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The optimum sustainable solutionfor sewage networks

adequa systemSANECOR®

May

o 20

13

ASS

2013

-7-1

1-30

0

www.adequa-tuberias.com

Tel. 902 190 000Fax 902 003 715

[email protected]

THE OPTIMUM SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR SEWAGE NETWORKS

SEWAGE PIPING IN SPAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

PLASTIC SEWAGE PIPING SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

SEWAGE PIPING OPTIMISATION: adequa SANECOR® PIPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

adequa SANECOR® PIPING TECHNICAL SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

NOTE ON BURIED PIPING INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

adequa SANECOR® SYSTEM ACCESSORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

SEWAGE NETWORK SEALED MANHOLES

adequa SANECOR® MANHOLES AND INSPECTION MANHOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

COMPONENTS AND INSTALLATION OF adequa SANECOR® INSPECTION MANHOLE . . . . 25

adequa SANECOR® MANHOLE FINISH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

CASCADING MANHOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

SPECIAL WASTE BOXES AND MANHOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

adequa SANECOR® PIPING REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

INDEX



adequa system SANECOR®

The optimum sustainable solution for sewage networks

1

Hydraulic installation development in general andspecifically that relating to urban water sewage musttake into account certain social and environmentaldemands. A sewage system must be manhole designedand executed so that it provides the health indices andenvironmental protection our current society demandsalthough, at the same time, it must also contribute tothe preservation of available resources for futuregenerations as much as possible.

These requirements have significantly influenced thedevelopment of our sewage piping, in whichcomposition and morphology, as manhole as the designof the various network components, are intended toachieve better-sealed and longer-lasting installationswith lower running costs. Moreover, this installationoptimisation is achieved with materials that require lessenergy consumption and, therefore, reduced CO2

emissions into the atmosphere throughout thecomponent life cycle in the installation. Summing up,the choice of the materials employed in the sewagenetwork must also contribute to sustainabledevelopment regarding future needs.

The growing importance of the previous criteria hasinvolved very high investment levels into sewageinfrastructure over the last few decades. This has leadto a wide variety of existing piping with respect tomaterial and morphology.

A fist classification would be to distinguish betweenrigid and flexible materials, both with their advantagesand drawbacks. The first basically refer to conventionalmaterials, employed over a very long time, whereas thesecond are plastic materials, which have undergonemush more development during the last few decades.Table 1 list those most widely used.

It should be mentioned that sewage piping, usuallyburied and supporting traffic loads, requires highrigidity, but it should also possess certain flexibility totransmit forces to the trench fill-in material and toabsorb possible settling of both ground and pipe.

SEWAGE PIPING IN SPAIN

REINFORCED CONCRETE COLLECTOR.

SN4 PLAIN PVC SEWAGE PIPING.

adequa SANECOR® CONCRETE COLLECTOR MANHOLES FOR WASTEWATER WITH A RAINWATER COLLECTOR

2

Sewage piping material (Table I)

RIGID MATERIALS

Within the plastic piping group are compact smoothpiping manufactured from a single tubular plastic materialextrusion, together with the so-called structured pipingthat include a more complex section designed to

increase piping rigidity without increasing costs.

The following figure shows some of the most-widelyemployed structured sections.

Mass concreteReinforced concrete

Fibre cementVitrified stonewareNodular cast ironDuctile cast iron

PLASTIC MATERIALS

Smooth compact PVCSmooth honeycomb PVC Smooth multi-layer PVC

Corrugated PVCRibbed PVC Spiral PVC

Smooth compact PE Corrugated PE Corrugated PP

PRFV filament winding Centrifuged PRFV Polymer concrete

PRINCIPAL PROFILES USED IN STRUCTURED PLASTIC PIPING.

MOST-WIDELY EMPLOYED SEWAGE MATERIALS.

Corrugated PVC. Corrugated PP.

Corrugated PE.

PRFV.

adequa system SANECOR®: The optimum sustainable solution for sewage networks

Of all the materials listed in Table 1, only a few arenotable on a national level as good value for money.Thus, for example, although mass concrete is verycheap, it is falling into disuse because of its lowmechanical strength. Stoneware and cast iron aretending to disappear because of their high cost. Fibre-cement piping is no longer manufactured because theuse of asbestos is forbidden, however, it is still widely

found in existing pipeline networks. Ribbed,honeycomb and multi-layer PVC are losing ground inSpain because they are not very competitive. Lastly,there is high-cost piping, such as compact polyethylene,which is normally limited to submarine outfall pipelines,or polymer concrete composed of polyester resinreinforced with aggregate that are only used for pipejacking.



3

The use of plastic materials in sewage piping has manyadvantages that are listed below:

PLASTIC SEWAGE PIPING SPECIFICATIONS

The specific waste-water characteristics determine theneed for sewage piping to have very good performanceregarding the pH of the chemical components presentin circulating flows.

This is one of the most outstanding characteristics ofplastic piping, no matter what material is employed,because, in general, it has very high resistance to mostproducts present in waste water.

Although PE and especially PP perform better at hightemperatures, PVC is more resistant against the effectsof acids, mineral oils and fuels that are so frequent inurban run-off water.

OCCASIONALLY EMPLOYED SEWAGE MATERIALS.

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TEST. EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR CORROSION EFFECTS IN PIPING.

Stoneware. Smooth PE (frequent in submarine outfall pipelines). Polymer concrete (pipe jacking).

Chemical resistance

4 adequa system SANECOR®: The optimum sustainable solution for sewage networks

In general, plastic piping is inert when referring tocorrosion. This leads to a significant advantage becausepiping material must not oxidise due to aerobiccorrosion or suffer anaerobic corrosion produced bycomponents and microorganisms in circulating waterand surrounding soil.

Piping must be resistant to electro-chemical action, inother words, against electric corrosion currents thatare produced when two points on the piping surfaceare at a different potential, or when the surroundingsoil has different oxygen or salt concentrationsthroughout the pipeline route, which is a normaloccurrence.

Electric corrosion currents only pass through pipingwhen its material has less electrical resistance than thesoil and they corrode in the same way as stray currentsthat form in electrical installations. In the case ofeffluents and especially aggressive soils, materials mustbe employed that are resistant to such aggressionand/or special protection systems or sufficiently thick,stable and resistant coverings.

Piping subject to solid particles dragged along by theeffluent must be abrasion resistant. This is especiallyimportant in piping used in unitary sewage systems andin the rain water sewage network in separativesystems.

The lower internal rugosity values of plastic pipinghave favourable effects on the performance againstabrasion.

In fact, the internal surface abrasion of all plastic pipingprogresses very slowly. It can be guaranteed thatabrasion wear at normal speeds is insignificant and that,because of this, piping duration is practically unlimited.

Thus, it has been proven that PVC piping, which is theplastic material with most time installed, has beenshown to maintain excellent performance against sucheffects.

The lack of internal piping surface porosity prevents inincrustation of materials contained in waste and rainwater. On the other hand, this effect is verypronounced in concrete, fibre-cement and cast iron(interior mortar) piping.

Regarding deposits, the higher speeds achieved bywater in plastic piping minimises this effect, whichhappens more in piping with high porosity as occursin conventional material piping. However, in plasticpiping, it must be taken into account that, dependingon the actual material, the piping may have significantlongitudinal flexibility that causes excessive sag. Thiseffect can lead to counter-slopes and thereforeunexpected deposits. With PVC piping, which has ahigh elastic modulus, this does not happen.

A fundamental requirement nowadays is that a sewagesystem does not have any leaks that could lead toenvironmental contamination. Furthermore, subsoilwater must not be allowed to infiltrate the piping

Lack of corrosion

Joint sealing

Abrasion resistance

Deposits and incrustation

SEWAGE PIPING WITH MATERIAL DEPOSITS.

PIPING SUFFERING FROM ELECTRO-CHEMICAL CORROSION.

TEST METHOD AND EFFECT PRODUCED BY ABRASION.



5

because if this is significant, it would increase energyconsumption and purification costs in general and mayeven affect normal network and purification plantoperation. All this means that excellent piping sealingis required, especially where joints, connections andmanholes etc. are concerned, which are the criticalaspects for compliance with this basic requirement.

In this respect, prefabricated union systems based onelastic joints, in which the sealing is guaranteed by themanufacturer’s quality assurance, are especiallyrecommended in comparison with onsite executedjoints that require very strict controls making themvery difficult to achieve in practice. It is essential toperform onsite hydraulic pressure tests at 0.5atmospheres, in order to guarantee adequate systemsealing.

In general, plastic piping sealing is greater than in therigid type, with flexible piping deformation collaboratingin better elastic joint sealing. Nevertheless, this willdepend on the joint type design. It is often the casethat, in order to save on costs, the joint is not high

quality and adequate sealing is not achieved. The mostimportant joints types employed in plastic piping willbe covered later.

Lastly, it is mentioned that, in addition to piping, there areother elements in the network where water infiltrationsmay occur, with the most obvious one being inspectionmanholes. These infiltrations are produced when thesewage installation is below the groundwater level.Consequently, the sealing requirements must beextended to all network elements, especially wheregroundwater is concerned and even more so ininspection manholes, where collector and mains supplyconnections are frequent sources of leaks and waterentry.

LEAKING AT A CONCRETE PIPELINE JOINT.

MANUAL CONNECTION OF CORRUGATE PIPING.

SEALED CONNECTION IN adequa SANECOR® MANHOLES.

LARGE-DIAMETER PRFV PIPING SLEEVE JOINTS.

PLAIN PVC PIPING PRESSURE JOINTS.

6

Another determinant factor for piping hydrauliccapacity is the inside diameter. In plastic piping, thediameter rating in almost all cases corresponds to theoutside diameter. This means that the inside diameterand therefore the hydraulic capacity will depend onthe thickness assigned by the manufacturer to its piping.In the case of structured piping, this thickness can bevery considerable. Because of the importance of thisfactor as a differentiating element for the various pipingtypes this will be described in detail later.

In general, plastic piping is very light and, in the case ofthe structured type, even more so. This characteristicleads to very low handling and installation costsbecause significant savings are obtained in themachinery and personnel required during installation.

In addition to the above, the weight also significantlyincreases works performance, which reduces deadlinesand therefore fixed costs that can be a determiningfactor for project economic feasibility.

This is a property that is very closely related to theneed to conduct waste water quickly without anystagnation. There are factors in waste water sewagenetworks are not present in fresh water, such asdeposits on the piping bottom and walls, inspectionmanholes and the larger number of joints etc. For thisreason, in the piping uniform rugosity equivalent K,(Prandtl-Colebrook), all these facts are incorporated,assigning various values to the pipeline according tothe fluid type circulating through it (clean water,rainwater, sewage or industrial etc).

The effect of usage and piping conservation on thementioned equivalent rugosity are also taken intoaccount. The commonly used values in waste waterpipelines are given below.

The lower values in Table 2 are essentially applicableto new piping or that with a good conservation system,with long, straight sections between inspectionmanholes, to main collectors and outfalls. The highervalues are for the opposite situations.


Hydraulic capacity

Coefficient K values for various materials(Table 2)

PIPING TYPE K (mm)

Stoneware 0.10-0.25Smooth internal wall PVC 0.10-0.25Smooth internal wall PE-AD 0.10-0.25Centrifuged PRV 0.10-0.25PRV filament winding 0.20-0.50Fibre-cement 0.25-0.40High-quality smooth concrete 0.40-0.80Medium-quality smooth concrete 0.80-1.50Rough concrete 1.20-4.00Onsite manufactured concrete 2.50-6.00

LEFT, adequa SANECOR® PIPING INSTALLATION WITH DISCRETEMECHANICAL MEANS (MEDIUM AND LARGE DIAMETERS), RIGHT,

MANUAL CONNECTION (SMALL DIAMETERS).

THE INTERNAL FRICTION COEFFICIENT IS MINIMUM IN PLASTICPIPING.

INTERIOR SURFACE OF adequa SANECOR® PIPING.

Performance and installation costsSafety during installation



7

Lastly, but no less important, another basic advantageof piping lightness is the increased safety for installationpersonnel. For deep piping that requires trench wallshoring, the less time spent in the trench meansincreased works safety.

Frequently, network piping is subject to forces anddeformation produced by differential soil settling, whichmust not cause any fracturing or leaks. This requirespiping flexibility that enables it to adapt to deformationand minimising local forces that are produced.

Plastic piping with elastic joints adapts to settling andeasily absorbs the produced stresses, whereas in arigid-element system, which is incapable of adapting tothe same deformation, enormous forces appear thatcan cause fracture and subsequent leaks.

According to a study (*) carried out by theEnvironmental Modelling Laboratory belonging to theEngineering Project Department at the CatalonianPoly-technical University, the energy consumption andCO2 emission into the atmosphere throughout the lifecycle of these products, are very low when comparedto reinforced concrete piping.

(*) “Energy consumption and CO2 emission estimates associated with the

production, use and final arrangement of PVC, PEHD, PP, cast iron and

concrete piping” (December.2005). Authors: Dr. José María Baldasano Recio,

Dr. Pedro Jiménez Guerrero, María Gonçalves Ageitos and Dr. René Parra

Narváez.

This life cycle contemplates all product stages duringits useful life-time:

• Extraction of raw material for manufacturingthe piping.

• Transporting the raw material to the productionplant.

• Piping manufacture.

• Transporting the piping to the installationworksite.

• Piping installation.

• Piping usage: maintenance and repair jobs.

Piping flexibility Energy consumption

PRFV PIPING INSTALLATION IN SHORED TRENCH. adequa SANECOR® 1200 mm PIPING WITH ANGULAR DIVERSION.

PLASTIC PIPING FLEXIBILITY IS IMPORTANT REGARDING SOILDISPLACEMENT ABSORBING.

8

Until the mid 70s, the gravity-fed sewage networks inSpain were usually concrete or fibre-cement, traditionalmaterials for many years, during which the UralitaGroup was a major manufacturer in Spain.

Since then, the first PVC piping started to appear, whichprovided a qualitative advance because of the materialproperties described in the previous section. However,because this smooth piping was only produced in acertain thickness for each diameter to guarantee aninitial minimum annular rigidity of 4 kN/m2 (SN4 rigidity

rating), which, under specific installation conditions, wasinsufficient to prevent excessive deformation in themedium and long terms.

For this reason, Uralita and other Europeanmanufacturers commenced development of PVCpiping that increased rigidity without it costing anyextra. This was a significant conceptual leap forwardbecause it achieved a structural improvement thatoptimised raw material consumption at the same timeand that of energy throughout the full piping life cycle.

TRANSPORT TRANSPORT

PIPING SHAPING

PIPING INSTALLATION

USE

EXTRACTION OFPRODUCTION

MATERIALS RESOURCES

C O2 E M I S S I O N S

Sewage piping - Energy consumption and CO2 emission for three metres of piping

Energy consumption (kW/h) CO2 emission (kg de CO2)

SEWAGE PIPING OPTIMISATION: adequa SANECOR® PIPING

LIFE CYCLE SCHEMATIC FOR BURIED PIPING (WITHOUT RECYCLING STAGE).

SN4 smooth PVC (80% recycled) DN315SN8 corrugated PVC (80% recycled) DN315SN8 corrugated PE (80% recycled) DN400SN8 corrugated PP (80% recycled) DN400SN4 PVC (0% recycled) DN315SN8 corrugated PVC (0% recycled) DN315SN8 corrugated PE (0% recycled) DN400SN8 corrugated PP (0% recycled) DN400DN400 concrete

69.034.764.460.4

262.2121.3211.0191.0345.0

22.011.521.021.676.936.158.661.5

129.4

It can also be seen that a 315 mm diameter isconsidered for the two PVC pipes, while a higherequivalent diameter of 400 mm was considered for theothers. The reason for this will be discussed later.

E N E R G Y C O N S U M P T I O N

The findings of this study are summarised in the abovetable. As can be seen, the plastic material values arelower than those for concrete because of the lowerweight and raw material content of the former withrespect to the latter. This difference is much higher ifrecycled plastic materials are used.




9

Employing these criteria at the end of the 80s, the Uralita group launched the adequa Sanecor® piping,in which the wall thickness was made up of two layers,the outer being corrugated and the inner smooth. Rightfrom the beginning, this piping was designed to be ahighly sustainable product intended to fully satisfysewage network requirements, optimising energyconsumption associated with production, installationand operation also minimising environmentalinteraction. To this end, significant advantaged wereincorporated compared to most plastic piping, forwhich the most important are summarised below.

As previously seen, plastic piping flexibility is a significantfactor in adapting to soil settlement. However, this hasto be balanced by the even more importantrequirement for the piping to have sufficient short andlong-term rigidity and be able to withstand all externalloads throughout its useful lifetime.

Such loads not only affect the piping, but also thesurrounding soil so that correct installation is essential.However, can the installation be adequately controlled?Usually, it cannot. Nevertheless, piping quality is easilyensured because its specifications, such as rigidity, aresubject to standardised tests.

In practice, depending on surrounding soil conditions,the capacity to withstand external loads will havegreater or lesser relevance. To a large extent, theseconditions will depend on how the installation was

carried out, namely trench dimensions, fill-in type andcompaction.

The above may be quantified using the buried pipingdeformation formula:

This deformation is a percentage of the pipingdiameter and is a direct function of the vertical loads,Qvt, that are opposed by two factors:

• Es = surrounding soil modulus of elasticity thatdepends on the trench, fill-in type andcompaction with is installation quality.

• RCE = piping specific circumferential rigidity,defined as:

where:

• Ec = piping material modulus of elasticity.

• I = moment of inertia per unit length, whichdepends on piping thickness.

• Dm = piping mean diameter.

The deformation formula shows that if the soilcomponent is sufficiently high (Es high value), the pipingrigidity does not require high values. If, on the otherhand, the soil modulus of elasticity Es is not sufficientlyhigh, piping deformation will largely depend on its ownrigidity.

However, when using plastic piping, the more standardtechnical documentation (the MOPU or UNE 53331specifications, among others, in Spain), limit plasticpiping deformation to 5% its diameter over fifty years.This time limit is linked to the known characteristic ofplastic materials and of polymers in general, to undergomodulus of elasticity losses over time when suchelements are subject to mechanical stresses.

This loss is called “creep” and is due to deformation ofthe polymer macromolecules and is very strong at thebeginning, but falls over time and is asymptotic for thefifty-year horizon. Creep is usually represented as

ΔY K1 . Qvt

D=

K2 . Es + K3 . RCE

Ec . IRCE =

Dm3

SN8. CORRUGATED PVC COLLECTOR.

Maximum short and long-term rigidity

When piping has to withstand interior pressure, thecorresponding product standards require that thepiping be able to withstand the expected workingpressure for fifty years after being put into operation.

The manufacturers have to design piping to initiallywithstand pressures that are much higher than requiredso that they maintain the expected pressures in thelong term.

In non-pressurised buried piping, the operating loadsare due to external factors only, such as the weight ofthe overlying soil, dynamic vehicle traffic forces and thestatic forces of any surface loads etc. As previouslyseen, the forces of such loads are opposed by the

10

regression curve for the materials that is shown on alogarithmic time scale, as in the figure below:


Modulus ofelasticity (MPa)

Measurement interval

50 years

Time (h)

1

various resistant values in the soil and piping rigidity. Ifit is expected that soil conditions will not be sufficientlygood to attain high Es values, or it is not possible toguarantee correct installation, then it will be necessaryto guarantee a sufficiently high initial piping rigidityRCE0 so that the long-term rigidity RCE50 ismaintained at acceptable values.

Here, the creep coefficient of a determined plasticelement p is defined for a certain time t as:

In other words, as the ration of the modulus ofelasticity p and the modulus of the same plastic p aftertime t. The creep coefficient for time t that isconsidered (two or fifty years etc.) will determine theinitial plastic piping rigidity value. As will be seen later,the creep coefficients may vary greatly depending onthe plastic type under consideration.

Taking into account the significance of these conceptsbecause of their influence on plastic piping durability, itwill be shown how to optimise piping type selectionfrom among the usual options.

This is covered by two standards:

The German DIN 16961-2 from 2000:Thermoplastic piping and accessories withprofiled exterior and smooth interior surfaces.

This defines the initial moduli of elasticity for the threeconsidered materials according to the followingvalues:

• PVC-U (non-plastified PVC): E0 = 3,600 MPa

• PEAD (high-density polyethylene):E0 = 800 MPa

• PP (polypropylene copolymer blockE0 = 800 MPa

If these values are entered into the previous rigidityformula, it is clear that in order to achieve a certaininitial rigidity, corrugated PE and PP piping must havetheir moment of inertia I and therefore thicknessconsiderably increased in relation to PVC piping sincethe latter has a much higher E0 value.

Moreover, due to creep effects, the mentionedstandard defines a series of decreasing modulus ofelasticity values over time for each material when theFLEXIBLE PIPING RIGIDITY TEST.

GENERAL PLASTIC MATERIAL REGRESSION CURVE SCHEME.

Cf = Ep0 / Ept



11

piping is subject to forces, as in the case of pipingburied under vehicle traffic. The first of the two graphsshows the fall in modulus Et and the second, startingwith SN8 piping, the corresponding fall in rigidity bythe same proportion since the I and Dm values remaininvariable over time in the formula for the latter.

The Et values are employed to provide the creepcoefficients for the three considered materials. So, forthe E50 values at fifty years:

• CPVC 50 = 2.06

• CPE 50 = 5.33

• CPP 50 =6.67

These same coefficients are those corresponding to therigidity losses if the loads applied to the piping were ofthe order of magnitude contemplated in this standard.

In SN8 PVC piping, which includes adequa Sanecor®

piping, the rigidity fall at fifty years is half the initial valuebecause the original design sought rigidity of 3.9 kN/m2

at fifty years, which coincided with the initial valuemarked by the MOPU-1986 technical specifications forsewage piping.

Although these specifications marked this value asinitial, experience from many installations that were notcorrectly executed caused various manufacturers,among them Uralita, to design sewage piping with thisvalue as the fifty-year requirement. Thus, the initialrequired rigidity for PVC piping was RCEmin = 3.9 x2.06 = 8 kN/m2, in other words SN8 piping. This gaverise, among others, to the adequa Sanecor® corrugatedpiping that has been so widely used in Spain since thebeginning of the 90s.

With the same requirements as PE and PP piping, thedesigns for this piping would have included minimuminitial rigidities of 21 kN/m2 and 26 kN/m2, respectively.It is quite clear that the SN8 rigidity is totally insufficientwhen the piping installation is not correctly executed,which is why the use of such piping in sewagenetworks produced significant general pipingovalisation. Despite this, low prices mean its use iswidely extended. Low prices are due to this pipingbeing very light with very low raw material costs.

In SN4 compact PVC piping, a situation in which trenchconditions and applied loads cause a loss in modulusof elasticity as contemplated by the mentionedstandard would lead to piping with residual rigidity ofaround 2 kN/m2, which is quite insufficient to preventserious long-term deformation.

This standard, the most recent, defines maximum creepcoefficients at two years and initial moduli of elasticityfor the three considered materials, which are:

• CfPVC ≤ 2.5 E0, PVC = 3,200 MPa

• CfPE ≤ 4 E0, PE = 800 MPa

• CfPP ≤ 4 E0, PP = 1,250 MPa

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

01 MIN. 24 HRS.

PVC

PE

PP

2.000 HRS 50 YEARS

3,600

800

800

3,000

380

360

2,300

250

210

1,750

150

120

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0INITIAL 24 HRS.

PVCSN8

PESN8

PPSN8

2.000 HRS 50 YEARS

8.0

8.0

8.0

6.7

3.8

3.6

5.3

2.4

2.1

4.0

1.5

1.2

Minimum rigidity valueline (3.9 kN/m2) MOPU-1986 technical specifica-tions for sewage piping

COMPARISON OF THE MODULES OF ELASTICITY OVER TIMEACCORDING TO DIN 16961.

DEVELOPMENT OF RIGIDITY RCE = (Exl)Dm3 OVER TIME ACCORDINGTO DIN 16961.

The European UNE-EN 13476 from 2008:Plastic piping systems for sewage and non-pressurised underground sewage - Structuredwall piping systems of non-plastified polyvinylchloride (PVCU), polypropylene (PP) andpolyethylene (PE).

2

In this case it can be seen that after two years of beingburied, piping under loads that produce modulus ofelasticity losses of the considered magnitudes, theadequa Sanecor® piping still has a rigidity of some 5 kN/m2, while the PE and PP corrugated pipingmaintains a value of only 2 kN/m2, which is insufficientto prevent significant deformation in this time period.

The above allows the conclusion that adequa Sanecor®

SN8 PVC piping is among the habitual, cost-competitive piping types that has the best short andlong-term performance regarding external loads.

Current standards accept various plastic piping jointtypes; although in the most often employed, elasticjoints are always used. In the case of SN4 compact PVCpiping, the joint is standardised as the pressure-fittingtype (bell end), but in structured piping, UNE-EN13476, contemplates widely varying types, limitinginstructions only to that the jointing system mustmaintain adequate sealing. This standard specifiespressure bell-end fitting joints, such as employingsleeves. In any case, the sealing tests are madeaccording to UNE-EN1277.

In PRFV piping standards, the jointing types are alsovery varied, with not only elastic joints (pressure bell-end fitting and with sleeves) acceptable, but also welded, flanged joints and by employing metalaccessories.

Of the solutions given in the previous figure, the twoat the top are made by fitting the piping into one ofits ends. They are typical for PVC and PP. The bottomstwo are employed for PE piping that does not acceptcorrect bell-end fitting. The left model is a welded cupjoint and the other is a sleeve joint.

12

This standard only contemplates coefficients at twoyears because, after this period, rigidity falls are nowsmall and this facilitates the creep test which, for twoyears, requires an accelerated test of only two months(the fifty-year test requires fourteen months).Furthermore, some of the initial moduli of elasticitydefined by this standard varied because certainadditives were employed to guarantee higher qualityof the materials used in these piping types.

Since the CfPE and CfPP values are always close to 4.0, and given its high demand and that CfPVC has avalue of around 1.6 for adequa Sanecor® piping, thegraphs for this standard are as shown in the followingtable.


3.500

3.000

2.500

2.000

1.500

1.000

500

0

INITIAL 2 YEARS

PVCSanecor

PE

PP

3.200

800

1.250

2.000

200

312

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

INITIAL 2 YEARS

PVC SN8Sanecor

PESN8

8.0

8.0

8.0

5.0

2.0

2.0PPSN8

Optimum sealing

Minimum rigidity valueline (3.9 kN/m2) MOPU-1986 technical specifica-tions for sewage piping

MODULES OF ELASTICITY OVER TIME ACCORDING TO UNE-EN 13476.

RIGIDITY DEVELOPMENT OVER TIME ACCORDING TO UNE-EN 13476.

VARIOUS JOINT SYSTEMS FOR STRUCTURED PLASTIC PIPING.



13

The adequa Sanecor® piping joint is made employingthe first system, called integrated mouth cup, whichmaintains the characteristics of the rest of the pipe(corrugated and thicknesses), something that makes itthe most reliable of existing solutions.

Another significant aspect affecting joint sealing is theelastomer joint. Whereas in plain piping the joint iswithin a manufactured housing inside the cup, incorrugated piping, the corrugation valleys are employedto house the joint.

In the adequa Sanecor® piping, this joint is bi-lobed upto diameter DN500, with a profile that, on the onehand, prevents joint movement during pipinginstallation and, on the other ensures greater sealing. Inpiping with larger diameters (DN630– DN1200), thejoint is a single lip because the deeper depth of thecorrugations prevents the joint from easily moving outof the housing.

The joint must be able to easily comply with the UNE-EN 1277 sealing tests that require sealing to bemaintained under internal pressure conditions of 0.5Atm and internal depression of -0.3 Atm, withdifferential piping deflection with respect to the cup orsleeve (greater deflection in the former), or with adetermined angular deviation according to diameter.adequa Sanecor® piping profiles enable angulardeviations to be achieved that are manhole-abovethose established in the standards.

adequa SANECOR® PIPING (RIGHT) IS THE ONLY ONE WITH A BI-LOBEDJOINT TO OPTIMISE JOINT SEALING.

CUP PIPING

adequa SANECOR® DOUBLE ANCHOR JOINT, DN160-500.

adequa SANECOR® SINGLE ANCHOR JOINT, DN630-1200.

adequa SANECOR® PIPING PRESSURE FITTING JOINT.

CORRUGATED PVC PIPING (ORANGE) AND CORRUGATED PE (BLACK).

Standardisedmaximum angle

Diameterrating

Sanecor® pipingmaximum angle

160200250315400500600800

10001200

6º5º4º3º1º1º1º1º1º1º

9º7º6º5º3º3º3º3º2º2º

MAXIMUM ANGULAR JOINT DEVIATION BETWEEN PIPES.

the same slope and internal rugosity for the samediameter rating. adequa Sanecor® piping follows thiscriterion only to diameter DN 500 for the necessitythat all piping must be compatible with the standardfittings and accessories on the market. However, fromDN630, adequa Sanecor® optimises diameters to(Dexterior > DN).

Furthermore, for a specific piping (RCE) rigidity, thethickness depends on the corresponding material typewhich, on having a determined modulus of elasticityEc requires a moment of inertia value of I in theformula:

Since I is a function of thickness (in plain piping I = e3), in PE and PP corrugated piping (small Ecvalue), the thickness will have to be higher than forcorrugated PVC (high Ec) in order to achieve the samerigidity. Therefore, in adequa Sanecor® piping, thehydraulic capacity is always greater than in otherthermoplastic materials and even more so in diametersgreater than DN500.

The following graph shows percentages of means flowrates at full section corresponding to the variousmaterials employed in corrugated piping for the sameslope values (1.5%) and internal rugosity (k=0.10).

DIFFERENCES IN MEAN FLOW RATE AS PERCENTAGE OF SN8 CORRUGATED PIPING (BASE 100% FOR adequa SANECOR® PIPING).

14

The hydraulic capacity of a gravity-red sewage pipelineis determined by two factors, the friction coefficientbetween the water and the piping and the piping insidediameter. As already stated, the friction coefficient inplastic piping is K = 0.10 in the Prandtl-Colebrookformula for waste water, which is ten times lower thanthat for concrete piping.

Dans le tuyau adequa Sanecor®, ce joint est un joint àdeux lèvres jusqu’à un diamètre DN500, avec un profilqui empêche d’un côté que le joint ne se déplaceautour du montage du tuyau, et qui d’un autre côtéassure une meilleure étanchéité. Sur des tuyauteries dediamètre supérieur, (DN630 – DN1200), le joint est àsimple lèvre, puisqu’une plus grande profondeur desnervures évite que le joint ne se déplace facilement deson emplacement.

Regarding the inside diameter, most plastic pipingfollows the criterion DN = Dexterior, so that the insidediameter depends on piping thickness and themanufacturer. This provides different flow rates, given


Maximum hydraulic capacity

Ec . IRCE =

Dm3

112

100%

95%

90%

85%

80%

75%

70%

65%

60%

55%

50%

160

PVC

PE

PP 200 250 315 400 500 600 800 1000 1200

INTERIOR VIEW OF AN adequa SANECOR® COLLECTOR WITH ANGULAR DEVIATION.



15

As seen on page 7 and according to the mentionedstudy, plastic piping produce energy consumptionthroughout its useful lifetime and this can be very muchlower than that of concrete piping.

Similarly, within the examined plastic piping, which are themost widely employed, PVC piping reduces the diameterrating with respect to corrugated PE and PP pipingbecause of the previous point and with respect toconcrete piping because of the lower friction coefficient.Even so, the compact SN4 PVC piping is the one withgreatest energy consumption because it is the heaviest.

Regarding corrugated piping, the highest energy savingis that of adequa Sanecor® SN8 corrugated pipingbecause despite its weight is greater than PE and PPpiping, it optimises the diameter required in relationto the latter two and it has lower manufacturingconsumption both in raw materials and the piping.Foe the same reason, it is the most ecological pipingfrom the CO2 atmospheric emission point of view.The values in the mentioned study are given in thetable on page 8 and are shown on the followinggraphs.

A product is sustainable when it satisfies therequirements of current generations withoutcompromising the possibilities of future ones to takecare of their own needs. Along these lines, it isimportant for the product to have a long life cycle, tobe longlasting, but, at the same time, resourceconsumption during this lifetime must be a minimum,as should be its social and environmental impacts.

In the case of adequa Sanecor® sewage piping, theprevious points contain a series of characteristics thatcontribute to product sustainability.

Minimum energy consumption

adequa Sanecor®, the most sustainable solution

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kW/h)

SN4 smooth

PVC

(80% re

cycled

) DN31

5

SN8 corr

ugate

d PVC

(80% re

cycled

) DN31

5

SN8 corr

ugate

d PE

(80% re

cycled

) DN40

0

SN8 c

orrugat

ed PP

(80% re

cycled

) DN40

0

SN4 PVC

(0% re

cycled

) DN31

5

SN8 corr

ugate

d PVC

(0% re

cycled

) DN31

5

SN8 corr

ugate

d PE

(0% re

cycled

) DN40

0

SN8 c

orrugat

ed PP

(0% re

cycled

) DN40

0

DN400 c

oncret

e

SN4 smooth

PVC

(80% re

cycled

) DN31

5

SN8 corr

ugate

d PVC

(80% re

cycled

) DN31

5

SN8 corr

ugate

d PE

(80% re

cycled

) DN40

0

SN8 c

orrugat

ed PP

(80% re

cycled

) DN40

0

SN4 PVC

(0% re

cycled

) DN31

5

SN8 corr

ugate

d PVC

(0% re

cycled

) DN31

5

SN8 corr

ugate

d PE

(0% re

cycled

) DN40

0

SN8 c

orrugat

ed PP

(0% re

cycled

) DN40

0

DN400 c

oncret

e

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

CO2 EMISSION (kg of CO2)

GRAPHS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ATMOSPHERIC CO2 EMISSION FOR THE MOST COMMONLY USED MATERIALS IN GRAVITY-FED SEWAGE PIPING.

adequa SANECOR® PIPING STOCKPILE.

16

adequa Sanecor® piping possesses one of the widestranges in plastic sewage piping. The table belowcontains the main dimensions of the various diameters.

The following table summarises the repercussions of theproperties of this product on the factors contributingto greater sustainability.


Thus, special fittings are manufactured in all diameterswith the same material, being plain fittings of SN4

rigidity rating in diameters of DN160 to DN500, havingcorrugated outer surfaces and smooth inner ones andcorrugated outer surfaces and SN8 rigidity rating indiameters DN500 to DN1200.

In relation to accessories for main connections, theadequa Sanecor® system has various models availablefor specific circumstances with respect to diameters,installation and regulations etc.

Lastly, adequa Sanecor® piping has the most versatilerange of inspection manholes manufactured of plasticmaterials. These elements, which are usually criticalregarding sewage network sealing and maintenancecosts, conserve the same optimum characteristics asthe piping.

Pages 20 to 22 list the adequa Sanecor® range ofspecial fittings and accessories.

Similarly, page 24 onwards provides details of theadequa Sanecor® manhole and its components.

CHARACTERISTIC DURABILITY ENERGY SAVING

ENVIRONMENTALRESPECT

Raw material -Piping weight - -Material recyclability -Chemical resistance -Lack of corrosion -Abrasion resistance - -Deposits/Incrustation -Long-term rigidity - -Material flexibility - -Hydraulic capacity - -Installation costs - -Workplace safety - -Sealing -Maintenance costs - -

DNPIPINGINSIDE

DIAMETER

PIPINGOUTSIDE

DIAMETER

MAXIMUMOUTSIDE CUP

DIAMETER

MEAN MOUTHLENGTH

160 146 160 182 105200 182 200 228 122250 228 250 284 165315 285 315 358 190400 364 400 448 199500 452 500 563 230630 590 649 734 252800 775 856 954 330

1,000 970 1,072 1,222 4951,200 1,103 1,220 1,379 547

PROPERTIES OF adequa SANECOR® PIPING THAT INCREASE PRODUCTSUSTAINABILITY.

Maximum versatility in the adequa Sanecor® system

VIEW OF adequa SANECOR® PIPING INSTALLED IN A TRENCH.

ONSITE HANDLING OF adequa SANECOR® PIPING.

adequa Sanecor® piping range dimensions



17

THE COMPREHENSIVE adequa SANECOR® SYSTEM POSSESSES HIGHLY VERSATILE SEALED ACCESSORIES AND ELEMENTS.

18

The following table summarises the technical specifications for adequa Sanecor® piping.


adequa SANECOR® PIPING TECHNICAL SHEET

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FEATURES

Density 1,350 ÷ 1,520 kg/m3

Linear dilation coefficient 8 x 10-5 m/m. ºCThermal conductivity 0.13 kcal/m.h. ºCSpecific heat 0.2 ÷ 0.3 cal/g.ºCVicat softening temperature ≥ 79 ºC, according to UNE-EN 727:1997pH limits Between 3 and 9 at 20 ºCDichloromethane resistance At 15 ºC, during 30 min, according to UNE-EN 580:2003Oven test According to ISO 12091:1995

MECHANICAL FEATURES

Annular Rigidity (also called SCR =Specific Circumferential Rigidity)

RCE ≥ 8 kN/m2, according to UNE-EN ISO 9969:2008

Creep coefficient at 2 years≤ 2.5, according to UNE-EN ISO 9967:2008The actual value varies between 1.6 and 1.8

Impact strengthAccording to UNE-EN 744:1996 (Clock sphere method)

Annular flexibility30% deformation in DN160 to D315 and 20% inDN400 à DN1200, according to UNE-EN ISO 13968:2009

HYDRAULIC SPECIFICATIONS

Sealing with internally pressurised Tests at 0.05 MPa with angular deviationelastomer joint and diametral deflection, according to UNE-EN1277:2004

Sealing with joint in internal depressionTests at -0.03 MPa with angular deviation and diametral deflection, according to UNE-EN1277:2004

Equivalent rugosity (Prandtl-Colebrook)K= 0.01 mm (for clean water)K= 0.10 ÷ 0,25 mm (for waste water)

adequa SANECOR® PIPING INSTALLATION IN GALLERY AND TRENCH.



19

Piping installation shall follow current standards andgood practice codes, among which mention should bemade of the MOPU City Sewage Piping Specifications,the CEDEX Technical Guide for Water TransportPiping and UNE-EN 1610, UNE-EN 1452- 6 andUNE-ENV 1046.

The more basic aspects of each are summarisedbelow.

Trenches for housing piping must be executed sothat the separation between the piping and trenchwall enables the workers to lay the piping andadequate fill-in compaction. Trench width mustallow the height of the upper piping generatrix tobe A = Dext + X, where Dext is the piping outsidediameter and X varies between 0.4 and 1.0 metrein function of the diameter.

A bed of granular material (sand or pea gravel ofapproximately 5 – 10 mm) of sufficient height, H(cm) = 10 + D/10 is essential to preventinequality in the trench base slope producingisolated support points on stones or soil clods.Direct support on a rigid concrete base iscounter-productive in the case of plastic pipingbecause, on the one hand, all the loads on thepiping from fill-in or traffic, will produce a reactionin the support that could cause piping fractureand, on the other, any deformation or differentialsettlement would cause concrete base fractureand act as shear on the piping producing fractureor leaks. If, for special reasons, the piping has to beconcreted, it must be done completely in theform of lost formwork. Otherwise, significantstresses would be produced in the pipinggeneratrices which would pass from concrete tothe granular fill-in. If the slopes are very small anda concrete floor is required, then a fill-in bed asdescribed above must be employed.

Lateral fill-in must be executed on the supportbed in 25-30-cm layers, ensuring that the fill-inmaterials penetrates into areas of difficult access(lower piping section) and is well compacted, thusproviding the piping with the required supportangle (minimum 120º) along its full length. Thelateral fill-in material must attain a height of 30 cm

over the piping crown. It may be naturalexcavation soil, provided the design characteristicscan be obtained. It is recommended that the grainsize be 5-15 mm, ideally pea gravel or gravel thatguarantees a minimum 95% natural compaction inthe Proctor normal test without external means.

The rest of the trench fill-in up to the wear layermay be natural excavation soil, free from stonesand clods, provided it has adequate characteristicsaccording to current standards. It must have atleast 95% compaction, although it must be 100% if there is heavy traffic so that no ruts ordeformation affect the wear layer. However, thefinal layers must never be compacted below 90%in the normal Proctor test.

For further information on buried piping installationconditions, our handbook “Installation of supply,irrigation and sewage piping according to currentlegislation” is recommended”.

The following figure shows a typical trench indicatingthe most important aspects to take into accountduring piping installation.

Lastly, it must be remembered that in order to verifypiping validity under the specific conditions for eachinstallation, mechanical calculation is required basedon current calculation standards. Adequa has asuitable calculation application, designed for adequaSanecor® corrugated piping and based on theGerman directive ATV A-127. This directive isrecommended as being most suitable for simulatingburied plastic piping short and long-termperformance.

NOTE ON BURIED PIPING INSTALLATION

1

2

3

4

GRANULAR MATERIAL ≥95% PN

≥ D + 0,5 m.

BOTTOM LATERALCOMPACTION

GRANULAR MATERIALBED

TYPICAL STANDARD SECTION FOR BURIED PIPING TRENCHES.

≥10 + D/10 cm.

H > 1 m.

30 cm.

SELECTED ORDINARY FILL-IN,STONE AND CLOD FREE,COMPACTION ≥ 95% PN

20

adequa SANECOR® SYSTEM ACCESSORIES

Special fittings

STANDARD SPECIAL FITTINGS FOR adequa SANECOR® PIPING WITH SN4 SMOOTH OUTER SURFACE AND SN8 CORRUGATED OUTER SURFACE.

It is desirable in any sewage network for allcomponents to have similar characteristics so thatsystem mechanical stability is maintained, guaranteeingoptimum sealing and to facilitate networkmaintenance.


adequa Sanecor® piping includes a very wide range of special fittings and accessory manufactured in thesame material. The adequa Price List specifies thedimensions and includes detailed diagrams of all theseelements.

The special fittings range for adequa Sanecor® pipingis produced in all diameters up to DN1200 and intwo series; SN4 plain series for fittings up to DN500and SN8 corrugated series up to DN1200. Thestandard fittings type are the usual ones, with jointsocket for non bell ends, single socket for assembling

repairing reels, 30º, 45º and 90º elbows, expansioncones, 45º and 90º branches for equal or differentdiameter and end caps.

Furthermore, it is possible to order a wide range ofspecially made fittings.



21

Main connection elements

There are various solutions, but those having simpleinstallation, guarantee good sealing and involvereasonable costs should be selected.

The adequa Sanecor® system includes the followingconnection types:

Connections using mechanical clips. The lowerphotos show the various installation stages ofthese accessory types. They make a very high

quality PVC solution available on 160 and 200-mm diameters to 315-mm collectors. This is areduced range because of the high investmentcost required for their manufacture. Theseconnections are fully sealed, easy to install anddo not penetrate inside the collector.

Connections using branch connection. These areproduced by welding the connection to a halfround part that interiorly reproduces the exterior

INSTALLING MECHANICAL CLIPS FOR adequa SANECOR® PIPING.

1

adequa SANECOR® HAS A VERY WIDE RANGE OF SPECIAL FITTINGS UP TO DN1200 (LEFT, REPAIRS WITH SINGLE SOCKET).

2

22

corrugated from of the collector. The part is joinedto the latter using adhesive. It has the advantage ofhaving 45º connections (or even other angles) inaddition to 90º (87,5º).

Connections using elastomer clips. Taking advantageof the large adequa Sanecor®, corrugated pipingthicknesses, it is feasible to use connection jointsmanufactured in EPDM rubber with are highlycompetitive in price and guarantee full sealing.


They are designed to fit the connections to adequa Sanecor® collectors and, given the reasonable investmentcosts, these fittings are manufactured for all possible combinations; 160 to 630 mm connections for 315 to 1,200-mm collectors. The installation process for this solution is provided below. The document “Instructions for adequaSanecor® inspection manhole installation” fully described this procedure.

If elastomer clips are used and, in order to prevent the connection from invading the collector, “stoped pieces” areavailable that form stops when installed in a corrugation valley, as shown in the following sequence.

Lastly, the following section is a detailed description of the adequa Sanecor®, inspection manhole characteristics andcomponents, as well as advantageous installation conditions.

CONNECTION ELASTOMER CLIPS WITH CUTTING TEMPLATE.

“STOPED PIECES” INSTALLATION SEQUENCE FOR adequa SANECOR® CONNECTION STOPS.

3

BRANCH CONNECTION FOR adequa SANECOR® PIPING.



23

adequa SANECOR®, WITH OVER TWENTY YEARS EXPERIENCE DIRECTED TOWARDS PRODUCT DURABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY.

The purpose of manholes in a sewage network is toprovide access to the pipeline for inspection,maintenance and repair work etc. These manholesused to be manufactured onsite with cheap materials,such as reinforced concrete or brickwork, although inrecent years it has become quite usual to constructthem using prefabricated concrete or plastic elements.

The advantages of employing plastic materials forsewage piping were described in the second sectionof this document. The majority of such advantages areextrapolatable to the other network elements,particularly inspection manholes; chemicalperformance, corrosion and abrasion resistance, lowerload losses, performance and installation costs, workssafety etc. Sealing requires separate mention becauseit takes on critical relevance in inspection manholesbecause a large number of network operationalproblems, such as leaks and infiltrations, derive fromlack of sealing in these elements.

Regarding costs, although plastic materials are muchmore expensive than conventional materials, thedifference in costs between inspection manholesbecomes significantly reduced when the comparison ismade for installed units. This is because the installationperformance is much higher due to low materialweight and installation simplicity of such plasticelements that are mainly prefabricated.

Finally, it should be stated that, depending on manholewall thickness and the employed material, themechanical strength of the plastic manhole may not beenough to withstand the external soil loads andexisting traffic. In this situation, the manhole must belined with concrete after installation. Here, it must bepointed out that urban sewage network collectors areusually installed underneath existing roadways andcollect water from the connections that leave thebuildings.

24 adequa system SANECOR®: Sewage network sealed manholes

adequa SANECOR® MANHOLES AND INSPECTION MANHOLES

SEALING FAILURE IN CONCRETEMANHOLES.

INSPECTION MANHOLES USING PLASTIC MATERIALS (POLYESTER AND POLYETHYLENE).

CONNECTION WITH PREFABRICATED PLASTIC

ELEMENTS.

At Uralita, we have great experience in manufacturinginspection manholes using various materials that, overthe years, have enabled us to establish the advantagesand drawbacks of each one (fibre-cement, concrete,PRFV, PEAD and PVC).

This experience, combined with the Uralita Group’sinnovating strategy, have enabled us to design anddevelop a significant range of inspection manholesusing plastic materials that, on the one hand, make useof the advantageous characteristics of plastic materialsand, on the other, resolve problems arising with otherprevious plastic solutions, mainly referring to costs,mechanical strength and in situ adaptation of theprefabricated solution.

INSPECTION MANHOLES IN CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS (CONCRETE AND BRICK), ON THE RIGHT, PREFABRICATED CONCRETE RINGS.

The adequa Sanecor® design, which greatly reducedcosts, guarantees optimum mechanical performanceand excellent network sealing. It also has over twelveyears of experience and hundreds of referencesthroughout Spain.

A manhole can be divided into three sections which,from top to bottom, are:

1. Manhole access via a very rigid conical part thatreduces the manhole diameter to the inspectiondiameter (600 mm).

2. The manhole body, of the required height, withfactory-installed access rungs. Its high rigidity does notrequire concrete reinforcement.

3. The manhole bottom with the collector connections.In function of its diameter, it can be executed in

various ways. Up to a certain diameter which, in turn,depends on the manhole diameter, the piping aredirectly connect in the manhole body via elastomerjoints, taking advantage of the large corrugated wallthickness and guaranteeing complete sealing. After acer tain diameter, the collector connection may beexecuted either by bases with inspection thatconnect the manhole to the collector crown or byconnection par ts that allow access to the fullcollector section.

The following diagrams show the describedconfiguration.


Sewage network sealed manholes

25

COMPONENTS AND INSTALLATION OF adequa SANECOR® INSPECTION MANHOLES

GENERAL DIAGRAM OF adequa SANECOR® MANHOLE COMPONENTSWITH THE VARIOUS ALTERNATIVE CONNECTIONS TO THE COLLECTOR.

GENERAL adequa SANECOR® MANHOLE DIAGRAM.

REDUCER CONE

ELASTOMER CLIP

RUNGS

BASE

adequa SANECOR® MANHOLES.

This material ensures that the manholes do not requireconcreting to reinforce rigidity. Quite the opposite,having a flexible material may be highly advantageousagainst soil settling. The adequa Sanecor® manholes areavailable in a range of diameters between 600 and1,200 mm.

For shallow manholes 600 mm diameter versions maybe used, without rungs or cone, which are very suitablefor heights of less than 1.5 metres, or 800 mmmanholes for greater heights that include the optionfor rungs.

For the more habitual manholes with diameters of 1,000and 1,200 mm which, unless indicated otherwise, alwaysinclude rungs, the height range varies between 1.5 and9 metres.

The rungs installed in the manhole body are of steel andcovered in polypropylene to guarantee sealing againstgroundwater entry. They are installed on the corrugationcrests with a constant maximum 30 cm separation.

This is manufactured in corrugated SN8 (adequaSanecor®) rigidity rated PVC to ensure very highresistance to external loads throughout the manholeuseful lifetime.

Manhole body

THE adequa SANECOR® MANHOLE BODY IS MANUFACTURED FROMadequa SANECOR® SN8 PIPING.


Each component is described in detail below.

The access reducer cone to the manhole ismanufactured of high quality PEAD employing a systemthat produces high-volume plastic parts at acompetitive price. This cone has a 600 mm entranceand is asymmetrical with two rungs in 1,000 and1,200 mm manholes, whereas it is symmetrical withoutrungs in the 800 mm version. The design incorporatesribbing to ensure high rigidity.

The cone fits into the upper end of the body withinstallation being very simple. A sealing joint may beoptionally installed between the reducer cone and themanhole body to guarantee sealing in highgroundwater level situations.

Inspection manhole access

800 mm DIAMETER MANHOLE REDUCER CONE.

1,000 and 1,200 mm DIAMETER MANHOLE REDUCER CONE.

600 mm DIAMETER MANHOLE

800 mm DIAMETER MANHOLE

1,000 AND 1,200 mmDIAMETER MANHOLES

RAT

ED H

EIG

HT

RAT

ED H

EIG

HT

RAT

ED H

EIG

HT

adequa SANECOR® STANDARD BODY RANGE.

Body height adapts to the depths at the worksite(bodies are manufactured in lengths that vary 0.5 m)attaining a maximum 5.5 metres corresponding to 6-metre manholes. A second module is used for deeperbodies with a bell end to permit connection with theprevious module.

In manholes of a certain depth, tramex or safetyplatforms are required that, in addition to protectionagainst possible accidents, provide the option of makingsafe stops during descent. It is recommended thatthese elements be installed every 2.5 or 3 metresdepth.



27

RUNG ANCHORAGE DETAILS.

DEEP MANHOLES USING TWO MODULES.

POLYESTER TRAMEX IN adequa SANECOR® MANHOLES.

adequa Sanecor® manholes include fitted tramex inreinforced polyester to prevent electro-chemicalcorrosion.

STEEL CORE

RUNG

M.24

MANHOLE WALL

PP NUT

RUBBER WASHER

PP WASHER

3 metre BODYWITH CUP

LOWER BODY

GROOVING

Collector connections or those to the manhole bodyare executed using rubber gaskets called elastomerclips that are installed after drilling the correspondingholes in situ. The great thickness of corrugated bodiesenables clips of sufficient length to be installed andensure complete sealing, even when there is a certainangular deviation. For this reason, these parts are designto the corrugated body dimensions.

Mains connections to the manhole body

28

The connection execution method is very simple anddoes not require skilled labour. The following illustrationshows the employed procedure. The clip is supplied with

an adhesive template that is stuck to the manhole bodyin the trench so that the hole can be made quickly andreliably.

This system enables the piping connections to be madeto the manhole body in situ at the exact connection

location without any adaptations as required forprefabricated elements.

A cutting crown fitted to a hand drill can be used tomake holes for up to 250 mm diameter piping. Largerdiameters can be prepared using a jig-saw. Even so, thesupplied template, which includes the necessary

instructions, enables the hole to be easily made. Anyimperfections of handmade hole are absorbed by thelarge depth and the close fitting of the elastomer clipinterior channel.

adequa system SANECOR®: Sewage network sealed manholes

HOLE DRILLING PROCEDURE FOR ELASTOMER CLIP INSERTION.

ELASTOMER CLIP. INSTALLATION. PIPING INSTALLATION TO THE MANHOLE BODY.

EXECUTING MULTIPLE CONNECTIONS IN SITU.

As previously stated, the manhole bottom finish can beaccomplished in various ways depending on collectordiameter.

The direct connection to the manhole body usingelastomer clips is limited to a maximum collectordiameter according to the following table:

In such cases, which are the most frequent, themanhole bottom is finished using concrete. If there isgroundwater presence in the trench, the lower end ofthe body will be closed off with a PEAD plastic basethat incorporates a sealing gasket to prevent waterentering at the bottom. There are, therefore, twocases:

Although the use of a sealed plastic base is alwaysrecommended, if there is no groundwater presence inthe trench, the manhole bottom can be constructedusing concrete. This requires a floor of dimensionsaccording to the manhole diameter with a depth thatpermits embedding of the two lower manhole bodycorrugations and which also leaves a free bottombelow this of about 10 cm.

In practice, a frequent procedure is to first execute themanhole connections, leaving it shimmed and thenconcrete underneath to the required height.



29

Bottom finish with the piping connections to the manhole body

Manhole Maximum diameter collector diameter

600 315800 400

1,000 5001,200 600

1

TRENCH FLOOR WITH 95% PROCTOR * RIVER SAND OR SIMILAR BED

SHIM BASE WITH BRICKS

PIPING CONNECTION

ELASTOMER CLIP

MANHOLEBODY

MANHOLE BOTTOM CONCRETING, SECOND PHASE.MANHOLE BOTTOM FINISH WITH CONCRETE, FIRST PHASE.

MANHOLE BOTTOM CONCRETING, FIRST PHASE.

MANHOLE BOTTOM FINISH WITH CONCRETE, SECOND PHASE.

CONCRETE OR MORTAR

30

If the manhole is installed with its plastic base, alean concrete floor will also be prepared, but this time,only to fix the manhole bottom because sealing isguaranteed by the plastic base that includes a sealinggasket. In this case, the manhole must always beconcreted inside up to the lower collector generatrix

in order to ballast the manhole against verticalgroundwater thrust.

Finally, it is recommended that the interior bottomfinish is adequately executed so that there is minimumload loss inside the manhole.


2

SEALED BASE

TRENCH FLOOR WITH 95% PROCTOR * RIVER SAND OR SIMILAR BED

MANHOLEBODY

SEALING GASKET

PIPING CONNECTION ELASTOMER

CLIP

CONCRETE OR MORTAR CONCRETE

OR MORTAR

MANHOLE INTERIOR WITH SEALED BASE.

MANHOLE BOTTOM FINISH WITH SEALED BASE.

In 1,000 and 1,200 mm diameter manholes, when the collector diameterexceeds 500 and 600 mm respectively, the manhole joint to the collector canbe executed using an inspection bottom. The lower manhole end is closed witha base with sealing gasket that is open at the centre, so that there is aconcentric aperture that allows the collector to be inspected by its crown. Thisaperture is finished with a vertical neck that allows connection to the collectorvia an elastomer clip to ensure full assembly sealing.

The maximum inspection diameter depends on collectordiameter:

In 1,000 and 1,200 mm diameter manholes, when thecollector diameter exceeds 500 and 600 mmrespectively, the manhole joint to the collector can beoptionally executed with a PEAD “T” part. This has very

high rigidity and maintains full-section collector access,which can be inspected via the three plates in thetangential section of the part body.



31

Manhole bottom finish with inspection base

Manhole bottom finish using a full pass-through connection part

FULL PASS-THROUGH CONNECTION PARTS.

MANHOLE BODY INSTALLATION WITH INSPECTION BASE.

HEI

GH

T R

ATIN

G

SEALING JOINT

MANHOLE BODY

ELASTOMER CLIP

PE COUPLING PART

SANECOR COLLECTOR

HEI

GH

T R

ATIN

G

Collector Maximum diameter inspection diameter

600 315800 400

1,000 5001,200 600

using the same gaskets when the pipelines are joinedtogether.

When the collector network route contains directionchanges, it is habitual to install inspection manholes atthe direction change point. When collector diameterallows direct connection to the manhole body, theinstallation system for these manholes enables

connection execution with necessary angle. When themanhole is installed using an inspection base, theadequa Sanecor® system contemplates large diametercurves in order to position the manhole at thedirection change.

32

MANHOLE INSTALLATION IN COLLECTORS WITH DIRECTION CHANGE.

FULL PASS-THROUGH CONNECTION PART INSTALLATION.

Manholes in collectors with direction change

CONE

ELASTOMER JOINT

ELASTOMER JOINT

ELASTOMER JOINT

ELASTOMER CLIP

ANGLED CURVE FOR MANHOLE

INSPECTION BASE

MANHOLE

In order to maintain sealing, the connection to themanhole and the two collector ends must be executed


Lastly, when full pass-through connection parts arerequired for large diameter collectors, short elbows

may be employed at the PEAD connection part endsor welded exits to the manhole body.



33

MANHOLES IN LARGE DIAMETER COLLECTORS WITH DIRECTION CHANGE.

MANHOLES WITH SECTION CHANGES.

Manholes with section change

For safety reasons, there are cases inwhich a narrow manhole body ispreferred (D800 mm, for example), sothat, in case of accident, it is easier tohold onto the rungs or against themanhole body.

In such cases, it may be necessary topass a larger diameter (for example,D1200 mm) into the lower manholesection prior to its connection to thecollector, in order to permit workers tomove within this area. A D1200 / D800mm reducer cone is available for sealedjoints between modules of differentdiameters.

Regarding fill-in and compaction around the manhole,the best idea is to treat it in the same way as the piping,although it is certain that the requirement here is lessfor the load component, but is still necessary for thefill-in not to contain rocks or stones that could damagethe manhole body or cone.

Similarly, in the case of using the sealed plastic base, the trench bottom must be prepared as in the pipingcase.

With respect to the manhole crown, it has to beconsidered that the plastic cone must not be directlysubjected to vertical loads. If the final surface typeremains undecided, a small concrete slab must beexecuted around the cone mouth, so that itdistributes the traffic loads via the inspection coverframe, which would otherwise fall on the manholevertical. Logically, the frame must not rest on the edgeof the plastic cone either. In a heavy traffic situation, itmust be taken into account that the cone wastewould receive the greatest loads because of itsshallow depth. The drawback of these loads beingtransmitted via a plastic material column is that thissame column would suffer vertical displacements thatcould fracture the agglomerate layer no matter howsmall they are.

If necessary, the cone height can be adjusted by cuttingoff part of the upper neck or, if the difference in

elevation is very large, corrugations may be removedfrom the manhole neck (each one measuresapproximately 10 cm).


INSPECTION MANHOLE CROWN FINISH.

VERTICAL LOADS

INSPECTION COVER FRAME

1,000/600 (PEAD)

COMPACTED SAND

CONCRETE

ASPHALT

adequa SANECOR® MANHOLE FINISH

MANHOLE CROWN.

MANHOLE REDUCER CONE

The adequa Sanecor® manhole system also includesthe installation of sealed cascading manholes. Theseelements are employed in situations where thecollector route follows very pronounced slopes.

Because in general, the collector must not have slopesexceeding 3º, cascading manholes are used to reducesuch slopes.

The following figures show the versatility of the adequaSanecor® system. The photo below is a cascadingmanhole used for the Canal de Isabel II when thedifference in elevations between the collector inlet andoutlet exceeds one metre. The manhole water inlet isdiverted towards the base to prevent water fallingfrom above.



35

DIAGRAM OF CASCADING MANHOLE ARRANGEMENT.

CASCADING MANHOLES WITH THE adequa SANECOR® MANHOLE SYSTEM (MADRID TYPE ON THE LEFT).

adequa SANECOR® CASCADING MANHOLE.

CASCADING MANHOLES

36

adequa SANECOR® CASCADING MANHOLES IN SIPHON.

adequa SANECOR® WASTE BOX CONNECTION.

SPECIAL WASTE BOXES AND MANHOLES

CONCRETING

CONCRETING

adequa Sanecor® piping includes waste boxconnection in DN160 and D200 diameters. They aremanufactured from high-quality polypropylene andhave excellent mechanical strength because of theirprismatic central body design that provides a highly-reliable alternative to conventional solutions for theseelements.

Sealing is guaranteed by elastic joints that absorbangular soil deviations and settling and they complywith existing standards. The joints are EPDM with PPreinforcement ring in accordance with UNE-681, whichensure full installation sealing. These joints are alsodismantable. Moreover, hydraulic capacity is optimised

interfere along the route. These manholes permit siphoninspection.

Waste box connection

Cascading manholes are also employed whenexecuting siphons in order to pass obstacles that


via the 3.5% slope and the internal smoothness of themain channel that prevents sediment accumulation. Itsinstallation can be improved by:

• Having an open lower base that facilitatesconcrete settling, levelling and penetration duringinstallation.

• Avoiding displacements by the slots in the wastebox body section, to be filled and compactedwith concrete or sand.

• Having graphic arrow symbology indicating flowdirection to prevent incorrect installation.



37

SEPARATOR GATEGUIDE FOR SAMPLE

CONNECTION

SMOOTH-CORRUGATEDADAPTER PART

SMOOTH-CORRUGATEDADAPTER PART

GREASE SEPARATION WASTE BOX. SIPHON WASTE BOX.

SIPHON MANHOLE WITH GREASE SEPARATOR. SAMPLING MANHOLE.

GREASE SEPARATION MANHOLES.

GREASE SEPARATOR

GREASE SEPARATOR

SMOOTH-CORRUGATED ADAPTER PART

GREASE

WATER

CONCRETE

GREASE

WATER

CONCRETE

ELBOW, 87.5

A wide variety of waste boxes and manhole solutionscan be executed for various applications with the

adequa Sanecor® system. The following figures providesome examples that are self-explanatory.

Other applications with adequa Sanecor® waste box and manholes

“T” BRANCH

THREADED INSPECTION PLUG

ELBOW, 87.5

SMOOTH-CORRUGATED ADAPTER PART

MALE-FEMALE SINGLE BRANCH 87.5

THREADED INSPECTION PLUG

38

adequa Sanecor® corrugated piping has been inproduction since 1992. Since then it has beenemployed in thousands of works distributedthroughout Spain as well as France and Portugal. Mostof them were sewage installations and gravity drainage,for both waste and rain water, although pipelines havealso been executed using this solution for non-pressurised agricultural irrigation, mainly in works toconvert ditches into buried pipelines.

The installed piping length is almost 50,000 kilometres,90% of which is installed in Spain. A list of thekilometres of piping installed in each autonomouscommunity with details by province is given below.


STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION

AENOR product certificate

DIT Technical Excellence Certificate

adequa Sanecor® Inspection Manholes

adequa SANECOR® PIPING REFERENCES

The product standard for adequa Sanecor® corrugatedPVC piping is UNE-EN 13476: “Channelling systems inplastic materials for buried non-pressurised evacuationand sewage”. adequa Sanecor® piping bears AENORmarking according to Certificate No 001/005573.Furthermore, the production centre holds AenorManagement Quality Certificate UNE-EN ISO 9001,No ER-0440/1996, and Environmental ManagementUNE-EN ISO 14001, No GA-2001/0255.

adequa Sanecor® PVC corrugated pipingreferences (in kilometres)

MADRID 5.203

ALBACETE 820

CIUDAD REAL 946

CUENCA 606

GUADALAJARA 1.369

TOLEDO 3.198

CASTILLA-LA MANCHA 6.940

BADAJOZ 1.050

CÁCERES 664

EXTREMADURA 1.715

CORUÑA 1.001

LUGO 250

ORENSE 65

PONTEVEDRA 1.328

GALICIA 2.664

ASTURIAS 549

CANTABRIA 553

ÁVILA 225

BURGOS 351

LEÓN 963

PALENCIA 376

SALAMANCA 840

SEGOVIA 466

SORIA 222

VALLADOLID 1.198

ZAMORA 159

CASTILLA Y LEÓN 4.801

ÁLAVA 26

GUIPÚZCOA 14

VIZCAYA 66

PAÍS VASCO 107

NAVARRA 158

RIOJA 104

HUESCA 709

TERUEL 547

ZARAGOZA 814

ARAGÓN 2.070

BARCELONA 890

GIRONA 581

LLEIDA 328

TARRAGONA 371

CATALUÑA 2.170

BALEARES 1.013

ALICANTE 1.148

CASTELLÓN 481

VALENCIA 1.755

COM. VALENCIANA 3.384

MURCIA 1.091

CÁDIZ 2.408

HUELVA 1.077

MÁLAGA 1.123

SEVILLA 1.401

ALMERÍA 387

CÓRDOBA 1.349

GRANADA 298

JAEN 1.062

ANDALUCÍA 9.343

CEUTA 180

MELILLA 57

LAS PALMAS 2.415

TENERIFE 137

CANARIAS 2.551

TOTAL NATIONAL 44.397PORTUGAL 2.884

FRANCE 1.527

REST OF EXPORT 92

TOTAL SANECOR 48.900

39

Quality Management System Certificate

Environmental Management System Certificate

THE OPTIMUM SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR SEWAGE NETWORKS

SEWAGE PIPING IN SPAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

PLASTIC SEWAGE PIPING SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

SEWAGE PIPING OPTIMISATION: adequa SANECOR® PIPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

adequa SANECOR® PIPING TECHNICAL SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

NOTE ON BURIED PIPING INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

adequa SANECOR® SYSTEM ACCESSORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

SEWAGE NETWORK SEALED MANHOLES

adequa SANECOR® MANHOLES AND INSPECTION MANHOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

COMPONENTS AND INSTALLATION OF adequa SANECOR® INSPECTION MANHOLE . . . . 25

adequa SANECOR® MANHOLE FINISH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

CASCADING MANHOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

SPECIAL WASTE BOXES AND MANHOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

adequa SANECOR® PIPING REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

INDEX



water waysexperts in

The optimum sustainable solutionfor sewage networks


May

o 20

13

ASS

2013

-7-1

1-30

0


Tel. 902 190 000Fax 902 003 715

[email protected]

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