peace at paris. treaties of noteworthiness: treaty of brest-litovsk treaty between germany and...
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Peace at Paris
Treaties of Noteworthiness:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty between Germany and Russia in March 1918
(Trotsky was in charge) (9 weeks of negotiations and stalling). Germany was advancing into Russian territory and
Russia couldn’t pay enough attention to the war.This treaty allowed Russia to pull out of WWI and
ceased fighting between Russia and the Central PowersRussia had to give up land in Finland, Poland, Ukraine,
and the Baltic region.This treaty gets thrown out with the Treaty of Versailles
and the lands were declared independent.
Treaty of Versailles
Established League of Nations (L.o.N.)Article 88– Germany could not make
international agreements without L.o.N approvalPunished Germany
Land given to her neighbors (Rhineland to France)
Saar, Memel, and Danzig given to L.o.N.All Colonies taken awayRussian land given back to Russia, except for
Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Treaty of Versailles, cont.Germany’s punishment, cont.
Armed forces reductions100,000 man army (smaller than fire
dept.)Six battleshipsNo submarines or air force
Western Germany (Rhineland) demilitarized
Forbidden to unite with Austria
Treaty of Versailles, cont.
Germany’s Punishment, cont.Clause 231 – The “War Guilt” ClauseReparations 132 billion gold marks over 42 years This is equal to 3,142,857,142 billion marks per year.
Question: If you were a German, what would be your reaction to the Treaty of Versailles? Why?
1. Describe exactly what you see – look at the position and gestures of each character. What do they imply? What can we infer?
2. Who produced this source? What is the origin?
3. When was it produced, and what is the significance of that date?
4. What does the cartoon tell you about German reactions towards the Treaty? What is the purpose of the cartoon?
5. What is the value? How reliable is this source to an historian studying the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on the Germans?
6. What are the limitations of this source for that same historian?
Although Germany had the choice to accept or reject the Versailles peace proposals, this political cartoon from the German magazine “Simpliccimus” in June 1919, implies that it was already condemned to death. The principal judges and executioners (from left to right), are Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George.
Consequences of Treaty of Versailles
Spiraling violenceHyperinflationGermany in chaosGrowing anger and
hostility towards the allies
Treaties of Saint GermainSeparate treaty with Austria
Article 80- Must have approval from L.o.NAustria and Hungary split
Reparation paymentsReduction of armed forcesLand losses to
Czechoslovakia YugoslaviaItalyPolandRomania
Treaty of Trianon- treaty with Hungary
Hungary gave up 2/3 of it’s territory.41% of the population no longer
Hungarian.Broken into territory for Serbia,
Czechoslovakia, Romania, and YugoslaviaAllies made all negotiations and decisions
against Hungary.Some argue that Hungary suffered the
most after the war.
Treaty of Neuilly- Treaty w/ Bulgaria
Bulgaria lost land to Greece and Turkey
War reparationsReduction of armed forces
Treaty of SevresDismantled the Ottoman EmpireRemoved most Ottoman lands
Only Turkey remained, but occupied by French, British, Greek, and Italian armies
Straits controlled by L.o.N.French Mandates: Syria and Lebanon British Mandates: Palestine, Iraq, and Trans-
JordanIndependence to Arabia
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
Warm Up Question: Which of the Central Powers was treated most harshly at the Paris Peace Conference? Why? Why did this country get targeted?
Treaty of Berlin: Treaty between the United States Congress and Central Powers (since the United States refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles.)
The Congress waited until Woodrow Wilson was voted out of office and replaced by Harding before they would finish the treaty (this was a major insult to Wilson)
Treaty was signed in 1921 (2 years after the war ended).The United States declared the war officially over.The US did not have to pay anything for any property
controlled by the US (war souvenirs like firearms, etc.)They wanted whatever rewards/benefits were agreed
upon in the Treaty of Versailles, Trianon, or Saint Germaine.
The Treaty said the US was not bound by the terms of the League of Nations.
Published in May, 1920 in the Daily Herald in England.
Question: What message was the cartoonist, Will Dyson, trying to convey?
OPVL this cartoon.
Postwar Crises
Spanish Influenza Pandemic1918-1920Worst pandemic in historyKilled 25 million worldwide
Postwar Crises, cont.
Polish invasion of Russia
Russian Civil WarAllies involvedWill Lenin honor new
boundaries?
Treaty of Riga (1921) Western Russia to Poland
Postwar Crises, cont.
Turkish revolution (1921)Mustapha Kemal (Ataturk) Drove out Greek army
Massacre at Smyrna1.4 million Greek refugees
Treaty of Sevres scrapped Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
returned European landsrecalled foreign troopsEstablished demilitarized zones
around straits
Question: What lessons might other countries glean from the Treaties of Riga and Lausanne?
Postwar Crises, cont.
ItalyAngry over Paris Conference
results“Mutilated Victory”
Fascist revolutionBenito Mussolini
Prime Minister in 1922
GermanyPolitical upheavalEconomic chaosStrengthening Nazi Party
Question: Why were the Italians upset at the results of the Paris Peace Conference?
Map Activity: Wrap it up. Use the blank maps to demonstrate where
the boundaries were created within each Treaty.
Make sure your map is clear and neat.
Make sure you color code your map with a key. Include:
All 9 treatiesThe Rhineland, Alsace Lorraine, Saar, and other divided
regionsThe Polish corridorThe divisions of the new territories