Mumbai 1

Mumbai

Mumbai मबईBombay

— metropolitan city —

Clockwise from top: Skyline at Cuffe Parade, the Rajabai Clock Tower, the Taj Mahal Hotel, Nariman Point and Gateway of India

Mumbai मबईLocation of Mumbai मबईin Maharashtra and India

Coordinates 18°58′30″N 72°49′33″E

Former name Bombay

Country India

State Maharashtra

District(s) Mumbai CityMumbai Suburban

Municipal commissioner Subodh Kumar

Mayor Shraddha Jadhav (SS)

Mumbai 2

Population• Density• Metro

12,478,447[1][2] (1st) (2011)• unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator:u','/sq mi)• 18,414,288[3] (1st) (2011)

Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)

Area• Elevation

• 14 metres (46 ft)

Website www.mcgm.gov.in [4]

Mumbai ( /mʊmˈbaɪ/; Marathi: मबई, Mumbaī, IPA: [mumbə.i] ( listen)), formerly known as Bombay (/bɒmˈbeɪ/)in English, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth mostpopulous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with theneighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urbanregions in the world.[5] Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. As of 2009, Mumbaiwas named an Alpha world city.[6] Mumbai is also the richest city in India,[7] and has the highest GDP of any city inSouth, West or Central Asia.The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, theislands came under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese andsubsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Britishwith large-scale civil engineering projects,[8] and emerged as a significant trading town. Economic and educationaldevelopment characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independencemovement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated intoBombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was createdwith Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.[9]

Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment capital of India, it is also one of the world's top 10 centres ofcommerce in terms of global financial flow,[10] generating 5% of India's GDP,[11] 70% of maritime trade in India(Mumbai Port Trust & JNPT),[12] and 70% of capital transactions to India's economy.[13] Mumbai is home toimportant financial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National StockExchange of India, the SEBI and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indian companies and multinationalcorporations. It houses some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR,AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses India's Hindi (Bollywood) and Marathifilm and television industry. Mumbai's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard ofliving, attract migrants from all over India and, in turn, make the city a potpourri of many communities and cultures.

City nameThe name Mumbai is derived from Mumba or Maha-Amba—the name of the Koli goddess Mumbadevi—and Aai,"mother" in the language of Marathi.[14]

The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja; these are sometimes still used.[15][16] AliMuhammad Khan, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi (1507) referred to the city as Manbai.[17] In 1508, Portuguese writerGaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia ("Legends of India").[18][19] This name possiblyoriginated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning "good little bay",[20] and Bombaim is still commonlyused in Portuguese.[21] In 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu: Tana appears torefer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi.[22]

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The temple of local Hindu goddessMumbadevi, after whom the city of

Mumbai derives its name

Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: Mombayn(1525), Bombay (1538), Bombain (1552), Bombaym (1552), Monbaym (1554),Mombaim (1563), Mombaym (1644), Bambaye (1666), Bombaiim (1666),Bombeye (1676), and Boon Bay (1690).[21][23] After the British gainedpossession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was officiallyanglicised as Bombay.[24]

By the late 20th century, the city was known as Mumbai or Mambai to Marathilanguage, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi speakers and as Bambai inHindi, Persian and Urdu. The English name was officially changed to Mumbai inNovember 1995.[25] This came at the insistence of the Marathi languagenationalist Shiv Sena party that had just won the Maharashtra state elections andmirrored similar name changes across the country. A theory was proposedsuggesting that "Bombay" was a corrupted English version of "Mumbai" and anunwanted legacy of British colonial rule. The push to rename Bombay was partof a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region.However, the city is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents andIndians from other regions as well.[26] However, mentions of the city by the name other than Mumbai have beencontroversial, resulting in emotional outbursts sometimes of a violently political nature.[27][28]

A widespread popular etymology of Bombay holds that it was derived from a Portuguese name meaning "good bay".This is based on the facts that bom is Portuguese for "good" and baía (or the archaic spelling bahia) means "bay".However, this literal translation would have been incorrect in grammatical gender, as bom is masculine, while baia isfeminine; a correct Portuguese rendering of "good bay" would be boa ba(h)ia. Having said this, baim is an archaic,masculine word for "little bay".[20]

Portuguese scholar José Pedro Machado in his Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa (1981;"Portuguese Dictionary of Onomastics and Etymology"), seems to reject the "Bom Bahia" hypothesis, suggestingthat the presence of a bay was a coincidence (rather than a basis of the toponym) and led to a misconception, that thenoun (bahia; "bay") was an integral part of the Portuguese name.[29]

History

Early history

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Kanheri Caves served as a centre ofBuddhism in Western India during

ancient times

Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands: BombayIsland, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli, and Old Woman's Island (alsoknown as Little Colaba).[30] It is not exactly known when these islands were firstinhabited. Pleistocene sediments found along the coastal areas around Kandivaliin northern Mumbai by archaeologist Todd in 1939 suggest that the islands wereinhabited since the Stone Age.[31] Perhaps at the beginning of the Common era(2000 years ago), or possibly earlier, they came to be occupied by the Kolifishing community.[32]

In the third century BCE, the islands formed part of the Maurya Empire, duringits expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka ofMagadha.[33] The Kanheri Caves in Borivali were excavated in the mid-thirdcentury BCE,[34] and served as an important centre of Buddhism in WesternIndia during ancient Times.[35] The city then was known as Heptanesia (AncientGreek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in150 CE.[36]

Between the second century BCE and ninth century CE, the islands came under the control of successive indigenousdynasties: Satavahanas, Western Kshatrapas, Abhiras, Vakatakas, Kalachuris, Konkan Mauryas, Chalukyas andRashtrakutas,[37] before being ruled by the Silhara dynasty from 810 to 1260.[38] Some of the oldest edifices in thecity built during this period are, Jogeshwari Caves (between 520 to 525),[39] Elephanta Caves (between the sixth toseventh century),[40] Walkeshwar Temple (10th century),[41] and Banganga Tank (12th century).[42]

King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century, and established his capital in Mahikawati(present day Mahim).[43] The Pathare Prabhus, one of the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought toMahikawati from Saurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev.[44] The Delhi Sultanate annexed the islands in1347–48, and controlled it till 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors ofGujarat, who were appointed by the Delhi Sultanate.[45][46]

The Haji Ali Dargah was built in 1431, whenMumbai was under the rule of the Gujarat

Sultanate

The islands were later governed by the independent Gujarat Sultanate,which was established in 1407. The Sultanate's patronage led to theconstruction of many mosques, prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah inWorli, built in honour of the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431.[47] From1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between theGujarat Sultanate and the Bahamani Sultanate of Deccan.[48][49] In1493, Bahadur Khan Gilani of the Bahamani Sultanate attempted toconquer the islands, but was defeated.[50]

European rule

The Mughal Empire, founded in 1526, was the dominant power in theIndian subcontinent during the mid-16th century.[51] Growing apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperorHumayun, Sultan Bahadur Shah of the Gujarat Sultanate was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with thePortuguese Empire on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the seven islands of Bombay, the nearby strategictown of Bassein and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25October 1535.[52] The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their Roman Catholicreligious orders in Bombay.[53]

Some of the oldest Catholic churches in the city such as the St. Michael's Church at Mahim (1534),[54] St. John the Baptist Church at Andheri (1579),[55] St. Andrew's Church at Bandra (1580),[56] and Gloria Church at Byculla (1632),[57] date from the Portuguese era. On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and

Mumbai 5

Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal, placed the islands in possession of the British Empire,as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles.[58] However, Salsette, Bassein, Mazagaon, Parel, Worli, Sion, Dharavi, andWadala still remained under Portuguese possession. From 1665 to 1666, the British managed to acquire Mahim,Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala.[59]

These islands were in turn leased to the British East India Company in 1668 for a sum of £10 per annum by theRoyal Charter of 27 March 1668.[60] The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675.[61] Theislands were subsequently attacked by Yakut Khan, the Siddi admiral of the Mughal Empire, in October 1672,[62]

Rickloffe van Goen, the Governor-General of Dutch India on 20 February 1673,[63] and Siddi admiral Sambal on 10October 1673.[62]

In 1687, the British East India Company transferred its headquarters from Surat to Bombay. The city eventuallybecame the headquarters of the Bombay Presidency.[64] Following the transfer, Bombay was placed at the head of allthe Company's establishments in India.[65] Towards the end of the 17th century, the islands again suffered incursionsfrom Yakut Khan in 1689–90.[66] The Portuguese presence ended in Bombay when the Marathas under Peshwa BajiRao I captured Salsette in 1737, and Bassein in 1739.[67]

By the middle of the 18th century, Bombay began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx ofmigrants from across India.[68] Later, the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With the Treaty of Surat(1775), the British formally gained control of Salsette and Bassein, resulting in the First Anglo-Maratha War.[69] TheBritish were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through the Treaty of Purandar (1776),[70]

and later through the Treaty of Salbai (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War.[71]

Ships in Bombay Harbour (c. 1731). Bombayemerged as a significant trading town during the

mid-18th century.

From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civilengineering projects aimed at merging all the seven islands into asingle amalgamated mass. This project, known as Hornby Vellard, wascompleted by 1784.[8] In 1817, the British East India Company underMountstuart Elphinstone defeated Baji Rao II, the last of the MarathaPeshwa in the Battle of Khadki.[72] Following his defeat, almost thewhole of the Deccan came under British suzerainty, and wereincorporated in Bombay Presidency. The success of the Britishcampaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from allattacks by native powers.[73]

By 1845, the seven islands were coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project.[74] On 16 April1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Bombay to the neighbouring town of Thane.[75]

During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton trading market, resulting in aboom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature.[76]

The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea.[77]

In September 1896, Bombay was hit by a bubonic plague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at 1,900people per week.[78] About 850,000 people fled Bombay and the textile industry was adversely affected.[79] As thecapital of the Bombay Presidency, it witnessed the Indian independence movement, with the Quit India Movement in1942 and The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny in 1946 being its most notable events.[80][81]

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Independent India

The Hutatma Chowk memorial, builtto honour the martyrs of the

Samyukta Maharashtra movement.(Flora Fountain is on its left in the

background.)

After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the Bombay Presidencyretained by India was restructured into Bombay State. The area of Bombay Stateincreased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union wereintegrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of BombayState.[82] On April 1950, Municipal limits of Bombay were expanded by mergingthe Bombay Suburban District and Bombay City to form Greater BombayMunicipal Corporation.[83]

The Samyukta Maharashtra movement to create a separate Maharashtra stateincluding Bombay was at its height in the 1950s. In the Lok Sabha discussions in1955, the Congress party demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomouscity-state.[84] The States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bilingualstate for Maharashtra–Gujarat with Bombay as its capital in its 1955 report.Bombay Citizens' Committee, an advocacy group of leading Gujaratiindustrialists lobbied for Bombay's independent status.[85]

Following protests during the movement in which 105 people were killed bypolice, Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.[86][87]

Gujarati-speaking areas of Bombay State were partitioned into the state ofGujarat.[88] Maharashtra State with Bombay as its capital was formed with themerger of Marathi-speaking areas of Bombay State, eight districts from CentralProvinces and Berar, five districts from Hyderabad State, and numerous princely states enclosed between them.[89]

As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as HutatmaChowk (Martyr's Square), and a memorial was erected.[90]

The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and CuffeParade were reclaimed and developed.[91] The Bombay Metropolitan Region Development Authority (BMRDA) wasset up on 26 January 1975 by the Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination ofdevelopment activities in the Bombay metropolitan region.[92] In August 1979, a sister township of New Bombaywas founded by City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) across Thane and Raigad districts to helpthe dispersal and control of Bombay's population.[93] Textile industry in Bombay largely disappeared after themassive 1982 Great Bombay Textile Strike, in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went onstrike.[94] Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of intense redevelopment.

The Jawaharlal Nehru Port, which currently handles 55–60% of India's containerised cargo, was commissioned on26 May 1989 at Nhava Sheva with a view to de-congest Bombay Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city.[95]

The geographical limits of Greater Bombay were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Bombay. On 1October 1990, the Greater Bombay district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, Bombay City andBombay Suburban, though they were administered by same Municipal Administration.[96]

The past two decades have seen an increase in violence in the hitherto largely peaceful city. Following thedemolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, the city was rocked by the Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93 in whichmore than 1,000 people were killed.[97] On 12 March 1993, a series of 13 co-ordinated bombings at several citylandmarks by Islamic extremists and the Bombay underworld resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries.[98] In2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when seven bombs exploded on the city's commuter trains.[99] In2008, a series of ten coordinated attacks by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, andsevere damage to a couple of heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels.[100] The blasts that occurred at the OperaHouse, Zaveri Bazaar, and Dadar on 13th July 2011 were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai.[101]

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Today, Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub.[102] For severaldecades it has been the home of India's main financial services, and a focus for both infrastructure development andprivate investment.[103] From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai hasbecome South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry.[104]

GeographyMumbai consists of two distinct regions: Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district, which form twoseparate revenue districts of Maharashtra.[105] The city district region is also commonly referred to as the Island Cityor South Mumbai.[11] The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 km2 (233 sq mi).[106] Of this, the island city spans67.79 km2 (26 sq mi), while the suburban district spans 370 km2 (143 sq mi), together accounting for 437.71 km2

(169 sq mi) under the administration of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). The remaining area belongsto Defence, Mumbai Port Trust, Atomic Energy Commission and Borivali National Park, which are out of thejurisdiction of the BMC.[107]

Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as theKonkan. It sits on Salsette Island, partially shared with the Thane district.[108] Mumbai is bounded by the ArabianSea to the west.[109] Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m(49 ft);[110] the city has an average elevation of 14 m (46 ft).[111] Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly,[112] and thehighest point in the city is 450 m (1,476 ft) at Salsette in the Powai-Kanheri ranges.[113] Sanjay Gandhi NationalPark (Borivali National Park) is located partly in the Mumbai suburban district, and partly in the Thane district, andit extends over an area of 103.09 km2 (39.80 sq mi).[114]

Apart from the Bhatsa Dam, there are six major lakes that supply water to the city: Vihar, Lower Vaitarna, UpperVaitarna, Tulsi, Tansa and Powai.[115] Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in Borivili National Park, within thecity's limits.[116] The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrialpurposes.[117] Three small rivers, the Dahisar River, Poinsar (or Poisar) and Ohiwara (or Oshiwara) originate withinthe park, while the polluted Mithi River originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar andPowai Lakes.[118] The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays, stretching from Thane creekon the eastern to Madh Marve on the western front.[119] The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with largemangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.[120]

Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover islargely alluvial and loamy.[121] The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows, andtheir acidic and basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceous and early Eocene eras.[122] Mumbai sits on aseismically active zone owing to the presence of 23 fault lines in the vicinity.[123] The area is classified as a SeismicZone III region,[124] which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter-scale may be expected.[125]

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Mumbai consists of two revenue districts.

Climate

Average temperature and precipitation inMumbai

Mumbai has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dryclimate under the Köppen climate classification, with seven months ofdryness and peak of rains in July.[126] The cooler season fromDecember to February is followed by the summer season from Marchto June. The period from June to about the end of Septemberconstitutes the south-west monsoon season, and October andNovember form the post-monsoon season.[127]

Between June and September, the south west monsoon rains lash thecity. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally,north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. Themaximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3452 mm (136 in) for1954.[128] The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37 in) on 26 July 2005.[129] The average totalannual rainfall is 2146.6 mm (85 in) for the Island City, and 2457 mm (97 in) for the suburbs.[128]

The average annual temperature is 27.2 °C (81 °F), and the average annual precipitation is 2167 mm (85 in).[130] Inthe Island City, the average maximum temperature is 31.2 °C (88 °F), while the average minimum temperature is23.7 °C (75 °F). In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from 29.1 °C (84 °F) to 33.3 °C (92 °F),while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from 16.3 °C (61 °F) to 26.2 °C (79 °F).[128] The record high is40.2 °C (100 °F) on 28 March 1982,[131] and the record low is 7.4 °C (50 °F) on 27 January 1962.[132]

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Climate data for Mumbai

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Averagehigh °C

(°F)

30.6(87.1)

31.3(88.3)

32.7(90.9)

33.1(91.6)

33.3(91.9)

31.9(89.4)

29.8(85.6)

29.3(84.7)

30.1(86.2)

32.9(91.2)

33.4(92.1)

32.0(89.6)

31.7(89.1)

Averagelow °C (°F)

16.4(61.5)

17.3(63.1)

20.6(69.1)

23.7(74.7)

26.1(79.0)

25.8(78.4)

24.8(76.6)

24.5(76.1)

24.0(75.2)

23.1(73.6)

20.5(68.9)

18.2(64.8)

22.1(71.8)

Rainfallmm

(inches)

0.6(0.024)

1.5(0.059)

0.1(0.004)

0.6(0.024)

13.2(0.52)

574.1(22.602)

868.3(34.185)

553.0(21.772)

306.4(12.063)

62.9(2.476)

14.9(0.587)

5.6(0.22)

2401.2(94.535)

Avg. rainydays

0.1 0.1 0 0.1 1.0 14.9 24.0 22.0 13.7 3.2 1.1 0.4 80.6

Sunshinehours

269.7 259.9 272.8 285.0 297.6 150.0 74.4 74.4 165.0 238.7 246.0 254.2 2587.7

Source no. 1: WMO [133]

Source no. 2: HKO (sun only, 1971–1990) [134]

Economy

Mumbai is the Financial and Commercial capital of India, and the headquarters ofmany of India's premier financial institutions are located in the city. Seen here is

the Bandra-Worli Sea Link with the skyline of Mumbai in background

Mumbai is India's largest city (bypopulation) and is the financial andcommercial capital of the country as itgenerates 6.16% of the totalGDP.[11][102][135] It serves as an economichub of India, contributing 10% of factoryemployment, 25% of industrial output, 33%of income tax collections, 60% of customsduty collections, 20% of central excise taxcollections, 40% of India's foreign trade and 4000 crore (US$880 million) in corporate

taxes.[136]

As of 2008, Mumbai's GDP is 919600crore (US$202.31 billion),[137] and itsper-capita income in 2009 was 486000(US$10692),[7][138] which is almost threetimes the national average.[74] Many ofIndia's numerous conglomerates (includingLarsen and Toubro, State Bank of India, Life Insurance Corporation of India, Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance),[102]

and five of the Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai.[139] Many foreign banks and financialinstitutions also have branches in this area,[102] with the World Trade Centre being the most prominent one.[140]

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Mumbai Skyline at Night

Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed itsprosperity largely to textile mills and theseaport, but the local economy has sincebeen diversified to include engineering,diamond-polishing, healthcare andinformation technology.[141] As of 2008, theGlobalization and World Cities Study Group(GaWC) has ranked Mumbai as an "Alphaworld city", third in its categories of Globalcities.[142] Mumbai is the 3rd mostexpensive office market in the world.Mumbai was ranked among the fastest citiesin the country for business startup in 2009.[143]

State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a largeunskilled and semi-skilled self employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers,mechanics and other such blue collar professions. The port and shipping industry is well established, with MumbaiPort being one of the oldest and most significant ports in India.[144] In Dharavi, in central Mumbai, there is anincreasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has anestimated 15,000 single-room factories.[145]

Most of India's major television and satellite networks, as well as its major publishing houses, are headquartered inMumbai. The centre of the Hindi movie industry, Bollywood, is the largest film producer in India and one of thelargest in the world as well as centre of Marathi Film Industry.[146][147] Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, itscommercial capital, has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in themid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in 2000s.[148]

Mumbai has been ranked 48th on the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008.[149] In April 2008, Mumbai wasranked seventh in the list of "Top Ten Cities for Billionaires" by Forbes magazine,[150] and first in terms of thosebillionaires' average wealth.[151]

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Civic administration

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC)Headquarters, the largest civic organisation in the

country.

The Bombay High Court exercises jurisdictionover Maharashtra, Goa, Daman and Diu, and

Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

Mumbai, extending from Colaba in the south, to Mulund and Dahisarin the north, and Mankhurd in the east, is administered by theBrihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC).[109] The BMC is incharge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis.[152] TheMayor is usually chosen through indirect election by the councillorsfrom among themselves for a term of two and half years.

The Municipal Commissioner is the chief Executive Officer and headof the executive arm of the Municipal Corporation. All executivepowers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner who is an IndianAdministrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the stategovernment. Although the Municipal Corporation is the legislativebody that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is theCommissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. TheCommissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute.The powers of the Commissioner are those provided by statute andthose delegated by the Corporation or the Standing Committee.[153]

The two revenue districts of Mumbai come under the jurisdiction of aDistrict Collector.[154] The Collectors are in charge of property recordsand revenue collection for the Central Government, and oversee thenational elections held in the city.[155]

The Mumbai Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, who is anIndian Police Service (IPS) officer. The Mumbai Police comes underthe state Home Ministry.[156] The city is divided into seven policezones and seventeen traffic police zones,[107] each headed by a DeputyCommissioner of Police.[157] The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomousbody under the Mumbai Police. The Mumbai Fire Brigade departmentis headed by the Chief Fire Officer, who is assisted by four DeputyChief Fire Officers and six Divisional Officers.[107]

Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Court, which exercisesjurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the UnionTerritories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[158]

Mumbai also has two lower courts, the Small Causes Court for civilmatters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases.[159] Mumbai also has a special TADA (Terrorist and DisruptiveActivities) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city.[160]

Mumbai 12

Politics

First session of the Indian National Congress inBombay (28–31 December 1885)

Mumbai has been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the IndianNational Congress, also known as the Congress Party.[161] The firstsession of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay from28–31 December 1885.[162] The city played host to the Indian NationalCongress six times during its first 50 years, and became a strong basefor the Indian independence movement during the 20th century.[163]

The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Bombay, with theformation of the Shiv Sena on 19 June 1966, out of a feeling ofresentment about the relative marginalisation of the native Marathipeople in Bombay.[164] The party headed a campaign to expel SouthIndian and North Indian migrants by force.[165] The Congress had dominated the politics of Bombay fromindependence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Bombay municipal corporation elections.[166]

In 1989, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a major national political party, forged an electoral alliance with the ShivSena to dislodge the Congress in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections. In 1999, the Nationalist CongressParty (NCP) separated from the Congress, but later allied with the Congress, to form a joint venture known as theDemocratic Front.[167] Currently, other parties such as Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS), Samajwadi Party (SP),Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), and several independent candidates also contest elections in the city.[168]

In the Indian national elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies:Mumbai North, Mumbai North West, Mumbai North East, Mumbai North Central, Mumbai South Central, andMumbai South.[169] A Member of Parliament (MP) to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, iselected from each of the parliamentary constituencies. In the 2009 national elections, out of the six parliamentaryconstituencies, five were won by the Congress, and one by the NCP.[170] In the Maharashtra state assembly electionsheld every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies.[171][172]

A Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) to the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) is electedfrom each of the assembly constituencies. In the 2009 state assembly elections, out of the 36 assemblyconstituencies, 17 were won by the Congress, 6 by the MNS, 5 by the BJP, 4 by the Shiv Sena, 3 by the NCP and 1by SP.[173] Elections are also held every five years to elect corporators to power in the BMC.[174]

The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the 24 municipal wards, five nominatedCouncillors having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, and a Mayor whose role is mostlyceremonial.[175][176][177] In the 2007 municipal corporation elections, out of the 227 seats, the Shiv Sena-BJPalliance secured 111 seats, holding power in the BMC, while the Congress-NCP alliance bagged 85 seats.[178] Thetenure of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, and Municipal Commissioner is two and a half years.[179]

Transport

Public transportPublic transport systems in Mumbai include the Mumbai Suburban Railway, Brihanmumbai Electric Supply andTransport (BEST) buses, black-and-yellow metre taxis, auto rickshaws and ferries. Suburban railway and BEST busservices together accounted for about 88% of the passenger traffic in 2008.[180] Auto rickshaws are allowed tooperate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis are allowed to operate throughout Mumbai, but generallyoperate in South Mumbai.[181]

Taxis and rickshaws in Mumbai are required by law to run on compressed natural gas,[182] and are a convenient,economical, and easily available means of transport.[181] Mumbai had about 1.53 million vehicles in 2008,[183]

56,459 black and yellow taxis, and 102,224 auto rickshaws, as of 2005.[184]

Mumbai 13

RoadMumbai is served by National Highway 3, National Highway 4, National Highway 17, National Highway 222 andNational Highway 8 of India's National Highways system.[185] The Mumbai-Pune Expressway was the firstexpressway built in India,[186] while the Mumbai Nashik Expressway, Mumbai-Vadodara Expressway,[187] WesternFreeway and Eastern Freeway is under construction. The Bandra-Worli Sea Link bridge, along with MahimCauseway, links the island city to the western suburbs.[188] The three major road arteries of the city are the EasternExpress Highway from Sion to Thane, the Sion Panvel Expressway from Sion to Panvel and the Western ExpressHighway from Bandra to Borivali.[189]

Mumbai's bus services carried over 5.5 million passengers per day in 2008.[180] Public buses run by BEST coveralmost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai, Mira-Bhayandar and Thane.[190] The BESToperates a total of 4,608 buses[191] with CCTV Camera installed,[192] ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily[180] over390 routes.[193] Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly,air-conditioned and Euro III compliant Compressed Natural Gas powered buses.[194] Maharashtra State RoadTransport Corporation (MSRTC) buses provide intercity transport and connect Mumbai with other major cities ofMaharashtra and India.[195][196] Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT) also operate its Volvo buses inMumbai, from Navi Mumbai to Bandra, Dindoshi and Borivali.[197]

Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical forlonger distance commutes.[198]

The Mumbai Darshan is a tourist bus service which explores numerous tourist attractions in Mumbai.[199] MumbaiBRTS (Bus Rapid Transit System) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai, with buses running on seven routesas of March 2009.[200] Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues tostruggle with traffic congestion.[201] Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested inthe world.[202]

•• Mumbai Skywalks

Because of congestion on roads due to hawkers and parked vehicles, MMRDA has initiated the Mumbai Skywalksproject to provide quick and safe pedestrian dispersal from highly congested areas such as Mumbai SuburbanRailway stations to heavily targeted destinations.[203]

RailMumbai is the headquarters of two of Indian Railways' zones: the Central Railway (CR) headquartered atChhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus), and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered atChurchgate.[204]

Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the Indian Railways. Long-distance trains originate fromChhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar Station, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central Station, Bandra Terminus,Andheri and Borivali.[205]

Suburban rail

The backbone of the city's transport, the Mumbai Suburban Railway,popularly known as Locals, consists of threeseparate rail networks: Central, Western, and Harbour Line, running the length of the city, in the north-southdirection.[206]

Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 6.3 million passengers every day in 2007,[207] which is more thanhalf of the Indian Railways daily carrying capacity. Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with nine-car trainsof rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours.[208] The Mumbai railnetwork is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres. 191 rakes(ratin-sets) of 9 car and 12 car composition areutilised to run a total of 2226 train services.[209]

Mumbai 14

Metro

Mumbai Metro is an underground and elevated rapid transit system currently under construction.[210]

Monorail

The Mumbai Monorail, currently under construction, will eventually run from Jacob Circle to Wadala.[211]

AirThe Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in thecity and the busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.[212] CSIA handled traffic of 29.1 million passengersand around 670,2 35 tonnes of cargo in the FY 2010-2011.[213] An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted atincreasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million passengers annually. .[214]

The proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area has been sanctioned by theIndian Government and will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport.[215]

The Juhu Aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts a flying club and a heliport.[216]

SeaMumbai is served by two major ports, Mumbai Port Trust and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, which lies just across thecreek in Navi Mumbai.[217] Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wetand dry dock accommodation facilities.[218] Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the busiestand most modern major port in India.[219] It handles 55–60% of the country's total containerised cargo.[220]

Mumbai is the headquarters of the Western Naval Command, and also an important base for the Indian Navy.[109]

Ferries from Ferry Wharf in Mazagaon allow access to islands near the city.[221]

Mumbai SuburbanRailway system carriesmore than 6.99 millioncommuters on a daily

basis. It has the highestpassenger densities of

any urban railwaysystem in the world.

A BESTStarbus. BEST busescarry a total of 4.5 million

passengers daily.

The black and yellowPremier Padmini Taxisare iconic of Mumbai.

Tonga seen at nightin the Marine drive

road

The Bandra-Worli Sea Link is acable-stayed bridge that connectscentral Mumbai with its western

suburbs

The Chhatrapati ShivajiTerminus, formerly knownas Victoria Terminus, is theheadquarters of the CentralRailway and a UNESCO

World Heritage Site.

Chhatrapati ShivajiInternational Airport iscurrently India's busiest

airport in terms ofpassenger traffic.[212]

Jawaharlal Nehru PortTrust is the busiest port in

India

Mumbai 15

Utility servicesUnder colonial rule, tanks were the only source of water in Mumbai. Many localities have been named after them.The BMC supplies potable water to the city from six lakes,[222][223] most of which comes from the Tulsi and Viharlakes.[116] The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the WesternRailway.[224] The water is filtered at Bhandup,[224] which is Asia's largest water filtration plant.[225]

About 700 million litres of water, out of a daily supply of 3500 million litres, is lost by way of water thefts, illegalconnections and leakages, per day in Mumbai.[226] Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes, ofwhich 40 metric tonnes is plastic waste,[227] is transported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northwest, Mulund inthe northeast, and Deonar in the east.[228] Sewage treatment is carried out at Worli and Bandra, and disposed off bytwo independent marine outfalls of 3.4 km (2.11 mi) and 3.7 km (2.30 mi) at Bandra and Worli respectively.[229]

Mumbai has highest number of internet users in India with 14.3 million users.[230]

Electricity is distributed by Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) in the island city, and by RelianceEnergy, Tata Power, and Mahavitaran (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd) in the suburbs.[231]

Consumption of electricity is growing faster than production capacity.[232] The largest telephone service provider isthe state-owned MTNL, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and providesfixed line as well as mobile WLL services.[233]

Cell phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are Vodafone Essar, Airtel, MTNL, Loop Mobile,Reliance Communications, Idea Cellular and Tata Indicom. Both GSM and CDMA services are available in thecity.[234] MTNL and Airtel also provide broadband internet service.[235]

Demographics

Population growth Census Pop. %±

1971 5970575 —

1981 8243405 38.1%

1991 9925891 20.4%

2001 11914398 20.0%

2011 12478447 4.7%

Source: MMRDA[236]

Data is based onGovernment of India Census.

According to the 2011 census, the population of Mumbai was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to beabout 20,482 persons per square kilometre. As Per 2011 census, Greater Mumbai, the area under the administrationof the BMC, has a literacy rate of 94.7 %, higher than the national average of 86.7%.The sex ratio was 838 (females per 1,000 males) in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in GreaterMumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males.[237] The low sex ratio is partlybecause of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.[238]

Residents of Mumbai call themselves Mumbaikar, Mumbaiite or Bombayite. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any other metropolitan city of India. Marathi, the official language of Maharashtra state, of which Mumbai is the capital, is widely spoken and understood in the city. Sixteen major languages of India are also spoken in Mumbai, most common being Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and English.[239] English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya – a blend of Marathi,

Mumbai 16

Hindi, Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu and Indian English with some invented words – are spoken on the streets.[240]

Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in developingcountries: widespread poverty and unemployment, poor public health and poor civic and educational standards for alarge section of the population. With available space at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped,relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded masstransit, or clogged roadways. Many of them live in close proximity to bus or train stations although suburbanresidents spend significant time travelling southward to the main commercial district.[241] Dharavi, Asia's secondlargest slum[242] is located in central Mumbai and houses 800,000 people.[243] With a literacy rate of 69%, the slumsin Mumbai are the most literate in India.[244]

The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 1.12 million,which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.[245]

The religions represented in Mumbai include Hindus (67.39%), Muslims (18.56%), Buddhists (5.22%), Jains(3.99%), Christians (4.2%),[246] Sikhs (0.58%), with Parsis and Jews making up the rest of the population.[247] Thelinguistic/ethnic demographics are: Maharashtrians (42%), Gujaratis (19%), with the rest hailing from other parts ofIndia.[248] The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the Dawoodi Bohras, Khojas, and KonkaniMuslims.[249] Native Christians include East Indians (ethnic group) Catholics who were converted by thePortuguese, during the 16th century.[250] The city also has a small native Bene Israeli Jewish community, whomigrated from the Persian Gulf or Yemen, probably 1600 years ago.[251] Mumbai is also home to the largestpopulation of Parsi Zoroastrians in the world, with about 80,000 Parsis in Mumbai. Parsis migrated to India fromPars (Persia/Iran) following the Islamic conquest of Iran in the 7th century AD.[252]

Culture

Asiatic Society of Bombay is one of the oldestpublic libraries in the city.

Mumbai's culture is a blend of traditional festivals, food, music andtheatres. The city offers a cosmopolitan and diverse lifestyle with avariety of food, entertainment and night life, available in a form andabundance comparable to that in other world capitals. Mumbai'shistory as a major trading centre has led to a diverse range of cultures,religions and cuisines coexisting in the city. This unique blend ofcultures is due to the migration of people from all over India since theBritish period.[253]

Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema[254]—Dadasaheb Phalkelaid the foundations with silent movies followed by Marathitalkies—and the oldest film broadcast took place in the early 20thcentury.[255] Mumbai also has a large number of cinema halls that feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywoodmovies. The Mumbai International Film Festival[256] and the award ceremony of the Filmfare Awards, the oldest andprominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai.[257] Despite most of theprofessional theatre groups that formed during the British Raj having disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai hasdeveloped a thriving "theatre movement" tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English and other regional languages.[258][259]

Mumbai 17

Ganesh Chaturthi, a popular festival in Mumbai,involves worship of Ganesha.

Contemporary art is featured in both government-funded art spaces andprivate commercial galleries. The government-funded institutionsinclude the Jehangir Art Gallery and the National Gallery of ModernArt. Built in 1833, the Asiatic Society of Bombay is one of the oldestpublic libraries in the city.[260] The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj VastuSangrahalaya (formerly The Prince of Wales Museum) is a renownedmuseum in South Mumbai which houses rare ancient exhibits of Indianhistory.[261]

Mumbai has a zoo named Jijamata Udyaan (formerly VictoriaGardens), which also harbours a garden.[262] The rich literary traditionsof the city have been highlighted internationally by Booker Prizewinners Salman Rushdie, Aravind Adiga. Marathi literature has beenmodernised in the works of Mumbai based authors such as MohanApte, Anant Kanekar, and Gangadhar Gadgil, and is promoted throughan annual Sahitya Akademi Award, a literary honour bestowed byIndia's National Academy of Letters.[263]

The architecture of the city is a blend of Gothic Revival,Indo-Saracenic, Art Deco, and other contemporary styles.[264] Most of the buildings during the British period, suchas the Victoria Terminus and Bombay University, were built in Gothic Revival style.[265] Their architectural featuresinclude a variety of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches,Tudor casements, and traditional Indian features.[266] There are also a few Indo-Saracenic styled buildings such asthe Gateway of India.[267] Art Deco styled landmarks can be found along the Marine Drive and west of the OvalMaidan.[268] Mumbai has the second largest number of Art Deco buildings in the world after Miami.[264] In thenewer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape. Mumbai has by far the largest number of skyscrapers inIndia, with 956 existing buildings and 272 under construction as of 2009.[269]

The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee (MHCC), established in 1995, formulates special regulations andby-laws to assist in the conservation of the city's heritage structures.[264] Mumbai has two UNESCO World HeritageSites, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the Elephanta Caves.[270] Popular tourist attractions in the city areNariman Point, Girgaum Chowpatti, Juhu Beach, and Marine Drive. Essel World is a theme park and amusementcentre situated close to Gorai Beach,[271] and includes Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom.[272]

Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and Indian festivals. Diwali, Holi, Eid, Christmas, Navratri, Good Friday,Dussera, Moharram, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja and Maha Shivratri are some of the popular festivals in the city.The Kala Ghoda Arts Festival is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artists in the fields ofmusic, dance, theatre, and films.[273] A week long annual fair known as Bandra Fair, starting on the followingSunday after 8 September, is celebrated by people of all faiths, to commemorate the Nativity of Mary, mother ofJesus, on 8 September.[274]

The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by theMaharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) at the historic Banganga Tank in Mumbai.[275] TheElephanta Festival—celebrated every February on the Elephanta Islands—is dedicated to classical Indian dance andmusic and attracts performers from across the country.[276] Public holidays specific to the city and the state includeMaharashtra Day on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960,[277][278] and GudiPadwa which is the New Year's Day for Marathi people.

Mumbai 18

MediaMumbai has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Marathi dailies enjoy the maximumreadership share in the city and the top Marathi language newspapers are Maharashtra Times, Navakaal, Lokmat,Loksatta, Mumbai Chaufer, Saamana and Sakaal.[279] Popular Marathi language magazines are Saptahik Sakaal,Grihashobhika, Lokrajya, Lokprabha & Chitralekha.[280] Popular English language newspapers published and soldin Mumbai include the Times of India, Mid-day, Hindustan Times, DNA, and Indian Express. Newspapers are alsoprinted in other Indian languages.[281] Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, Bombay Samachar, which hasbeen published in Gujarati since 1822.[282] Bombay Durpan, the first Marathi newspaper, was started by BalshastriJambhekar in Mumbai in 1832.[283]

Numerous Indian and international television channels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the Pay TVcompanies or the local cable television provider. The metropolis is also the hub of many international mediacorporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national televisionbroadcaster, Doordarshan, provides two free terrestrial channels,[284] while three main cable networks serve mosthouseholds.[285]

The wide range of cable channels available includes Zee Marathi, Zee Talkies, ETV Marathi, Star Pravah, MiMarathi, DD Sahyadri (All Marathi channels), news channels such as Star Majha, Lokmat IBN, Zee 24 Taas, sportschannels like ESPN, Star Sports, National entertainment channels like Colors, Sony Zee TV and STAR Plus. Newschannels entirely dedicated to Mumbai include Sahara Samay Mumbai. Zing a popular Bollywood gossip channel isalso based out of Mumbai.Satellite television (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installationcosts.[286] Prominent DTH entertainment services in Mumbai include Dish TV and Tata Sky.[287]

There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the FM band, and three All India Radiostations broadcasting on the AM band.[288] Mumbai also has access to Commercial radio providers such asWorldSpace, Sirius and XM.[289] The Conditional Access System (CAS) started by the Union Government in 2006met a poor response in Mumbai due to competition from its sister technology Direct-to-Home (DTH) transmissionservice.[290]

Bollywood, the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai, produces around 150–200 films every year.[291] The nameBollywood is a portmanteau of Bombay and Hollywood.[292] The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularityoverseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as wellas technical advances such as special effects and animation.[293] Studios in Goregaon, including Film City, are thelocation for most movie sets.[294] City also hosts Marathi film industry which has seen increased popularity in recentyears.

Mumbai 19

Education

Rajabai Clock Tower at the University ofMumbai

Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the BMC)or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some casesreceive financial aid from the government.[295] The schools areaffiliated either with the Maharashtra State Board (MSBSHSE), Theall-India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations(CISCE), National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or the CentralBoard for Secondary Education (CBSE) boards.[296] English is theusual language of instruction.[297] The government run public schoolslack many facilities, but are the only option for poorer residents whocannot afford the more expensive private schools.[298]

Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling andthen enroll for two years in junior college, where they select one ofthree streams: arts, commerce, or science.[299] This is followed byeither a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or aprofessional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine.[300]

Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the University of Mumbai,one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number ofgraduates.[301]

The Indian Institute of Technology (Bombay),[302] Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI),[303] UniversityInstitute of Chemical Technology (UICT)[304] which are India's premier engineering and technology schools, andSNDT Women's University are the other autonomous universities in Mumbai.[305] Grant Medical Collegeestablished in 1845 and Seth G.S. Medical College are the leading medical institutes affiliated with Sir JamshedjeeJeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals and KEM Hospital respectively. Mumbai is also home to National Institute ofIndustrial Engineering (NITIE), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), S P Jain Institute ofManagement and Research and several other management schools.[306] Government Law College and SydenhamCollege, respectively the oldest law and commerce colleges in India, are based in Mumbai.[307][308] The Sir J. J.School of Art is Mumbai's oldest art institution.[309]

Mumbai is home to two prominent research institutions: the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), and theBhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).[310] The BARC operates CIRUS, a 40 MW nuclear research reactor attheir facility in Trombay.[311]

Sports

Brabourne Stadium, one of the oldest cricketstadiums in the country

Cricket is the most popular sport in the city. Due to a shortage ofgrounds, various modified versions (generally referred to as gullycricket) are played everywhere. Mumbai is also home to the Board ofControl for Cricket in India (BCCI)[312] and Indian Premier League(IPL).[313] The Mumbai cricket team represents the city in the RanjiTrophy and has won 39 titles, the most by any team.[314] The city isalso represented by the Mumbai Indians and the Pune Warriors in theIndian Premier League.

Mumbai 20

The city has two international cricket grounds, the Wankhede Stadium and the Brabourne Stadium. The first crickettest match in India was played in Mumbai at Bombay Gymkhana.[315] The biggest cricketing event to be staged inthe city so far is the final of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup which was played at the Wankhede Stadium. Mumbaiand London are the only two cities to have hosted both a World Cup final and the final of an ICC Champions Trophywhich was played at the Brabourne Stadium in 2006.[316] Eminent cricketers from Mumbai include SachinTendulkar[317] and Sunil Gavaskar.[318]

Football is another popular sport in the city, with the FIFA World Cup and the English Premier League beingfollowed widely.[319] In the I-League (matches in the city are played at the Cooperage Ground), Mumbai isrepresented by three teams, Mumbai FC,[320] Mahindra United[321] and Air-India.[322] Field hockey has declined inpopularity, due to the rise of cricket. Mumbai is home to the Maratha Warriors, the only team from Maharashtracompeting in the Premier Hockey League.[323] When the Elite Football League of India was introduced in August2011, Mumbai was noted as one of eight cities to be awarded a team for the inaugural season. Named the MumbaiGladiators, the team's first season will be played in Pune, and it will be Mumbai's first professional Americanfootball franchise.[324][325]

Every February, Mumbai holds derby races at the Mahalaxmi Racecourse. Mcdowell's Derby is also held inFebruary at the Turf club in Mumbai.[326] Interest in Formula One racing has been rising in recent years,[327] and in2008, the Force India F1 team car was unveiled in Mumbai.[328] The city is planning to build its own F1 track andvarious sites in the city were being chalked out, of which the authorities have planned to zero down on Marve-Malador Panvel-Kalyan land. If approved, the track will be clubbed with a theme park and will spread over 400 to 500acres (202 ha).[329] In March 2004, the Mumbai Grand Prix was part of the F1 powerboat world championship.[330]

In 2004, the annual Mumbai Marathon was established in a bid to bring the sports discipline to the Indian public.[331]

Mumbai has also played host to the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open, an International Series tournament of the ATPWorld Tour, in 2006 and 2007.[332]

Sister citiesMumbai has sister city agreements with the following cities:[152]

• Berlin, Germany• London, United Kingdom• Los Angeles, United States[333]

• Saint Petersburg, Russia• Stuttgart, Germany[334]

• Yokohama, Japan

Notes[1] "Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ paper2/ data_files/ India2/

Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above. pdf). censusindia. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. . Retrieved 17 October2011.

[2] "Ranking of districts of Maharashtra by population size 2011" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ data_files/ maharastra/stmt-1. xls). CensusIndia.gov.in. . Retrieved 25 April 2011.

[3] "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ paper2/ data_files/India2/ Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above. pdf). Censusindia. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. . Retrieved17 October 2011.

[4] http:/ / www. mcgm. gov. in[5] "Population of urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2007 (thousands) 1950–2025 (India)" (http:/ / esa. un. org/ unup/

index. asp?panel=2). Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN). . Retrieved 9 June 2009.[6] "GAWC World Cities Ranking List" (http:/ / www. diserio. com/ gawc-world-cities. html). Diserio.com. . Retrieved 5 May 2010.[7] "India needs cities network for easy rural-urban shift – Economy and Politics" (http:/ / www. livemint. com/ 2009/ 08/ 03224002/

India-needs-cities-network-for. html). livemint.com. 3 August 2009. . Retrieved 5 May 2010.[8] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 28

Mumbai 21

[9] "Bombay: History of a City" (http:/ / www. mcgm. gov. in/ irj/ portal/ anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl:/ /d20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c). British Library. . Retrieved 8 November 2008.

[10] "Mumbai, a land of opportunities - Times Of India" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/ 9292526. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 20 July 2011. . Retrieved 2011-07-22.

[11] "Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project" (http:/ / replay. waybackmachine. org/ 20090226031015/ http:/ / www. mmrdamumbai. org/projects_muip. htm). Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). . Retrieved 18 July 2008.

[12] "10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business" (http:/ / business. rediff. com/ slide-show/ 2010/ aug/ 11/slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world. htm). Business.rediff.com. . Retrieved 16 August 2010.

[13] "Navi Mumbai International Airport" (http:/ / img214. imageshack. us/ img214/ 2299/ dscn7619ql4. jpg) (JPG). City and IndustrialDevelopment Corporation (CIDCO). . Retrieved 18 July 2008.

[14][14] Chittar 1973, p. 6[15] Patel & Masselos 2003, p. 4[16][16] Mehta 2004, p. 130[17][17] Shirodkar 1998, p. 3[18] Shirodkar 1998, pp. 4–5[19] Yule & Burnell 1996, p. 102 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=20pdFRekGvMC& pg=PA102)[20][20] Shirodkar 1998, p. 7[21] Yule & Burnell 1996, p. 103 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=20pdFRekGvMC& pg=PA103)[22][22] Shirodkar 1998, p. 2[23] Yule & Burnell 1996, p. 104 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=20pdFRekGvMC& pg=PA104)[24][24] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 6[25][25] Hansen 2001, p. 1[26] "Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra" (http:/ / www. fodors. com/ world/ asia/ india/ mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/ more. html).

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