pdhpe hsc core 2

8/13/2019 Pdhpe Hsc Core 2

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Core 2

Directional terms:

Superior: towards the head

Inferior: towards the feet

Anterior: towards the front

Posterior: towards the back

Medial: towards the midline of the body

Lateral: towards the side of the body

Proximal: towards the bodies mass

Distal: away from the bodies mass


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Types of bones-

Long Bones- long shaft wth bulding or flared ends. They have a hollow shaft inside them filled withbone marrow. They are weight bearing levers. (e.g. tibia femur, humerus)

Short Bones- Compact bone that is rounded and irregular in shape. They allow for fine motormovements and con withstand heavy impacts. (e.g. carpals, tarsals)

Flat Bones- Consists of spongy bone surrounded by a flat plate of compact bone. They work to prtectinternal organs and provide attatchment sites for larger sketetal muscles. (e.g. ribs, pelvis, skull,scapula)

Irregular Bones- Various shaped and sized bones that cannot be classified in any other category.(e.g. vertebrae)


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Types of joints-

Immovable (fibrous) joints: These joints occur where the bones are fused together so that nomoverment is possible (e.g. bones of the skull and pelvis)

Slighty moveable (cartilagenous) joints: These joints allow slight movement only and havve a toughlayer of cartilage beween the bones (e.g. the joints between vertebrae)

Freely moveable (synovial) joints: These joints allow free movement in one or a number ofdirections. The majority of joints in our body are synovial (e.g. hip, shoulder, knee and elbow)

Structures of a synovial joint-

Ligaments- fibrous bands that join bone to bone, they stabilise joints by restraining excessivemovement and control the directions or length of movement.

Tendons- inelastice cords of tissue that attatchment muscle to bone. Joints are strengthened bymuscle tendons that extend over a joint.

Synovial fluid- acts as a lubricant which keeps surfaces from grinding on each other. It alsoprodivdes nutrients to the cartilage.

Hyaline cartialge- hyaline cartilage coats the end of the bones in synovial joints, this cushions thebones and allows them the slide past each other. It is the reason that the end of bones shine.

Joint Actions-

Flexion: angle of a joint is decreased

Extension: the angle of a joint is increased

Adbuction: movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

Adduction: movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

Rotation: Turning a joint around its horizontal axis

Circumduction: circular movement of a body part

Pronation: turning the hand so the palm faces downwards

Supination: turning of the hand so that the palm faces upwards

Dorsiflexion: movement of the ankle so that the toes point upwards

Plantarflexion: movement of the toes so that they point downwards

Inversion: Rotation of the foot to make the sole of the foot face inwards

Eversion: Rotation of the foot to make the sole of the foot face outwards


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Muscle actions

Agonist- prime mover in an action, it is the muscle that contracts

Antagonist- muscle that has to relax in order for the agonist to contract

Stabiliser- muscles that act at a joint to stabilise it, these muscles shorten very little amount givingthe major muscles a fixed base

Types of muscle Contractions

Concentric- during this contraction the muscle shortens causing movement of a joint

Eccentric- during this contraction the muscle lengthens whilst still under tension

Isometric- during this contraction the muscle fibres activate and create force but the muscle length

does not change.


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Respiratory system- respiration is the process by which the body takes oxygen and removes carbondioxide.

Inspiration- this movement increases the volume of the chest cavity, decreasing the air pressueinside the lungs. In respone air from outside the body rushes into this low pressure site.

Expiration- the lungs return to resting position drecreasing the volume of the lungs. Air is thenforced out.

Gaseous Transfer: gaseoustransfer happens between theaveoli and the capillaries. Thegases oxygen and Carbon dioxidemove from areas ofconcentration to try spread out.This change in concentrations

moves the oxygen from the air tothe exygen depleted blood. Andmove the CO2 from the oxygendepleted blood back into thelungs to be expired.


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Systemic circulation: systemic circulation istheflow of blood from the heart to the bodyand back.

Pulmonary circulation: pulmonary

circulation is the flow of blood from theheart to the lungs and back.

Blood Pressure: blood pressure refers to theforce exerted by blood on the walls of bloodvessels. Te flow and pressure of blood in thearteries rise with each contraction of theheart and falls when it relaxes.

Systolic pressure: the highest pressure

recorded

Diastolic pressure: the lowest pressurerecorded

WHAT ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS INFLUENCE MOVEMENT EFFICIENCY?

Components of physical fitness Health related components

- Cardiorespiratory fitness: the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to all parts of thebody.

- Muscular endurance: the ability of your muscles to contract repeatedly without fatigue.- Strength: the ability to exert force in order to overcome resistance.- Flexibility: the range of movement around a joint.- Body composition: the proportion of fat versus lean tissue in the body.Skill related components

- Power: combination of strength and speed. A powerful person can complete a strength taskquickly.

- Reaction time: the time it takes to respond to a stimulus.- Coordination: the ability to use the senses to gather information, send it to the brain and to then

produce the right movement.- Balance: the ability to maintain a stable body position whilst either stationary or moving.- Agility: the ability to change direction quickly.- Speed: the ability to move from point A to point B quickly.

Measurements of health related physical fitness. - Cardiorespiratory endurance can be measured by the multi stage fitness test. It tests the ability of

the muscles to utilise oxygen that has been breathed during exercise.


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- Muscular strength can be tested using the grip strength dynamometer to determine the hand andforearm strength.

- Muscular endurance can be tested using a series of push ups.- Flexibility of the legs and lower back can be measured by the sit and reach test.- Body composition can be measured by the skin fold test.

Measurements of skill related physical fitness.- Power can be measured by the standing long jump test which measures the power in the leg.- Agility can be measured by the utilisation of the Illinois Agility Run.- Coordination is measured by the hand wall ball toss.- Balance is measured by the stork stand, the balance in a stationary position.- Reaction time can be measured using the ruler test.- Speed can be measured by a 50m sprint.

HOW ARE BIOMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES REFLECTED IN THE WAY WE MOVE?

Motion Linear Motion

- When a body and all parts connected to it travel the same distance in the same direction and atthe same speed.

Angular Motion

- Movement about an axis of rotation. the axis of rotation is an imaginary line about which a bodypart of a body rotates.

General Motion

- A combination of linear and angular motion.Distance

- The length of the path taken when a body moves from one point to another.

Displacement

- The movement of a body from one location to another in a particular direction.Speed

- The rate at which a body moves from one place to another. The average speed can be calculated asfollows:

Speed = Distance

Time

Velocity

- Equal to displacement divided by time.


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Velocity = Displacement

Time

- Used for calculations where the object does not travel in a straight line.Acceleration

- The rate at which velocity changes in a given amount of time.Momentum

- The quantity of motion that a body possesses.- It is a product of mass and velocity and is expressed in kilograms per metre/second.

Force - Force is something that causes a change in state. It could be a push or a pull.- Force = mass x accelerationHow the body applies force

- Internal forces are those that develop within the body; that is the contraction of a muscle ormuscle group, causing the angle of a joint to decrease.

- External forces come from outside the body and act on it in one way or another. Gravity acts onthe body and prevents it from leaving the ground.

- Applied forces are those that are supplied to surfaces. As this happens a similar force opposes it,this is known as a reaction force. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

How does the body absorb force?

- Prevention of injuries.- Athletes prepare for impact by placing the shock absorbing joints in extension but not in a locked

position.- The position of the limbs provides more distance to absorb the force compared to the flexed

position. When contact occurs, extended joints flex due to the force of impact and immediatelyabsorb that force.

- Force is gradually reduced by eccentric contraction of the extensors.- Force of impact is distributed over either a greater time or area of the body or both.Application of force on an object

- Objects with greater mass require larger forces to act upon them in order to produce the samemovement as an object with a smaller mass.

Balance and stability Centre of gravity

- The point around n object that is completely balanced.- Objects of a regular shape- COG is in the middle.- During movement our COG also moves.


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- In order to be most stable our COG must be inside our body. Also COG lower to the groundincreases stability.

Base of support

- The larger the base of support the greater the stability of the object.

- It is the amount of ground that supports you.

pdhpe hsc core 2

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