pdi international 2011

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Wavestar ™ pdu

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Neutral Current Reduction Module: Triplen Trap

ADVANCED SYSTEM PROTECTION FROM NEUTRAL CURRENTS

Harmonic Heating: A Smoking Gun Harmonics in today’s office power systems burn contacts, melt insulation, corrupt digital signals with electrical noise and cause intermittent surges and interruptions that plague data center managers and facility engineers alike. The electrical systems of yesterday’s office buildings were not designed to support today’s ever growing electronic office. Most of the plug loads contain switch mode power supplies (SMPS) drawing non-sinusoidal current, which overload building wiring and cause premature transformer failure. PDI’s Triplen Trap reduces the negative effects of non-sinusoidal current.

Reduce Neutral Currents to Withstand Non-Linear Loads Phase currents in a three phase system combine on the

neutral conductor where the current can be as high as 1.73 times the phase current. If the phase currents are close to full load, the neutral conductor will be overloaded. This is especially true in older buildings where the neutral conductor was rated for the same ampacity as the phase conductors. Triplens are the third order harmonics (3rd, 9th, 15th, 21st…) generated by SMPS. Triplens flow between the neutral conductor and the distribution transformer in search of a low

impedance return path. PDI’s Neutral Current Reduction Module provides the triplen currents with a new return path through the Triplen Trap. Connected to the three phases and the neutral conductors in the building wiring, the Triplen Trap becomes the low impedance return path for the triplen currents in the neutral conductor. Designed for retrofits or upgrades to existing buildings, the Triplen Trap does not require removal of transformers or disconnection of power to the loads. Connected in parallel with the building’s electrical system, the Triplen Trap reduces neutral harmonic currents by at least 67% (see table, reverse side).

DistributionTransformer

N225A

Distribution Panelboard

Non-FerrousConduit

Triplen Trap

Load

G

Triplen Trap System Configuration

poWerpak™ 1000 pdu

triplen trap

J-comm ™ bcms Wavestar ™ bcms

Wavestar ™ rpp global maintenance bypass Wavestar™ static transfer sWitch qWiksWitch™ redundant poWer

cables

creating the perfect wave

PDI WaveStar™ StaticTransfer Switch

LOW INRUSH TRANSFER UTILIZING THE

PDI VOLT SECOND SYNCHRONIZATION (VSS) METHOD

Introduction

One of the limiting factors in applying static transfer switch-es (STS) in mission critical facilities has been the inabilityof the electrical infrastructures to withstand the transformerinrush when switching occurs on the primary (or 480 volt)side of the transformer. Inrush currents can reach as high as10-12 times the transformer rating, causing breakers andmolded case switches in the STS (or devices upstream) totrip, creating an outage in the facility.

PDI’s patented Volt Second Synchronization (VSS) transferalgorithm controls magnetic inrush current in transformerloads and limits it to 1.5 times the rated current. The transferoutage time and the waveform distortions during transfershave an effect on non-linear loads that are connected to thesecondary side of the transformer. Short transfer outagetimes and waveform peak conservation algorithms are nec-essary for any STSs that feed non-linear loads.

Typically, non-linear loads, servers, and other computersuse Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) which generatenon-linear load currents. The SMPS receives AC power fromthe transformer and generates DC power for the internallogic. SMPS only draw power from the peaks of the inputpower waveforms; RMS values are associated with linearloads and evaluations based on linear RMS loads will notprovide accurate data for evaluation of SMPS applications.

To conserve all voltage waveform peaks, the transformeroutage time of each phase must be short enough to assurethat no peaks are lost. Since SMPS generally use singlephase power, each individual phase must maintain power atthe waveform peaks.

There are four methods of achieving low transformer saturation(inrush) currents when the transformer is connected to theload bus of an STS. These methods are as follows:

• Phase Delay Method (referred to as phase displacement method)

• Volt Second Balance Method• Volt Second Wave Shaping Method

(with RMS conservation)• PDI Volt Second Synchronization (VSS) Method

(with Peak conservation)

Phase Delay Method

This method measures the half cycle phase delay from thetime of the disconnect from one source to the reconnectionof the other source with approximately the same half cycledelay; this will maintain volt second continuity.

When transferring from one source to the other when theconnecting source lags the disconnect source, there is adirect relationship between the size of the phase shift andthe length of the outage.

• If the source phase shifts are small, the transfer outageis of short duration.

• If the source phase shifts are large, the transfer outageis of long duration.

The transfer outage time of at least one phase can exceed 15Ms, depending on the source phase shift and detect time.When the connecting source leads the disconnectingsource, the transfer outage is large at small phase angles.

This method is simple to implement but does not supportSMPS very well.

Volt Second Balancing Method

This method determines the volt seconds applied to themagnetic load by the disconnecting source, and determinesthe volt seconds that will be supplied by the connectingsource. The volt seconds applied to the magnetic load cannot exceed the maximum rated volt seconds.

This basic algorithm must be optimized to obtain thedesired waveform during the transfer outage.

The Volt Second Wave Shaping Method (with RMS conser-vation) and PDI Volt Second Synchronization (VSS) Method(with Peak conservation), described below, are two separateand distinct solutions to optimize the limitations of the VoltSecond Balancing Method.

vss 9/06

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c l i c k b r o c h u r e

powerwave bus system™


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modular data center™


i Conm o d u l a r d a t a c e n t e r

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bcms hub


n e x t

r e t u r n t o i n t r o

b a c k t o c o n t e n t s

b a c k t o s e c t i o n i n d e x

PowerCube™ transformers

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Standard Product Features

RATINGS:

kVA Ratings: 15-300 kVA

K Factor: K20

Voltage Compensation Taps: Four (4), 2_%

FCBN

Two (2), 2_% FCAN

Input: 3-phase, 3 wire plus ground

Input Voltage @ 50Hz: 415 or 380V

@ 60Hz: 600, 480 or 208V

Output: 3-phase, 4 wire plus ground

Output Voltage @ 50 Hz: 415/240 or 380/220V

@ 60 Hz: 600, 480, or 208/120V

Harmonic Distortion: none added

Magnetic Field Strength: <0.1 gauss at 1.5 feet

(consult factory for other ratings)

FEATURES:

Copper Wound Construction

Thermal Warning and Shutdown Sensors

Operating Efficiency: 98% typical

200% Rated Neutral for Non-Linear Loads

Class R 220∞C Insulation

Dual Electrostatically Shielded

Common Mode Attenuation: -120 dB

Transverse Mode Attenuation: -30dB/dec.

Single Point Grounding

UL Listed, CSA Certified

ENCLOSURE:

Drip-proof NEMA 1

Removable Front, Side and Rear Panels

Natural Convection Cooling

OPERATING CONDITIONS:

Operating Temperature: ambient 0°C to 40°C

Storage Temperature: ambient 10°C to +40°C

Relative Operating Humidity: 90% non-condensing

60 Hz Operating Range: 57-63 Hz


PowerCube

tm

Technical Guide

Optional Features

K1, K13 Rated Transformer

2, 3 or 4 Output Quad-Wye Harmonic Cancellation

Transient Suppression Network

Lightning Arrestor

Surge Suppressor

PDI's PowerCube™ High Efficiency Power Quality Transformer

h i g h e f f i c i e n c y

tm


c l i c k t e c h g u i d e

medium voltage transformers & magnetics

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triplen trap

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Neutral Current Reduction Module: Triplen Trap

ADVANCED SYSTEM PROTECTION FROM NEUTRAL CURRENTS

Harmonic Heating: A Smoking Gun Harmonics in today’s office power systems burn contacts, melt insulation, corrupt digital signals with electrical noise and cause intermittent surges and interruptions that plague data center managers and facility engineers alike. The electrical systems of yesterday’s office buildings were not designed to support today’s ever growing electronic office. Most of the plug loads contain switch mode power supplies (SMPS) drawing non-sinusoidal current, which overload building wiring and cause premature transformer failure. PDI’s Triplen Trap reduces the negative effects of non-sinusoidal current.

Reduce Neutral Currents to Withstand Non-Linear Loads Phase currents in a three phase system combine on the

neutral conductor where the current can be as high as 1.73 times the phase current. If the phase currents are close to full load, the neutral conductor will be overloaded. This is especially true in older buildings where the neutral conductor was rated for the same ampacity as the phase conductors. Triplens are the third order harmonics (3rd, 9th, 15th, 21st…) generated by SMPS. Triplens flow between the neutral conductor and the distribution transformer in search of a low

impedance return path. PDI’s Neutral Current Reduction Module provides the triplen currents with a new return path through the Triplen Trap. Connected to the three phases and the neutral conductors in the building wiring, the Triplen Trap becomes the low impedance return path for the triplen currents in the neutral conductor. Designed for retrofits or upgrades to existing buildings, the Triplen Trap does not require removal of transformers or disconnection of power to the loads. Connected in parallel with the building’s electrical system, the Triplen Trap reduces neutral harmonic currents by at least 67% (see table, reverse side).

DistributionTransformer

N225A

Distribution Panelboard

Non-FerrousConduit

Triplen Trap

Load

G

Triplen Trap System Configuration



c l i c k d r a w i n g s

wavestar™ pdu series

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Standard Product Features

RATINGS:

kVA Ratings: 15-300 kVA

K20 Rated Transformer

Class R 220°C Insulation

Input: 3 phase, 3 wire plus ground

Input Voltage @ 50 Hz: 415 or 380V

@ 60 Hz: 600, 480 or 208V

Output: 3 phase, 4 wire plus ground

Output Voltage @ 50 Hz: 415/240 or 380/220V

@ 60 Hz: 600, 480 or 208/120V

Six (6) Compensation Taps (4FCBN, 2FCAN)

Crest Factor: (K rated) 3.14

FEATURES:

84 Pole Positions

Hinged Panelboard Covers

Door Locks

Dual Electrostatically Shielded

Copper Wound Construction

Thermal Warning and Shutdown Sensors

Natural Convection Cooling

200% Rated Neutral Conductor

Summary Alarm

Input Molded Case Circuit Breaker

Individual Circuit Landing Tray

Common Mode Attenuation: -120 dB

Transverse Mode Attenuation: -30 dB/dec.

Operating Efficiency: 98% typical

UL Listed, CSA Certified

ENCLOSURE:

NEMA 1

Removable Front, Side and Rear Panels

OPERATING CONDITIONS:

Operating Temperature: ambient 0°C to 40°C

Storage Temperature: ambient 10°C to +40°C



PowerPak PDU Technical Guide

Optional Features

Quad-Wye Harmonic Cancellation Transformer

Branch Circuit Monitoring

Input J Box

Transient Suppression Network

Transient Suppression Plate

Lightning Arrestor

Surge Suppressor

Building Alarm Delay/Or Shutdown

Overvoltage/Undervoltage Shutdown

Phase Rotation Automatic Shutdown

Ground Fault Interrupt

Remote Emergency Power Off (REPO) Buttons

Subfeed Circuit Breakers

Branch Circuit Breakers

Distribution Panelboards with Main Circuit Breakers

Output Power Distribution Cables

Floor Stands

TP-1 Transformers

WaveStar™ Monitor



c l i c k s p e c i f i c a t i o n s

wavestar™ powerhub™ pdu series

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powerpak™ 1000 series

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14 ways to raise your

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q

Jcomm™ bcms

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wavestar™ BCMs graphiC Monitor

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BRANCH CIRCUIT MONITORING SYSTEM (BCMS)

TECHNICAL GUIDE

PDI’ S BCMS With today’s high demand on electrical power reliability the need for load level monitoring is a must. PDI’s Branch Circuit Monitoring System (BCMS) measures and reports the current of each individual panelboard circuit allowing for proactive management of every device in your facility. Communicating via Modbus; BCMS data can be custom con�gured within your Power Management System to report, record, or alarm important load information. Available as a factory installed option to many of PDI’s vast line of distribution system. In kit form it can be retro�tted in to most existing PDI or customer supplied distribution systems .

BCMS Applications Power Demand Cost Allocation;

Billing Purposes for Colocation Facilities Departmental Cost Accounting

Preventive Maintenance;

Balancing of Loads to Prevent System Overload Individual Circuit Overload Protection

BCMS Ordering Information Model Rating Application BCMS7530 30 amps ¾” on center

breakers BCMS7560 60 amps ¾” on center

breakers BCMS1030 30 amps 1” on center breakers BCMS1060 60 amps 1” on center breakers

T ECHNICAL DATA Single BCMS Communication Module can monitor up to (2) –42 circuit panelboards

Up to (10) BCMS Communication Modules can be networked or daisy chained for simpli�ed installation

Available in ¾” or 1” on center panelboard branch circuit designs; adaptable to most major brands

Registered to UL1959, UL67, and NFPA 70 stds.




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wavestar™ BcMs FOr iec Panels


wavestar™ rPP series

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global maintenance bypass cabinets

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static transfer switch: wavestar™

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qwikswitch™ single phase

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redundant power

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cables

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PDI, 4200 Oakleys Court, Richmond, Virginia 23223

March 10, 2004 Cables. doc

UL LISTED CABLES AND BREAKERS

FLEXIBILITY AND RELIABILITY WITH FACTORY TESTED OUTPUT DISTRIBUTION CABLES In 1990, Article 300-11 and 351-8 of the National Electrical Code were changed and now require that non-UL listed cables to be secured to the floor. PDI cables meet or exceed the criteria outlined by UL and the national Electric code.

CABLE DATA - NEMA Identification No. Service Breaker Wire Conduit Weight

Cable Vendor Volts Amps Phase Poles Qty Size Size per ft H25403 25403 600 30 3 3 5 10 ¾ 0.9 5-15R1 5261 120 15 1 1 3 12 ½ 0.6 5-15R2 5262 120 15 1 1 3 12 ½ 0.6 5-15R4 5262 120 15 1 1 3 12 ½ 0.6 5-20R1 5361 120 20 1 1 3 12 ½ 0.6 5-20R2 5362 120 20 1 1 3 12 ½ 0.6 5-20R4 5362 120 20 1 1 3 12 ½ 0.6 5-30R1 9308 120 30 1 1 3 10 ½ 0.6 5-50R1 9360 120 50 1 1 3 6 ¾ 0.9 6-15R1 5661 208 15 1 2 3 12 ½ 0.6 6-15R2 5662 208 15 1 2 3 12 ½ 0.6 6-15R4 5662 208 15 1 2 3 12 ½ 0.6 6-20R1 5461 208 20 1 2 3 12 ½ 0.6 6-20R2 5462 208 20 1 2 3 12 ½ 0.6 6-20R4 5462 208 20 1 1 3 12 ½ 0.6 6-30R1 9330 208 30 1 2 3 10 ½ 0.6

14-20R1 8410 208/120 20 1 2 4 12 ½ 0.6 14-30R1 9430 208/120 30 1 2 4 10 ½ 0.6 14-50R1 9450 208/120 50 1 2 4 6 1 1.2 L5-15R1 4710 120 15 1 1 3 12 ½ 0.6 L5-15R2 4700 120 15 1 1 3 12 ½ 0.6 L5-20R1 2310 120 20 1 1 3 12 ½ 0.6 L5-30R1 2610 120 30 1 1 3 10 ½ 0.6 L6-15R1 4560 208 15 1 2 3 12 ½ 0.6 L6-15R2 4550 208 15 1 2 3 12 ½ 0.6 L6-20R1 2320 208 20 1 2 3 12 ½ 0.6 L6-30R1 2620 208 30 1 2 3 10 ½ 0.6 L14-20R1 2410 208/120 20 1 2 4 12 ½ 0.6 L14-30R1 2710 208/120 30 1 2 4 10 ½ 0.6 L15-20R1 2420 208 20 3 3 4 12 ½ 0.6 L15-30R1 2720 208 30 3 3 4 10 ½ 0.6 L21-20R1 2510 208/120 20 3 3 5 12 ½ 0.6 L21-30R1 2810 208/120 30 3 3 5 10 ¾ 0.9


white papers

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harmonic distortion & non-linear loads

quad-wye harmoniccancellation

cbema curve reissued

synchronization algorithms

harmonic filters & non-linear loads

triplen harmonic &non-linear loads

k-rated transformers & non-linear loads

creating the perfect wave

PDI WaveStar™ StaticTransfer Switch

LOW INRUSH TRANSFER UTILIZING THE

PDI VOLT SECOND SYNCHRONIZATION (VSS) METHOD

Introduction

One of the limiting factors in applying static transfer switch-es (STS) in mission critical facilities has been the inabilityof the electrical infrastructures to withstand the transformerinrush when switching occurs on the primary (or 480 volt)side of the transformer. Inrush currents can reach as high as10-12 times the transformer rating, causing breakers andmolded case switches in the STS (or devices upstream) totrip, creating an outage in the facility.

PDI’s patented Volt Second Synchronization (VSS) transferalgorithm controls magnetic inrush current in transformerloads and limits it to 1.5 times the rated current. The transferoutage time and the waveform distortions during transfershave an effect on non-linear loads that are connected to thesecondary side of the transformer. Short transfer outagetimes and waveform peak conservation algorithms are nec-essary for any STSs that feed non-linear loads.

Typically, non-linear loads, servers, and other computersuse Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) which generatenon-linear load currents. The SMPS receives AC power fromthe transformer and generates DC power for the internallogic. SMPS only draw power from the peaks of the inputpower waveforms; RMS values are associated with linearloads and evaluations based on linear RMS loads will notprovide accurate data for evaluation of SMPS applications.

To conserve all voltage waveform peaks, the transformeroutage time of each phase must be short enough to assurethat no peaks are lost. Since SMPS generally use singlephase power, each individual phase must maintain power atthe waveform peaks.

There are four methods of achieving low transformer saturation(inrush) currents when the transformer is connected to theload bus of an STS. These methods are as follows:

• Phase Delay Method (referred to as phase displacement method)

• Volt Second Balance Method• Volt Second Wave Shaping Method

(with RMS conservation)• PDI Volt Second Synchronization (VSS) Method

(with Peak conservation)

Phase Delay Method

This method measures the half cycle phase delay from thetime of the disconnect from one source to the reconnectionof the other source with approximately the same half cycledelay; this will maintain volt second continuity.

When transferring from one source to the other when theconnecting source lags the disconnect source, there is adirect relationship between the size of the phase shift andthe length of the outage.

• If the source phase shifts are small, the transfer outageis of short duration.

• If the source phase shifts are large, the transfer outageis of long duration.

The transfer outage time of at least one phase can exceed 15Ms, depending on the source phase shift and detect time.When the connecting source leads the disconnectingsource, the transfer outage is large at small phase angles.

This method is simple to implement but does not supportSMPS very well.

Volt Second Balancing Method

This method determines the volt seconds applied to themagnetic load by the disconnecting source, and determinesthe volt seconds that will be supplied by the connectingsource. The volt seconds applied to the magnetic load cannot exceed the maximum rated volt seconds.

This basic algorithm must be optimized to obtain thedesired waveform during the transfer outage.

The Volt Second Wave Shaping Method (with RMS conser-vation) and PDI Volt Second Synchronization (VSS) Method(with Peak conservation), described below, are two separateand distinct solutions to optimize the limitations of the VoltSecond Balancing Method.

Page 1vss 9/06wavestar™ sts

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icon modular data center™

Wavestar ™ Bcms for iec Panelsicon modular data center™Products & system offerings PoWerWave Bus system™

Wavestar ™ Bcms for iec PanelsProducts & system offerings

Wavestar™ static transfer sWitch

Wavestar™ static transfer sWitchPoWerWave Bus system™

PoWerWave Bus system™ icon modular data center™ Wavestar™ static transfer sWitchProducts & system offerings Wavestar ™ Bcms for iec Panels

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PoWerWave Bus system™ icon modular data center™ Wavestar™ static transfer sWitchProducts & system offerings Wavestar ™ Bcms for iec Panels

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triplen trap

c l i c k f o r :

t y p i c a l o u t l i n e s Triplen Trap outline

o n e l i n e d i a g r a m sTriplen Trap oneline

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powerpak pduc l i c k f o r :

t y p i c a l o u t l i n e s 30-150kVA Qty 2 panelboards

200-300kVA Qty 2 panelboards

30-150kVA Qty 1-8 100A-225A Subfeed Breakers

200-300kVA Qty 1-8 100A-225A Subfeed Breakers

30-150kVA Qty 4 panelboards ~ 1 Side Facing Sidecar

200-300kVA Qty 4 panelboards ~ 1 Side Facing Sidecar

30-150kVA Qty 4 panelboards ~ 1 Front & Side Facing Sidecar

200-300kVA Qty 4 panelboards ~ 1 Front & Side Facing Sidecar

a c c e s s o r y d r a w i n g s M4

WaveStar™ Monitor

Contractor Interface Board

4 Wire J Box (480V)

5 Wire J Box (208V)

Floorstands

o n e l i n e d i a g r a m s Standard One Line with Distribution

PP9000/2 One Line with Distribution



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branch circuit monitoring

c l i c k f o r :

t y p i c a l o u t l i n e sFour Panelboard RPP with BCMS

Two Panelboard PDU with BCMS

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rppc l i c k f o r :

t y p i c a l o u t l i n e / c o n f i g u r a t i o n 24 x 24 Free Standing

24 x 24 Free Standing with BCMS

24 x 38 Free Standing with BCMS

Wall Mounted RPP

Wall Mounted RPP with BCMS

Wall Mounted Space Saver

Mission Critical Remote Power Panel

a c c e s s o r y d r a w i n g s Floorstand

o n e l i n e d i a g r a m s 1-4 Inputs with 1-4 Panelboards

1 Input with 1-4 Panelboards

Mission Critical RPPnext

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c l i c k f o r :

t y p i c a l o u t l i n e s 150-600A WaveStar STS

800A WaveStar STS

1000A-1200A WaveStar STS

a c c e s s o r y d r a w i n g Floorstand

o n e l i n e d i a g r a m s Static Transfer Switch

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redundant power

c l i c k f o r :

M a n u a l d u a l p r i m a r y p d u M d p S e r i e s

w a v e S t a r ™ S t S / p d u S S p S e r i e s

w a v e S t a r ™ S t S / p d u S S S S e r i e s

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redundant powerc l i c k f o r :

M a n u a l d u a l p r i m a r y p d u M d p S e r i e s

t y p i c a l o u t l i n e s 30-150kVA Qty 2 Panelboards

200-300kVA Qty 2 Panelboards



a c c e s s o r y d r a w i n g s MD Mimic Panel

Floorstand

o n e l i n e d i a g r a m s Manual Dual Primary System

b a c k

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redundant power

b a c k

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c l i c k f o r :

w a v e S t a r ™ S t S / p d u S S p S e r i e s

t y p i c a l o u t l i n e s 600A & below WaveStar™ SSP Primary System

800A WaveStar™ SSP Primary System

SSP Primary PDUs with I-line panel boards

SSP Primary 100-300kVA PDU with I-line panel boards


o n e l i n e d i a g r a m s WaveStar™ SSP Primary Switch System

redundant power

b a c k

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c l i c k f o r :

w a v e S t a r ™ S t S / p d u S S S S e r i e s

t y p i c a l o u t l i n e s 600A & below WaveStar™ STS/PDU Secondary System

800A WaveStar™ STS/PDU Secondary System

600A & below WaveStar™ STS/PDU Secondary System w/ I-Line Panel


o n e l i n e d i a g r a m s Static Transfer Switch Secondary System

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qwikswitch™

c l i c k f o r :

o p e r a t o r ' s m a n u a l sRack QwikSwitch manual

Surface mount QwikSwitch manual

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c l i c k f o r :

s p e c i f i c a t i o n s 100-800A STS Specifications

1200-4000A STS Specifications

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redundant power

c l i c k f o r :

s p e c i f i c a t i o n sADMD specifications

Primary or secondary system specifications

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pdi international 2011

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