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H. SEVGİLİ, A. İ. DEMİRSOY, Y. DURMUŞ
631
Turk J Zool
2011; 35(5): 631-652
© TÜBİTAK
doi:10.3906/zoo-0912-5
Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı (Ida) National
Park with data on the calling songs of some bush-crickets
Hasan SEVGİLİ1,
*, Ali İsmet DEMİRSOY2, Yusuf DURMUŞ
2
1Ordu University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Cumhuriyet Campus, Ordu - TURKEY
2Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 06532 Beytepe, Ankara - TURKEY
Received: 02.12.2009
Abstract: Th e Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı National Park (Balıkesir) were investigated. Field studies
were conducted between 2004 and 2005. During this study, 34 species of Orthoptera (16 Tettigoniidae, 1 Oecanthidae,
2 Pamphagidae, 1 Tetrigidae, and 14 Acrididae) and 3 species of Mantodea were investigated. Isophya cania,
Poecilimon luschani egrigozi, Anadolua schwarzi, Rhacocleis acutangula (Tettigoniidae), Paranocaracris rubripes burri
(Pamphagidae), and one recently described species, Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) kazdaghensis (Acrididae), are endemic
taxa. Metrioptera (Broughtonia) arnoldi,, known from the Balkan fauna until now, is a new record for Turkish fauna. Th e
calling songs of Metrioptera arnoldi, Rhacocleis acutangula, Anadolua schwarzi, Isophya cania, and Poecilimon luschani
are described here for the fi rst time. Th e recordings of the some species are also given along with habitat observations
and altitudinal distribution. From a zoogeographical perspective, Kazdağı holds both Balkan fauna elements as well as
those typical of Mediterranean-Anatolian fauna.
Key words: Fauna, bioacoustics, Kazdağı, Orthoptera, Mantodea, biogeography, Turkey
Kazdağı (İda) Milli Parkı Orthoptera ve Mantodea faunası ile
bazı çalıçekirgelerinin çağrı sesleri
Özet: Bu çalışmada Kazdağı (İda) Milli Parkı (Balıkesir) Orthoptera ve Mantodea faunası incelenmiştir. Arazi çalışmaları
2004-2005 yıllarını kapsamaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda Orthoptera takımına ait 5 familyadan 34 tür, Mantodea takımına
ait 2 familyadan 3 tür saptanmıştır. Orthoptera familyalarından Tettigoniidae familyasına ait 16 tür, Oecanthidae
familyasına ait 1 tür, Pamphagidae familyasına ait 2 tür, Tetrigidae familyasına ait 1 tür ve Acrididae familyasına ait 14
tür belirlenmiştir. Çalışma alanından Tettigoniidae familyasına ait Isophya cania, Poecilimon luschani egrigozi, Anadolua
schwarzi ve Rhacocleis acutangula, Pamphagidae familyasından Paranocaracris rupripes burri, Acrididae familyasından
yakın bir zamanda tanımlanan Chorthippus (Glyptobthrus) kazdaghensis taksonları endemiktir. Kazdağı’ndan saptanan
Tettigoniidae familyasına ait daha önceleri Bulgaristan’dan bilinen Metrioptera (Broughtonia) arnoldi Türkiye faunası
için yeni kayıttır. Metrioptera arnoldi, Rhacocleis acutangula, Anadolua schwarzi, Isophya cania ve Poecilimon luschani
egrigozi tür/alttürlerinin erkek çağrı sesleri ilk kez bu çalışmada tanımlanmıştır. Çalışmada türlere ait varsa eski kayıtların
yanı sıra, habitat gözlemleri, yayılış yükseltileri ve taksonomik problemleri de verilmiştir. Çalışma alanı zoocoğrafi k
açıdan değerlendirildiğinde, Kazdağı’nın tipik Akdeniz-Anadolu faunasının yanı sıra Balkan faunası elemanlarını da
barındırdığı ortaya konmuştur.
Anahtar sözcükler: Fauna, biyoakustik, Kazdağı, Orthoptera, Mantodea, biyocoğrafya, Türkiye
Research Article
* E-mail: [email protected]
Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı (Ida) National Park with data on the calling songs of some bush-crickets
632
Introduction
Damage to nature caused by human activities is
a worldwide problem that has steadily increased in
Turkey in recent years. Unsustainable agriculture,
unregulated extractive industries, creeping
urbanization, and the fragmentation of natural
environments are resulting in the loss of many
species per year. Habitat loss and fragmentation pose
a serious problem for the proliferation of species
since it limits the ability of many species to migrate
to favorable conditions. In addition, the impact of
global warming, resulting in numerous shift s in the
distribution and abundance of species, is now a well
documented fact (Th omas et al., 2004). Th erefore,
many countries have had to take preventive measures
for protecting the diversity of natural habitats and
against the loss of biodiversity in their regions.
Kazdağı National Park, the focus of this study, is one
of such important biodiversity hotspots in Turkey.
Study objectives
Currently our knowledge of the biodiversity
of Kazdağı National Park is poor, excluding some
plants (Özhatay and Özhatay, 2005; Satıl et al.,
2006) and animal groups such as mammals (Yiğit
et al., 2006), amphibians, and reptiles (Hür et al.,
2008), malacofauna (Gümüş, 2006), and butterfl ies
and moths (Seven, 2006, 2007). Th e main objective
of this study was to determine the Orthoptera and
Mantodea fauna of the national park. Th e Orthoptera
and Mantodea fauna of Turkey has been studied
extensively (e.g. Mantodea by Demirsoy, 1977a and
Orthoptera by Ramme, 1933a, 1933b, 1951; Uvarov,
1934; Bei-Bienko, 1954; Karabağ, 1958, 1964;
Karabağ et al., 1971, 1974, 1980; Demirsoy, 1973,
1975, 1977b; Salman, 1978; Naskrecki and Ünal,
1995; Çıplak et al., 1996a, 1996b, 2002a; Sevgili and
Çıplak, 2000; Ünal, 2000, 2002, 2004; Sevgili, 2001)
and orthopterans have served as a model in the
biogeographical evaluation of the region (Demirsoy,
2002; Çıplak, 2003a, 2003b, 2008; Kenyeres et al.,
2009). Many factors contribute to the diversity of
faunal and fl oral elements in Anatolia, where the
number of endemic species is high and most species
are restricted to small areas (e.g. for fl ora, Avcı, 2005;
for fauna, Demirsoy, 2002). For example, among
the groups studied to date, Orthoptera has a high
endemic and semiendemic species richness. More
than 60% of the bush cricket species (Tettigoniidae)
and several genera (e.g. Karabağ, 1958; Ünal, 2002)
recorded from Turkey are endemic to Anatolia
(Çıplak et al., 1993; Çıplak and Demirsoy, 1995;
Çıplak et al., 2002a).
However, when compared with other parts of
Turkey, the Orthoptera fauna of the western part
of the Marmara region is rather poorly studied,
especially on the Biga Peninsula and nearby islands
of the Aegean Sea. Until now, no faunistic study
concerning orthopterans has been conducted in this
area, excluding a few taxonomic recordings (Heller
et al., 2004; Sevgili, 2004a; Ünal, 2004; Çıplak et al.,
2005). Th erefore, this study will make an important
contribution to our understanding of the Orthoptera
and Mantodea fauna of the region and to the
zoogeographical patterns of western Anatolia.
In addition to taxonomic recordings, we also
recorded and described the acoustic signals of 11
bush-cricket species within this area. Male songs
are one of the most conspicuous elements of cricket
and katydid behavior, conveying several kinds of
information to the females for species identifi cation
and mate choice (e.g. Heller, 1988, 1990, 2006; Ragge
and Reynolds, 1998; Gerhardt and Huber, 2002).
Th e amplitude modulation of male calling songs
are thus rather diverse and strictly species specifi c
in many genera such as Platycleis (e.g. Ragge, 1990;
Ragge and Reynolds, 1998; Çıplak et al., 2002b),
Isophya (e.g. Heller, 1988; Sevgili, 2004a; Sevgili et
al., 2006), Poecilimon (e.g. Heller, 1988; Heller and
Sevgili, 2005; Heller et al., 2006), Leptophyes (e.g.
Sevgili, 2004b), and Chorthippus (Perdeck, 1958; Mol
et al., 2003). Hence, in addition to faunistic data and
remarks, oscillograms of several important bush-
cricket species are provided.
Materials and methods
Study area
Kazdağı (1796 m), formerly known as Ida
Mountain, is the highest peak of the Biga Peninsula
separating the Aegean and Marmara regions from
each other (Figure 1). Th e national park (39°40ʹN,
H. SEVGİLİ, A. İ. DEMİRSOY, Y. DURMUŞ
633
26°45ʹE) is mainly made up of deep valleys, and the canyons situated within the highlands of Kazdağı continue in a north-south direction towards the vicinity of Edremit. Th is region supports diverse and distinct fl ora and fauna, consisting mainly of fi r forests at elevations higher than 1000 m and pine forests at lower elevations. Th ere are about 800 natural plant taxa in Kazdağı National Park and 68 of them are endemic to Turkey (Özhatay and Özhatay, 2005). About 30 of the endemic taxa grow only in this park (Satıl et al., 2006). Th erefore, the area was classifi ed as a European “Important Plant Area” (http://www.plantlife-ipa.org).
Specimens and localities
Specimens collected during fi eld studies were
prepared as museum material by the standard
methods and deposited in the Hacettepe University
Zoological Museum (HUZOM), Ankara. Some
specimens were preserved in alcohol. Th is study
covers the results of fi eld studies conducted between
2004 and 2005, except for 2 species. Nearly all
specimens used in the study were collected by the
authors. Taxonomy follows the OSF database (Eades
and Otte, 2009).
Song recordings
Live specimens were collected for song recordings
and kept in the laboratory in string cages. Recordings
were made on multiple days at irregular intervals at 29-
30 °C. Specimens were kept isolated from each other
in diff erent cages. For sound recording, a Sony WM-
GX688 Walkman and a stereo microphone were used.
Th is system does not record frequencies above 20 kHz.
Th e microphone was placed approximately 15 cm from
the cage. Aft er digitizing the songs on a PC computer,
oscillograms (aft er high-pass fi ltering, Bessel, the cut-
off frequency was set to 1000 Hz) and song analyses
were conducted using the programs Turbolab and
CoolEdit on a PC computer. For more details on the
methods used, see Ragge and Reynolds (1998).
Song terminology followed that of Ragge and
Reynolds (1998). Calling song: the song was produced
by an isolated male. Syllable: the sound produced
by one complete opening and closing stroke of the
tegmina. Echeme: a fi rst order assemblage of syllables.
Echeme-sequence: a fi rst-order assemblage of
echemes. Impulse: a simple, undivided transient train
of sound waves. Click: an isolated distinct impulse.
0 10 20 kmN
W ES
Figure 1. Map of Biga Peninsula and Kazdağı.
Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı (Ida) National Park with data on the calling songs of some bush-crickets
634
Taxonomy
ORTHOPTERA
Ensifera
Tettigonioidea
Tettigoniidae
Phaneropterinae
Acrometopa syriaca Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
Acrometopa syriaca: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878. Verh. der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellsch Wien 28: 85, 87.
Material examined: 1♂ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Zeytinli Stream, 17.08.2004 (H. Sevgili).
Calling song: We analyzed the songs of one male. Th e calling song was usually heard in the evening and at night. Th e song pattern was described by Heller (1988) from Greece. Our song data from Kazdağı were similar to his data. Th e male calling song was a dense echeme followed immediately by strong clicks (Figures 2A and 2B). Th e echeme began as crescendo syllables and then continued at a nearly constant syllable amplitude. Th e echeme usually lasted between 555 and 892 ms (mean: 724 ms at 30 °C, n = 25). Th e echemes were repeated irregularly and the periods of successive echemes were quite variable, measuring between 4.5 and 20 s. Aft er an interval of approximately 45-53 ms (mean: 48 ms, n = 25), a series of 11-17 clicks followed (duration of series: 15-23 ms, n = 25). Th e mean duration of the main echeme was 651 ms at 30 °C and it was composed of 52-81 syllables (n = 22).
Remarks: Typically, the species was found from
July to August in suitable areas at low altitudes.
However, according to our fi eld studies, population
densities were low.
Isophya cania Karabağ, 1975
Isophya cania: Karabağ, 1975. J. Nat. Hist. 9(3):
341.
Previous records: 2♂♂, Balıkesir: Kazdağı
(Sarıkız yolu), 25.06.2002, 770 m; 2♂♂, 1♀, Sarıkız
tepesi, 25.06.2002, 1650 m; 1♀, Çanakkale: Bayramiç
(Kazdağı yolu), 27.06.2002 (M. Ünal) (Ünal, 2004).
Material examined: 6♂♂, 1♀ (in alcohol),
Balıkesir: Edremit (Kazdağı, Sarıkız), 03.07.2004;
3♂♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 23.07.2004 (H.
Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 5♂♂, 4♀♀, same locality, 19-
20.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili); 4♂♂, 7♀♀
(in alcohol), Tozlu altı, 23.07.2004; 2♂♂, 2♀♀,
same locality, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili);
3♂♂ (in alcohol), Tozlu, 24.07.2004; 5♂♂, 5♀♀ (in
alcohol); 3 ♂♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, 03.07.2004,
1217 m (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Calling song: Th e songs from 6 males were
recorded in the evening and at night in the laboratory
at 28-30 °C. Th e general pattern of the male calling
song was very similar to that of I. thracica (Heller,
1988; HS, unpublished data), but the duration
between the main syllable and the “click” was much
longer, about 598-880 ms (n = 24) and syllables
were repeated at very variable intervals (4.2-29 s)
(Figures 3A and 3B). Th e main syllables were of the
decrescendo type (Figures 3C and 3D), lasting about
30 ms (min-max: 24-37 ms, n = 36). Th e syllables
were composed of about 5-19 impulses (mean: 12.85
± 0.8, n = 35). Th e impulse period varied between 1
and 8 ms. Th e “click” was not present in some calling
songs.
Remarks: I. cania (Figure 4) was very similar to
I. thracica morphologically and bioacoustically, but
the male tegmina and cercus were diff erent (Sevgili,
2004a). Both species were considered in the I. thracica
subgroup within the I. rectipennis species group,
endemic to the western and Th racian parts of Turkey
(Sevgili, 2004a). Th e distribution of I. thracica is
known from the western part of Çanakkale Province
and Th race.
1 s
100 ms
A
B
B
Figure 2. Acrometopa syriaca: A) 2 echemes; B) a faster
oscillogram of the syllables indicated in A.
H. SEVGİLİ, A. İ. DEMİRSOY, Y. DURMUŞ
635
Distribution and habitat: Until now, this species was known only from the Balıkesir and Çanakkale provinces; its type locality is Gönen (Balıkesir) (Karabağ, 1975). According to fi eld observations, the species is patchily distributed and inhabits open parts of forests associated with bush vegetation (e.g. Rubus sp.), green herbaceous vegetation found on edges of small streams, and Astragalus sp. and Juniperus sp. from montane steppes of the national park, excluding the subalpine zone between 600 and 1700 m. Th e
nymphs of the species can be found in various habitat types from April to May at lowlands and from May to July at highlands, and mature adults can be found from May to July onwards. Populations reach peak densities in July.
Poecilimon anatolicus Ramme, 1933
Poecilimon anatolicus: Ramme, 1933. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 19: 555.
Material examined: 3♂♂, 1♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Tozlu altı, 23.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 26.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), Açöldüren, 23.07.2001, 1364 m (H. Sevgili).
Calling song: Th e songs of 3 males were analyzed. Th e calling song consisted of an irregular sequence of syllables. Th e mean syllable duration was about 277 ms (30 °C, n = 8). Th e syllables were composed of 15-18 impulses (Figure 5A-C). Th e impulse period varied between 3 and 30 ms (mean: 17.16, n = 125). Heller (1988) recorded the calling song of P. anatolicus from Bursa (Uludağ) and Çanakkale (Gelibolu) and found a similar song pattern.
Remarks: Th is species resembles P. turcicus, which is known from the western Marmara and Th racian regions and was recently discovered from Lesbos Island, Greece (Willemse and Willemse, 2008), by the long denticles on the tip of male cerci (Sevgili, 2001). However, the apex morphology of the cerci was diff erent in both species and the male cerci were without denticles on the posterior margin of the apical part (Karabağ, 1950; Bei-Bienko, 1954).
2 s
5s
D
100 ms
50 ms
A
C
D
B
C
Figure 3. Isophya cania, oscillograms of the male calling song:
A) 3 calling songs, B) 1 complete song from A, C) 3
calling songs with “click,” D) faster song and “click” of
the syllables shown in Figure C.
Figure 4. Isophya cania (male).
0.5 s
0.5 s
100 ms
A
C
B
B
C
Figure 5. Poecilimon anatolicus: A) 2 male calling songs, B) and
C) faster oscillograms of the syllables shown in A.
Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı (Ida) National Park with data on the calling songs of some bush-crickets
636
Distribution and habitat: P. anatolicus is widespread in the western Marmara region and the Th racian parts of Turkey and Greece. We fi rst collected this species from the bushes (Rubus sp.) in a glade at Kazdağı (near Açöldüren). Adults of this species can be found mainly in June from Kazdağı and also from Uludağ (about 1300 m; Heller, 1988; HS, unpublished data).
Poecilimon luschani egrigozi Ünal, 2005
Poecilimon luschani egrigozi: Ünal, 2005. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 131: 440.
Previous records: 1♂, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Sarıkız yolu, 25.06.2002, 770 m; 1♂, Kazdağı, Sarıkız tepesi, 1650 m (M. Ünal) (Ünal, 2004, as P. luschani).
Material examined: 1♂, 1♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Kazdağı, Sarıkız, 23.07.2001 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 10♂♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 03.07.2004; 16♂♂, 7♀♀, same locality, 19-20.07.2005, 1730 m (Y. Durm uş & H. Sevgili); 2♂♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Tozlu, 03.07.2004 (H. Sevgili).
Calling song: Th e songs of 5 males were analyzed. Th e calling song consisted of single crescendo syllables (duration: 87-140 ms, mean: 97 ms, n = 32, impulse number: 25-53 at 28 °C), which were produced at quite variable intervals (Figures 6A and 6B). Th e syllable period ranged from 444 to 964 ms (mean: 656, n = 32).
Remarks: Th is subspecies, recently described from Kütahya Province by Ünal (2005), is endemic to northwestern Anatolia. Our materials showed morphological similarities with P. luschani egrigozi. P. luschani lives in distinct, isolated, local populations in various habitats at high altitudes throughout the
mountains of western Anatolia. Th e taxonomic status of these populations needs to be clarifi ed based on more reliable and detailed studies covering the whole distributional area of the taxa.
Distribution and habitat: Th e nominate subspecies is distributed in Gölbaşı, between Kale and Kaş in Antalya Province (Ünal, 2005). P. luschani egrigozi is known from only Kütahya (type locality) and Balıkesir provinces. Th is interesting subspecies lives only above 1000 m on the mountain of Kazdağı, and it is associated with small herbaceous plants in lowlands and montane steppes in and around Sarıkız. Adults were found mainly on Astragalus sp. in the open areas of Sarıkız in July and August. Nymphs were seen from mid-May. Males were bioacoustically active both in daytime and at night. In the low localities, P. luschani egrigozi was collected from open-side plants in the forest. While the other 2 of the 3 Poecilimon species (P. pergamicus and P. anatolicus) that are known from Kazdağı prefer low localities and the vegetation in open-side forests and near water courses, P. l. egrigozi generally prefers high altitudes.
Poecilimon pergamicus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
Poecilimon pergamicus: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891. Verh. der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellsch Wien 41: 129.
Previous records: 1♂, Balıkesir: Kazdağı, Sarıkız yolu, 27.06.2002, 770 m; 1♂, Sarıkız tepesi, 25.06.2002, 1650 m; 2♂♂, 1♀, Çanakkale: Bayramiç, Kazdağı, Ayazma, 27.06.2002, 1400 m (M. Ünal) (Ünal, 2004).
Material examined: 2♂♂, 1♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Kazdağı, Açöldüren, 23.07.2001, 1364 m; 7♂♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, 03.07.2004, 1067 m; 3♂♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Tozlu altı, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 1♂, same locality, 19.07.2005, 1330 m (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili); 1♂ (in alcohol), camping area, 03.07.2004 (H. Sevgili); 1♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Hasan Boğuldu, 06.06.2005 (Y. Durmuş).
Calling song: Th e songs of 4 males were analyzed. Th e calling songs were faint and consisted of a series of syllables of variable lengths (Figures 7A and 7B). Each syllable contained 14-17 impulses and lasted
3 s
250 ms
A
B
B
Figure 6. Poecilimon luschani egrigozi: A) a sequence of 10
complete male syllables, B) 2 complete songs from A.
H. SEVGİLİ, A. İ. DEMİRSOY, Y. DURMUŞ
637
about 17 ms. Th e syllable period lasted between 0.4 and 0.95 s (mean: 0.56, n = 32). Syllables were repeated fairly regularly at the rate of about 1-3/s. Th e calling song of P. pergamicus was recorded form Bergama (İzmir Province) by Heller (1988), who found shorter syllable duration and impulse numbers.
Remarks: Th is species (Figure 8) was very similar to the northwestern Anatolian endemic species P. kutahiensis, as they have a similar external morphology, especially the shape of the male cercus. However, the shape of the male subgenital plate was clearly diff erent from P. kutahiensis. Male calling songs, which consist of a fast sequence of single syllables, are also diff erent (Heller, 1990). Th e nymphs of P. pergamicus could be found from the second week of April in Kazdağı. Adults were observed from mid-May to the end of August. Adults reached high densities in June and July and mating occurred during this period. Males were bioacoustically active mostly in the evenings and during the night.
Distribution and habitat: Known from the İzmir, Balıkesir, and Çanakkale provinces of Turkey and Lesbos Island of Greece. Th e species was found on
low herbaceous plants in glades and shrubs at the
sides of streams between 500 and 1300 m. It has not
been recorded at altitudes over 1300-1400 within
the national park. In some places, this species was
found to occur syntopically with I. canina. It was
also collected at sea level from around Bergama
(İzmir) and Alibey Island (Ayvalık) in April (HS,
unpublished data).
Tylopsis lilifolia (Fabricius, 1793)
Locusta lilifolia: Fabricius, 1793. Supplementum
Entomologiae Systematicae 2: 36.
Material examined: 1♂, 3♀♀ (in alcohol),
Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 800
m, 25-29.08.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), same locality,
23.07.2004; 1♂, same locality, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş
& H. Sevgili); 1♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, camping
area-Ayı Deresi Yolu, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y.
Durmuş).
Tettigoniinae
Anadolua schwarzi Ramme, 1939
Anadolua schwarzi: Ramme, 1939. Mitt. Zool.
Mus. Berlin 24: 68.
Material examined: 3♂♂, 3♀♀, Balıkesir:
Edremit, Kazdağı, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y.
Durmuş) (HUZOM); 1♂ (holotype), Muğla:
southwestern Anatolia, Sandras Dağı, Köyceğiz, 2600
m, 07.1938 (Dr. O. Schwarz); 1♀ (allotype), Konya:
Anatolien, Akchehir Göl, 01.10.1934 (coll. Fuss) (in
Berlin Museum of Natural History); 1♂, Kazdağları,
Koşara yöresi, 30.07.1977, 1250 m (S. Salman).
Calling song: Th e calling songs of 3 males were
recorded at 29 °C. Th e calling song consisted of a
series of trisyllabic (sometimes disyllabic) echemes
repeated regularly at the rate of about 6-7/s (Figures
9A-9C). Th e song was most oft en broken up into
short echeme sequences separated by brief intervals
of about 0.16-0.5 s, but was also emitted without
interruption for long periods of up to 25 s or more.
Echeme sequences usually began with disyllabic
echemes; the remaining echemes consisted mainly of
3, but sometimes 4, syllables and the fi rst syllable was
usually short and oft en quiet. Each trisyllabic echeme
lasted about 55-65 ms and successive echemes were
separated by intervals of about 70-113 ms (Figure
9D). Th e syllables in each echeme usually lasted
2 s
100 ms
A
B
B
Figure 7. Poecilimon pergamicus: A) oscillogram of the male
calling song recorded at 30 °C, B) 2 syllables from A.
Figure 8. Poecilimon pergamicus (male).
Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı (Ida) National Park with data on the calling songs of some bush-crickets
638
about 15.7 ms (range: 10 to 20, n = 44), but the fi rst syllables were usually shorter (10-13 ms). Within each echeme, the syllable repetition rate was between 18/s and 21/s. Th ere were no microsyllables.
Remarks: Th ese individuals diff ered from A. schwarzi in that the structure of the pronotum and female ovipositor was shorter, with a diff erent shape. Th eir identifi cation needs to be checked.
Th e genus Anadolua is endemic to western Anatolia (Karabağ, 1952). In Kazdağı, it was seen only around Tozlu and densely in the vicinity of Sarıkız and Radar. Th is genus prefers the Astragalus sp. vegetations at high altitudes. Nymphs were seen from the end of July. Th e adults of this species (Figure 10) could be seen from mid-August to the end of September. Th is species was usually bioacoustically active at night.
Bucephaloptera bucephala (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)
Th amnotrizon bucephala: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882. Prodromus des Europaischen Orthopteren: 338.
Material examined: 1♂, 1♀, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 2♂♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Calling song: Th e calling song of 1 male was recorded at 22 °C by Heller (1988) from Macedonia. Our data were diff erent from Heller’s recording in terms of repetition rate and syllable duration due to diff erent temperatures; the male calling song, produced both during the day and at night, consisted of a long series of isolated syllables repeated at intervals of about 2-10 s (mean: 4.88 s at 30 °C) (Figure 11A). Th e syllable consisted of 2 hemisyllables lasting together about 69-110 ms (mean: 90 ms, n = 35) and was repeated at the rate of about 13-28/min (Figure 11B).
Remarks: Th is widely distributed species was seen at altitudes of 500-1000 m, within forest gaps, from July to August within Kazdağı.
Decticus albifrons (Fabricius, 1775)
Locusta albifrons: Fabricius, 1775. Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae 2: 86.
Material examined: 1♂, 1♀, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 27.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Remarks: Th is species preferred the open-side gaps in forests below 1000 m. Adults were present at
2 s
0.5 s
100 ms
25 ms
D
A
B
C
C
D
B
Figure 9. Anadolua schwarzi: A) a slow oscillogram of the male
calling song, B) a faster oscillogram of the echemes
indicated in A, C) a faster oscillogram of the 7 echemes
indicated in B, D) a faster oscillogram of the 1 complete
echeme of A. schwarzi.
Figure 10. Anadolua schwarzi (female).
2 s
100 ms
A
B
B
Figure 11. Bucephaloptera bucephala: A) oscillogram of the male
calling song, B) 1 complete song from A.
H. SEVGİLİ, A. İ. DEMİRSOY, Y. DURMUŞ
639
the end of July and August and they called during the
day in hot, sunny weather. Recordings were collected
from Balıkesir-Edremit (Karabağ et al. 1971).
Metrioptera arnoldi Ramme, 1933
Metrioptera arnoldi: Ramme, 1933. Mitt. Zool.
Mus. Berlin 18(3): 422.
Material examined: 2♂♂, 5♀♀, Balıkesir:
Edremit, Kazdağı, Sarıkız civarı, 27.07.2004; 1♂ (in
alcohol), same locality, 25.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol),
same locality, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş)
(HUZOM); 1♂ (Type), Bulgarien: Pirin, Eltepe,
06-07.08.1931 (A. Müller); 1♂, 1♀, Rita (or Rila)
(Brunner von Wattenwyl); 14♂♂, 9♀♀, Macedonian:
Vodno b. Skopje, 5-800 m, 10.08.1939 (W. Ramme);
1♀, Serbien: Suva Planina oberh Duschnik, 1200
m, 24.07.1939 (W. Ramme) (in Berlin Museum of
Natural History).
Diagnosis and affi nities: M. arnoldi belongs to
same subgenus, Broughtonia, as M. domogledi, known
from the Balkans. Its general appearance resembles
that of M. domogledi and the Bicolorana subgenus,
usually greenish in color with black lateral stripes on
the posterior part of the head and pronotum (Figures
12A-12C). Pronotum dorsally fl at, slightly widened
in metazona. Tegmina short, reaching almost to the
middle of the abdomen in males (Figures 12B-12D).
Male cerci are curved inwards, with a robust apex
and a small inner tooth that is slightly upcurved
(Figure 12E). Th is species is clearly related to M.
domogledi and can be easily distinguished from it
by more robust teeth of the cercus and a subgenital
plate with a triangular excision in males (Figure 12F).
Females are characterized by a subgenital plate that
has a deep excision, but not reaching to the middle,
as illustrated by Harz (1969). Diagnostic morphology
of our female specimens fi ts the descriptions given by
Ramme (1933b) and Harz (1969).
Calling song: Th e songs of 3 males were recorded
at 29 °C. Th e calling song consisted of long sequences
of echemes repeated at an average rate of 4.6/s (range:
4 to 5, n = 28) (Figures 13A-13C). Each echeme
consisted of 3 or 4 syllables (Figures 13C and 13D).
Opening hemisyllables were usually present, though
oft en quiet. Th e closing hemisyllables always lasted
longer than the opening hemisyllables, usually about
16.8 ms (range: 14 to 19, n = 30), and were repeated
within an echeme at the rate of about 18/s (range: 15 to 20, n = 28). Th e opening syllables were shorter, not more than 6 ms. Th e duration of a single echeme period was about 213 ms (range: 196 to 225, n = 74) and the interval between 2 echemes was about 106 ms (range: 80 to 133, n = 74). Th e duration of echeme was about 106 ms (range: 80 to 129, n = 74). Th e duration of the echeme depended on the number of syllables in each echeme.
Th e calling song of M. arnoldi was very similar to that of M. brachyptera, M. saussuriana, M. caprai, and M. bicolor, in that it had a long series of polysyllabic echemes (Ragge and Reynolds, 1998; Buzzetti et al., 2006). When the songs of these species were compared, they diff ered in syllable repetition rate, echeme repetition rate, syllable number per echeme, and whether they had a microsyllable or not. Th ese bioacoustic parameters are listed in Table 1.
Remarks: Th is species is known as a Balkan endemic species. According to previous authors, its distribution mainly covered Bulgaria at a considerable range of altitudes, from sea level up to about 2200 m (Ramme, 1933b; Warchalowska-Sliva et al., 1987; Heller et al., 1998). We collected our specimens at high altitudes in Kazdağı.
Parapholidoptera castaneoviridis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)
Th amnotrizon castaneoviridis: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882. Prodromus des Europaischen Orthopteren: 337.
Material examined: 8♂♂, 3♀♀ (5♂♂, 2♀♀ in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Sarıkız, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 1♂, same locality, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili); 1♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 25.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), Açöldüren mevkii, 39°42ʹN, 26°53ʹE, 1364 m, 23.07.2001 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Calling song: Th e songs of 2 males were recorded. Th e genus Parapholidoptera was revised by Çıplak (2000) and the song pattern of some species was adapted on the cladogram given by Çıplak and Heller (2006). Th e song pattern was oft en relatively similar within the species groups (Heller, 2006). Heller (1988) recorded the male calling song and stridulatory movements of P. castaneoviridis from Bursa and Edirne. Our recording was similar to his data. Th e
Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı (Ida) National Park with data on the calling songs of some bush-crickets
640
Figure 12. Metrioptera arnoldi (male): A) head and pronotum from above, B) tegmina
from above, C) head and pronotum in lateral view, D) tegmina in lateral
view, E) cerci and apex of titillators, F) subgenital plate from below.
H. SEVGİLİ, A. İ. DEMİRSOY, Y. DURMUŞ
641
male calling song consisted of echemes separated by variable intervals (several seconds; Figure 14A). Within each syllable group (5-8 syllables), the amplitude increased at the beginning, remained constant, and then slightly decreased toward the end (Figure 14B). Th e echeme duration was between 268 and 420 ms (mean: 335 ms at 29 °C, n = 6). Th e song period was longer and measured about 2.78-4.20 s.
Remarks: Th is species (Figure 15) generally lives at high altitudes and is spread within the northern Aegean region of Turkey, the island of Samothrace (Greece), and the southern Balkans (Çıplak, 2000). In Kazdağı, it was spread from approximately 800 m to higher al titudes, and it lived in scrub vegetation
within forest gaps and bush at higher altitudes. It was bioacoustically active at night. Nymphs appeared in June and adults were present from mid-July to the end of August. It has been recorded from the vicinity of Balıkesir, Savaştepe-Soma Road (Çıplak, 2000).
Table 1. Some bioacoustic parameters of Metrioptera arnoldi and some related taxa.
Species Syllable/echemeSyllable rep.
rate/s
Echeme rep.
rate/s
Microsyllables added
to an echemeLiterature
M. arnoldi 3-4 18 (15-20) 4.6 (4-5) no microsyllables Our data
M. brachyptera 3-4 35-55 4-7 no microsyllables Ragge and Reynolds (1998)
M. saussuriana 5-10 65 2-6 2-6 Ragge and Reynolds (1998)
M. caprai spp. 8-15 32.5-60 1.7-4.2 3-6 Buzzetti et al. (2006)
M. bicolor 3 80-120 15-25 no microsyllablesHeller (1988); Ragge and
Reynolds (1998)
0.5 s
2.5 s
50 ms
D
A
B
C
C
D
B
Figure 13. Song structure of male Metrioptera arnoldi: A) an
echeme sequence of the male calling song, B) and
C) faster oscillograms of the echemes, D) 2 complete
echemes from C.
0.5 s
50 ms
A
B
B
Figure 14. Parapholidoptera castaneoviridis: A) 2 echemes of the
song recorded at 29 °C, B) a faster oscillogram of the
echeme indicated in A.
Figure 15. Parapholidoptera castaneoviridis (male).
Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı (Ida) National Park with data on the calling songs of some bush-crickets
642
Platycleis (Platycleis) intermedia intermedia (Serville, 1839)
Decticus intermedia: Serville, 1839 [1838]. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthoptères: 488.
Previous records: 2♀♀, Balıkesir: Edremit yolu, Dereören-Eğmir kavşağı, 150 m, 13.07.1996; 1♂, Edremit, Kazdağı, Zeytinli Yayla mevki, 750-800 m, 20.07.1998; 2♀♀, Edremit, Kazdağı, Zeytinli, Tuzlugöl mevki, 1400 m, 20.07.1998 (B. Çıplak) (Çıplak et al., 2002b).
Material examined: 1♂, 4♀♀ (3♀♀ in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 25.08.2004; 2♂♂,3 ♀♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, camping area, 03.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 24.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Sarıkız, 23.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, camping area-Ayı Deresi yolu, 26.05.2005; 1♂, 1♀ (in alcohol), same locality, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Platycleis (Platycleis) affi nis affi nis Fieber, 1853
Platycleis affi nis: Fieber, 1853. Lotos 3: 150.
Material examined: 4♀♀ (3♀♀ in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 03.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 4♀♀ (in alcohol), same locality, 04.06.2005 (Y. Durmuş); 2♂♂, 5♀♀, same locality, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili).
Calling song: We analyzed the songs of 2 males. Our data were similar to previous oscillograms published for this species (e.g. Heller, 1988; Ragge and Reynolds, 1988; Oliveira et al., 2001) but slightly diff ered in the duration of the echemes and macro-microsyllables; the calling song consisted of mixed echemes usually lasting about 0.6-4.35 s (mean: 2.68 s at 29 °C, n = 15) (Figure 16A). Th e echeme period was quite variable, between 3.3 and 13.5 s. Each echeme consisted of macrosyllables (mean: 33) and usually ended with a series of about 18 microsyllables (Figures 16B and 16C). Th e macrosyllables usually lasted about 48-88 ms and were repeated at the rate of about 10-11/s. Th e duration of the microsyllables was about 1-5 ms and they repeated at the rate of about 29-33/s.
Remarks: Although this species lives in the same habitat as the previous species, it prefers lower altitudes. Adults could be seen in June-September and were bioacoustically active at night and daytime.
Rhacocleis acutangula Karabağ, 1957
Rhacocleis acutangula: Karabağ, 1957. Comm. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ankara, Ser. C Sc. Nat. 8(1): 15.
Material examined: 3♂♂, 2♀♀, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area-Ayı Deresi yolu, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 1♂, 4♀♀, Kazdağları, Ayı Deresi, 900 m, 30.07.1977; 1♂, Kazdağları, Koşara yöresi, 1250 m, 30.07.1977 (S. Salman).
Calling song: Th e songs of 2 males were recorded. Th e basic structure of the song was quite similar to that of R. werneri from Greece and R. neglecta from Italy (Heller, 1988; Ragge and Reynolds, 1998). Th e quiet calling song, produced especially at night,
0.5 s
2 sA
B
B
C
C
Figure 16. Platycleis affi nis: A) 2 complete echemes, B) and C) 2
faster, diff erent oscillograms indicated in A.
250 ms
1 s
5 sA
B
B
C
C
Figure 17. Song structure of male Rhacocleis acutangula: A)
an echeme sequence of the male calling song, B) 10
complete echemes of the echeme sequence indicated
in A, C) a faster oscillogram of the 4 echemes
indicated in B.
H. SEVGİLİ, A. İ. DEMİRSOY, Y. DURMUŞ
643
consisted of a sequence of dense echemes, each lasting about 80-160 ms (mean: 136 ms, n = 27) and consisting of about 3-6 diplosyllables (usually 5) (Figures 17A-17C). Th e period of echemes was between 424 and 837 ms (mean: 542 ms at 29 °C, n = 27). Th e echemes were repeated regularly at a rate of 2-3/s.
Remarks: Th e genus Rhacocleis is represented by 5 species in Turkey (Çıplak et al., 2002a; Otte et al., 2004). R. acutangula (Figure 18) and is an endemic species spread throughout the vicinity of Balıkesir. In Kazdağı National Park, this species lives in forest gaps and along-roadside vegetation at altitudes between 500-1000 m. It was bioacoustically active mainly at night. Adults were mostly present in August and September.
Tettigonia viridissima Linnaeus, 1758
Gryllus (Tettigonia) viridissimus: Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna tria naturae (10th ed.) 1: 429.
Material examined: 1♂, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Tozlu, 03.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Saginae
Saga natoliae Serville, 1839
Saga natoliae: Serville, 1839 [1838]. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthoptères: i-xviii, 1-776, pl. 1-14.
Previous records: 2♀♀, Balıkesir-Edremit yolu, 7. km, 14.07.1969 (Karabağ et al., 1971).
Material examined: 2♂♂, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 03.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Remarks: Th e range of this species covers the southern Balkans, northeastern Greece, some eastern Aegean islands (Willemse, 1984), Th race, Anatolia, and the Mediterranean’s eastern coast. We collected this species (Figure 19) only from one locality associated with dense, tall grass or low shrubs in the Yayla-Kamp area of the national park. Males of S. natoliae began to call in the late aft ernoon and evening. As with other Saginae species, this species is a carnivorous insect and showed nocturnal activity. It is quite rare in a few habitats and it is a very important predator for biocontrol in nature. It should be protected.
Grylloidea
Oecanthidae
Oecanthinae
Oecanthus pellucens (Scopoli, 1763)
Gryllus pellucens: Scopoli, 1763. Entomologia carniolica, exibens Insecta Carniolae indigera: 32.
Material examined: 1♂ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Remarks: Th e tree cricket Oecanthus pellucens has a wide distribution that is associated with the xerothermous ecological conditions of steppes and woody steppe biotopes in Turkey. It lives typically in bush trees and high herbs and stridulates during the night.
Figure 18. Rhacocleis acutangula (female).
Figure 19. Saga natoliae (male).
Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı (Ida) National Park with data on the calling songs of some bush-crickets
644
Acridoidea
Pamphagidae
Orchaminae
Orchamus davisi Uvarov, 1949
Orchamus davisi: B.P. Uvarov, 1949. Bull. Soc. Fauad l er. d’Ent. 33: 8.
Material examined: 3♂♂ (in alcohol), 1♀, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Milli Park girişi-camping area yolu, 500 m, 03.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Remarks: Th is species (Figure 20) inhabits most maquis and pine forest vegetation from sea level to about 800 m.
Nocarodesinae
Paranocaracris rubripes burri (Uvarov, 1949)
Nocarodes burri: B.P. Uvarov, 1949. Bull. Soc. Fauadler. d’Ent. 33: 1-9.
Material examined: 4♂♂, 7♀♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Sarıkız, 1700 m, 23.07.2004; 7♂♂, 3♀♀ (in alcohol), same locality, 03.07.2004; 3♂♂, 4♀♀, same locality, 1730 m, 19-20.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili); 6♂♂, 2♀♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Tozlu altı, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 2♂♂, 6♀♀ (in alcohol), same locality, 04.06.2005 (Y. Durmuş); 1♂, 2♀♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Tozlu altı, 1360 m, 03.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 5♀♀ (in alcohol), same locality, 04.06.2005 (Y. Durmuş); 1♂, same locality, 1330 m, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili); 3♂♂, 1♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Tozlu mevki, 1400 m, 04.06.2005 (Y. Durmuş); 1♀, same locality, 20.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili).
Remarks: P. rubripes burri (Figure 21) is an endemic subspecies of Anatolia and widespread in the northwestern part of Anatolia. Within the Anatolian range of the genus, there are a large number of endemic subspecies having a restricted distribution (Demirsoy, 1973, 1977b; Ünal, 2002). Th is species can oft en be found around Sarıkız from May to September.
Acridoidea
Acrididae
Calliptaminae
Calliptamus italicus italicus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Gryllus italicus: Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae
per Regna tria naturae (10th ed.) 1: 432.
Material examined: 6♂♂, 7♀♀ (in alcohol),
Balıkesir: Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 03.07.2004;
1♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili
& Y. Durmuş).
Remark: It occurs frequently in montane habitats
and lives in dry, stony, open meadows.
Catantopinae
Pezotettix anatolica Uvarov, 1934
Pezotettix anatolica: Uvarov, 1934. Eos. 10: 112
Material examined: 1♂, 2♀♀ (in alcohol),
Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Zeytinli Çayı, 17.08.2005
(H. Sevgili).
Remark: P. anatolica is a typical Mediterranean
species. It prefers the ground of Pinus forests in
lowlands to submontane areas.
Cyrtacanthacridinae
Anacridium aegyptium (Linnaeus, 1764)
Gryllus aegyptium: Linnaeus, 1764. Museum
S.R.M. Ludovicae Ulricae Reginae, etc.: 138.Figure 20. Orchamus davisi (female).
Figure 21. Paranocaracris rubripes burri (female).
H. SEVGİLİ, A. İ. DEMİRSOY, Y. DURMUŞ
645
Material examined: 1♀, Balıkesir: Edremit,
Akçay, 19.08.2005 (I. Acar).
Remark: Afro-eremial species, typically found in
dry habitats.
Gomphocerinae
Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) biguttulus
euhedickei Helversen, 1989
Chorthippus biguttulus euhedickei: Helversen,
1989. Articulata 4: 28.
Material examined: 1♀, Balıkesir: Kazdağı,
camping area, 19.07.2005, 800 m; 1♂♂, 4♀♀,
Tozlu altı, 19.07.2005, 1330 m; 2♂♂, Tozlu mevki,
20.07.2005, 1400 m (leg. Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili).
Remarks: Th is subspecies, separated from the
nominal one by bioacoustic characters, is known
from Macedonia, northern Greece, and western
Anatolia (Helversen, 1989; Willemse et al., 2009).
Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) bornhalmi Harz,
1971
Chorthippus bornhalmi: Harz, 1971. Atalanta
Munnerstadt 3: 336.
Material examined: 1♂, 1♀ (in alcohol),
Balıkesir: Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 04.06.2005
(Y. Durmuş); 8 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Kazdağı, Tozlu mevki,
20.07.2005, 1400 m; 3♂♂, 1♀, camping area,
19.07.2005, 800 m; 5♂♂, 6♀♀, Tozlu altı, 1330 m,
19.07.2005 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) kazdaghensis Mol
and Çıplak, 2005
Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) kazdaghensis: Mol
and Çıplak, 2005. In: Çiplak, Mol, Sirin, Zeybekoglu
and Taylan. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 131(3-4):
470.
Previous records: 6♂♂, 4♀♀, Balıkesir: Edremit,
Kazdağı, Sarıkız, 1700 m, 21.08.2003; 6♂♂, 3♀♀,
same locality, 1720 m, 23.07.2001; 2♂♂, 1♀, Kazdağı,
Açöldüren, 1400 m, 23.08.2001, Çıplak et al. 2005 (A.
Mol).
Material examined: 1♂, 2♀♀, Balıkesir: Kazdağı,
Sarıkız zirve, 1730 m, 20.07.2005 (H. Sevgili).
Remark: Th is recently described species (Figure
22) is known only from the type locality.
Dociostaurus (Dociostaurus) maroccanus
(Th unberg, 1815)
Gryllus maroccanus: Th unberg, 1815. Mem. Acad.
Imp. Sc i. St. Peterburg 5: 211-301.
Material examined: 5♂♂, 6♀♀ (1♂, 1♀ in
alcohol), Balıkesir: Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m,
03.07.2004; 3♂♂, 3♀♀, same locality, 19.07.2005 (H.
Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Remark: It is a common, important plague locust
in Turkey.
Myrmeleotettix maculatus maculatus (Th unberg, 1815)
Gomphocerus maculatus: Th unberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peterburg 5: 221.
Material examined: 14♂♂, 20♀♀, Balıkesir: Kazdağı, Sarıkız, 1730 m, 19.07.2005; 3♂♂, same locality, 19.07.2005 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Remark: Th is cold-tolerant species inhabits highlands, and males called during the day in open areas within some alpine steppe vegetation in Kazdağı.
Stenobothrus fi scheri fi scheri (Eversmann, 1848)
Oedipoda fi scheri: Eversmann, 1848. Additamenta quaedam levia ad Fischeri de Waldheim Orthoptera Rossica 11.
Figure 22. Chorthippus kazdaghensis (female).
Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı (Ida) National Park with data on the calling songs of some bush-crickets
646
Material examined: 2♂♂, 2♀♀, Balıkesir: Kazdağı, Sarıkız zirve, 1730 m, 20.07.2005; 3♂♂, 6♀♀, same locality, 23.07.2004 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili).
Remark: Like other Stenobothrus, the species lives in montane to alpine meadows. We collected it from the highlands of Kazdağı.
Remark: Th is cold-tolerant species inhabits highlands, and males called in open areas within some alpine steppe vegetation in Kazdağı during the day.
Oedipodinae
Acrotylus insubricus insubricus (Scopoli, 1786)
Gryllus insubricus: Scopoli, 1786. Delicidae forae
et faunae insubricae: 64.
Material examined: 1♀, Balıkesir: Edremit,
Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 04.06.2005 (H. Sevgili
& Y. Durmuş); 1♂, 1♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Zeytinli
Çayı, 17.08.2005 (H. Sevgili); 1♂, 1♀ (in alcohol),
Kazdağı, Tozlu altı, 23.07.2004; 2♂♂ (1♂ nymph),
3♀♀ (1♀ nymph) (in alcohol), Kazdağı, camping
area-Ayı Deresi yolu, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y.
Durmuş).
Remark: In the summer, A. insubricus insubricus
could be found in various sites of the national park,
all located in the intertidal zone at the water’s edge,
from June to October.
Aiolopus strepens strepens (Latreille, 1804)
Acrydium strepens: Latreille, 1804 [1802]. Hist.
Nat. Crust. Ins. 3(12): 154.
Material examined: 1♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir:
Edremit, Kazdağı, Zeytinli Çayı, 17.08.2005 (H.
Sevgili); 1♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, camping area-Ayı
Deresi yolu, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili).
Remarks: During the study period, it was only
found in sites with wet, fi ne soil.
Oedipoda aurea (Uvarov, 1923)
Oedipoda germanica aurea: B.P. Uvarov, 1923.
Ent. Monthly Mag. 3(9): 32.
Material examined: 4♂♂, Balıkesir: Kazdağı,
camping area, 800 m, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H.
Sevgili).
Oedipoda caerulescens caerulescens (Linnaeus,
1758)
Gryllus (Locusta) caerulescens: Linnaeus, 1758.
Systema Naturae per Regna tria naturae (10th ed.) 1:
432.
Material examined: 9♂♂, 2♀♀, Balıkesir:
Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 19.07.2005 (Y.
Durmuş & H. Sevgili).
Remarks: O. caerulescens was found to cohabit
oft en with O. miniata and O. aurea in vegetation on
rocks and bare slopes near the forest. However, O.
aurea was quite rare in the study area and preferred
midle altitudes.
Oedipoda miniata (Pallas, 1771)
Gryllus miniatus: Pallas, 1771. Reisen durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reiches: 467.
Material examined: 4♂♂, 5♀♀, Balıkesir: Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 19.07.2005 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Tetrigoidea
Tetrigidae
Tetriginae
Uvarovitettix depressus (Brisout de Barneville, 1848)
Tetrix depressa: Brisout de Barneville, 1848. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (n.s.) (2)6: 424.
Material examined: 1♂, 3♀♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Tozlu altı, Dere kenarı, 1300 m, 23.07.2005 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 1♀, same locality, 1330 m, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili).
Remark: Typically, this pygmy grasshopper is found along streams and ponds. Th e species is, like all Tetrigidae species, hygrophilous and thermophilous.
MANTODEA
Mantidae
Mantinae
Mantis religiosa religosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Gryllus (Mantis) religiosa: Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat. (10th ed.) 1: 426.
Material examined: 2♂♂ (in alcohol), Balıkesir:
H. SEVGİLİ, A. İ. DEMİRSOY, Y. DURMUŞ
647
Kazdağı, camping area-Ayı Deresi yolu, 800 m, 29.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Miomantinae
Rivetina fasciata Th unberg, 1815
Rivetina fasciata: Th unberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 5: 292.
Material examined: 1♂ (Figure 23) (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Kazdağı, camping area, 29.08.2004 (A. Demirsoy).
Tarachodidae
Tarachodinae
Iris oratoria (Linnaeus, 1758)
Gryllus (Mantis) oratorius: Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat. (10th ed.) 1: 426.
Material examined: 1♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Kazdağı, Zeytinli Çayı, 17.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).
Remark: Th is beautiful species was recorded from
Savaştepe (Balıkesir) by Demirsoy (1977a).
Discussion
Fauna
In Kazdağı National Park, 34 species/subspecies
belonging to 27 genera within 5 families were
confi rmed to occur. In addition, 3 praying mantises
belonging to 3 genera were collected from Kazdağı
(Table 2).
Endemic taxa
Isophya cania, Poecilimon luschani egrigozi,
Anadolua schwarzi, Rhacocleis acutangula,
Paranocaracris rubripes burri, and Chorthippus
(Glyptobothrus) kazdaghensis are endemic to the
region. Of these species, Isophya cania is quite
remarkable since its distribution range is limited
only to the Balıkesir, Gönen, and Kazdağı areas.
Metrioptera (Broughtonia) arnoldi was previously
known from the Balkans. In this study, it was collected
from high meadows in August from Kazdağı.
Anadolua schwarzi, which was known from western
Anatolia, was also found in the study area. One of
the interesting species from Kazdağı is Chorthippus
(Glyptobothrus) kazdaghensis, belonging to the C.
demokidovi group, which occurs in open areas within
forests (about 1400 m) and alpine zones at high
altitudes.
Figure 23. Rivetina fasciata (female).
Table 2. Number of species of Orthoptera and Mantodea in Kazdağı National Park.
Order Family Number of species Endemic
Orthoptera Tettigoniidae 16 4
ʺ Oecanthidae 1 --
ʺ Tetrigidae 1 --
ʺ Pamphagidae 2 1
ʺ Acrididae 14 1
Mantodea Mantidae 3 --
Total 37 6
Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı (Ida) National Park with data on the calling songs of some bush-crickets
648
Altitudinal preferences and faunal connection
Altitudinal distribution and habitat preferences of Orthoptera are variable among species whose specifi city can be directly related to the availability of food plants and climatic conditions. Our observations showed that the species can be grouped into 3 altitudinal zones (Figure 24). Th e Uvarovitettix, Oedipoda, Platycleis, Bucephaloptera, Saga, Poecilimon pergamicus, P. anatolicus, Chorthippus, Tylopsis, and Rhacocleis species were predominant in habitats within forest gaps and at water edges at medium altitudes (800-1400 m) within Kazdağı, while Isophya, Poecilimon luschani, Anadolua, Metrioptera, Paranocaracris, Stenobothrus, Myrmeleotettix, and Chorthippus kazdaghensis preferred mostly high elevation habitats (1400-1700 m). Among the recorded genera, Mantis, Iris, Acrometopa, Anacridium, and Orchamus were observed at low to medium elevations (<800 m) within the mountains of Kazdağı National Park. As a typical Mediterranean species, Orchamus davisi prefers habitats underneath pines and along roadsides at low altitudes within the national park.
Within the national park, the fi rst species from which adults are recorded aft er winter was Paranocaracris rubripes, which winters as a last instar
nymph. Adults of the species of genera Metrioptera, Anadolua, Rhacocleis, and Chorthippus could be seen all the way into autumn within the study region.
When the Orthoptera fauna of Kazdağı is compared to the Orthoptera fauna of Greece and the Balkans (Willemse, 1984; Heller et al., 1998; Popov and Chobanov, 2004; Popov, 2007), similarities at both the generic and species level are evident (with Bulgaria, for detail, see Popov, 2007). Th e Parapholidoptera castaneoviridis, Bucephaloptera bucephala, Saga natoliae, Platycleis spp., Tylopsis lilifolia, Acrometopa syriaca, Isophya, Poecilimon, Metrioptera arnoldi, Paranocaracris, Myrmeleotettix maculatus, Chorthippus spp., Stenobothrus spp., and Oedipoda spp. species within Kazdağı are also distributed within the Th race region and Bulgaria.
Biogeography
Koç (2007) stated that neotectonic movements, especially from the Oligocene (about 30 mya) and Miocene (about 16 mya) to the Pleistocene (about 1.8 mya), were the determinant factor in the geomorphological features of Kazdağı. In the earlier periods of this time scale, Kazdağı was a lowland area, partly covered by lakes and seas. Climate and land morphology changed due to tectonic processes and the Mediterranean climate dominated the Kazdağı region during the Pliocene period (Fairbridge et al., 1997). Both geomorphological evolution and climate change aff ected the distribution patterns of numerous terrestrial fauna. Th e climatological shift s in the past triggered the distribution of many taxa into numerous allopatrically isolated small habitats. A number of recent studies have documented that the glacial cycles within the Pleistocene presented opportunities for dispersal and admixture, while the warmer interglacial periods resulted in vicariance and isolation for high altitude fauna such as those found within Kazdağı (e.g. Hewitt, 1996, 2000; Demirsoy, 2002; Çıplak, 2003b, 2008). It is possible that Kazdağı off ered a single homogenous and continuous periglacial and refugial mountain throughout the Pleistocene. Some short-winged grasshoppers, bush-crickets, and toad grasshoppers have restricted ranges due to their limited mobility. Most of them might have evolved vicariantly, subsequent to the dispersal of their ancestors. For example, I. cania and I. thracica are evaluated in the same subgroup phylogenetically
Figure 24. Th e number of the species and their distribution
depends on the altitudes in Kazdağı National Park.
1011
7
1 1
3
6
1
1
4
0
5
10
15
20
25
Tettig
oniidae
Oec
anth
idae
Tetrig
idae
Pamphag
idae
Acr
idid
ae
>1400 m
800-1400 m
<800 m
H. SEVGİLİ, A. İ. DEMİRSOY, Y. DURMUŞ
649
(Sevgili, 2004a), but their distribution does not overlap geographically due to their divergence from the ancestral taxa. While I. thracica has a northern distribution and prefers suitable habitats at low altitudes within Th race, I. cania has a restricted distribution within Balıkesir Province but occurs everywhere around Kazdağı, in glades and on high mountain tops, at elevations from 1000 to 1700 m. Another interesting example is Metrioptera arnoldi, which has a disjunct distribution from the Balkan region to Kazdağı. Present data show that both the Balkan (Bulgaria and Serbia) and the Anatolian populations of M. arnoldi prefer mainly alpine zones within the mountains. Th ere are no high mountains between these populations and no faunistic record in this intermediate region. Th e distribution of several taxa demonstrates the very close faunal connections between the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor (Kenyeres et al., 2009), i e. Parapholidoptera castaneoviridis and Poecilimon anatolicus.
All species of the Anatolian endemic genus Anadolua were distributed allopatrically on diff erent isolated mountains (e.g. Bozdağ, Sandras Dağı, Honaz Dağı) in the western part of Turkey (Karabağ, 1952, 1958), and the genus was represented by one mountain-top species in Kazdağı, which covers the northernmost distribution of the genus. In support of this pattern, the distribution of Poecilimon luschani, Paranocaracris, and some short-winged species of Chorthippus (the C. demokidovi group) shows similar distributional patterns within Anatolia (many genera biogeographically revised by Çıplak, 2003b, 2008). Most of them probably derived from a single ancestral species by habitat fragmentation and geographical isolation. For example, Paranocaracris includes 23 taxa, known from Greece, Bulgaria, and Anatolia. More than half of these taxa are distributed
as subspecies on many geographically isolated high mountains throughout Anatolia, which is thought to be the radiation center of the genus (Demirsoy, 1973, 2002). Th ey prefer stony and rocky habitats and relatively poor alpine steppes, like P. rubripes burri, which inhabits mountain tops in Kazdağı.
Most of the species from the area are mainly Mediterranean elements that occur all over the Mediterranean zones, but in diff erent habitats (e.g. Tylopsis, Acrometopa, Bucephaloptera, Platycleis, Rhacocleis, Oecanthus, Orchamus, Calliptamus, Acrotylus).
In conclusion, this study provides baseline data of the Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı Natural Park for future conservation eff orts. Th ese mountains host several endemic species and some isolated local populations belonging to highland-inhabiting species of Orthoptera. Understanding the exact biogeographical implications and faunal exchange between the Balkans and Anatolia must wait until additional data from the entire Biga Peninsula are gathered.
Acknowledgements
Th is study was supported by the Scientifi c and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK, YDABAG-103Y110). We are grateful to the National Park Department of Edremit and H. Basri Avcı for help during the fi eld studies. Our thanks go to M. Ohl for kind help in working with the collection of Orthoptera at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin (ZMHB). We are much indebted to D. Chobanov, who kindly lent us specimens of M. arnoldi from Bulgaria, and İ.K. Sağlam, who corrected the English. We thank 4 anonymous reviewers for the critical reading of the manuscript.
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Databanks
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SysTax (a Database System for Systematics and Taxonomy): http://.
biologie.uni-ulm.de/systax/daten/index.html.
Important Plant Areas in Europee: http://www.plantlife-ipa.org.