prof. (dr.)yogender kumar yadav director general -...
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SARDAR SWARAN SINGH NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIO-ENERGY(Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India)
KAPURTHALA-144601 (PUNJAB)Email:[email protected] +91-9888580366
Prof. (Dr.)Yogender Kumar YadavDirector General
Indian Energy Scenarioo Over 230 GW power generation capacity ismainly based on thermal and hydro with about13% from renewables.
o Energy and peaking shortages 8 & 11%o 145 MT consumption of oil products. Importsabout 80%, and growing.
o Per capita energy use 911 kWh / Annum is1/4th of global average 2373 kWh / Annum
o Our electricity supply will need to grow 5 to 7times of our current consumption forsustaining growth of around 8% through nexttwo decades
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Indian Power Sector at a Glance
Thermal, 60.00%
Hydro , 16.53%
Nuclear , 1.95%
Renewable,12.93%
Gas,8.59%
Thermal1,47,875
Hydro 40,531
Gas 20,380
Renewable31,707
Nuclear4780
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Present Status‐Renewable EnergyTotal Installed capacity 31,707 MW
Wind Power, 21136,
67%
Small Hydro (Up to 25 MW) 3804, 12%
Biomass / Cogeneration 4120, 13%
Solar Power, 2647, 8.
3%
Renewable Energy: CredentialsHarnessed 11% of the estimated potential
5th Position in overall RE Capacity Installations
world‐wide
5th largest Wind installed capacity world‐wide
2nd largest number of installed Biogas plants
6 million decentralized systems in useRenewable is the second largest source of power generation after thermal.
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Drivers for Bioenergy in India
o Demand for power and exhaustible fossilfuels increasing
o Problems in meeting even minimum energyneeds for cooking and lighting in manyareas
o About 80 million homes still withoutelectricity
o Power shortages felt even in cities and affectindustrial production
o Need to control GHG emissions
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Dimensions of Bio‐energySurplus biomass: 150 MT/Year biomass + bagasse + urban and industrial wastesBio‐energy potential: 17000+5000+4000 MWValue of biomass: Rs 1500 to 2000 / tonneBenefit to rural economy : Rs 1.50 to 2.00 cr/MWEmployment ‐ About 200 M Mandays / Year
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Biomass Waste Sources
Availability Status(2009)
Surplus Available(2009)
Availability Projections
(2015)
Projected Surplus(2015)
Crop & Agro‐ processwaste
523.44 127.27 680.47 226.01
Road Side Biomass 10.74 6.44 17.28 10.36
Wasteland Biomass 27.12 16.32 40.92 24.55
Forest Waste 157.18 94.31 196.79 118.08
Agro – Forestry Waste 9.06 5.44 9.18 5.51
Livestock Waste 267.76 ‐ 266.31 ‐
Poultry Droppings 4.87 ‐ 6.95 ‐
Total 1000.17 249.78 1217.90 384.51
Availability of Biomass (MT) in India
THE CURRENT DISPOSAL METHODS
Storage in OpenRelease of CH4 which is 24 times more effective as green house gas, CO2
Loose Burning of StrawRelease of toxic Gases CO, CO2, NOX, SOX, CxHy, SPM, RSPM
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Uncontrolled burning of rice straw (Punjab) The smoke screen (Pb)
The charred field (Pb) Cotton stalks on fire (Gujarat)
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Problems of Biomass Conversion to EnergyComplexity is not only a problem to choose the correctlogistic chain for your specific situation, but there are otherproblem like:
low territorial density, it does not have homogenous geographical distribution
seasonality , it’s necessary to optimise the storage to have a constant feed to the plant of energy conversion
choice of correct energy conversion technique adapted to the territorial context
The project success of biomass utilization need interdisciplinaryapproach of several technical and scientific skills.
Bioenergy OptionsImproved solid fuels (Pellet, Briquettes, Char) Biomass Combustion / Co-generationGaseous Fuels
- Bio-chemical / Bio-methanation (Biogas)/Hydrogen- Thermo-chemical (Producer Gas)/Hydrogen
Liquid Fuels- Thermo-Chemical (Pyrolysis)- Bio-chemical (Ethanol, Butanol)- Extraction (Trans-esterification / biodiesel)
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Loose agriculturalresidues have low bulkdensity (30 to 100kg/m3) and difficult tohandle and use as fuel.
By briquetting thequality improves anddensity is increased to1000-1200 kg/m3 andbecome better qualityfuel.
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Biomass Briquetting
Bulk density of paddy straw
40-60 kg/m3
True density of briquettes
900-1100 kg/m3
Energy requirement
45-55 kWh/ton
Calorific Value 14 MJ/kg
Briquetting Operational Parameters
Biomass Briquetting
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POWER GENERATION VIA
BIOMASS COMBUSTION
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Sketch of Typical Biomass Power Generation Plant
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Salient FeaturesBiomass combustion is clearly a proventechnology, but design improvements over the pastcouple of decades have helped to increase itsefficiency, reduce emission levels and reduce costs.
At the same time, the creation of professionalcertification programs for installers and inspectorsmight help to boost the safety of biomass combustionsystems.
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Bagasse Co-generation in Sugar Industry
Potential : 5000 MW for about 620 sugar millsInstalled about 2400 MW (48% of potential)Under installation 1000 MW (20% ofpotential)
o Biomass Co-generation Projects for meeting thermal andelectrical energy requirements
o Installed 130 projects of over 500 MW- 45 projects in Paper Mills- 50 projects in Rice Mills- 15 projects in Solvent extraction plants- Others in Textile, Alcohol, Food processing
Biomass Co-generation in other industries
BIOMASS GASIFICATION
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Biomass Gasification
Biomass gasifier systems in the range of 5 kw to 500 kw for thermal and electrical applications
Ankur, Vadodara and IISc, Bangalore are major technology developers
About 120 MWeq systems installed for electrical and thermal applications.
About 100 MWth, in the range of 2-6 MWth, have been deployed for thermal application
Four Grid connected biomass gasifier systems in the range of 1.0-1.5 MWe are under installation
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It is a thermo-chemical conversion process in which biomass reactswith limited air to produce gaseous fuel called producer gas.
Thermal Application of Gasifier
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20 kW Gasifier Power Plant
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BIOGAS GENERATION
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Biomethanationo Household biogas plants mainly based oncattle manure for cooking and lighting
o Biogas plants based on cattle manure andother segregated wastes for heat, electricityor motive power
o Biogas from urban and industrial wastesand effluents
o Co‐digestion of farm / agricultural residueswith urban and industrial wastes
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Floating Drum Biogas Plant
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Kitchen waste biogas plant
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Biogas for Domestic Cooking
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Global Methane Initiative – Meeting of Agr. Sub‐Committee November 12, 2010
1.0 MW power project based on cattle dung at a Dairy Complex Ludhiana, Punjab
Municipal Solid Waste to Energy ProgrammePotential: 2600 MW
Project in operation: 16 MW project atOkhla, Delhi
Projects under installation: 41 MW12 MW at Ghazipur, Delhi8 MW at Bangalore11 MW at Hyderabad10 MW at Pune
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Solid Waste Based Bio-gas Plant
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Floating drum Bio‐gas plant
BIO-DIESEL/GREEN DIESEL PRODUCTION
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o 1st generation Biofuels - From starch and sugars - mainly ethanol- From oil bearing seeds (SVO and biodiesel)
o 2nd generation Biofuels: from ligno-cellulosic substrates- Ethanol through enzymatic fermentation- bio-crude, bio-oil (Thermo-chemical route)
o 3rd generation Biofuels - Algae based bio-oils, green diesel/jet fuel
o 4th generation Biofuels: CO2 sequestration …….
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Vegetable OilsVegetable oils represent one of thepremium renewable resources that canbe potentially used for fuel production.
Vegetable oil being renewable in natureis also useful to earn carbon credit asenvisaged from Kyoto protocol.
They can be used as substitutepetrochemicals due to their similarity tothe traditional crude oil products.
Due to high density andviscosity, vegetable oil can not be useddirectly in engines.
They can be efficiently used in engineafter appropriate processing.
Edible oils areCoconut, Olive, Soy, Canola, Sunflower, Safflower, Peanut, Cottonseed, Rapeseed, Corn, Soybean, Sesame etc.
Non-edible oils are processed Linseedoil, Tung oil, Castoroil, Jatropha, Mahua, Neem, Karanja, palmMesua ferrea L. etc.
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Oil Content of Some Oil Bearing Seeds
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Species Oil fraction (%) NatureCastor 45-50 Non-edible
Jatropha 40-50Mahua 35-40
Sal 10-12Linseed 35-45Neem 20-30
Pongamia (karanja) 30-40Mesua Ferrea L. 75-79
Mustered 27-35% EdibleSunflower 35-40%
Peanut 35-50%Olive 35-38%
Rice Bran 20-25%
Mesua ferrea L.
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37KARANJA
Non-edible Vegetable Seeds
Trans-esterification
Biodiesel (FAME) + Glycerol
Biodiesel & Characterization
Pure Biodiesel Green Diesel, Bio-petrol,
TBP Distillation
Bio-crude & Characterization
Hydro-processing
Extraction & Analysis of Oil
Catalysts
Separation Washing
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Transesterification Process
Vegetable oil
+ Alcohol + Catalyst
H2 Gas
HydrogenCylinder
Crude Biodiesel
Batch Reacto
r
Separator-1
Condenser
Filtration
Catalyst
Alcohol Recycling
Separator-2
Glycerol
Biodiesel
Activation & Recycling
Condenser
Washing & Purification
Washing & Purification
Pure Biodiesel
Pure Glycerol
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MBCUS Catalyst
LPT Catalyst
Biodiesel from Jatropha oil
SEM Image TEM Micrograph
Biodiesel from Bitter apricot oil
Hydroprocessing
Gases
Residue
Green Diesel
Bio-ATF
Bio-petrol
Vegetable oil+ Catalyst
H2 Gas
Hydrogen Cylinder
Biocrude
Batch Reacto
r
TBP Distillation Unit
Condenser
Water
Settler
Gases
Biocrude
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Various Bio-crudes and Distillates Fractions
Green Hydrocarbons
Liquid bio-fueldistillates obtainedfrom Hydroprocessingof vegetable oils andTBP distillation.
GasolineAviation turbine Fuel
Diesel Lube oil
Wax Bitumen
Biocrude
Thrust Areas for Biofuel R&DLigno-cellulosic ethanol / biobutanol production
Pre-treatmentDevelopment of engineered micro-organisms forhigher yields of ethanol utilizing C5 and C6 sugars.Saccharification and fermentation - development ofmicroorganism and optimization of conditions.Identification and development of strains/processesfor bio-butanol
Thermo-chemical
Thermo chemical platform for production of secondgeneration biofuelsGasification - upgradation of bio-oil
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Process development for bioethanol production from agricultural residues
Enzyme production for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass using isolated bacteria
Isolation of yeast for fermentation of sugars (hexoses and pentoses) to bioethanol
Microscopic viewIsolate NIRE-GX1Pentose Fermenting Yeast
Isolate NIRE-K1 Microscopic viewHexose Fermenting Yeast
NIR
E A
1
Xylanase activity
NIR
E A
1
Ligninase activity
NIR
E A
1
Cellulase activity
Hexose Sugar Fermentation
Ethanol Yield of NIRE K1 0.41Yield increased to 0.49 afteroptimisation of growth andfermentation conditions
Batch Fermentation in Bench-scale Bioreactor
Optimisation of maximum specific growth rateusing Design Expert software
Ethanol Fermentation by NIRE-K1 at 430C
Pentose Sugar Fermentation
Ethanol Yield of NIRE GX1 – 0.29 g/g at 400C
C. Genetic Engineering for ethanol production
A. Bioethanol production from xylose sugar using naturally fermenting yeast
B. Adaptation of yeast to increase ethanol production
10Kb8 Kb6 Kb4 Kb3 Kb
K1 K320 Kb appx
3000 bp2000 bp1000 bp500 bp
300 bp
100 bpK3K1K1 K3
K1 K1K1K1
Amplified
Unamplified
DNA isolation of NIRE-K1 PCR of genomic DNA
xylose utilization increased by 88%Xylitol production increasedGrowth of yeast increased
Identified Thrust Areas for R&DAlgal biofuels
Identification of efficient and engineered strains foralgaeCultivation and harvesting of micro-algae, dryingand conversion into biofuels.
Bio-refinery
Value addition to the biofuel production
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Microalgal BiodieselMicroalgae have been suggested asvery good candidates for fuelproduction because of theiradvantages of higher photosyntheticefficiency, higher biomass productionand faster growth compared to otherenergy crops.
Microalgae commonly double theirbiomass within 24 hours.
Biomass doubling times duringexponential growth are commonly asshort as 3.5 hours.
Oil content in microalgae can exceed80% byweight of dry biomass.
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BIOMASS
Thermo-chemical Transformation
Biochemical Transformation
Chemicals
BiofuelsMaterials
Basic concept of Bio-refinery?
Oilseed based BiorefineryCombustion &Process
heat, electricitybiogasbiogas
Lignocellulosic based Bio-refinery
Cellulose or paper products
Catalytic Synthesis
Gasification
Heat/Steam
Electric power
Adhesives
Surfactants
Other aromatic compounds
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis Oil
Coke
Volatiles
Burning/CHP
Lig
noce
llulo
sic
Bio
mas
s
Condensates
Coke
H2, CO (Syngas)
Chemicals
Liquid fuels
Acetic acid
Other acids
Ethanol
Butanol
Acetone
Hydrogen
PHA
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Acids
Sugars
Ferm
enta
tion
Thermal-Chemical Dissembling
Extractive
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Aromatics
Algae based Bio-refinery
Residue
Green Diesel
Green ATF
Green Gasoline
Green Propane
Vent
Bio-crudeSeparator
Water
HPHT Reactor
Catalyst
H2
Catalyst
Recycle
Algal biomass Biomass Pro
Filter
ABE Fermentation
butanol. E. coli gene mod
Butanol
Biogas
Challenge of the Bio-refinery DevelopmentDevelopment of feasible process and technology.
To study the pros and cons of every process.
To upscale the process up to pilot scale level.
Techno-economic study of different individual units.
Integration of different units to realize biorefinery.
Economic assessment of the whole set up (output-input).
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Biomass has several advantage but: a competitive fuel
It requires necessary planning
Barriers to the promotion of biomass energy use are:
The lack of an efficient and cost-effective supply chain system (harvesting, transportation, and delivery of biomass resources)
If each step of bioenergy chain is not optimised the final cost ofproduced energy may not result to be competitive in comparison withenergy from traditional fossil fuel.
Biomass: A Competitive Fuel
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Thank You