pci our advice 02

Tiling work in swimming pools

Stefan Marx,Applications Adviser with PCI Augsburg GmbH, explains his view on: Tiling work in swimming pools.

The construction of swimming pools is a special challenge for tiling specialists. This information brochure is intended to provide some assistance with the workmanship as well as material selection.

>OUR ADVICE OUR ADVICE < No. 02

When filling the pool sudden and too rapid thermal exposure to cold water on e.g. areas of the pool construction heated up by sunlight should be avoided. Filling must be carried out slowly at a speed of approx. 5 cm height/hour. The maximum time to fill the pool should range between 36 and 48 hours. By experience the same time should be applied to empty the pool.

Installation parts or penetrations must be fitted with flanges to ensure a reliable connection of the bonded waterproofing. Jacket tubes with central seal ring are another option for the waterproofing of installation parts. This is within the scope of responsibility of the general contractor and/or the designer of the swimming pool.

Before any tiling work is carried out the concrete surface must be mechanically pre-treated to achieve a capillary-open, bondable concrete matrix. This can be done e.g. by means of compressed air blasting with solid abrasives (sandblasting). The adhesive tensile strength must be more than 1.5 N/mm. Cracks exceeding 0.2 mm must be grouted by injection in accordance with the repair guidelines of the DAfStb (German Committee for Reinforced Concrete).

Body of the concrete

The concrete must be in compliance with the quality provisions of DIN 1045 Parts 1 and 2 as well as the official notes issued by the Central Association of the German Construction Trade: Information on the planning and workmanship of ceramic coverings in swimming pool construction issue date: July 2008.

In accordance with the DGfdB leaflet 25.04 Swimming and bathing pools made of reinforced concrete and the ZDB leaflet Swimming pool construction the reinforced concrete pools are capable of being covered after 6 months.

We consider a three-month minimum age of the concrete body sufficient to ensure that the residual shrinkage does not endanger the reliable laying of the ceramic.

Before any tiling work is carried out, the concrete construction must be subjected to a leakage test over a period of 14 days. The test water must be mixed with chlorine (2 mg/l) to prevent beforehand microorganisms colonizing on the concrete surfaces in the pool.

> OUR ADVICE < No. 02 3

Fig. 1 Lime index calculator for determining the tiling materials

Lime-aggressive pool water

The issue of water quality has to be addressed already during the planning phase. Depending on the pH value, water hardness, salt content etc., cement-based systems may very quickly reach their limits so that the use of two-component reaction resin systems becomes necessary. A decision in this regard is only possible by means of the analytical data of the pool water.

The PCI application technology department supports everyone involved in the evaluation of the analysis data. For this purpose, either the analytical data supplied are processed or samples are taken on site which are then analysed in the analytics laboratory of PCI Augsburg GmbH.

Based on the water hardness (calcium index), buffer capability (acid capacity index) and the pH value of the pool water a recommendation for the tiling materials (waterproofing, laying, jointing) is then submitted (fig. 1).

Levelling layers

For pool surrounds the official leaflet ZDB Information on the planning and execution of ceramic coverings in swimming pool construction principally distinguishes between: Cementitious renders of mortar group P III, strength class

CS IV without the addition of lime hydrate/lime aggregate according to DIN V 18550 and DIN EN 998-1 or PCC mortar. The manufacturer must indicate that the materials used are suitable for the use in swimming pools.

Screed levellers in the pool bottom according to DIN EN 13813, minimum quality CT-C25-F4, carried out as bonded screed to DIN 18560-3.

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Fig. 3 Pouring the capillary breaking grout (PCI Apoten, 1:1 blended with quartz sand 0.3 0.8 mm)

Fig. 2 Capillary breaking grouting (marked in orange)

Pool head systems

A distinction is made according to: Deep-set pool head systems (e.g. deep-set Wiesbaden

drainage channel, frequently used in the case of older pools used for swimming competitions from the 1960s and 1970s or skimmer pools which are exclusively used for private pools).

High-set head systems (e.g. System Finland, Zurich, Berlin or Bamberg). Here the water level of the pool is at the same level as the ceramics of the pool surrounds. The advantages of these systems are e.g. a better view enjoyed by the swimmer, a continuous water overflow as well as non-reflecting waves which create a calmer water surface. This is above all very much appreciated by competitive swimmers, since the first pool with a high-set water level at the 1972 Olympics in Munich led to a flood of world records.

Therapy pools (e.g. type St. Moritz). Concrete edge settings enable carers to assist their patients.

Pool head versions

A decisive detail, especially with a high-set water level, is the capillary breaking grout based on epoxy resin in the pool head area (fig. 2/3). The capillary breaking grouting must be carried out flush with the top edge of the overflow channel and/or the formed part. Thus no water can ingress into the pool surrounds due to hydrostatic pressure. If the capillary breaking grout is missing water will ingress into the substructure of the pool surrounds so that this will be continuously moistened (principle of communicating pipes).

The overflowing water will then either drip into the substructure or dissolve lime and alkali silicates from the tile adhesive of the pool surrounds and transport them to the covering surface over the years via the capillary pores of the joints. Unsightly lime and silicate deposits are the consequence.


Fig. 4 System Wiesbaden, high-set Large channel stone with hand grip, grating and silent drain SILENT W 2000. Can be used for various types of swimming pools.

Fig. 5 System Wiesbaden, high-set Small channel stone with hand grip, grating and silent drain SILENT W 2000.

Fig. 6 System Wiesbaden, deep-set Large channel stone (without grating) with silent drain SILENT W 2000 and upper edge stone. Can be used for various types of swimming pools.

Fig. 7 System Wiesbaden, deep-set Small channel stone (without grating) with silent drain SILENT W 2000. For therapeutic swimming pools.

Fig. 8 System Finland Inclined, beach-like pool edge with hand grip; covered channel with half-shell and silent drain SILENT 100. Especially suitable for sports and competition pools.

Fig. 9 System Finland Shortened, inclined, beach-like pool edge with hand grip and box-shaped channel.


Built-in parts

In principle, built-in parts should be fitted with loose/fixed flange constructions, e.g. self-adhesive flange, to achieve a reliable bonded waterproofing. The flanges must consist of rigid PVC, stainless steel or red casting and/or bronze. Synthetic materials which impair adhesion such as polyethylene or polypropylene are unsuitable.

For the subsequent installation of spotlights, inflow nozzles etc., core drillings are necessary. These penetrate the body of the concrete completely to provide a rear-side media supply. Waterproofing with an impermeable grout and bonded waterproofing are a special solution and must be carried out with utmost care. Compact seals are an elegant solution of the problem. After the seal has been placed on the medium pipe in the core hole drilling, the rubber element is squeezed by screwing together two stainless metal discs ensuring the annulus space between the medium pipe and the core hole drilling is impermeably closed. Compact seals are available for all standard diameters of core hole drillings and medium pipes.

Overflow edge stones/ pool head formed parts

The laying of gutter stones requires a particular level of precision from the tiling specialist, as the precise installation of an overflow channel is an essential requirement for perfect pool hydraulics and pool water treatment. Therefore, for the installation of the moulded parts, the corresponding regulations require a maximum deviation from the horizontal of 2 mm for the entire channel. Furthermore, if installed incorrectly, dryness or the inability of pool water to run off may cause germs to grow in the channel.

In practice the formed parts of the pool head are mostly fixed by means of trass cement mortar and a bonding agent. Occasionally, special solutions are applied such as fixing with epoxy resin mortar (PCI Bauharz system). In accordance with the Building Regulation List A part 2 no. 1.10 we recommend to fix the formed parts with PCI Carrament grey on cured bonded waterproofing, such as PCI Seccoral 2K Rapid. The system has an official test certificate.

Fig. 10 Placing of the channel


Use class Definition Examples PCI waterproofing products

AHeavy-duty exposure to non-pressurised water in the interior

Wall/floor surfaces for direct and indirect use in rooms subject to frequent exposure to industrial and cleaning water

Swimming pool surrounds,shower facilities

PCI Seccoral 1KPCI Seccoral 2K RapidPCI Pecilastic WPCI Pecilastic UPCI Lastogum (only for cementitious wall surfaces)

BHeavy-duty exposure to water pressing from the inside in the interior and exterior

Surfaces of containers in the interior and exterior exposed to pressurised water

Public/private pools in the interior and exterior

PCI Seccoral 1KPCI Seccoral 2K RapidPCI Pecilastic WPCI Apoflex WPCI Apoflex F

CHeavy-duty exposure to non-pressurised water with additional chemical influences in the interior

Surfaces for direct and indirect use in rooms subject to frequent or long-term exposure to industrial and cleaning water, also subject to limited exposure to chemicals

Industrial kitchens,car washes,lime-aggressive water

PCI Apoflex WPCI Apoflex FPCI Pecilastic W

Table 1

Bonded waterproofing/example

Since April 2002 bonded waterproofing (waterproofing level directly underneath the ceramic tiling) has been subject to Building Regulation List A, Part 2, No. 1.10. These regulations are issued by the DIBt (German Institute for Construction Technology) in Berlin. The ZDB leaflet Information on the application of bonded waterproofing with claddings made of tiles and flags for the interior and exterior, January 2011, should also be followed.

Tile adhesives (according to DIN EN 12004), in combination with the bonded waterproofing, must have been tested in accordance with the test principles to issue an official test certificate for waterproofing materials to be processed in liquid form in direct connection with tiles and flags. An official test certificate for the waterproofing/adhesive combination must be available.


Fig. 12 Place fabric (supplied by Kessel) in the fresh application, press on and cover completely.

Fig. 13 Fit clamping flange and screw tightly.

Fig. 11 After fixing the attachment piece in mortar the loose flange is removed and the fixed flange surface primed with PCI Gisogrund 303. When the primer is dry PCI Seccoral is applied.

Waterproofing a floor drain example of Kessel Variofix

The ZDB leaflet Swimming pool construction information on the planning and performance of ceramic coverings in swimming pool construction points out that also new impermeable concrete constructions should be waterproofed to avoid efflorescence around the subsequent joints or any hollow positioning of tiles due to shrinkage of the substrate.

Tiling/Grouting

Not only tile adhesives, but also joint grouts must be resistant to pool water (drinking water, thermal water, brine etc.) as well as to chemicals necessary for water treatment and ensuring hygiene. Depending on the aggressiveness of the water and/or the chemicals, either cement-based tiling materials are sufficient or reaction resin products must be used. Table 2 shows example build-up systems for laying mosaic and ceramic.

The subject of mosaic laying has already been discussed in detail in PCI Our Advice! No. 20. In case of translucent mosaic it is important to apply a white layer (PCI Nanolight White) beforehand. We would like to point out that only mosaic held together on the front surface are allowed to be used when tiling in permanently wet areas. Otherwise hollow positions of the mosaic resulting from a reduced contact area or saponification of the adhesive are possible. Proceed with utmost care when removing the paper on pool walls by moistening and washing off. The wash water must be thoroughly removed from the floor area as otherwise organic nutrients for micro-organisms will be embedded in the floor covering. The washing water is to be removed from the floor surface after last washing after grouting to avoid disturbing the curing process of the floor joint. Please see the PCI brochure Laying ceramic coverings in swimming pools for additional information.


1 without lime hydrate/lime aggregate2 for lime-aggressive waters, based on the

result of the water analysis

3 glass-fibre reinforced synthetic material

Table 2

New construction

Levelling Bonded waterproofing

Laying Grouting Silicone

Concrete PCI Nanocret R2(wall + floor)

PCI Seccoral 1K,PCI Seccoral 2K Rapid

PCI Nanolight PCI Durafug NT PCI Silcoferm VE

Concrete PCI Pericret

(wall + floor)PCI Pecilastic W PCI FT Klebemrtel

modified with PCI Lastoflex

PCI Durafug NT PCI Silcoferm VE

Concrete P III acc. to DIN EN 998-1 (P III, CS IV)1 resp. CT-C25-F4 acc. to DIN EN 13813 as bonded screed to DIN 18560

PCI Apoflex2 PCI Durapox NT PCI Durapox NT PCI Silcoferm VE

Refurbishment Levelling Bonded waterproofing

Laying Grouting Silicone

GFK 3-Pool PCI Ocean Cret (wall)PCI Ocean Deck

(floor)

PCI Collastic2 PCI Collastic and front-faced glued mosaic or swimming pool ceramics

PCI Durapox NT plus

PCI Silcoferm VE

Concrete + old bondable tile covering

PCI Grundreiniger (basic cleaner) intensive/acidPCI Polyhaft

PCI Seccoral 1K,PCI Seccoral 2K Rapid

PCI Flexmrtel and swimming pool ceramics

PCI Durapox NT PCI Silcoferm VE

Pool head Bonded waterproofing Tested bedding mortar

Formed part, e.g. Deutsche Steinzeug (for high-set water levels)

e.g. PCI Seccoral 2K Rapid system PCI Carrament grey


Problem Cause

Discoloured water, e.g. black, grey, brown, blue or red Oxidizing contamination (e.g. copper, iron, manganese). If well water is used to fill the pool iron and manganese precipitations may cause discolouration.

Turbid water Insufficient filtration due to missing or rare filter backwashing. Precipitations of calcium carbonate due to high calcium hardness values and/or high pH value.

Foaming Overdosing of an algicide.

Growth of algae Occurs in the form of yellow, black or green algae.Caused by UV light, carbon dioxide, warm water and nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates.

The heart of functioning swimming pool treatment is the filtration system. Quartz sand, anthracite or pumice in defined grain sizes are used as filtration media. Impurities of an organic nature collect in the filters. In particular, if the pool circulation comes to a standstill, micro-organisms may abruptly increase in the filter.

The filter should be thoroughly backwashed twice a week for at least five minutes.

The constructor must be informed about DIN 19643-1 Treatment of water in pools and swimming pools, even if these specifications apply to public use.

In summary, the significance of a perfectly functioning water treatment system cannot be emphasized often enough. The pH value, duration of circulation, free chlorine content of the pool water, backwashing of the filter system, regular mechanical cleaning of the pool etc. must be observed or carried out; otherwise it is only a question of time until bio-films and micro-organisms occur.

Please note

Even if the tiling specialist carries out his work as accurately as possible it will not give the constructor a great deal of pleasure if the water treatment does not work efficiently and reliably right from the start.

Swimming pools must be thoroughly cleaned with chloric cleaning agent before they are filled.

Only water treatment with chlorine as a disinfection agent permanently prevents infection with micro-organisms.

The constructor must be familiar with the operation of the system which must be correctly calibrated (set). It must be checked from the very start that the digital displayed values for free chlorine and the pH value are in accordance with the real values of the pool water.

If at all possible, the pool circulation should run continuously and never be switched off, not even at night or during vacation times.

Example damage/defects


How does PCI Augsburg GmbH assist?

Bonded waterproofing materials, tiling and jointing products in conformance with the building regulation list.

Free consultation and advice, especially for the decisive design details by experienced application advisers and sales staff also on site.

If necessary, instruction on the correct application of the products by expert demonstrators.

If required, an object-related warranty. Detailed product information and brochures such as the

PCI swimming pool brochure, with detailed application instructions.

Evaluation of the pool water in regards to aggressiveness of lime by means of a special softwater programme.

Important standards and regulations

DIN 1045 Supporting structures made of concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete, 2008

DIN EN 12004 Mortars and adhesives for ceramic tiles and flags definitions and specifications, 2007

DIN 18195 Tanking of buildings DIN 18202 Tolerances in structural engineering, 2008 DIN 18550 Render systems application, 2005 DIN 18560 Screeds in construction DIN 19643-1 Treatment of water in pools and swimming

pools general requirements, 2011 DIBt, Building regulation list A Part 2 No. 1.10

Waterproofing materials to be processed in liquid form, 2011

ZDB leaflet Information on the application of bonded waterproofing in liquid form with claddings and coverings made of tiles and flags for internal and external areas, 2011

ZDB leaflet Swimming pool construction Information on the planning and application of ceramic coverings in swimming pool construction, 2008

DGfdB leaflet 25.04 Pools and swimming pools made of reinforced concrete

DGfdB leaflet 25.07 Sloping in floor coverings of swimming pools, 2001

DGfdB leaflet 25.01 Reinforced concrete with ceramic cladding

KOK regulations (group of associations swimming pools)

PCI Augsburg GmbHPiccardstr. 11 D - 86159 AugsburgP.O.B. 10 22 47 D - 86012 AugsburgGermanyPhone +49 (8 21) 59 01-0Fax +49 (8 21) 59 01-459www.pci-augsburg.de

>Our Advice < includes important information for every tile layer. The following articles are available on the Internet under www.pci-augsburg.de Download Technical Article Our Advice.

No. 01 The Art of Mixing.

No. 02 Tiling work in swimming pools.

No. 03 Mould formation on silicone joints is it unavoidable?

No. 05 Rupture of the elastic edge joint on tile or flag floor coverings a material problem?

No. 06 Avoiding damage to highly stressed ceramic tiling in interior and exterior applications.

No. 07 Refurbishing damaged ceramic and natural stone coverings on balcony and terrace.

No. 08 Thin-bed underfloor heating systems in combination with tiles and flags.

No. 10 Calcium sulphate flow screed a controllable substrate for ceramic tiles, flags and natural stones in thin-bed adhesive?

No. 11 When is a cement-based screed ready for covering?

No. 12 Application of bonded waterproofing and connection to installation components.

No. 13 Legal issues in connection with tiling work advice for tilers.

No. 16 Washed-out joints in residential showers.

No. 19 Trouble-free laying and grouting of natural and engineered stone.

No. 20 Effective application of glass mosaic and glass tiles.

No. 21 Laying large format tiles the key points?

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