia.

Hyponatremia: very complicated; does not imply a sodium deficiency, can be due to waterexcess. Can result from:

Primary sodium loss, water gain, or both combined. Associated with volume depletion: lose sodium via diarrhea and replace fluid loss with pure

water. Treat with isotonic salineAssociated with normal (or slightly elevated) volume status: syndrome of inappropriate ADH

secretion = SIADH: causes water retention. Treat with fluid restriction.Other causes, such as hyperglycemia may lower the serum sodium.


Reproductive System AnatomyExercises 42

Gross Anatomy of the Male Reproductive SystemExternal Anatomy:Scrotum, shaft of penis, glans penis, foreskin (prepuce), perineum, inguinal region, externalurethral meatus

Internal Anatomy:Corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum. Which is contiguous with the glans penis?Testes, seminiferous tubules, rete testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatoryduct, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands. How does the prostate change with aging?________________________________________________________________What are the consequences of this?________________________________________________________________Urinary bladder, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra. What spongy tissue doesthe penile urethra travel through?________________________________________________________________List some major components of seminal fluid.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________List some major components of the spermatic cord.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________From your text, what is the difference between the cremaster muscle and the dartos muscle?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Discuss the course of the vas deference from the scrotum to the back of the bladder.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Histology of the Male:Penis:Do you notice the spaces for blood in the corpora carvernosa and the corpus spongiosum?________________________________________________________________How does erection occur? ________________________________________________________________

Histology of the seminiferous tubules:Discuss the difference between the locations of spermatogonia and more mature spermatozoa.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the function of Leydig (interstitial) cells? Where are they located compared to theseminiferous tubules?


________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________From lecture, what hormone stimulates them?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are some functions of Sertoli cells?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Where are they located?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the difference between the epididymis and the seminiferous tubules (in terms of locationand function) ?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

External genitalia of the female:Perineum, mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, prepuce, clitoris, head of clitoris, vestibule,external urethral orifice, vaginal orifice, hymen.Internal anatomy:

Vagina, posterior fornix, cervix, endocervical canal, external os, internal os, uterus, body ofuterus, fundus, endometrium, fallopian tubes (=oviducts), fimbriae, ovaries. Which of thesestructures is not retroperitoneal?________________________________________________________________

Breasts:areola, nipple, mammary glands, lobules, alveoli, lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinuses. Whatmuscle is deep to the breast tissue?________________________________________________________________From lecture text, which lymphatics drain the breasts?________________________________________________________________Why would a cancer surgeon need to know about this?________________________________________________________________Histology of the Female: Click here


GametogenesisExercises 43

Define gametogenesis________________________________________________________________

Click here to review Mitosis, which you should learn well before learning meiosis.Click here for a comparison between mitosis and meiosis.

Meiosis:Differentiate between the terms haploid and diploid.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is another word for a zygote?________________________________________________________________What are homologous chromosomes?________________________________________________________________How many pairs of homologous chromosomes are in humans?________________________________________________________________What process occurs in the gonads to form a haploid number of chromosomes?________________________________________________________________What phase of meiosis does synapsis occur in?________________________________________________________________Define synapsis. ________________________________________________________________What is another word for crossing over?________________________________________________________________What is a half of an x-shaped chromosome called?________________________________________________________________When chromatids pull apart during anaphase, what are they called?________________________________________________________________

Male spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis:To help you understand spermatogenesis, sort the following in the correct order, from leastmature to most mature: spermatids, primary spermatocyte, functional sperm, secondaryspermatocyte, spermatogonium.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Which are 2n (46 chromosomes) and which are 1n?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are some functions of Sertoli cells? Where are they located?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are some functions of interstitial (Leydig) cells? Where are they located?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


What is the difference between the terms spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Describe the contents of the head, midpiece, and tail of a spermatozoa.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Be able to identify seminiferous tubules, spermatozoa, spermatogonia, interstitial cells from amicroscope slide.

Ovaries:Sort the following in the correct order:Mature ovum, oogonium, secondary oocyte, primary oocyte________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________When is meiosis I? Meiosis II?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How primordial follicles are present at birth?________________________________________________________________________What is a polar body?________________________________________________________________________Describe and identify (from microscope) a primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondaryfollicle, mature=vesicular=Graafian follicle, and corpus luteum.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Note the fluctuations of the pituitary hormones, ovarian hormones, ovaries, and endometrialchanges during the menstrual cycle. See illustrations at the end of your lab exercise.


Principles of HeredityExercises 45

Karyotypes: allow one to visually see the chromosomes of a person, and detect abnormalitiessuch as an abnormal number of chromosomes. Obtained by taking fetal lymphocytes obtainedduring amniocentesis. Cells are stimulated to divide & grow in culture, which will increase thechance of obtaining cells with visible chromosomes (recall most cells usually in interphase,where chromosomes not visible). A drug is applied which arrests cells in metaphase. At thisphase: each chromosome is a double structure: two chromatids connected by centromere. Thencells are harvested & treated with a solution to make their chromosomes spread out, & preparedfor microscopy. Chromosomes are photographed; photo is entered into a computer forarrangement into homologous pairs.The first pair is the largest & the pairs get progressively smaller. The 23rd pair is the sexchromosomes.

To assist you in preparing your karyotype:Pairs 1-3: Centromere in middlePairs 4-5: centromere slightly closer to one end than the other, so each chromatid has short arm& long armPairs 6-12: some centromeres in middle, some closer to one endPairs 13-15: short arms extremely short; tiny masses of chromatin called satellites are attached toshort arms.Pairs 16-18: No satellites, centromere central or slightly closer to one endPairs 19-20: The two smallest chromosomes that have centromeres in middlePairs 21-22: The two smallest chromosomes that have extremely tiny short arms; have satellitesPair 23: the sex chromosomes. Y chromosome: extremely tiny short arms; no satellitesX chromosome: looks similar to chromosome #6. The only way to discern it is to use banding,which is the use of special stains to differentiate between chromosomes. The sequence ofnucleotides will determine the bands; since the DNA in X chromosome is different from pair 6, itwill have different banding.

Exercise 1:Obtain a photocopy of human chromosomes, and perform a karyotype analysis by cutting out thechromosomes and pasting them on the form.Queues. A: What is the sex of the individual? __________Ques. B: What is the chromosomal abnormality that youfound?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hint: it is either Normal Female, Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), 47xxy (Klinefelter syndrome), normal male,47xyy male, 45,xo (Turner Syndrome) or 47, xxx (Superfemale)Ques. C: From your text, how would this abnormality manifest itself. In other words, whatwould the phenotypebe?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Exercise 2: TerminologyFrom your lab notebook, define the following:1. Homozygous -

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Heterozygous__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Dominant gene (allele)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Recessive gene (allele)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Genotype__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Phenotype__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3: Punnett Squares, Complete Dominance: see lab notebook; construct the Punnettsquares & answer the questions regarding the crosses between tall parents & dwarf parents,rough & smooth coat guinea pigs.

Exercise 4: Punnet Squares, codominance: Draw a punnett square, showing the offspringproduced by crossing a person who is AB with a person who is A0. Now do one crossing aperson who is AO and BO. Is the O allele codominant with the others, or recessive? Whichblood group alleles are the codominant ones?

Exercise 5: Punnett Squares, Incomplete Dominance: see lab notebook; construct the Punnettsquares & answer the questions regarding the crosses between red, white, & pink snapdragons;sickle cell anemics.


Exercise 6: Probability. Remember: probability of event A occurring OR event B occurring =(probability of event A) + (probability of event B). Probability of event A occurring AND eventB occurring = (probability of event A) x (probability of event B); if you ask the question beforeeither A or B has occurred. BE CAREFEL! If event A has already happened when you askabout the probability of event B, and A & B are two independent events, then you may need toignore A's probability when asking about B. See #CDo the coin problems in the lab notebook, than complete the following:

What is the probability of a mother having a girl?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the probability of a mother having a boy or a girl?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

If a mother has given birth to a girl for her first child, what is the probability of her having a girlas her second child?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Say a mother has a genetic disease and there is a 25% chance of her offspring having the disease.Say she intends to have three kids. What is the probability of all three kids having the disease?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Say a mother has a 50% chance of having a blue eyed child and 50% chance of having a brown-eyed child. If she has had six kids, all blue-eyed, what is the probability that her seventh kid willbe blue eyed?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________In the above question, what is the probability that her seventh kid will be a brown-eyed boy?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

If a woman is planning on having six children, what is the probability that they will all be boys?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 7: Pedigrees. In pedigrees, the male is represented as a square & the female as a circle.Say albinism is homozygous recessive. A= normal allele; a=albino.

Construct a pedigree showing a normal male crossing with a normal female and producing threechildren: one daughter has albinism, one daughter does not, and one son does not. Determinethe phenotype & genotype of each of the three offspring.


Color blindness is X-linked recessive. Say XC = Normal color x chromosome; Xc= Colorblindness x chromosome.

Say a normal visioned man marries a normal visioned woman. Their two children are a color-blind boy and a normal visioned girl. Draw a pedigree and shade in the box or circle of colorblinded individuals. What is the genotype of each individual?


Embryology LabExercises 44

Summary of Germ cell layers:

Ectoderm Mesoderm EndodermNervous system Muscle Epithelial lining of gut &

lower respiratory tractEpidermis bone, cartilage all ducts entering gutlining of mouth, anus blood, kidneys, ovaries,

testes, lining of bodycavities

sense organs such as eyes

Human Embryologic EventsClick here for some cool embryo images; also here for more . Click here for a nice review ofweek 1-3Month

Day Event

1 1 Fertilization2 2,4 cell stages4-6 In uterus7 Implantation of blastula8 embryo beneath uterine surface24 implantation complete31 all major organ systems begin to form, though not functional

2 1.25 inches long; distinct limbs, head, ears, nose; lidless eyes; placentafunctional; reproductive organs form; bone forming

3 toend offirsttrimester

After 8 weeks called a fetus. 3 inches long. Breathing in amniotic fluid,swallowing amniotic fluit, body movements possible. Behaviorbecomes individualized. Excreted urine into amniotic fluid.

4 Reacts to stimuli, blood formed in bones, eyes light sensitive5 Kicking & turning. Loss of ancestral tail.6 toend2ndtrimester

1.5 Lbs. May be able to survive (25 wks record). Skeleton formationmost active (mother must increase calcium intake)

7 Mother’s blood volume 30% greater than normal. Fetus has 10%survival chance if born prematurely. (70% if lives to 8th, 95% if toninth). 84% of calcium consumed by mother goes to fetal skeleton.Antibodies (IgG) passed to fetus-may protect for up to about 6 months.

9 Uterus has increased to 60 times original size. Birth: 20 inches long, 6-8 lbs.

Click here to learn about the development of the brain


Models:

Model #, Description Structures to Identify Significant events1 Fertilized ovum infallopian tubes, minutes old

Spermatozoa, Nucleus ofFertilized Ovum

Spermatozoa just penetratedovum; male & femalepronuclei have not fused,some don't considerfertilization to haveoccurred until pronucleifuse & zygote formed.

2. Two cell stage infallopian tubes, 1.5 days old

Cleavage furrow,blastomeres

Cleavage=mitotic divisions,cells do not enlarge: ascells divide, offspring cellsbecome smaller

3,4 : 4, 8 cell stage infallopian tubes, 1.5-3 daysold

Cleavage furrow,blastomeres

5. Morula stage in fallopiantubes, 3 days old

Morula (=solid ball of 16 ormore cells); cleavagefurrows, blastomeres

6. Blastocyst stage in uterus,5 days old

BlastocystTrophoblast; Inner cell mass(=embryoblast)Blastocyst cavity

Trophoblast becomesplacenta; Inner cell massbecomes embryonic disc;Blastocyst implants day 6

7. Blastocyst inendometrium, 7 days

Blastocyst,Trophoblast,Bilaminar germ disc:ectoderm (yellow) &endoderm (orange)Blastocyst cavity


SyncytiotrophoblastCytotrophoblastEctoderm (yellow)Endoderm (orange)Amniotic cavity (cavityinside yellow)Primitive yolk sac

Syncytiotrophoblast:invades endometriumCytotrophoblast: becomeschorion (part of placenta)Amniotic cavity: eventuallysurrounds embryo; yolk sacwill shrink


Syncytiotrophoblast (darkgrey)Cytotrophoblast (light grey)Bilayered embryonic disc:Ectoderm (yellow)Endoderm (orange)Amnion(con't) Yolk sac (yellow)Extraembryonic coelom(light grey with dark greynetwork)


10. 16 day old embryo, inendometrium

Chorionic villiAmniotic cavityBody stalkEctodermSmall amount mesodermEndodermYolk sacChorionic cavity (light grey)

Gastrulation: formation ofmesoderm

11. 4.5 week old embryo, inwall of uterus

Chorionic villiUmbilical vesselsYolk sacAmniotic cavityPharyngeal archesLens placodeHeart bulgeUmbilical cordLimb ridgeSomites

Amniotic cavity trivia:model mistake: should notbe obliterating chorioniccavity until 12 weeks oldLens placode gives rise toeyeSomites become muscle,bone, & dermis

12. 5 week embryo Chorionic villiUmbilical cordYolk sacAmniotic cavityPharyngeal archesEyeHeart bulgeUmbilical cordLimb budsSomites


Human Development HandoutYou need to visit OMSI to view the Human DevelopmentExhibit in order to fill this out!!!!Development of the human embryo and fetus begins at fertilization of the egg by the sperm within the fallopian tube.Over the next four or five days the fertilized egg (zygote) will begin dividing and prepare for implantation into theendometrium of the uterus.

In this exercise you will have the opportunity to observe the human embryo and fetus at its various stages ofdevelopment. Pay attention to the details and the changes that you see. Relative to the changes we see after a fetusis delivered things change very quickly. Use the informational signs and observations of the embryo and fetus toanswer the following questions.

1. In the 38 weeks from zygote to parturition the single cell of the zygote will go from a

single cell to approximately _____________________cells.

2. The zygote will begin to divide by mitosis after approximately ________________hours, this first division willtake 12 hours to complete. The next division only takes 12 hours to complete.

3. The zygote will reach the uterus in __________ days.

As the zygote divides it will move through the stages of morula (a solid ball of cells that begins at the 16 cell stageapproximately 96 hours after fertilization) and will continue to divide and in less than a day it will become a hollowball of cells called the blastula or blastocyst consisting of about 132 cells.

4. The _____________________ is the stage that implants into the endometrium of the uterus.

5. Of all the eggs that become fertilized only about ______________% survive the development process to reachparturition. Most of these “pregnancies” end without the mother even knowing.

6. The first system to develop within the embryo is the _________________ system.

7. The heart will begin beating in the __________ week of pregnancy.

8. The structures that will give rise to the vertebral column and muscles that develop during the fourth week are

called the ___________________. Where in the embryo do you see these structures?

_________________________________________________.

9. The beginning of the fingers and toes can be seen by day ___________.

10. Blood development began in the ____________________, by week 5 this job has been moved to the

_____________________ and by week 10 is moved again to the ______________________. At this point the

______________________ will begin making the leukocytes immunocompetent.

11. Sweat glands and sebaceous glands begin to form by day __________________.


12. By day 43 the central nervous system has kicked into high gear producing about ______________________

new cells per minute.

13. The fingers and toes have separated and the eyelids have begun to develop by day ________.

14. By day _______ all the organs are present (although not fully developed, some development will continue for the first

few years following birth).

15. At day 57 the embryo graduates and becomes the fetus. By this time the eyelids have formed, but will stay closed until

week __________. What other epidermal appendage will have formed by now? ____________________________.

16. By 9 weeks the fetus will begin to form ______________and the fetus begins reflexive movement (but as you may note

from the size, nothing the mother will be able to detect). Note the fuzzy appearance of the placenta, what do you think the

function of this form is? __________________________________________________.

17. By the 10th week the __________________________gland will begin to function, producing hormones to stimulate the

growth and development of the gonads and other glands.

18. By the 11th week the muscles of the stomach begin contracting, the fetus is swallowing amniotic fluid that contains hair

and shed fetal cells. The digestion products will remain in the colon until after birth when they are released as the first fecal

matter called the _________________________. Thumb sucking may start and the permanent tooth buds are beginning to

form.

19. The sex of the fetus can be determined at week ____________.

20. At what stage can the fetus begin to detect and respond to sounds? ____________________

21. The white pasty substance that can be seen covering the fetus protects the skin from the constant bath of amniotic fluid.

This substance is called the ____________________________ and is produced by the sebaceous glands. Most bones and

joint cavities are now distinct.

Imagine what you would look like after soaking for 9 months.

22. The fetus becomes large enough that the mother can feel it “kicking” in the ___________ week.

23. In the female fetus the ovaries will already be producing oocytes by week ___________.

By 18 weeks the fetus has its own set of fingerprints.

24. By the 19th week the fetus is covered by a fine downy hair called the ______________, which is thought to help

________________________________________________. The hair will be shed during the _________________ month.

25. By the 20th week a special form of adipose develops called _________________ which is used in

____________________________.


26. By the __________________ week the lungs of the fetus begin to produce _______________________, which reduces

the surface tension of water preparing the fetus for its first breath in a non-aquatic environment, though the amount is

inadequate to allow independent breathing at this time.

27. Development of the brain which began during the _____________ week will, during the 25th week, change from a smooth

structure to the folded structure we are familiar with in the adult. The grooves are the _________________ and the ridges are

the ______________________.

28. By the 26th week the lungs can function properly and the CNS can control breathing and body temperature, at this point

the fetus weighs about ______________pounds.

29. By the 27th week the _____________ of the fetus begin to respond to stimuli.

30. The bones of the skull, although formed will continue to grow together for the first _______ years after birth.

31. The number of Brain cells will continue to increase until the age of ___________.

32. The lungs will continue to develop until the age of ____________.

33. The vertebral column will continue to develop until the age of __________.

34. The nose and ears will continue to grow until __________

Extra credit. They will continue to cause you trouble until___________________________.


Biology 233

Anatomy and Physiology III

Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide

Biology 233, Anatomy and Physiology III, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide Spring 2005 Update

BI 233 Human Anatomy and Physiology III

These are the objectives for the BI 233 laboratories. Your instructor may add additional contentduring laboratory, so it is always helpful to take notes. Bring this lab guide with you every week!

We often want students to know both structure and function. When you are asked to learnstructures, you should learn to identify the structure from models, dissected specimens,photocopied illustrations, microscope slides, etc.

When specimens in laboratory such as human bones (or other body parts), they may seemlike inanimate objects that are far removed from a living organism. However, we ask thatyou continually remain cognizant of the fact that they were once parts of humans (or otherliving creatures). Please handle these body parts with respect and care.

Student Grade Tracker

Lab Due Date PointsPossible

Score(Keep best 6 of7 quiz scores.)

Notes:

Quiz 1 40Quiz 2 40Quiz 3 40Quiz 4 40Quiz 5 40Quiz 6 40Quiz 7 40

DevelopmentHandout

40

Presentation 40

Lecture

Your lecture instructor willverify the due dates and

point totals. (Also see labschedule.)

Midterm 1Midterm 2Final Exam

Course Total

Biology 233, Anatomy and Physiology III, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide Spring 2005 Update

Anatomy and Physiology IIIBiology 233

Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide

Table of Contents

Lab Topic Marieb LabExercise

PCC LabGuide Page

Safety Guidelines 1

Disposal Guidelines 2

Respiratory System 36, 37A 3

Digestive System 38 5

Digestive Enzymes 39A 8

Surface Anatomy Roundup 46(Review 1)

10

Urinary System 40 12

Urinalysis 41A 14

Fluids and Electrolytes (PCC Handout) 16

Reproductive System Anatomy 42 23

Gametogenesis 43 25

Principles of Heredity 45 27

Embryology Lab 44 31

Human Development (PCC Handout) 34

Biology 233, Anatomy and Physiology III, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide Spring 2005 Update, Table of Contents

pcc-sylvania bi 233 laboratory...

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