peace corps host country impact study the philippines

7/27/2019 Peace Corps Host Country Impact Study The Philippines

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B`` fec b` Utrntclfe F h`brontfbh-

[cscnrej nhi Wmnhhfhl

Jbst Ebuhtry Fopnet Utuiy

Yjc Wjfmfppfhcs

@fhnm [cpbrt prcpnrci ky tjc B``fec b` Utrntclfe Fh`brontfbh-

[cscnrej nhi Wmnhhfhl


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5

YNKMC B@ EBHYCHYU

MFUY B@ YNKMCU (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((9

MFUY B@ @FLS[CU (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((9

NEDHB\MCILCOCHYU ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((0

NE[BHVOU NHI IC@FHFYFBHU (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((7

Wrbacet Icsflh nhi Wurpbsc ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >7

Cvnmuntfbh @fhifhls ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >>

EJNWYC[ >1 FHY[BISEYFBH (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((>0

Knedlrbuhi ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >0

Yjc Wjfmfppfhcs Knsfe Ciuentfbh nhi Ycejhfenm Nssfstnhec Wrbacet ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >EJNWYC[ ;1 LBNM BHC @FHIFHLU (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((;3

@rcquchey b` Fhtcrnetfbh wftj Pbmuhtccrs ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;3

Wrbacet Netfvftfcs ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;0

Fhtchici Butebocs (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;6

Shfhtchici Butebocs ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9:

@netbrs N``cetfhl Wrbacet Wcr`bronhec ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 37

Untfs`netfbh wftj Butebocs ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 30

Ebopnrfsbh Lrbups ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 36

Uuoonry Lbnm Bhc (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

EJNWYC[ 51 LBNM Y\B @FHIFHLU((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1 BUF[W OCYJBIBMBLV (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((6


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9

MFUY B@ YNKMCU

Ynkmc >1 Huokcr nhi Yypc b` [cspbhichts1 Yjc Wjfmfppfhcs KCYN Wrbacet (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;;

Ynkmc ;1 Uuoonry b` Fhtcrvfcw ^ucstfbhs ky [cspbhicht Yypc ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6:

MFUY B@ @FLS[CU

@flurc >1 Yjcbry b` Ejnhlc `br tjc KCYN Wrbacet1 Yjc Wjfmfppfhcs ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >6

@flurc ;1 Knedlrbuhi b` Ebuhtcrpnrts nhi Kchc`fefnrfcs((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;5

@flurc 51 Cxpcrfchec Mcvcms b` Ebuhtcrpnrts- Utndcjbmicrs- nhi Ebopnrfsbh Kchc`fefnrfcs (((((( ;9

@flurc 91 @rcquchey b` Fhtcrnetfbh wftj Pbmuhtccr iurfhl \brd ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;3

@flurc 31 @rcquchey b` Fhtcrnetfbh wftj Pbmuhtccr butsfic \brd (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;0

@flurc 01 Yrnfhfhl [cecfvci ky Ebuhtcrpnrts nhi Kchc`fefnrfcs (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 57

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@flurc :1 Ebuhtcrpnrt Nsscssocht b` Uejbbm Ejnhlcs [cmntci tb Wrbacet Butebocs (((((((((((((((((( 55

@flurc 61 Kchc`fefnry Nsscssocht b` Uejbbm Ejnhlcs [cmntci tb Wrbacet Butebocs (((((((((((((((((( 59

@flurc >71 Ebuhtcrpnrt Nsscssocht b` Uustnfhnkfmfty nt tjc Uejbbm Mcvcm ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 53

@flurc >>1 Kchc`fefnry Nsscssocht b` Uustnfhnkfmfty nt tjc Uejbbm Mcvcm ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 50

@flurc >;1 Ebuhtcrpnrt Nsscssocht b` Jbw \cmm Ejnhlcs Oct Uejbbm Hccis ((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 5:

@flurc >51 Kchc`fefnry Nsscssocht b` Jbw \cmm Ejnhlcs Oct Uejbbm Hccis ((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 5:

@flurc >91 Ebuhtcrpnrt Nsscssocht b` Fhifvfiunm Ejnhlcs [cmntci tb Wrbacet Butebocs((((((((((( 9>

@flurc >31 Kchc`fefnry Nsscssocht b` Fhifvfiunm Ejnhlcs [cmntci tb Wrbacet Butebocs ((((((((((( 9>

@flurc >01 C``cetfvchcss b` Pbmuhtccrs \brd fh Kufmifhl Fhifvfiunm Enpnefty ((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9;

@flurc >:1 Kchc`fefnry Nsscssocht b` Uustnfhnkfmfty nt tjc Fhifvfiunm Mcvcm (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 99

@flurc >61 Cxtcht tb wjfej Ebuhtcrpnrts nhi Kchc`fefnrfcs Onfhtnfhci Ejnhlcs ((((((((((((((((((((((( 93

@flurc ;71 Ebuhtcrpnrt Nsscssocht b` jbw Butebocs Oct tjcfr Fhifvfiunm Hccis (((((((((((((((((((( 90

@flurc ;>1 Kchc`fefnry Nsscssocht b` jbw Butebocs Oct tjcfr Fhifvfiunm Hccis ((((((((((((((((((((( 91 Ebopnrfsbh b` Jbw KCYN Wrbacet Ejnhlcs Oct [cspbhicht Hccis ((((((((((((((((((((((( 09

@flurc 5;1 Ebopnrfsbh b` @netbrs N``cetfhl Ejnhlc fh tjc Uejbbm ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 03

@flurc 551 Ebopnrfsbh b` Untfs`netfbh Mcvcms(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0


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3

@flurc 5


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0

NEDHB\MCILCOCHYU>

Ucvcrnm pcbpmc nt Wcnec Ebrps"jcniqunrtcrs wcrc fhstruochtnm fh tjc wbrd b` tjc fopnet

cvnmuntfbh scrfcs( Yjrcc rclfbhnm prblrno nhi trnfhfhl nivfscrs- Knrknrn Krbwh- Ofejncm

OeEnkc- nhi Onrlnrct OeMnuljmfh- sjcpjcrici tjc stuifcs `rbo fhftfnm ebhecpt tb rcnmfty fhtjcfr rclfbhs(

Yjc fhtcrcst nhi suppbrt `rbo tjc Wcnec Ebrps stn`` fh tjc Wjfmfppfhcs wcrc erftfenm tb tjfs

chicnvbr( Bur sfhecrc npprcefntfbh fs cxtchici tb Ebuhtry Ifrcetbr Ubhfn Icrchbheburt4

Ifrcetbr b` Wrblrnoofhl nhi Yrnfhfhl Ejnrmcs Chefsb4 nhi Wrblrno Nssfstnht Nhyn Onybr- wjbcnrhci n Ocrftbrfbus Nwnri `rbo tjc Coknssy b` tjc Shftci Utntcs- Onhfmn- Wjfmfppfhcs- `br jcr

wbrd bh tjfs stuiy(

Yjc sueecss b` tjfs stuiy fs iuc umtfontcmy tb tjc wbrd b` Uchfbr [cscnrejcr Ir( Ycrcsn icLuzonh nhi jcr rcscnrej tcno `rbo Ic Mn Unmmc Shfvcrsfty- Onhfmn- wjb sdfmm`ummy cheburnlci

tjc pnrthcrs b` Wcnec Ebrps Pbmuhtccrs tb sjnrc tjcfr cxpcrfchecs nhi pcrspcetfvcs(

> Nmtjbulj tjfs stuiy wns n tcno c``brt fhvbmvfhl nmm ocokcrs b` tjc BUF[W stn``- Dcmmy @cmtnumt icscrvcs spcefnm

rceblhftfbh ns tjc stuiy mcni nhi prfonry nutjbr b` tjfs rcpbrt( Anhct Dcrmcy- BUF[Ws Ejfc` b` Cvnmuntfbh- fhftfntci

tjc stuiy wftj tjc pbst nhi scrvci ns tjc schfbr nivfsbr tb tjc prbacet( Acssfen Jwnhl prbvfici intn suppbrt- Abjh

Krynh ebpy/ciftci tjc rcpbrt- nhi BUF[W Ifrcetbr Entjryh M( Yjbrup rcvfcwci nhi onic sukstnhtfvc cifts tb tjc

stuiy(


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6


10/101

CZCESYFPC USOON[V

>7

Cvnmuntfbh Octjbibmbly

Yjfs rcpbrt fs knsci bh intn prbvfici ky ebuhtcrpnrts- kchc`fefnrfcs- stuichts- nhi stndcjbmicrs b`tjc KCYN Wrbacet iurfhl fhtcrvfcws wftj tjc rcscnrej tcno( Yjc stuiy fhemuici fhtcrvfcws wftj1

;< Ebuhtcrpnrts;: Kchc`fefnrfcs

93 Utuichts

;9 Jbst @nofmy ocokcrs

;5 Utndcjbmicrs

Fh niiftfbh tb fhtcrvfcwfhl mbenm pnrtfefpnhts wjb wbrdci wftj Pbmuhtccrs- tjc rcscnrej tcnonmsb fhtcrvfcwci tcnejcrs- prfhefpnms nhi stuichts fh sftcs tjnt jni nppmfci `br- kut jni hbt kcch

nssflhci n Pbmuhtccr( Yjc ebopnrfsbh lrbups fhemuici1

37 ebopnrfsbh lrbup kchc`fefnrfcs

9: ebopnrfsbh lrbup stuichts

Fh tbtnm- tjc stuiy rcnejci ;93 rcspbhichts fh ;0 eboouhftfcs(

Fhtcrvfcws wcrc ebhiuetci `rbo Hbvcokcr tb Icecokcr ;7>7( *Ucc Nppchifx > `br n `ummicserfptfbh b` tjc octjbibmbly( Wmcnsc ebhtnet BUF[W `br n ebpy b` tjc fhtcrvfcw qucstfbhhnfrc(&

Wrbacet Icsflh nhi Wurpbsc

Yjc purpbsc b` tjc KCYN Wrbacet fs tb kufmi tjc enpnefty b` tcnejcrs- stuichts nhi eboouhfty

ocokcrs tb niircss tjcfr ciuentfbhnm hccis nhi fopmcocht sustnfhnkmc sejbbm nhi eboouhfty/

knsci ciuentfbhnm ejnhlc(9 Yjc prbacet wns icsflhci tb rcspbhi tb eurrfeumuo ejnhlcs onhintciky tjc Wjfmfppfhcs Icpnrtocht b` Ciuentfbh *IcpCi&- nhi fs fopmcochtci ky tjc Wjfmfppfhcs

Icpnrtocht b` Ciuentfbh- tjc Wcnec Ebrps"Wjfmfppfhcs *WE"W& nhi tjc Wjfmfppfhc HntfbhnmPbmuhtccr Ucrvfecs Ebbrifhntfhl Nlchey *WHPUEN&(

Yjc Wcnec Ebrps Wjfmfppfhcs KCYN Wrbacet niircsscs hccis fh tjc `bmmbwfhl nrcns1

Foprbvc tjc tcnejfhl nhi eboouhfentfbh sdfmms b` tcnejcrs fh Chlmfsj

Foprbvc tjc Chlmfsj sdfmms b` stuichts

Fhercnsc tcnejcr neecss tb kbbds- fhstruetfbhnm rcsburecs nhi Chlmfsj tcnejfhl ontcrfnms

Utrchltjch tjc mfhdnlcs kctwcch sejbbms nhi eboouhftfcs tb fhtclrntc eboouhfty fssucsfhtb ciuentfbh

9 Fh`brontfbh bh tjc KCYN Wrbacet eftci fh Yjc Knsfe Ciuentfbh nhi Ycejhfenm Nssfstnhec Wrbacet Wmnh - Wcnec

Ebrps- Ucptcokcr- ;779(


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CZCESYFPC USOON[V

>>

Cvnmuntfbh @fhifhls

Yjc cvnmuntfbh `fhifhls `br tjc KCYN Wrbacet fhifentc tjnt tjc fhtchici lbnms b` tjc prbacet wcrcoct- nmtjbulj sustnfhfhl tjc butebocs n`tcr tjc Pbmuhtccrs mcnvc fs n ejnmmchlc( Bhc dcy rcsumt

wns uhpmnhhci- kut jfljmy pbsftfvc1 stuichts nhi tcnejcrs kbtj rcpbrtci n kcttcr stuicht/tcnejcr

rcmntfbhsjfp n`tcr wbrdfhl wftj n Pbmuhtccr(

\jfmc tjc rcpbrt prbvfics n ictnfmci nhnmysfs b` tjc stuiy `fhifhls- tjc dcy `fhifhls nrc mfstci

kcmbw1

Lbnm Bhc @fhifhls

Obst Wrbacet Netfvftfcs \crc Ebhsfstchtmy Fopmcochtci

Pbmuhtccrs fopmcochtci hfhc b` tjc twcmvc fhtchici prbacet netfvftfcs(

Pbmuhtccrs jni if``feumty fopmcochtfhl netfvftfcs icsflhci tb strchltjch tjc mfhdnlcskctwcch sejbbms nhi eboouhftfcs nhi fhtclrntc eboouhfty fssucs fhtb ciuentfbh

Pbmuhtccrs fopmcochtci tjrcc netfvftfcs butsfic tjc prbacet pmnh tjnt oct spcef`fe

mbenm hccis

Fhtchici Butebocs

Yrnfhfhl @beusci Wrfonrfmy bh Fhtcrnetfvc Ycnejfhl Octjbis

30# b` ebuhtcrpnrts nhi 5;# b` kchc`fefnrfcs rcecfvci trnfhfhl fh tcnejfhl octjbis

9># b` ebuhtcrpnrts rcecfvci trnfhfhl fh icvcmbpfhl emnssrbbo rcsburec ontcrfnms

50# b` kchc`fefnrfcs rcecfvci trnfhfhl hbt spcef`fci fh tjc prbacet pmnh *f(c( mfkrnryentnmblfhl br eboputcrs&

Uejbbm Enpnefty Kufmifhl \ns Mnrlcmy Nejfcvci

Obst butebocs sjbwci jflj rntcs b` ejnhlcb 60# b` ebuhtcrpnrts nhi 6;# b` kchc`fefnrfcs stntci tjnt stuicht ebh`fichec

nhi ebopctchec fh Chlmfsj foprbvci

b 65# b` ebuhtcrpnrts- 60# b` kchc`fefnrfcsnhi 3># b` stuichts stntci tjcsejbbms jni fhercnsci neecss tb emnssrbbo rcsburecs nhi kbbds

b 6;# b` ebuhtcrpnrts stntci stuicht rcnifhl eboprcjchsfbh foprbvcib :3# b` kchc`fefnrfcs nhi 57# b` ebuhtcrpnrts stntci stuicht ebh`fichec nhiebopctchec fh spcndfhl Chlmfsj wcrc `ummy sustnfhci

3

3[cspbhscs onrdci ns ebopmctcmy wcrc ebhsficrci `ummy sustnfhci(


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CZCESYFPC USOON[V

>;

b 9


13/101

CZCESYFPC USOON[V

>5

Shfhtchici Butebocs

Utuicht/tcnejcr [cmntfbhs Foprbvci

Yjc onabrfty b` stuichts cxpmnfhci tjnt tcnejcrs nrc `rfchimfcr nhi obrc npprbnejnkmcn`tcr wbrdfhl wftj tjc Pbmuhtccr( Yjc rcsumt jns kcch- neebrifhl tb stuichts- n kcttcrstuicht/tcnejcr rcmntfbhsjfp(

Utuicht Ucm`/ebh`fichec Fhercnsci

Yjc onabrfty b` ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtci tjnt stuichts jni sflhf`fenhtmyfhercnsci tjcfr scm`/ebh`fichec fh lchcrnm- hbt aust fh spcndfhl Chlmfsj(

Fhercnsci scm`/ ebh`fichec nhi scm` wbrtj mci stuichts tb tndc bh hcw ejnmmchlcs

Utuiy Jnkfts Foprbvci nhi Utuicht Obtfvntfbh Fhercnsci

37# b` stuichts stntci tjcy stuiy obrc nhi spcnd Chlmfsj obrc b`tch n`tcr wbrdfhl

wftj tjc Pbmuhtccr

Wntjwnys nhi Knrrfcrs tb Uueecss

@netbrs Ebhtrfkutfhl tb UueecssUejbbm nhi Eboouhfty1 ebbpcrntfbh kctwcch sejbbm niofhfstrntbrs nhi tcnejcrs

Pbmuhtccrs1 pcrsbhnm ejnrnetcrfstfes b` tjc Pbmuhtccrs *pcrsbhnmfty& nhi tjcfr wbrdjnkfts

@netbrs Jfhicrfhl Uueecss

Uejbbm nhi Eboouhfty1 mned b` ebbpcrntfbh `rbo bmicr tcnejcrs nhi hcw prfhefpnms

Pbmuhtccrs1b Wcrecfvci sjbrt mchltj b` tjc prbacet eyemc *twbycnrs&b Jcnvy wbrdmbni b` Pbmuhtccrs wjb wcrc b`tch tbb kusy wftj scebhinry

netfvftfcs

b Pbmuhtccrs mned b`prcpnrntfbh `br tjcfr wbrd nssflhocht1 wcnd mnhlunlcsdfmms nhi mned b` tcnejfhl cxpcrfchec

b Pbmuhtccrskcjnvfbr nhi fhnkfmfty tb niaust tb tjc mbenm @fmfpfhb nhi sejbbmeumturc

Untfs`netfbh wftj tjc Wrbacet \ns Obicrntc

30# b` ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtci tjcy wcrc vcry sntfs`fci wftj tjcejnhlcs4 9># wcrc sbocwjnt sntfs`fci

Icsfrc tb \brd wftj Nhbtjcr Pbmuhtccr

60# b` ebuhtcrpnrts nhi 65# b` kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtci tjcy wnht tb wbrd wftj

nhbtjcr Pbmuhtccr6:# b` stuichts fhifentci tjcy wnht tb wbrd wftj nhbtjcr Pbmuhtccr

@netbrs Mfoftfhl Uustnfhnkfmfty

9># b` ebuhtcrpnrts nhi 37# b` kchc`fefnrfcs hbtci mned b` `uhifhl ns n onabr `netbrmfoftfhl sustnfhnkfmfty kcenusc sejbbms ifi hbt jnvc tjc obhcy tb onfhtnfh tjcfr

tcnejfhl rcsburecs fh lbbi ebhiftfbh


14/101

CZCESYFPC USOON[V

>9

53# b` tjc kchc`fefnrfcs eftci n mned b` sejbbm pcrsbhhcm wftj tjc sdfmms nhi trnfhfhltb onfhtnfh tjc ejnhlcs kcenusc pcrsbhhcm trnfhci ky tjc Pbmuhtccrs mc`t tjc sejbbm

Mned b` eboouhfty mcnicrsjfp prcvchtci sustnfhnkfmfty *;# b` ebuhtcrpnrts- ;6# b` kchc`fefnrfcs nhi;># b` jbst `nofmy ocokcrs rcpbrtci n vcry pbsftfvc bpfhfbh b` Nocrfenhs

N`tcrfhtcrnetfhl wftj tjc Pbmuhtccrs-

b 9:# b`ebuhtcrpnrts rcpbrtci n obrc pbsftfvc bpfhfbh br n sbocwjnt obrcpbsftfvc bpfhfbh *57#& b` Nocrfenhs

b 30# b`kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtci n obrc pbsftfvc bpfhfbh br sbocwjnt obrc pbsftfvcbpfhfbh *97#& b` Nocrfenhs

b 90# b`jbst `nofmfcs jni n obrc pbsftfvc bpfhfbh br n sbocwjnt obrc pbsftfvcbpfhfbh *55#& b` Nocrfenhs

b 9:# b`stuichts jni n obrc pbsftfvc bpfhfbh br n sbocwjnt obrc pbsftfvc bpfhfbh*37#& b` Nocrfenhs


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CZCESYFPC USOON[V

>3

Pbmuhtccrs Icocnhbr nhi Wcrsbhnmfty @nefmftntci Ejnhlc fh Bpfhfbhs b` Nocrfenhs

Ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtfhl n obrc pbsftfvc br sbocwjnt obrc pbsftfvcbpfhfbh b` Nocrfenhs snfi tjc Pbmuhtccrs icocnhbr nhi pcrsbhnmfty neebuhtci `br

tjc ejnhlc

Utuichtsbpfhfbhs nkbut Nocrfenhs ejnhlci kcenusc Pbmuhtccrs trcntci tjco fh nh

clnmftnrfnh onhhcrJbst `nofmfcs snfi tjc Pbmuhtccrs kcjnvfbr nhi icocnhbrwcrc tjc rcnsbhs tjcfrbpfhfbh nkbut Nocrfenhs ejnhlci

b Uboc *>5#& jbst `nofmfcs rcpbrtci obrc hclntfvc bpfhfbhs b` Nocrfenhs n`tcrfhtcrnetfhl wftj Pbmuhtccrs nhi onhy eftci tjc Pbmuhtccrs kcjnvfbr *pbbr

jylfchc- stukkbrhhcss- fhicpchichec& tjnt ifi hbt `ft wftj @fmfpfhb sbefnm

hbros

Fhtcrnetfbh wftj Pbmuhtccrs Mci tb Kcjnvfbr Ejnhlc nhi n Ejnhlci Butmbbd bh Mf`c

Ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtfhl n obrc pbsftfvc bpfhfbh b` Nocrfenhs jni

kceboc1

b Obrc puhetunm nt wbrdb Obrc pntfcht wftj stuichtsb Obrc `nfr fh tjcfr lrnifhlb Obrc rcsumts brfchtci- ebh`ficht nhi brlnhfzci

Utuichts wnhtci tb kceboc sbockbiy nhi wcrc obrc obtfvntci tb stuiy

Ebopnrfsbh Lrbup @fhifhls

Icserfptfbhs b` Nocrfenhs Wrfbr tb \brdfhl wftj Pbmuhtccrs wcrc Pcry Ufofmnr

Yjc ebopnrfsbh lrbup kchc`fefnrfcs jni obrc pbsftfvc bpfhfbhs nkbut Nocrfenhswjfmc KCYN Wrbacet pnrtfefpnhts jni obrc hclntfvc nhi hcutrnm bpfhfbhs nkbut

Nocrfenhs prfbr tb fhtcrnetfhl wftj n Pbmuhtccrs

Hb ebopnrfsbh intn nkbut bpfhfbhs b` Nocrfenhs n`tcr wbrdfhl wftj n Pbmuhtccrebumi kc ebmmcetci `rbo tjc ebopnrfsbh lrbup


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EJNWYC[ >1 FHY[BISEYFBH

Knedlrbuhi

Yjc Wcnec Ebrps trnecs fts rbbts nhi ofssfbh tb >607- wjch tjch/Uchntbr Abjh @( Dchhciyejnmmchlci stuichts nt tjc Shfvcrsfty b` Ofejflnh tb scrvc tjcfr ebuhtry fh tjc enusc b` pcnec ky

mfvfhl nhi wbrdfhl fh icvcmbpfhl ebuhtrfcs( @rbo tjnt fhspfrntfbh lrcw nh nlchey b` tjc `cicrnm

lbvcrhocht icvbtci tb wbrmi pcnec nhi `rfchisjfp(

Ky tjc chi b` >60>- Wcnec Ebrps Pbmuhtccrs wcrc scrvfhl fh scvch ebuhtrfcs( Ufhec tjch- obrc

tjnh ;77-777 och nhi wboch jnvc scrvci fh >56 ebuhtrfcs( Wcnec Ebrps netfvftfcs ebvcr fssucs

rnhlfhl `rbo ciuentfbh tb wbrd fh tjc nrcns b` jcnmtj nhi JFP"NFIU tb kusfhcss icvcmbpocht(Wcnec Ebrps Pbmuhtccrs ebhtfhuc tb jcmp ebuhtmcss fhifvfiunms wjb wnht tb kufmi n kcttcr mf`c `br

tjcoscmvcs- tjcfr ejfmirch- nhi tjcfr eboouhftfcs(

Fh enrryfhl but tjc nlcheys tjrcc ebrclbnms- Wcnec Ebrps Pbmuhtccrs ondc nif``crchec ky kufmifhl mbenm enpnefty nhi

prbobtfhl n kcttcr uhicrstnhifhl b`Nocrfenhs nobhl jbst ebuhtry

pnrtfefpnhts( N onabr ebhtrfkutfbh b`

Wcnec Ebrps Pbmuhtccrs- wjb mfvc fh tjc

eboouhftfcs wjcrc tjcy wbrd- stcos`rbo tjcfr nkfmfty tb icmfvcr tcejhfenm

fhtcrvchtfbhs ifrcetmy tb kchc`fefnrfcs

mfvfhl fh rurnm nhi urknh nrcns tjnt mned

su``fefcht mbenm enpnefty( Pbmuhtccrsbpcrntc `rbo n icvcmbpocht prfhefpmc

tjnt prbobtcs sustnfhnkmc prbacets nhi

strntclfcs(

Yjc fhtcricpchichec b` Lbnm > nhi Lbnm ; fs echtrnm tb tjc Wcnec Ebrps cxpcrfchec- ns mbenm

kchc`fefnrfcs icvcmbp rcmntfbhsjfps wftj Pbmuhtccrs wjb eboouhfentc fh tjc mbenm mnhlunlc-sjnrc cvcryiny cxpcrfchecs- nhi wbrd ebmmnkbrntfvcmy bh n infmy knsfs(

Yjc Wcnec Ebrps ebhiuets nh nhhunm survcy b` eurrchtmy scrvfhl Pbmuhtccrs04 jbwcvcr- ft tcmms

bhmy bhc sfic b` tjc Wcnec Ebrps stbry(Fh ;77:- tjc Wcnec Ebrps mnuhejci n scrfcs b` stuifcs tb

kcttcr nsscss tjc fopnet b` fts Pbmuhtccrs( Yjc stuifcs nrc uhfquc `br tjcfr `beus bh mcnrhfhlnkbut tjc Wcnec Ebrps fopnet ifrcetmy `rbo tjc JEHs wjb mfvci nhi wbrdci wftj Pbmuhtccrs(

0Wcnec Ebrps survcyci Pbmuhtccrs pcrfbifenmmy `rbo >6/ Yb jcmp tjc pcbpmc b`

fhtcrcstci ebuhtrfcs fh occtfhl tjcfrhcci `br trnfhci och nhi wboch(

Lbnm ;/ Yb jcmp prbobtc n kcttcruhicrstnhifhl b` Nocrfenhs bh tjc

pnrt b` tjc pcbpmcs scrvci(

Lbnm 5/ Yb jcmp prbobtc n kcttcr

uhicrstnhifhl b` btjcr pcbpmc bh tjcpnrt b` Nocrfenhs(


17/101

EJNWYC[ >1 F HY[BISEYFBH

>( Nsscss tjc mbenm nsscts nhi ejnmmchlcs fh fopmcochtfhl tjc KCE nhi cxejnhlctcnejfhl octjbis

;( @fmfpfhb tcnejcrs nibpt twb br obrc hcw tcnejfhl octjbis fh Chlmfsj nhiebhtcht/knsci sukacets tnuljt fh Chlmfsj

Lbnm ;1 Utuichts fh prfonry- scebhinry nhi tcrtfnry sejbbms fh tjc Wjfmfppfhcs wfmm

icvcmbp nhi foprbvc tjcfr sdfmms fh knsfe ciuentfbh- fhemuifhl tjcfr Chlmfsj

< Fh`brontfbh nkbut tjc KCYN Wrbacet fs eftci fh Yjc Knsfe Ciuentfbh nhi Ycejhfenm Nssfstnhec Wrbacet

Wmnh( Wcnec Ebrps( Ucptcokcr ;779(: Fkfi(


18/101


>:

eboouhfentfbh nhi wrfttch sdfmms fh ebhtcht/knsci sukacets tnuljt fh Chlmfsj *ontj-

sefchec- nhi FEY&( Yjc twb bkacetfvcs `br tjfs lbnm nrc1

>( @fmfpfhb stuichts icobhstrntc n sflhf`fenht foprbvcocht fh Chlmfsj nhi fhebhtcht/knsci sukacets tnuljt fh Chlmfsj

;( @fmfpfhb stuichts icvcmbp icefsfbh/ondfhl- prbkmco/sbmvfhl- nhi erftfenmtjfhdfhl sdfmms tb occt tjc knsfe ciuentfbh ebopctchefcs fh Chlmfsj nhi

sukacets tnuljt fh Chlmfsj

Lbnm 51 Ycnejcrs wfmm jnvc lrcntcr neecss tb kbbds- fhstruetfbhnm rcsburecs nhi

suppmcochtnry Chlmfsj tcnejfhl ontcrfnms tb nfi tjco fh tjcfr tcnejfhl( Yjc twbbkacetfvcs `br tjfs lbnm nrc1

>( Ycnejcrs wfmm neecss- prbeurc nhi icvcmbp Chlmfsj mnhlunlc tcnejfhlontcrfnms- rcsburecs- mcssbh lufics- kbbds- nhi rcmntci ontcrfnms

;( Wrbobtc tjc icvcmbpocht b` mbenm sejbbm br eboouhfty mfkrnrfcsLbnm 91 Uejbbms nhi eboouhftfcs wfmm strchltjch mfhdnlcs tb prbobtc tjc fhtclrntfbh b`

rcmcvnht eboouhfty fssucs fhtb ciuentfbh nhi scrvfec mcnrhfhl netfvftfcs( Yjc bkacetfvc`br tjfs lbnm fs1

>( Uejbbms nhi eboouhftfcs cxpnhi ciuentfbhnm nhi sbefnm prblrnobppbrtuhftfcs tjrbulj eboouhfty icvcmbpocht prbacets nhi scrvfec mcnrhfhl-

cspcefnmmy sbmfi wnstc onhnlcocht nhi chvfrbhochtnm nwnrchcss


19/101


>6

@flurc >1 Yjcbry b` Ejnhlc `br tjc KCYN Wrbacet1 Yjc Wjfmfppfhcs

Irfvcrs b` Ejnhlc

Icemfhfhl Chlmfsj

mnhlunlc

prb`fefchey b`

@fmfpfhb stuichts(

Mned b` qunmfty

Chlmfsj tcnejcrs(

Mned b` tcnejfhl

nhi mcnrhfhl

rcsburecs(

\cnd mfhdnlcs

kctwcch tjc sejbbmnhi eboouhfty(

Lbnm >1 Utuichts

foprbvc tjcfr

Chlmfsj mnhlunlc

eboouhfentfbh

sdfmms(

Lbnm ;1 Ycnejcrs

foprbvc tjcfr

Chlmfsj mnhlunlc

eboouhfentfbh nhi

tcnejfhl octjbis

fh Chlmfsj(

Lbnm 51 Uejbbms

jnvc kcttcr neecss

tb emnssrbbo

Chlmfsj tcnejfhl

ontcrfnms(

Lbnm 91

Eboouhftfcs nhi

sejbbms strchltjch

mfhdnlcs tb prbobtc

fhtclrntfbh b`

eboouhfty fssucs

fhtb ciuentfbh nhi

scrvfec mcnrhfhl(

Netfvftfcs

>( Eb/tcnej fh

emnssrbbos-

ebhiuet rcocifnm

nhi tutbrfnm emnsscs-eb/eurrfeumnr

netfvftfcs(

;( Yrnfh tcnejcrs fh

hcw tcnejfhl

octjbis(

/Fhercnsc spcndfhl

Chlmfsj fh sejbbm

/Wrb`cssfbhnm

icvcmbpocht

/Yrnfhfhl fh usfhl "

fhtclrntfhl

ontcrfnms fhtb

mcssbhs(

5( Icvcmbp tcnejfhl

ontcrfnms br usc fh

emnssrbbos(

9( Obkfmfzc WYENs

tb fopmcocht

prbacets niircssfhl

eboouhfty fssucs

nhi mcnrhfhl hccis(

Butebocs

Fhercnsci

ebopctchec nhi

ebh`fichec b`

stuichts fh Chlmfsj(

Fhercnsc ebopctchec

nhi ebh`fichec b`

tcnejcrs fh usfhl

Chlmfsj

Uejbbms jnvc neecss

tb obrc rcsburecs `br

usc fh tjc emnssrbbo(

Uejbbm nhi

eboouhftfcs wbrd

tblctjcr ns pnrthcrs

fh foprbvfhl tjc

icmfvcry b` ciuentfbh

fh tjcfr mbenmftfcs(

Uburec1 Cxtrnetci `rbo tjc Knsfe Ciuentfbh nhi Ycejhfenm Nssfstnhec Wrbacet Wmnh- Ucptcokcr ;779(


20/101


;7

Wurpbsc b` tjc Jbst Ebuhtry Fopnet Utuifcs

Yjfs rcpbrt prcschts tjc `fhifhls `rbo tjc jbst ebuhtry fopnet stuiy ebhiuetci fh tjcWjfmfppfhcs iurfhl Betbkcr nhi Hbvcokcr ;7>7( Yjc prbacet stuifci wns tjc Knsfe

Ciuentfbh nhi Ycejhfenm Nssfstnhec Wrbacet( Yjc stuiy ibeuochts jbst ebuhtry

hntfbhnms pcrspcetfvcs bh tjc fopnet b` Wcnec Ebrps Pbmuhtccrs bh sdfmms trnhs`cr tb nhienpnefty kufmifhl b` jbst ebuhtry ebuhtcrpnrts- kchc`fefnrfcs- stuichts- nhi stndcjbmicrs-

nhi ejnhlcs fh tjcfr uhicrstnhifhl b` Nocrfenhs(

Yjc onabr rcscnrej qucstfbhs niircssci fh tjc stuiy nrc1

Ifi sdfmms trnhs`cr nhi enpnefty kufmifhl beeur2

\jnt sdfmms wcrc trnhs`crrci tb brlnhfzntfbhs"eboouhftfcs nhi fhifvfiunmsns n rcsumt b` Pbmuhtccrs wbrd2

\crc tjc sdfmms nhi enpneftfcs sustnfhci pnst tjc chi b` tjc prbacet2

Jbw sntfs`fci wcrc JEHs wftj tjc prbacet wbrd2

\jnt ifi JEHs mcnrh nkbut Nocrfenhs2Ifi JEHs rcpbrt tjnt tjcfr bpfhfbhs b` Nocrfenhs jni ejnhlci n`tcrfhtcrnetfhl wftj tjc Wcnec Ebrps nhi Wcnec Ebrps Pbmuhtccrs2

Yjc fh`brontfbh lntjcrci wfmm fh`bro Wcnec Ebrps stn`` nt pbst nhi jcniqunrtcrs nkbut

jbst ebuhtry hntfbhnms pcrecptfbhs b` tjc prbacets- tjc Pbmuhtccrs nhi tjc fopnet b` tjc

wbrd tjnt wns uhicrtndch( Fh ebhauhetfbh wftj Pbmuhtccr `ccikned `rbo tjc NhhunmPbmuhtccr Uurvcy- tjfs fh`brontfbh wfmm nmmbw tjc Wcnec Ebrps tb kcttcr uhicrstnhi fts

fopnet nhi niircss nrcns `br foprbvcocht( @br cxnopmc- tjc fh`brontfbh ony kc usc`um

`br Pbmuhtccr trnfhfhl nhi `br butrcnej tb jbst `nofmfcs nhi prbacet pnrthcrs(

Yjfs fh`brontfbh fs nmsb hccici tb prbvfic pcr`bronhec fh`brontfbh tb tjc B``fec b`Onhnlcocht nhi Kuilct *BOK& nhi tjc Shftci Utntcs Ebhlrcss( Ns pnrt b` tjc Wcnec

Ebrps Foprbvcocht Wmnh- irn`tci fh rcspbhsc tb fts ;773 Wrblrno Nsscssocht [ntfhlYbbm rcvfcw- tjc Wcnec Ebrps prbpbsci tjc ercntfbh b` knscmfhcs tb ocnsurc rcsumts

fhemuifhl survcy intn fh ebuhtrfcs wftj Wcnec Ebrps prcschec tb ocnsurc tjc prbobtfbh

b` n kcttcr uhicrstnhifhl b` Nocrfenhs bh tjc pnrt b` tjc pcbpmcs scrvci(6

@ccikned `rbo tjc brflfhnm pfmbts wns usci tb rcvfsc tjc octjbibmbly rbmmci but tb hfhc

pbsts fh @V ;776- cfljt pbsts fh @V ;7>7- nhi `bur pbsts fh @V ;7>>( N tbtnm b` ;9

pbsts nerbss Wcnec Ebrps tjrcc lcblrnpjfe rclfbhs *N`rfen4 Fhtcr/Nocrfen nhi tjcWnef`fe4 nhi Curbpc- Ociftcrrnhcnh nhi Nsfn& jnvc ebhiuetci jbst ebuhtry fopnet

stuifcs( Yndch tblctjcr- tjcsc stuifcs ebhtrfkutc tb Wcnec Ebrps nkfmfty tb ibeuocht tjciclrcc tb wjfej tjc nlchey fs nkmc tb kbtj occt tjc hccis b` jbst ebuhtrfcs `br trnfhci

och nhi wboch- nhi tb prbobtc n kcttcr uhicrstnhifhl b` Nocrfenhs nobhl tjcpcbpmcs scrvci(

6 B``fec b` Onhnlcocht nhi Kuilct(Wrblrno Nsscssocht1 Wcnec Ebrps( Fhtcrhntfbhnm Pbmuhtccrfso-

;773( Foprbvcocht Wmnh(


21/101


;>

Cvnmuntfbh Octjbibmbly

Fh ;77:- tjc Wcnec Ebrps B``fec b` Utrntclfe Fh`brontfbh- [cscnrej nhi Wmnhhfhl*BUF[W& fhftfntci n scrfcs b` cvnmuntfbh stuifcs fh rcspbhsc tb n onhintc `rbo tjc B``fec

b` Onhnlcocht nhi Kuilct *BOK& tb cvnmuntc tjc fopnet b` Pbmuhtccrs fh nejfcvfhl

Lbnm ;(

Yjrcc ebuhtrfcs wcrc scmcetci tb pfmbt n octjbibmbly tjnt wbumi cxnofhc tjc fopnet b`

tjc tcejhfenm wbrd b` Pbmuhtccrs- nhi tjcfr ebrbmmnry wbrd b` prbobtfhl n kcttcruhicrstnhifhl b` Nocrfenhs nobhl tjc pcbpmc wftj wjbo tjc Pbmuhtccrs mfvci nhi

wbrdci( Fh ebmmnkbrntfbh wftj tjc Wcnec Ebrps ebuhtry ifrcetbr nt cnej pbst- BUF[W

pfmbtci n octjbibmbly tbebmmcet fh`brontfbh ifrcetmy `rbo jbst ebuhtry hntfbhnms nkbut

sdfmms trnhs`cr nhi enpnefty kufmifhl- ns wcmm ns ejnhlcs fh tjcfr uhicrstnhifhl b`Nocrfenhs(

Yjc rcscnrej wns icsflhci ky BUF[W sbefnm sefchtfsts nhi fs fopmcochtci fh/ebuhtry ky

n mbenm Uchfbr [cscnrejcr nhi n tcno b` mbenm fhtcrvfcwcrs uhicr tjc supcrvfsfbh b` tjcWcnec Ebrps ebuhtry stn``( BUF[W stn`` prbvfics tcejhfenm ifrcetfbh( Yb chsurc

ebopnrnkfmfty nerbss ebuhtrfcs- tjc rcscnrej uscs n stnhinri fhtcrvfcw prbtbebm tjnt nmsb

fhebrpbrntcs fhifvfiunm ebuhtry prbacet lbnms( Bhec tjc intn fs ebmmcetci- rcscnrejcrs uscnh BUF[W wck/knsci intnknsc tb onhnlc tjc qucstfbhhnfrc intn( BUF[W prbvfics tjc

intn tb tjc tcno `br nhnmysfs(>7

BUF[W nmsb prcpnrcs n `fhnm stnhinri rcpbrt bh tjc

`fhifhls(

Fh tjc Wjfmfppfhcs- Ir( Ycrcsn ic Luzonh mci tjc rcscnrej tcno b` lrniuntc stuichts nhi

rcscnrejcrs `rbo tjc Ubefnm Icvcmbpocht [cscnrej Echtcr nt Ic Mn Unmmc Shfvcrsfty fh

Onhfmn( BUF[W fichtf`fci >7; Pbmuhtccr pmnecochts kctwcch ;779 nhi ;7>7 `br pbssfkmc

pnrtfefpntfbh fh tjc stuiy( N rcprcschtntfvc- rntjcr tjnh n rnhibo- snopmc wns irnwh `rbotjfs mfst b` Pbmuhtccr nssflhocht sftcs( Fh niiftfbh- twb ebopnrfsbh lrbups wcrc scmcetci

rcprcschtfhl kchc`fefnrfcs nhi stuichts( Yjc lrbups wcrc `rbo sftcs tjnt pbtchtfnmmy ebumijbst n Pbmuhtccr- kut jni hbt wbrdci wftj n Pbmuhtccr nt tjc stnrt b` tjc stuiy(

Fh tbtnm- tjc tcno ebhiuetci ;93 scof/strueturci fhtcrvfcws fh ;0 eboouhftfcs fh Muzbh

nhi Echtrnm Wjfmfppfhcs( Yjc Wjfmfppfhcs rcscnrej tcno ebhiuetci tjc fhtcrvfcws fh cfljtif``crcht mbenm mnhlunlcs kctwcch Hbvcokcr > nhi Icecokcr- 57- ;7>7(

>7Yjc Wjfmfppfhc tcno trnhserfkci nmm fhtcrvfcws nhi nhnmyzci tjc intn- usfhl stntfstfenm nhi ebhtcht

nhnmysfs( \jfmc tjc tcno usci tjcsc intn fh tjcfr nhnmysfs- tjcy ifi hbt chtcr tjc `umm trnhserfptfbhs fhtb tjc

BUF[W intnknsc( Ns n rcsumt- smfljt if``crchecs cxfst kctwcch tjc ebhtcht nhnmysfs ebhiuetci ky Ir( ic

Luzonhs tcno nhi BUF[Ws nhnmyst( Yb neebuht `br tjcsc if``crchecs- tjc `fhifhls nhi nhnmysfs b` Ir( ic

Luzonhs tcno jnvc kcch fhebrpbrntci fhtb tjfs rcpbrt nhi vnrfnhecs hbtci(


22/101


;;

[cspbhichts

@fvc lrbups b` @fmfpfhbs wjb wbrdci wftj n Pbmuhtccr wcrc fhtcrvfcwci( Yjc rcscnrejcrsnmsb fhtcrvfcwci twb lrbups b` @fmfpfhbs wjb ifi hbt wbrd wftj n Pbmuhtccr *ebopnrfsbh

lrbups& *Ynkmc >&(

[cspbhichts wjb wbrdci wftj n Pbmuhtccr

Ebuhtcrpnrts1 Jcni tcnejcrs- sejbbm niofhfstrntbrs- eb/tcnejcrs- lufinhecebuhscmbr- sejbbm pnpcr nivfsbr *;0& wjb jni pnrtfefpntci fh tjc Pbmuhtccrsemnss br fh n`tcr sejbbm netfvftfcs *93&

Jbst `nofmy ocokcrs1 @nofmfcs wftj wjbo tjc Pbmuhtccr mfvci br mnhimbrisb` tjc Pbmuhtccrs iurfhl nmm br pnrt b` tjcfr scrvfec *;9&

Utndcjbmicrs1 Wrfhefpnms- sejbbm niofhfstrntbrs- ofhfstry b``fefnms- HLBpnrthcrs- icpnrtocht jcnis- ifstrfet supcrvfsbrs *;5&

[cspbhichts wjb ifi hbt wbrd wftj n Pbmuhtccr *Ebopnrfsbh Lrbups&

Ebopnrfsbh Lrbup Kchc`fefnrfcs1 Ycnejcrs- prfhefpnm- WYEN ocokcrs-eboouhfty mcnicrs *37&

Ebopnrfsbh Lrbup Utuichts1 Cmcochtnry nhiscebhinry sejbbm stuichts

*nvcrnlc nlc >3& *9:&

Ynkmc >1 Huokcr nhi Yypc b` [cspbhichts1 Yjc Wjfmfppfhcs KCYN Wrbacet

Fhtcrvfcw Yypc Huokcr b` Wcbpmc Huokcr b` Uftcs

Ebuhtcrpnrts ;< ;7

Kchc`fefnrfcs ;: ;7

Utuichts 93 ;7

Jbst `nofmy ocokcrs ;9 ;7

Utndcjbmicrs ;5 >1 F HY[BISEYFBH

;5

Yjc onabrfty b`ebuhtcrpnrts *:9#& nhi kchc`fefnrfcs *0:#& *@flurc ;& wcrc Chlmfsj

tcnejcrs( Ufx ebuhtcrpnrt rcspbhichts wcrc nmsb sejbbm pcrsbhhcm *`bur sejbbm

niofhfstrntbrs bhc sejbbm lufinhec ebuhscmbr nhi tjc sejbbm pnpcr niofhfstrntbr& nhitwb wcrc WYEN ocokcrs( Yjc rconfhfhl kchc`fefnrfcs wcrc prcibofhnhtmy eboouhfty

ocokcrs *`fvc WYEN ocokcrs- tjrcc eboouhfty ocokcrs br stuicht pnrchts&4 twb wcrc

sejbbm niofhfstrntbrs( Btjcr kchc`fefnrfcs fhemuici mfkrnrfnhs nhi sejbbm emcrds(

@flurc ;1 Knedlrbuhi b` Ebuhtcrpnrts nhi Kchc`fefnrfcs

Ebuhtcrpnrts- h?;>

Utndcjbmicrs wcrc copmbyccs nhi rcprcschtntfvcs b` tjc Icpnrtocht b` Ciuentfbh*IcpCi&- tjc Wjfmfppfhc Hntfbhnm Pbmuhtccr Ucrvfec Ebbrifhntfhl Nlchey *WHPUEN&-

tjc S(U( Nlchey `br Fhtcrhntfbhnm Icvcmbpocht *SUNFI&- nhi prfhefpnms br sejbbm

niofhfstrntbrs `rbo stntc uhfvcrsftfcs- nhi pukmfe nhi prfvntc cmcochtnry nhi jflj

sejbbms(

Yjc onabrfty b`ebopnrfsbh kchc`fefnrfcs wcrc sejbbm pcrsbhhcm1 : pcrecht wcrc prfhefpnms( N sonmmcr lrbup wns WYEN ocokcrs *:#& nhieboouhfty mcnicrs *;#&( Hfhcty/`bur pcrecht b` tjcstuichts wcrc fh scebhinry sejbbm4

tjc rconfhfhl stuichts wcrc fh cmcochtnry sejbbm(

>> Ycrcsn IcLuzonh(Fopnet Utuiy bh tjc Ciuentfbh Wrbacet b` tjc Wcnec Ebrps"Wjfmfppfhcs( p(>5>(

>>#

>:#

;>#

0#

:9#

7# ;7# 97# 07# :7# >77#

Eboouhfty ocokcr"stuicht pnrcht

WYEN ocokcr

Btjcr

Uejbbm Niofhfstrntbr

Chlmfsj"Jcni Ycnejcr

Ebuhtcrpnrt Kchc`fefnry


24/101


;9

Cfljty pcrecht b` ebuhtcrpnrts jni tch br obrc ycnrs b` cxpcrfchec fh tjcfr `fcmi- ns ifi

scvch b` tjc twchty/tjrcc stndcjbmicrs( @f`ty/`bur pcrecht b` tjc ebopnrfsbh kchc`fefnrfcsjni wbrdci tch br obrc ycnrs fh tjcfr `fcmi *@flurc 5&(

@flurc 51 Cxpcrfchec Mcvcms b` Ebuhtcrpnrts- Utndcjbmicrs- nhi EbopnrfsbhKchc`fefnrfcs

@br ebuhtcrpnrt- h?;34 Utndcjbmicr- h?;54 Ebopnrfsbh Kchc`fefnrfcs- h?37


25/101

EJNWYC[ ;1 LBNM BHC @FHIFHLU

Nmm Wcnec Ebrps prbacets suppbrt tjc nlcheys prfonry lbnm b` kufmifhl tjc tcejhfenmenpnefty b` mbenm och nhi wboch tb ondc ft pbssfkmc `br eboouhftfcs tb foprbvc tjcfr

bwh mfvcs( Yjc prfonry lbnms b` tjc KCYN Wrbacet nrc tb foprbvc tjc Chlmfsj mnhlunlcenpnefty b` kbtj tcnejcrs nhi stuichts wjfmc foprbvfhl sejbbm eurrfeumuo nhi tcnejfhl

qunmfty tjrbulj hcw- fhtcrnetfvc octjbis tjnt occt tjc Icpnrtocht b` Ciuentfbh KCEprblrno( Fh niiftfbh- tjc KCYN Wrbacet sccds tb kufmi ciuentfbh rcsburecs- suej ns kbbds

nhi mfkrnrfcs- nhi strchltjch mfhdnlcs kctwcch tjc sejbbms nhi mbenm eboouhftfcs fh bricr

tb fhtclrntc eboouhfty fssucs fhtb ciuentfbh nhi scrvfec mcnrhfhl(

Pbmuhtccrs wbrdfhl fh tjc KCYN Wrbacet nrc cxpcetci tb nejfcvc tjc prbacet lbnms

tjrbulj spcef`fe netfvftfcs butmfhci fh tjc prbacet pmnh- ns wcmm ns tjrbulj eboouhfty/

lchcrntci netfvftfcs nt tjc lrnssrbbts mcvcm( Yjcsc netfvftfcs nmsb strchltjch tjc enpneftykufmifhl bppbrtuhftfcs tjnt suppbrt Lbnm Bhc b` Wcnec Ebrps(

@rcquchey b` Fhtcrnetfbh wftj Pbmuhtccrs

Yjc onabrfty b` ebuhtcrpnrts- kchc`fefnrfcsnhi stuichts wbrdci wftj tjc Pbmuhtccr bh n

infmy knsfs( Ucvchty pcrecht b` ebuhtcrpnrts wbrdci nhi tnmdci wftj Pbmuhtccrs iurfhlsejbbm jburs bh n infmy knsfs nhi n `urtjcr hfhctcch pcrecht wbrdci wftj tjc Pbmuhtccr

twb tb `fvc tfocs n wccd *@flurc 9&( @f`ty/twb pcrecht b` kchc`fefnrfcs fhtcrnetci wftj

Pbmuhtccrs nt wbrd bh n infmy knsfs nhi twchty/twb pcrecht fhtcrnetci wftj tjc Pbmuhtccrtwb tb `fvc tfocs n wccd *@flurc 9&( @f`ty/bhc pcrecht b` stuichts rcpbrtci wbrdfhl wftj

tjc Pbmuhtccr bh n infmy knsfs wftj n `urtjcr twchty/hfhc stntfhl tjcy fhtcrnetci wftj tjc

Pbmuhtccr twb tb tjrcc tfocs n wccd(

@flurc 91 @rcquchey b` Fhtcrnetfbh wftj Pbmuhtccr iurfhl \brd

Ebuhtcrpnrts- h?;>#

>3#

;;#

3;#

9#

6#

7# ;7# 57# 97# 37# 07# 77#

Npprbxfontcmy > tb ; tfocs n obhtj

Npprbxfontcmy bhec n wccd

Ucvcrnm tfocs n wccd *;/3&

Infmy

Ebuhtcrpnrt Kchc`fefnry


26/101

EJNWYC[ ;1 LBNM BHC @ FHIFHLU

;0

octjbis( Ucvch stndcjbmicrs jni hbt fhtcrnetci wftj n Pbmuhtccr nhi bhmy rcecfvci

rcpbrts nkbut tjc Pbmuhtccrs wbrd nt tjc if``crcht sftcs( Ns n rcsumt- neebrifhl tb tjc

@fmfpfhb rcscnrej tcno- tjcsc stndcjbmicrs ebumi hbt spcnd ifrcetmy tb tjc butebocs b` tjcprbacet iurfhl tjc fhtcrvfcws(

Butsfic b` wbrd- ;0 pcrecht b` ebuhtcrpnrts fhtcrnetci wftj tjc Pbmuhtccr npprbxfontcmybhec n wccd- wjfmc tjc onabrfty b` kchc`fefnrfcs fhtcrnetci wftj Pbmuhtccrs bhec n obhtjbr hbt nt nmm *@flurc 3&(

@flurc 31 @rcquchey b` Fhtcrnetfbh wftj Pbmuhtccr butsfic \brd

Ebuhtcrpnrts h?;;

N `cw sejbbms ebhtfhuc tb rcecfvc kbbd ibhntfbhs cvch

tjbulj tjc Pbmuhtccr ebopmctci jfs"jcr scrvfec( Btjcr Pbmuhtccrs stnrtci [cnifhl

Ebrhcrs br icvcmbpci mfkrnry tburs `br stuichts tb `nofmfnrfzc tjco wftj jbw mfkrnrfcs

>;Icserfptfbhs b` tjc sburecs b` kbbd ibhntfbhs enh kc `buhi fh tjc schfbr rcscnrejcrs rcpbrt(


27/101


;>(


31/101


5>

kchc`fefnrfcs nedhbwmcilci trnfhfhl fh sboc b` tjc prbacets ebrc nrcns1 obkfmfzfhl

rcsburecs nhi Chlmfsj tutbrfnms(

Kbtj lrbups `cmt tjc trnfhfhl jni chjnheci tjcfr sdfmms *@flurc


32/101


5;

beeurrci nhi tjc ifrcetfbh b` tjc ejnhlcs- wjctjcr tjc sejbbms hccis jni kcch oct- nhi-

wjcrc nppmfenkmc- wjctjcr tjc ejnhlc jni kcch onfhtnfhci n`tcr tjc Pbmuhtccr icpnrtci(

Utuichts nmsb wcrc nsdci bpch/chici qucstfbhs nkbut jbw tjcfr emnsscs jni ejnhlci nhiwjctjcr tjbsc ejnhlcs jni kcch onfhtnfhci ky tjcfr tcnejcrs(

Utndcjbmicrs wcrc nsdci nkbut tjc `frst sfx butebocs4 buteboc scvch wns ejnhlci tb nsdtjco nkbut krbnicr ebhecrhs nhi fhtcrnetfbh wftj tjc prbacet( Buteboc scvch `brstndcjbmicrs wns1

0Ebuhtcrpnrts b`tch cxpmnfhci tjc ejnhlc fh stuicht

pcr`bronhec ns n rcsumt b` hcw tcnejfhl octjbis fhtrbiueci ky tjc Pbmuhtccr1

\c usci tb ebhechtrntc bh lrnoonr wjfmc sjc tnuljt us tb `beus bh

eboprcjchsfbh nhi spcndfhl sdfmms( Yjc rcnifhl nhi eboprcjchsfbh sdfmms b` tjc

stuichts nrc kcttcr hbw(

Yjc swftej `rbo lrnoonr nhi vbenkumnrybr tcxt/knscitcnejfhl tb eboprcjchsfbh

nhi mnhlunlc usnlc tjrbulj fhtcrnetfvc octjbis foprbvci stuicht pcr`bronhec-

neebrifhl tb ebuhtcrpnrts( Ycnejcr neecss tb rcsburecs wns tjc scebhi obst `rcquchtmyochtfbhci ejnhlc ky ebuhtcrpnrts *65#& `bmmbwci ky stuicht rcnifhl eboprcjchsfbh

*6;#& nhi tcnejcr ebopctchec nhi ebh`fichec fh spcndfhl Chlmfsj *6;#&(

Fh n scpnrntc qucstfbh- ebuhtcrpnrts wcrc nsdci jbw c``cetfvc tjc Pbmuhtccrs wbrd wnsfh kufmifhl stuicht nhi tcnejcr enpnefty fh mcnrhfhl nhi tcnejfhl Chlmfsj( @f`ty/sfx

pcrecht b` ebuhtcrpnrts stntci tjc Pbmuhtccrs wbrd wns vcry c``cetfvc fh kufmifhl stuicht

nhi tcnejcr enpnefty(

Yjcsc rcspbhscs fhifentc tjnt Pbmuhtccrs wbrd foprbvci tjc tcnejfhl nhi mcnrhfhl

enpnefty b` pnrtfefpnhts nhi ejnmmchlcs tjc eboochts ky n `cw ebuhtcrpnrts nhikchc`fefnrfcs tjnt tjc Pbmuhtccrs bhmy pmnyci lnocs nhi ifi hbt tcnej(

>0[cspbhichts wcrc nsdci nkbut tjc cxtcht tb wjfej tjcy snw ejnhlcs rcmntci tb cnej buteboc fh tjcfr

sejbbms bh tjc `bmmbwfhl senmc1 ouej kcttcr4 sbocwjnt kcttcr4 tjc snoc4 sbocwjnt wbrsc4 nhi ouej wbrsc(

BUF[W lrbupci tjc ouej kcttcr nhi sbocwjnt kcttcr rcspbhscs fhtb bhc entclbry enmmci kcttcr( Yjc

entclbrfcs b` sbocwjnt wbrsc nhi wbrsc wcrc lrbupci fhtb n sfhlmc entclbry enmmci wbrsc( Yjfs

rcsumtci fh tjc `bmmbwfhl senmc1 kcttcr- tjc snoc- nhi wbrsc(


33/101


55

@flurc :1 Ebuhtcrpnrt Nsscssocht b` Uejbbm Ejnhlcs [cmntci tb Wrbacet Butebocs

Nobhl kchc`fefnrfcs- tjc ejnhlc obst b`tch eftci wns tcnejcr neecss tb rcsburecs *60#&-

embscmy `bmmbwci ky foprbvci stuicht ebh`fichec nhi ebopctchec fh usfhl Chlmfsj *6;#&*@flurc 6&( Fhtcrnetfvc tcnejfhl octjbis wns tjc tjfri obst eftci foprbvcocht `br tjfs

rcspbhicht lrbup *: pcrecht b` stuichts icserfkci tjcsc ejnhlcs ns sflhf`fenht(

\brdfhl wftj tjc WYENs wns tjc mcnst `rcquchtmy ochtfbhci ejnhlc ky kbtj ebuhtcrpnrtsnhi kchc`fefnrfcs wftj nmobst jnm` b` tjc kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtfhl tjfs buteboc ns

rconfhfhl tjc snoc *@flurc 6&( Yjfs suppbrts rcspbhichts eboochts tjnt Pbmuhtccrs ifihbt `beus bh tjfs prbacet buteboc fh tjcfr netfvftfcs br trnfhfhl( Neebrifhl tb tjc @fmfpfhb

rcscnrej tcno- obst b` tjc netfvftfcs wftj tjc WYEN wcrc sejbbm kcnutf`fentfbh prbacets(>< Ycrcsn IcLuzonh(Fopnet Utuiy bh tjc Ciuentfbh Wrbacet b` tjc Wcnec Ebrps"Wjfmfppfhcs( p(3>


34/101


59

eboputcr ebmmclc fh wjfej tjc eboputcr tcejhbmbly stuichts lnfhci bh/tjc/abk

cxpcrfchec ky onfhtnfhfhl nhi rcpnfrfhl tjc ofiimc sejbbms eboputcrs( Wnrtfefpnhts ony

jnvc hbt vfcwci tjcsc ejnhlcs ns ciuentfbhnmmy sflhf`fenht br `cmt tjnt tjc ejnhlcs ifi hbtniircss ciuentfbhnm hccis(

@flurc 61 Kchc`fefnry Nsscssocht b` Uejbbm Ejnhlcs [cmntci tb Wrbacet Butebocs

Utndcjbmicrs obst `rcquchtmy rcpbrtci stuicht nejfcvcocht nhi ebopctchec nhi

ebh`fichec fh spcndfhl Chlmfsj ky tcnejcrs nhi stuichts ns foprbvci *63#- h?;;&(

Neebrifhl tb stndcjbmicrs- tjfs ejnhlc wns embscmy `bmmbwci ky foprbvcochts fhtcnejfhl octjbis tjrbulj fhtcrnetfvc npprbnejcs *67#- h?;;&( Utndcjbmicrs nsscssochts

rc`mcet tjc stntcochts b` ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs- jbwcvcr- kcenusc tjc sejbbms

sukofttci rcpbrts bh tjc netfvftfcs tb prbacet stndcjbmicrs(

Uustnfhnkfmfty b` Uejbbm Ejnhlc

[cspbhichts wcrc tjch nsdci tb nsscss tjc cxtcht tb wjfej tjc ejnhlcs jni kcch

sustnfhci ky tjc sejbbm usfhl tjc `bmmbwfhl senmc1 ycs- tb sboc cxtcht- nhi hb(>:

[cspbhichts ifi hbt `ccm strbhlmy tjnt nhy b` tjc ejnhlcs jni kcch `ummy onfhtnfhci bhec

tjc Pbmuhtccr mc`t *@flurcs >7 nhi >>&( Jbwcvcr- nt mcnst :[cspbhichts wcrc nmsb lfvch n ejbfec b` uhsurc kut tjcsc rcspbhscs wcrc hbt fhemuici fh tjfs nhnmysfs(

3


35/101


36/101


50

@flurc >>1 Kchc`fefnry Nsscssocht b` Uustnfhnkfmfty nt tjc Uejbbm Mcvcm

Fh ebhtrnst- tjc kchc`fefnrfcs obst b`tch rcpbrtci neecss tb rcsburecs ns n `ummy sustnfhci

ejnhlc *9:&

Ycnejfhl octjbis tb usc obrc fhtcrnetfvc

npprbnejcs nhi netfvftfcs *h?>:&

Utuicht rcnifhl eboprcjchsfbh *h?;7&

WYEN netfvfty fh niircssfhl sejbbm nhi

ciuentfbh hccis *h?>0&

Ycnejcr neecss tb rcsburecs `br emnssrbbo

tcnejfhl *h?>


37/101


53#&- cvch tjbulj 6; pcrecht b` kchc`fefnrfcs nedhbwmcilci tjfs

ejnhlc( Ufofmnr tb ebuhtcrpnrts- kchc`fefnrfcs kcmfcvci tjnt foprbvcochts fh stuichtpcr`bronhec wcrc mfoftci tb tjbsc stuichts wjb wbrdci wftj tjc Pbmuhtccr nhi tjcrc`brc

ony hbt vfcw tjfs ejnhlc ns sustnfhnkmc ns stuichts ontrfeumntc(

\jch nsdci nkbut tjc mnstfhl pbsftfvc c``cets b` tjc prbacet mntcr fh tjc fhtcrvfcw- tjconabrfty b` kchc`fefnrfcs hnoci foprbvci tcnejcr pcr`bronhec br hcw tcnejfhl octjbis

ns tjc obst mnstfhl buteboc( Yjfs ebhtrnsts wftj tjcfr nhswcrs nkbvc fh wjfej tcnejcr

pcr`bronhec wns hbt ebhsficrci ùmmy sustnfhci( Jbwcvcr- 30 pcrecht b` kchc`fefnrfcs `cmttjfs buteboc jni kcch sustnfhci tb sboc cxtcht( Nmtjbulj hbt ùmmy sustnfhci-

kchc`fefnrfcs scco tb ebhsficr tjfs n obrc sflhf`fenht ejnhlc(

Utuichts rcpbrtci tjnt ejnhlcs fh tcnejfhl octjbis nhi foprbvci neecss tb emnssrbborcsburecs jni kcch sustnfhci tb sboc cxtcht *; b` >6&( Ufofmnr tb ebuhtcrpnrts nhi

kchc`fefnrfcs- tjfs wns hbt tjc obst `rcquchtmy rcpbrtci ejnhlc nhi stndcjbmicrs ifi hbt

rcpbrt tjfs ns nh netfvfty neebopmfsjci ky Pbmuhtccrs( Yjc scebhi obst `rcquchtmyrcpbrtci sustnfhci ejnhlcs wcrc foprbvci neecss tb rcsburecs- nhi fhercnsci ebopctchec

nhi ebh`fichec fh spcndfhl Chlmfsj `br tcnejcrs nhi stuichts *>7 b` ;;&(

Cxtcht tb wjfej Ejnhlcs Oct Uejbbm Hccis@fhnmmy- rcspbhichts wcrc nsdci tb nsscss jbw wcmm tjc ejnhlcs oct tjc sejbbms hccis(

Ebuhtcrpnrtskcmfcvci tjnt hcw fhtcrnetfvc tcnejfhl octjbis kcst oct tjcfr hccis *:9#-

@flurc >;& nhi tjcy nmsb rntci tjfs ns tjc obst sustnfhci ejnhlc( Jbwcvcr- ebuhtcrpnrtsrnhdci tjfs buteboc `f`tj nobhl nmm b` tjc butebocs fh tcros b` bkscrvci ejnhlcs *:3#&-

sullcstfhl tjnt n mfoftci huokcr b` tcnejcrs jni nibptci tjc hcw octjbis(

Neecss tb tcnejfhl rcsburecs nmsb oct tjc onabrfty b` ebuhtcrpnrts hccis *:>#& nhi 65

pcrecht rntci tjfs buteboc jfljmy fh tcros b` foprbvci ejnhlcs *@flurc :&( Bhmy ;:

pcrecht b` ebuhtcrpnrts `cmt tjfs ejnhlc wns ùmmy sustnfhci *@flurc >7&( Yjfs fhifentcs njflj hcci `br tjc rcsburecs kut pbssfkmc prbkmcos fh onfhtnfhfhl tjco(

Ucvchty/scvch pcrecht b` ebuhtcrpnrts kcmfcvci tjnt foprbvci stuicht rcnifhl

eboprcjchsfbh oct tjcfr hccis- nhi tjfs buteboc nmsb rnhdci tjfri `br ejnhlc nhisustnfhnkfmfty( Bvcrnmm- foprbvci stuicht rcnifhl eboprcjchsfbh sjbws n jflj mcvcm b`

ejnhlc- sustnfhnkfmfty- nhi occtfhlpnrtfefpnhts hccis( Ucvchty/tjrcc pcrecht b`

ebuhtcrpnrts stntci foprbvci stuicht ebh`fichec nhi ebopctchec oct tjcfr hccis- nhi

tjfs wns tjc jfljcst rntci ejnhlc ky tjfs lrbup(

Yjc buteboc tjnt kchc`fefnrfcs obst b`tch stntci oct tjcfr hccis wns wjch eboouhftfcs

nhi sejbbms wbrdci tblctjcr *:7#& *@flurc >5&( Fhtcrcstfhlmy- kchc`fefnrfcs rntci tjfsbuteboc rntjcr mbw fh tcros b` bkscrvci ejnhlc nhi bhmy 57 pcrecht ebhsficrci ft ùmmy


38/101


5:

sustnfhci *@flurc >>&( @urtjcrobrc- hbhc b` tjc kchc`fefnrfcs br ebuhtcrpnrts ochtfbhci

wbrdfhl wftj WYENs br ebhiuetfhl eboouhfty prbacets ns netfvftfcs uhicrtndch ky tjc

Pbmuhtccr- sullcstfhl tjnt tjfs rconfhs nh uhoct hcci(

@flurc >;1 Ebuhtcrpnrt Nsscssocht b` Jbw \cmm Ejnhlcs Oct Uejbbm Hccis

@flurc >51 Kchc`fefnry Nsscssocht b` Jbw \cmm Ejnhlcs Oct Uejbbm Hccis


39/101


56

Fh ebhtrnst tb ebuhtcrpnrts- kchc`fefnrfcs rntci fhercnsci stuicht ebopctchec nhi

ebh`fichec fh Chlmfsj ns tjc scebhi jfljcst buteboc `br occtfhl tjcfr hccis *3#& *@flurc >>&

kcenusc hbt nmm stuichts wbrdci wftj Pbmuhtccrs nhi onhy jni ontrfeumntci ky tjc tfoc

b` tjc stuiy( Kbtj ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs rntci foprbvci stuicht pcr`bronhecjflj fh tcros b` ejnhlc nhi occtfhl tjcfr hccis( Jbwcvcr- tjc mbw sustnfhnkfmftyrcpbrtci ky rcspbhichts `br tjfs buteboc nhi tjcfr eboochts tjnt bhmy stuichts wjb

wbrdci wftj n Pbmuhtccr kchc`fttci `rbo tjc prbacet sullcsts tjnt hbt nmm tcnejcrs

nibptci tjc octjbis br nrc wbrdfhl wftj stuichts fh tjc snoc onhhcr(

Nobhlstndcjbmicrs *h?;;&- :0 pcrecht rcpbrtci tjnt tjc foprbvci ebopctchec nhi

ebh`fichec b` tcnejcrs nhi stuichts oct tjcfr hccis ebopmctcmy br tb mnrlc cxtcht(

Ycnejfhl octjbis *


40/101


97

Utndcjbmicrs wcrc hbt nsdci nkbut fhifvfiunm mcvcm ejnhlcs sfhec tjcy ifi hbt wbrd wftj

tjc Pbmuhtccr bh n infmy knsfs nhi wcrc hbt tjc tnrlct `br enpnefty kufmifhl(

Fhifvfiunm Ejnhlcs [csumtfhl `rbo tjc Wrbacet

Bvcrnmm- n onabrfty b` kbtj ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs `cmt tjcfr tcejhfenm sdfmms jnifoprbvci ns n rcsumt b` wbrdfhl wftj tjc Pbmuhtccr( Ebuhtcrpnrts `cmt tjcy jnicxpcrfcheci twb sflhf`fenht ejnhlcs ns n rcsumt b` wbrdfhl wftj tjc Pbmuhtccr( @frst-

ebuhtcrpnrts kcmfcvci tjcy jni fhercnsci tjcfr nkfmfty tb wbrd wftj eboouhftfcs br

tcnejcrs tb foprbvc ciuentfbh *6;#& *@flurc >9&( Jbwcvcr- tjcy ifi hbt `ccm tjfs wns nsflhf`fenht ejnhlc nt tjc sejbbm mcvcm( Yjfs ony fhifentc tjnt pnrtfefpnhts fhifvfiunmmy

kufmt tjcfr sdfmms fh tjfs nrcn- kut jnvc hbt nppmfci tjco fh nh brlnhfzci `nsjfbh tjrbulj

tjc sejbbm(

Ucebhi- hcnrmy nmm ebuhtcrpnrts kcmfcvci tjcy jni fhercnsci tjcfr ebh`fichec nhi

ebopctchec fh usfhl Chlmfsj *6;#&( Foprbvci Chlmfsj mnhlunlc sdfmms ofrrbrs tjcfr

rcspbhsc tb tjc eboouhfty mcvcm ejnhlc fh wjfej tjcy stntci stuicht pcr`bronhec fhChlmfsj wns tjc obst prbofhcht ejnhlc( Fh niiftfbh-stuichts wcrc vcry vbenm tjnt tjcfr

fhercnsci ebh`fichec nhi ebopctchec fh spcndfhl Chlmfsj wns tjc lrcntcst ejnhlc `br

tjco ns wcmm( Bhc stuicht- hbw fh ebmmclc- cxpmnfhci-

F mfvc fhsfic tjc Shfvcrsfty b` tjc Wjfmfppfhcs enopus( \c jnvc `brcflhcr

hcfljkbrs nhi cxejnhlc stuichts nhi F enh tnmd tb tjco wftjbut cxcrtfhl tbb

ouej c``brt(>6

Kchc`fefnrfcs nmsb rntci tjfs ns tjc obst `rcqucht pcrsbhnm ejnhlc *::#& *@flurc >3&- nhi

rntci ft tjc scebhi obst `rcqucht ejnhlc nt tjc eboouhfty mcvcm( Yndch tblctjcr-

pnrtfefpnhts bvcrwjcmofhlmy `cmt tjc kfllcst ejnhlc nt tjc eboouhfty nhi pcrsbhnm mcvcm`br nmm pnrtfefpnhts wns nh fhercnsci ebh`fichec nhi ebopctchec fh spcndfhl Chlmfsj(

Fhifvfiunmmy- tjc scebhi obst stntci ejnhlc ky ebuhtcrpnrts wns tjcfr pcrsbhnm nkfmfty tbercntc nhi neecss emnssrbbo rcsburecs *:3#&- ns tjcy ifi wjch nsscssfhl tjc eboouhfty

mcvcm ejnhlc( Yjfs fhifvfiunm buteboc wns embscmy `bmmbwci ky icsflhfhl nhi

fopmcochtfhl prbacets niircssfhl eboouhfty hccis *:9#& nhi usfhl fhtcrnetfvc tcnejfhloctjbis *:9#&( Yjcsc rcsumts if``cr `rbo tjc eboouhfty/mcvcm ejnhlcs fh tjnt wbrdfhl

wftj eboouhftfcs wns hbt bkscrvci tb kc n sflhf`fenht ejnhlc ky tjc onabrfty b`

ebuhtcrpnrts(

Kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtci usfhl hcw fhtcrnetfvc tcnejfhl octjbis ns tjc scebhi obst

`rcqucht fhifvfiunm ejnhlc *:9#& *@flurc >3&( Yjfs buteboc wns embscmy `bmmbwci ky

foprbvci neecss tb ciuentfbhnm rcsburecs *:;#&( Fh ebopnrfsbh wftj tjc eboouhfty/

mcvcm ejnhlcs hbtci ky kchc`fefnrfcs- kbtj b` tjcsc butebocs rntci vcry jfljmy(

@br ebuhtcrpnrts- tjc buteboc wftj tjc sonmmcst bkscrvci pcrsbhnm ejnhlc wns wbrdfhl

wftj tjc WYENs *06 Ycrcsn ic Luzonh-Fopnet Utuiy b` tjc Ciuentfbh Wrbacet b` Wcnec Ebrps"Wjfmfppfhcs- p>;:- ;7>>(


41/101


9>

wbrdfhl wftj WYENs mbw fh tcros b` pcrsbhnm ejnhlc *91Ebuhtcrpnrt Nsscssocht b` Fhifvfiunm Ejnhlcs [cmntci tb Wrbacet

Butebocs

@flurc >31 Kchc`fefnry Nsscssocht b` Fhifvfiunm Ejnhlcs [cmntci tb Wrbacet

Butebocs


42/101


9;

Fh n scpnrntc qucstfbh- ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs wcrc nsdci jbw c``cetfvc

Pbmuhtccrs wbrd wns bvcrnmm fh kufmifhl tjcfr enpnefty br tjnt b` btjcr tcnejcrs *@flurc

>0&( @f`ty/`bur pcrecht b` ebuhtcrpnrts nhi `f`ty pcrecht b` kchc`fefnrfcs stntci tjcnetfvftfcs wcrc vcry c``cetfvc fh kufmifhl tjcfr enpnefty( N ùrtjcr 5> pcrecht b`

ebuhtcrpnrts nhi 50 pcrecht b` kchc`fefnrfcs stntci tjnt tjc netfvftfcs jni kcch sbocwjnt

c``cetfvc( N vcry sonmm pcrechtnlc b` cnej lrbup stntci tjnt tjc netfvftfcs wcrc vcryfhc``cetfvc fh kufmifhl enpnefty *@flurc >0&(

@flurc >01 C``cetfvchcss b` Pbmuhtccrs \brd fh Kufmifhl Fhifvfiunm Enpnefty

Ebuhtcrpnrts- h?;04 kchc`fefnrfcs- h?;;

Utuichts rcpbrtci foprbvci Chlmfsj spcndfhl nhi eboprcjchsfbh sdfmms *;; b` 99& nhiobrc scm`/ebh`fichec *>6 b` 99& n`tcr wbrdfhl wftj tjc Pbmuhtccr( Yjcsc stuichts

cxpmnfhci tjcy stuiy obrc- nhi spcnd nhi rcni Chlmfsj obrc b`tch n`tcr wbrdfhl wftj tjc

Pbmuhtccr( Ycnejcrs hbtci tjnt stuichts wjb jni wbrdci wftj n Pbmuhtccr wcrc hbw up

tb lrnic mcvcm- cxjfkftci kcttcr vbenkumnry nhi lrnoonr sdfmms- nhi wcrc nkmc tbbvcreboc tjcfr sjyhcss(

Uustnfhnkfmfty b` Fhifvfiunm EjnhlcsEbuhtcrpnrts obst b`tch rcpbrtci tjcfr nkfmfty tb neecss ciuentfbhnm rcsburecs ns ùmmy

sustnfhci *39&( Yjc scebhi obst eftci sustnfhci ejnhlc nt tjc fhifvfiunm/mcvcm wnsebuhtcrpnrts nkfmfty tb wbrd wftj eboouhftfcs br tcnejcrs tb foprbvc ciuentfbh *93#&(

Yjfs wns nmsb bhc b` tjc twb obst `rcquchtmy eftci fhifvfiunm ejnhlcs- nmtjbulj ft wns

hbt `rcquchtmy eftci ns n sejbbm ejnhlc *@flurc :&( Yjfs sullcsts tjnt tcnejcrs nrcwbrdfhl fhifvfiunmmy bh tjfs rntjcr ebbpcrntfvcmy( @brty/tjrcc pcrecht b` ebuhtcrpnrts

rcpbrtci tjcy ebhtfhuci tb tndc pcrsbhnm rcspbhsfkfmfty `br tjcfr prb`cssfbhnmicvcmbpocht(

Neebrifhl tb ebuhtcrpnrts- foprbvci Chlmfsj mnhlunlc sdfmms nhi ebh`fichec wns hbt bhcb` tjc obst sustnfhci pcrsbhnm butebocs icspftc kcfhl bhc b` tjc obst `rcquchtmy eftci

pcrsbhnm ejnhlcs( Bhmy 55 pcrecht b` ebuhtcrpnrts `cmt tjcy jni ùmmy sustnfhci tjcfr

mnhlunlc sdfmms bhec tjc Pbmuhtccr mc`t- kut n ùrtjcr 05 pcrecht `cmt tjcy jni sustnfhcitjcsc sdfmms tb sboc cxtcht( Yjc mcnst rcpbrtci sustnfhci buteboc wns icsflhfhl nhi


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fopmcochtfhl prbacets *;6#&( @br nmm butebocs- nt mcnst :: pcrecht b` ebuhtcrpnrts `cmt

tjcy jni sustnfhci tjcfr sdfmms nhi dhbwmcilc tb sboc cxtcht br lrcntcr(

@flurc >:&( Yjfs ofrrbrs prcvfbus rcsumts nt tjc eboouhfty mcvcm fhwjfej 99 pcrecht b` kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtci tjfs buteboc jni kcch `ummy sustnfhci(

Jbwcvcr- ns stntci kc`brc- kchc`fefnrfcs ifi hbt hnoc tjfs ns nh netfvfty b` tjc prbacet hbr

ifi tjcy stntc tjcy rcecfvci trnfhfhl fh tjfs nrcn( Ns n rcsumt- WEYN wns hbt jfljmy rntci`br fhifvfiunm ejnhlcs nhi tjc sustnfhnkfmfty b` tjfs buteboc fs rcmntci tb `cwcr netfvftfcs

kcfhl fopmcochtci nrbuhi tjfs tbpfe(

@brty/scvch pcrecht b` kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtci tjcy jni `ummy sustnfhci tjcfr neecss tbciuentfbhnm rcsburecs nhi `brty/`bur pcrecht stntci tjcy jni ebhtfhuci tb usc tjc hcw

fhtcrnetfvc tcnejfhl octjbis( Kchc`fefnrfcs stntci tjcfr nkfmfty tb icsflh nhi fopmcocht

prbacets ns tjc mcnst sustnfhci buteboc *;0#&(


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@flurc >:1 Kchc`fefnry Nsscssocht b` Uustnfhnkfmfty nt tjc Fhifvfiunm Mcvcm

Utuichts wcrc nsdci f` tjc sejbbm jni onfhtnfhci tjc foprbvcochts fh tjcfr nenicofe

pcr`bronhec( Fhstcni- tjc onabrfty b` stuichts icserfkci jbw tjcy jni pcrsbhnmmyonfhtnfhci tjcsc ejnhlcs( Utuichts *;0 b` 9:& eboochtci tjnt tjcy pcrsbhnmmy

onfhtnfhci tjcsc ejnhlc ky foprbvfhl tjcfr stuiy jnkfts nhi lcttfhl kcttcr lrnics- tndfhl

abks tjnt rcqufrci tjco tb spcnd Chlmfsj- br stuiyfhl Chlmfsj fh ebmmclc( Ucvcrnm b` tjc

stuichts eboochtci tjnt tjcy hbw wbrdci bh tjc sejbbm hcwspnpcr br fh tjc sejbbmb``fec wjcrc tjcy rclumnrmy usci Chlmfsj(

\jch rcspbhichts wcrc nsdci nkbut tjc bvcrnmm sustnfhnkfmfty b` tjc prblrno- tjconabrfty b` ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs `cmt tjcy jni ebopmctcmy br tb n mnrlc cxtcht

onfhtnfhci tjc ejnhlcs `rbo tjc prbacet *@flurc >6&( Ywchty/twb pcrecht b`ebuhtcrpnrts

rcpbrtci tjcy jni ebopmctcmy onfhtnfhci tjc ejnhlcs nhi nhbtjcr sfxty/tjrcc pcrecht

rcpbrtci onfhtnfhfhl tjc ejnhlcs tb n mnrlc cxtcht( Obst rcspbhichts eboochtci tjnttjcy jni onfhtnfhci sboc b` tjc octjbis nhi tjc tcnejfhl rcsburecs( N `cw cxpmnfhci

tjnt tjcy jni ercntci systcos tb onfhtnfh tjc ejnhlcs ky fhstftutfbhnmfzfhl tjc netfvftfcs

nhi trnfhfhl( Ebuhtcrpnrts hbtci tjnt tjcy wcrc uhnkmc tb onfhtnfh ejnhlcs kcenusc b`

ejnhlcs tb tjc IcpCi eurrfeumuo nhi tjnt tjcy ifi hbt jnvc nhy octjbi `br obhftbrfhltjc ejnhlcs(

;0#

5>#

56#

56#

99#

9#

57# ;7# 57# 97# 37# 07# 77#

Vbur nkfmfty tb icsflh nhi fopmcocht prbacets

tjnt niircss eboouhfty hccis *h?>6&

Vbur nkfmfty tb wbrd wftj eboouhftfcs br

tcnejcrs tb foprbvc ciuentfbh scrvfecs *h?>0&

Yndfhl rcspbhsfkfmfty br ybur prb`cssfbhnm

icvcmbpocht *h?>:&

Vbur ebh`fichec nhi ebopctchec fh usfhl

Chlmfsj *h?;5&

Vbur nkfmfty tb usc hcw- obrc fhtcrnetfvc

tcnejfhl octjbis *h?>0&

Neecssfhl ciuentfbhnm rcsburecs *h?>6&

Vcs Yb sboc cxtcht Hb


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46/101


90

`rcquchtmy eftci sustnfhci ejnhlc( Fh suo- ebuhtcrpnrts ebhsficr tjfs buteboc tb jnvc jni

tjc obst fopnet bh tjcfr fhifvfiunm enpnefty kufmifhl( Yjc scebhi obst rcpbrtci buteboc

tb `ummy occt ebuhtcrpnrts hccis wns nh fhercnsci ebh`fichec nhi ebopctchec fh usfhlChlmfsj *:3#& `bmmbwci embscmy ky usfhl hcw fhtcrnetfvc tcnejfhl octjbis *:9#&( Kbtj

b` tjcsc butebocs rntci jfljmy fh tcros b` fhifvfiunm ejnhlc nhi mbw fh tcros b` `umm

sustnfhnkfmfty( Yjfs sullcsts tjnt knrrfcrs nrc prcvchtfhl tjcsc ejnhlcs `rbo ebhtfhufhl*ifseussci fh tjc hcxt scetfbh&(

@flurc ;71 Ebuhtcrpnrt Nsscssocht b` jbw Butebocs Oct tjcfr Fhifvfiunm Hccis

Kchc`fefnrfcs nmsb `cmt tjnt tjc butebocs jni lchcrnmmy oct tjcfr hccis ebopmctcmy br tb n

mnrlc cxtcht *@flurc ;>&( Ywb butebocs wcrc rcpbrtci obst b`tch ns ebopmctcmy occtfhl

kchc`fefnrys hccis( @frst-


47/101


91 Kchc`fefnry Nsscssocht b` jbw Butebocs Oct tjcfr Fhifvfiunm Hccis

Jbw Udfmms nrc Ssci Wcrsbhnmmy nhi Wrb`cssfbhnmmy[cspbhichts wcrc nsdci jbw b`tch tjcy usci tjc sdfmms lnfhci `rbo tjc prbacet fh tjcfr

prb`cssfbhnm nhi pcrsbhnm mfvcs- nhi wjfej sdfmms tjcy obst `rcquchtmy usci( Ufxty/hfhcpcrecht b`ebuhtcrpnrts usci tjc sdfmms tjcy mcnrhci iurfhl tjc prbacet bh n infmy knsfs fh

tjcfr prb`cssfbhnm mf`c *@flurc ;;&( @brty/cfljt pcrecht b` kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtci usfhl

tjcfr hcw sdfmms prb`cssfbhnmmy bh n infmy knsfs *@flurc ;;&( Ebuhtcrpnrts *>6#& nhi

kchc`fefnrfcs *>0#& nmsb rcpbrtci usfhl tjcfr hcw sdfmms bh n wccdmy knsfs(

Cfljtcch but b` twchty/twb ebuhtcrpnrts nhi tch but b` scvchtcch kchc`fefnrfcs stntci

tjcy obst b`tch usci tjc hcw tcnejfhl octjbis fh tjcfr prb`cssfbhnm mf`c( Yjfs fhifentcstjnt obst b` tjc tcnejcrs wjb wbrdci wftj n Pbmuhtccr jnvc scmcetfvcmy nibptci tjc hcw

octjbis- nhi ony hbt kc usfhl tjco bh n infmy knsfs( Yjfs ebumi neebuht `br tjc mbw

sustnfhnkfmfty b` stuicht pcr`bronhec ns rcpbrtci ky rcspbhichts nt tjc eboouhfty mcvcm(

Kbtj lrbups nmsb stntci tjcy `rcquchtmy usci tjc hcw tcnejfhl rcsburecs nt wbrd( Bhcebuhtcrpnrt hbtci tjnt tjcy usc tjc trnfhfhl ontcrfnms mc`t ky tjc Pbmuhtccr tb trnfh btjcr

tcnejcrs(

Fh tjcfr pcrsbhnm mfvcs- 90 pcrecht b` ebuhtcrpnrts stntci tjcy usci hcw sdfmms `rbo tjcprbacet bh n infmy knsfs( Ebuhtcrpnrts obst b`tch stntci tjcy usci n hcw sct b` vnmucs nhi

kcjnvfbr fh tjcfr pcrsbhnm mf`c( @br cxnopmc- onhy nibptci tjc tfoc onhnlcocht nhi

puhetunmfty b` tjc Pbmuhtccr nmbhl wftj n obrc `rnhd br ifrcet eboouhfentfbh strntcly(Yjcy nmsb icserfkci n sjf`t fh eboouhfentfbh strntclfcs tbwnri mcss lbssfpfhl- wjfej fs n

@fmfpfhb eumturnm hbro rcmntci tb sbefnm ebhtrbm( Yjcy cxpmnfhci tjnt Pbmuhtccrs ifi hbt

tndc pnrt fh lbssfpfhl nhi wcrc b``chici wjch tjcy wcrc tjc sukacet b` lbssfp( Ywbebuhtcrpnrts stntci tjcy usci tjcfr hcw eboputcr sdfmms tb stnrt tjcfr bwh sonmm kusfhcss


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9:

`fxfhl eboputcrs butsfic b` tjcfr tcnejfhl iutfcs(Kchc`fefnrfcs ifi hbt eboocht bh tjcfr

pcrsbhnm usc b` sdfmms nhi kcjnvfbrs(

@flurc ;;1 @rcquchey b` Udfmms Ssci fh Wrb`cssfbhnm Mf`c

Ebuhtcrpnrts- h?;04 kchc`fefnrfcs- h?;3

Shfhtchici Butebocs

[cscnrej tcnos nsdci rcspbhichts tb icserfkc btjcr ejnhlcs nhi neebopmfsjochts

rcsumtfhl `rbo tjc wbrd b` tjc Pbmuhtccr- kcybhi tjbsc ic`fhci ky tjc prbacet pmnh(

Btjcr Ejnhlcs nhi Neebopmfsjochts

Yjc onabrfty b` ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtci tjnt stuichts jni sflhf`fenhtmy

fhercnsci tjcfr scm`/ebh`fichec fh lchcrnm- hbt aust fh spcndfhl Chlmfsj( Yjcy nttrfkutcitjfs fhercnsci ebh`fichec tb tjc Pbmuhtccrs nkfmfty tb kufmi stuichts scm`/cstcco- ns tjfs

tcnejcr icserfkci1

TYjc Pbmuhtccr_ wnhtci tjc ejfmirch tb jnvc scm`/cstcco nhi ondc tjc dfis jnppy

ky ifspmnyfhl jfs br jcr wbrd( Cvch tjbulj tjc nrt mbbds ulmy- Ttjc Pbmuhtccr_ stfmm

ifspmnyci ft(

Ns tjfs tcnejcr fhifentcs- ulmy nrtwbrd wbumi hbt hbronmmy kc ifspmnyci( Utuichts

rcn``froci tjfs fhercnsc fh scm`/ebh`fichec- stntfhl tjnt wbrdfhl wftj tjc Pbmuhtccr jnifhercnsci tjcfr schsc b` scm`/wbrtj( Yjfs mci onhy stuichts tb try hcw netfvftfcs nhi tbtndc bh hcw ejnmmchlcs fh mf`c kcenusc tjcy ifsebvcrci tnmchts tjcy ifi hbt dhbw tjcy

jni( Yjcsc stuichts eboochts fmmustrntc tjc hnturc b` tjc ejnhlcs1

TYjc Pbmuhtccr_ kcenoc oy trnfhcr `br pukmfe spcndfhl ebopctftfbhs nhi rcnmmyspcht tfoc tcnejfhl oc- pcr`cetfhl cvcry schtchec- pcr`cetfhl cvcry chuhefntfbh

uhtfm F rcnejci tjc rclfbhnm( F enh sny tjnt Ttjc Pbmuhtccr_ lnvc oc tjc kcst

9#

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>0#

>0#

9:#

9#

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>6#

06#

7# >7# ;7# 57# 97# 37# 07#


49/101


96

cxpcrfchec b` oy jflj sejbbm ycnrs nhi TF_ wns nkmc tb ebopctc tb nt tjc rclfbhnm(

F no vcry tjnhd`um tjnt jc wns tjcrc tb jcmp nhi cheburnlc oc tjnt F enh ib ft(

TYjc Pbmuhtccr_ jcmpci oc tb icvcmbp nhi lnfh scm`/ebh`fichec hbt kcenusc wcnrc pbbr kut kcenusc wc jnvc tjc enpnefty tb foprbvc nhi kceboc kcttcr( Jcs

if``crcht ebopnrci wftj oy btjcr tcnejcrs- onykc kcenusc b` jfs eumturc( Jcjnhimcs us fh if``crcht wnys ebopnrci wftj bur tcnejcrs(

Fh ebmmclc- F kcenoc bhc b` tjc b``fecrs Tnhi_ wns bh tjc Icnh,s mfst( Hbw- F no

coeccfhl prblrnos kcenusc b` oy nkfmfty tb spcnd prbpcr Chlmfsj( Ft ondcs ybu`ccm kcttcr tjnt btjcr pcbpmc kcmfcvc ybu enh ib ft(

Yjcfr eboochts jfljmfljt n hcw nkfmfty tb rc/fonlfhc tjc pbssfkfmftfcs `br tjcfr mfvcs nhi

`uturcs(

Yjc onabrfty b` stuichts nmsb rconrdci tjnt tcnejcrs nrc `rfchimfcr- hfecr- nhi obrc

npprbnejnkmc n`tcr wbrdfhl wftj tjc Pbmuhtccr( Yjc rcsumt jns kcch- neebrifhl tbstuichts- n kcttcr stuicht/tcnejcr rcmntfbhsjfp( Yjrbuljbut tjcfr fhtcrvfcws- stuichts

icserfkci tjc Pbmuhtccr ns npprbnejnkmc cxpmnfhfhl tjnt tjcy spbdc tb stuichts butsfic

b` emnss obrc tjnh mbenm tcnejcrs- nhi jcmpci tjco n`tcr emnss( Utuichts cxpmnfhci tjnt

tjcy `cmt cqunm tb tjc Pbmuhtccr nhi tjfs fhspfrci tjco tb stuiy jnricrnhi kcebocsboctjfhl( Eboochts `rbo tjcsc stuichts ictnfm tjc if``crchecs kctwcch mbenm tcnejcrs

nhi Pbmuhtccrs1

Jc fs if``crcht `rbo bur tcnejcrs jcrc kcenusc wjch wc scc jfo- jc sofmcs nhi

lrccts us nhi tjch wc spcnd fh Chlmfsj(

Cvcry tfoc ybu lrcct Ttjc Pbmuhtccr- tjcy_ nmwnys stnrt n ebhvcrsntfbh wftj ybu-wjfmc tjc btjcr tcnejcrs wjch ybu sny lbbi obrhfhl br lbbi n`tcrhbbh- tjcy bhmy

rcpmy kut ibht tnmd tb ybu nhitjcy ibht ondc ebhvcrsntfbh(

TYjc Pbmuhtccr_ ibcs hbt lct oni nhi jns vcry mbhl pntfchec(

Utuichts ebhtfhuci tb foprbvc tjcfr stuiy jnkfts `br tjbsc tcnejcrs wjb jni nibptci tjcPbmuhtccrs npprbnej tb stuicht/tcnejcr rcmntfbhsjfps( Ywb ebuhtcrpnrts nmsb hbtci tjfs

uhfhtchici buteboc fh tjcfr nhswcrs( @br cxnopmc- tjfs tcnejcr eboochtci1

F lfvc prnfscs nhi ebopmfochts tb stuichts nhi try hbt tb scc nmwnys tjc hclntfvcsfic( F enh sny tjnt hbw F jnhimc oy stuichts wcmm sb tjnt tjcy wbumi kc fhtcrcstci

tb sjbw up `br emnss(

Ns n rcsumt- stuichts `cmt tjc Pbmuhtccrs jni jcmpci tjcfr sejbbms hbt bhmy nenicofenmmykut nmsb cobtfbhnmmy(

N `cw ebuhtcrpnrts- kchc`fefnrfcsnhi stuichts rcenmmci tjnt wbrdfhl wftj tjc Pbmuhtccrjni foprbvci tjcfr erbss/eumturnm eboouhfentfbh sdfmms( Utuichts cxprcssci n icercnsci


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37

npprcjchsfbh nkbut wbrdfhl wftj `brcflhcrs( Ywb ebuhtcrpnrts eboochtci tjnt tjcy jni

nibptci n obrc pbsftfvc npprbnej tb kbtj wbrd nhi mf`c ns n rcsumt b` wbrdfhl wftj tjc

Pbmuhtccr( Utndcjbmicrs hbtci ejnhlcs fh nttftuic nt sejbbms nhi tjnt stn`` nt sbocsejbbms wcrc obrc puhetunm(

Hbt nmm b` tjc uhfhtchici ejnhlcs nhi butebocs wcrc pbsftfvc( N lrbup b` kchc`fefnrfcsnhi ebuhtcrpnrts nt tjrcc sftcs rconrdci tjnt tjc prbacet nhi Pbmuhtccr jni hbt prbiuecinhy butebocs br neebopmfsjochts- cvch tjc fhtchici prbacet butebocs( Bhc hbtci tjnt

tjc Pbmuhtccr ifi hbt mcnvc nhy mclney kcjfhi nhi scvcrnm btjcrs cxpmnfhci tjnt tjcy

ifi hbt mcnrh nhytjfhl nhi ifi hbt kcmfcvc tjc Pbmuhtccrs wbrd wns uscùm( N `cwstndcjbmicrs icserfkci tjc Pbmuhtccrs nt tjcsc tjrcc sftcs ns `rcquchtmy nkscht `rbo wbrd(

Fh tjcsc enscs- stndcjbmicrs hbtci tjnt Pbmuhtccrs ifi hbt fh`bro sejbbms b` tjcfr

wjcrcnkbuts nhi eboochtci tjnt Wcnec Ebrps sjbumi rceruft obrc onturc Pbmuhtccrs(Yjcsc rcspbhichts nttrfkutci tjfs mned b` wbrd ctjfe nhi fopnet tb tjc Pbmuhtccrs mned b`

cxpcrfchec nhi uhprb`cssfbhnm kcjnvfbr( Yjc buteboc- fh tjfs ensc- wns rc`mcetci fh tjcfr

ejnhlcs fh bpfhfbhs b` Nocrfenhs(

@netbrs N``cetfhl Wrbacet Wcr`bronhec

[cspbhichts wcrc nsdci n scrfcs b` qucstfbhs tb nsecrtnfh wjnt `netbrs ebhtrfkutci tb tjc

sueecss b` tjc prbacet- wjnt `netbrs jfhicrci tjc prbacet butebocs- tjc rcnsbhs wjyejnhlc wns hbt sustnfhci- nhi tjc iclrcc tb wjfej tjc infmy fhtcrnetfbh wftj tjc

Pbmuhtccr enusci tjc ejnhlc( Yjfs scetfbh butmfhcs tjcsc `fhifhls(

@netbrs Ebhtrfkutfhl tb Wrbacet Uueecss

Ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs kbtj rcpbrtci tjnt sejbbm niofhfstrntbrs nhi tcnejcrs

wcrc tjc prfonry `netbrs fh tjc sueecss b` tjc KCYN Wrbacet( Yjcy spcef`fenmmycopjnsfzci tjc ebbpcrntfbh kctwcch tcnejcrs nhi stuichts br tcnejcrs nhi prfhefpnms(

Ucvcrnm hbtci tjc hcci `br tjfs fhercnsci mcvcm b` ebbpcrntfbh kcenusc tjc Pbmuhtccr

nrrfvci wftj sb mfttmc ùhifhl( Btjcr rcspbhichts kcmfcvci tjc ebbpcrntfbh wns hccici tbbvcreboc mbenm nhxfctfcs rcmntci tb wbrdfhl wftj n `brcflhcr( Bhc rcspbhicht

eboochtci-

Yjc `netbrs nrc tjc neecptnhec b` tjc tcnejcrs wbrdfhl wftj n `brcflhcr nhi tjch

tjc cxeftcocht sjbwh ky tjc stuichts( Yjc stuichts wcrc rcnmmy cxeftci wjch tjcy

jcnri tjnt wc wfmm jnvc n Wcnec Ebrps Pbmuhtccr nhi tjcy nmm wnhtci tb kc Tfh_tjc Pbmuhtccrs emnss(

Nhbtjcr rcspbhicht hbtci tjnt tjc Pbmuhtccrs prbkmcos wcrc tjcfr prbkmcos- nhi tjc

eboouhfty nhi sejbbm jni tb wbrd tblctjcr tb ondc tjc Pbmuhtccrs stny sueecssùm(

Ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs nhswcrs sullcst tjnt eboouhftfcs sjbumi kc wcmm/prcpnrci tb jbst n Pbmuhtccr- fhemuifhl jnvfhl n tjbrbulj dhbwmcilc b` rbmcs nhi

rcspbhsfkfmftfcs- ns wcmm ns tjc prbacet pmnh(


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3>

Yjc scebhinry `netbr fh tjc sueecss b` tjc prbacet `br ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs wns

tjc wbrd jnkfts nhi pcrsbhnmfty b` tjc Pbmuhtccrs( Upcef`fe wbrd jnkfts fhemuiciicifentfbh- jnri wbrd- nhi prb`cssfbhnmfso( Neebrifhl tb tjc rcspbhichts- tjc pcrsbhnm

ejnrnetcrfstfes b` Pbmuhtccrs tjnt ebhtrfkutci tb prbacet sueecss fhemuici rcsburecùmhcss-

`rfchimfhcss- pntfchec- nhi n pbsftfvc nttftuic( Eboochts `rbo tjc ebuhtcrpnrts nhikchc`fefnrfcs ictnfm tjc dfhi b` wbrd tjcy npprcefntci1

Ujc wns vcry tfoc ebhsefbus- hcvcr mntc nhi vcry prb`cssfbhnm Ujc fs vcry sbefnkmc

nhi `mcxfkmc- dfhi tb tjc dfis- enh uhicrstnhi fhifvfiunm if``crchecs( Ujc fs vcryrcsburecùm4 vcry lbbi fh usfhl tjc nvnfmnkmc ontcrfnms nrbuhi jcr(

Ujc fs n vcry jnri/wbrdfhl pcrsbh- stnys mntc nt hfljt aust tb `fhfsj sboctjfhl- sjc

`fhfsjci cvcrytjfhl(

Yjc Wcnec Ebrps Pbmuhtccrs tjcoscmvcs nrc jnri wbrdfhl Tnhi_ eboofttci- sb F

tjfhd tjcy nrc tjc dcy tb fts sueecss( Kcenusc cvcrytjfhl aust `bmmbws( F` tjcPbmuhtccrs tjcoscmvcs nrc fhtb ft4 f` tjcy rcnmmy ocnh kusfhcss Tmfdc_ F enoc jcrc

tb tcnej Chlmfsj(

Wntfchec( Yjc TPbmuhtccr_ wns vcry pntfcht wftj tjbsc smbw mcnrhcrs(Chtjusfnstfenmwnys wnhts tb kc tjc bhc tb tcnej nhi fs hbt mnzy tb lb tb emnss( F

enh nmsb sny neeboobintfhl( TYjc Pbmuhtccr_ fs obrc tjnh wfmmfhl tb

neeboobintc f` tjcrc fs n prbkmco(

N `cw ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs rconrdci tjnt tcnowbrd nhi lbbi rcmntfbhsjfps

kctwcch Pbmuhtccrs nhi sejbbm pcrsbhhcm wcrc tjc sburec b`tjc prbacets sueecss(

Utndcjbmicrs rcpbrtci tjnt Pbmuhtccr wbrd jnkfts nhi pcrsbhnmfty wcrc tjc prfonry

`netbrs fh prbacet sueecss( Yjc obst b`tch eftci ejnrnetcrfstfes wcrc tcnejfhl sdfmms nhi

qunmf`fentfbhs- wfmmfhlhcss tb wbrd- nhi ebhsfstchtmy sjbwfhl up `br wbrd( Yjcy nmsbfhemuici fh tjcsc ejnrnetcrfstfes tjc Pbmuhtccrs nkfmfty tb fhtclrntc wcmm fhtb @fmfpfhb

eumturc( Utndcjbmicrs nmsb stntci tjnt sejbbm niofhfstrntbrs nhi tcnejcrs ebhtrfkutci

sflhf`fenhtmy tb tjc sueecss b` tjc prbacet nmbhl wftj eboouhfty suppbrt(

Utuichts rcpbrtci tjnt tjc Pbmuhtccrs pcrsbhnmfty nhi wfmmfhlhcss tb eboouhfentc wftj

stuichts butsfic b` emnss mci tb n sflhf`fenht uhfhtchici buteboc1 foprbvci stuicht/

tcnejcr rcmntfbhsjfps nt sejbbms(

@netbrs Jfhicrfhl Wrbacet Uueecss

Ebuhtcrpnrts- kchc`fefnrfcsnhi stndcjbmicrs wcrc nmsb nsdci wjnt `netbrs jfhicrci tjc

prbacets sueecss( Yjc `netbrs tjcy prbvfici enh kc entclbrfzci ns cftjcr rcmntci tb tjc

prbacet br tb tjc pcrsbhnmftfcs b` Pbmuhtccrs nhi pnrtfefpnhts( Yjc onabrfty bèbuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs stntci tjnt if``crcht cmcochts b` tjc prbacet icsflh

jfhicrci tjc prbacets sueecss( Upcef`fenmmy- tjcy hbtci tjnt tjc eyemc b` wjch Pbmuhtccrs


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nrc icpmbyci- tjc sjbrt mchltj b` tjc prbacet eyemc *twb ycnrs&- nhi tjc wbrdmbni b`

Pbmuhtccrswjb nrc b`tch tbb kusy wftj scebhinry netfvftfcsjfhicrci tjc sueecss b`

tjc prbacet(

Wcnec Ebrps trnfhfhl wns tjc scebhi obst `rcquchtmy stntci jfhirnhec tb prbacet

butebocs ky ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs( N dcy fssuc wns mnhlunlc( [cspbhichtsicserfkci Pbmuhtccrs wjb ifi hbt jnvc chbulj mbenm mnhlunlc trnfhfhl br wjb ifi hbtjnvc nhy tcejhfenm mnhlunlc trnfhfhl( @br cxnopmc-

\cmm- hbt nmm b` us enh spcnd Chlmfsj- nhi F dhbw Ttjc Pbmuhtccr_ `buhi ft if``feumttb afvc wftj us cspcefnmmy tjnt Jfmflnyhbh fs bur ifnmcet- kut @fmfpfhb fs bur

hntfbhnm mnhlunlc( Nmtjbulj Chlmfsj fs tjc ocifuo b` fhstruetfbh fh bur sejbbm- fh

bur jbocs fts stfmm Jfmflnyhbh(

Utndcjbmicrs nmsb eftci mnhlunlc ns tjc scebhi kfllcst jfhirnhec fh tjc sueecss b` tjc

prbacet knsci bh tjc rcpbrts tjcy rcecfvci `rbo sejbbms( Fh btjcr enscs- rcspbhichts

cxprcssci tjcfr surprfsc tjnt tjc Pbmuhtccr spbdc br mcnrhci tjc mbenm mnhlunlc( Yjcifvcrsfty b` mnhlunlcs fh tjc Wjfmfppfhcs prcschts n ejnmmchlc tb pbsts nhi Pbmuhtccrs(

Nhbtjcr trnfhfhl fssuc eftci ky ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs wns Pbmuhtccrs wjb ifi

hbt jnvc nhy tcnejfhl sdfmms br cxpcrfchec( Yjfs erftfquc fhemuici Pbmuhtccrs wjb jniebmmclc iclrccs fh jfstbry br eboputcrs kut hbt Chlmfsj- nhi Pbmuhtccrs wjb ifi hbt jnvc

nhy emnssrbbo tcnejfhl cxpcrfchec( Ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs jni cxpcetntfbhs tjnt

Pbmuhtccrs wbumi kc tcnejcrs wftj cxpcrfchecs sfofmnr tb tjcfr bwh( Utndcjbmicrs nmsbhbtci tjnt sboc Pbmuhtccrs wcrc hbt qunmf`fci tb tcnej( Yjfs eboocht ky n ebuhtcrpnrt

fmmustrntcs tjc prbkmco1

Ujc wns uscmcss ns n tcnejcr kcenusc sjc ifi hbt tcnej( Ujc wns aust n `brcflhcr-wjftc sdfhhci nhi hbtjfhl( Ujc ifi hbt dhbw jbw tb tcnej.

@fhnmmy- scvcrnm ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs hbtci tjnt n mned b` ebbpcrntfbh `rbotcnejcrs nhi prfhefpnms jfhicrci tjc prbacets sueecss( Fh bhc ensc- tjc sejbbm jfrci n hcw

prfhefpnm wjb ifi hbt suppbrt tjc wbrd b` tjc Pbmuhtccr( Fh scvcrnm btjcr enscs-

rcspbhichts eboochtci tjnt hbt nmm b` tjc tcnejcrs wnhtci ejnhlc nhi sboc wcrcuhwfmmfhl tb wbrd wftj tjc Pbmuhtccr( Yjcsc tcnejcrs ony kc tjc rcnsbh wjy rcspbhichts

rcpbrtci onhy ejnhlcs wcrc hbt `ummy sustnfhci nt tjc sejbbm mcvcm( Fh bhc cxtrcoc ensc-

tjc Pbmuhtccr nhi tcnejcrs jni bktnfhci onhy hcw kbbds `br tjc sejbbm mfkrnry- kut tjc

sejbbm mfkrnrfnh ifi hbt wnht tjc stuichts tb rufh tjc hcw kbbds nhi tjcrc`brc dcpt tjcmfkrnry mbedci( Utuichts wjb rcpbrtci foprbvci rcnifhl eboprcjchsfbh nhi ebh`fichec

fh spcndfhl Chlmfsj nmm icserfkci usfhl tjc mfkrnrfcs icvcmbpci ky tjc Pbmuhtccr-

fhifentfhl tjnt rcstrfetci neecss tb mfkrnrfcs fopcici ejnhlc(

Pbmuhtccr pcrsbhnmfty wns nmsb vfcwci ns n mfoftfhl `netbr( Neebrifhl tb ebuhtcrpnrts-

tjc prfonry fssuc wns fopntfcht nhi fhsfstcht Pbmuhtccrs wjb wnhtci tb lct netfvftfcs

ibhc neebrifhl tb n sejciumc( Ucvcrnm ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs eboochtci tjntPbmuhtccrs jni supcrfbr nttftuics- cxpmnfhfhl tjnt Pbmuhtccrs ebhstnhtmy ebopnrci


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Nocrfenhs tb @fmfpfhbs br mbbdci ibwh bh us( N `cw stndcjbmicrs eboochtci tjnt

sboc Pbmuhtccrs jni pbbr eboouhfentfbh sdfmms( Btjcr fssucs fhemuici Pbmuhtccrs wjb

ifi hbt uhicrstnhi @fmfpfhb sbefnm bkmflntfbhs- suej ns sjnrfhl `bbi br krfhlfhl knedsonmm lf`ts wjch ybu lb but b` tbwh( Ucvcrnm ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs hbtci tjnt

Pbmuhtccrs ifi hbt tndc pnrt fh tjc @fmfpfhb eumturnm prnetfec b` lbssfpfhl nhi wcrc

b``chici wjch tjcy wcrc tjc sukacet b` lbssfp( Fh ebhtrnst- tjc onabrfty b` stndcjbmicrsstntci tjnt tjc niaustocht pcrfbi nt tjc kclfhhfhl b` n Pbmuhtccrs scrvfec wns tjcprfonry jfhirnhec kcenusc tjc prbacet stnrtci smbwmy- kut onhy `cmt Pbmuhtccrs jni

niaustci wcmm n`tcr n wjfmc( Fh suo- n `cw rcspbhichts ifi hbt `ccm tjnt Pbmuhtccrs

niaustci tb tjc mbenm @fmfpfhb nhi sejbbm eumturc wcmm- wjfej enh nmsb kc vfcwci ns ntrnfhfhl fssuc(

Ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs wcrc nmsb nsdci tb icserfkc nhy `netbrs tjnt mfoftci tjc

sejbbm br eboouhftys nkfmfty tb sustnfh tjc ejnhlcs fhstftutci ns n rcsumt b` tjc prbacet*@flurc ;5&( Kbtj ebuhtcrpnrts *9>#& nhi kchc`fefnrfcs *37#& hnoci n mned b` `uhifhl ns

tjc prfonry bkstnemc tb onfhtnfhfhl ejnhlc( Yjfrty/`fvc pcrecht b` kchc`fefnrfcs stntci

sejbbm pcrsbhhcm mnedci tjc rcqufsftc sdfmms nhi trnfhfhl tb onfhtnfh tjc ejnhlcs( Yjfsfhemuici scvcrnm fhstnhecs wjcrc Pbmuhtccrs jni cstnkmfsjci mfkrnrfcs nhi prbvfici

trnfhfhl tb mfkrnrfnhs fh entnmblufhl nhi onhnlfhl tjc mfkrnry ebmmcetfbhs nhi tjcsc

mfkrnrfnhs jni sfhec mc`t tjc sejbbm( Utndcjbmicrs nmsb eftci tjc rctfrcocht b` tcnejcrs nhi

prfhefpnms wjb jni kcch trnfhci ky Pbmuhtccrs ns n knrrfcr tb ejnhlc- wjfej ony jnvcebhtrfkutci tb 5 b` ;5 stndcjbmicrs stntfhl tjc sejbbm mnedci tjc sdfmms nhi trnfhfhl tb

onfhtnfh tjc ejnhlcs( Yjc icpnrturc b` tcnejcrs nhi prfhefpnms wjb wcrc trnfhci ky tjc

Pbmuhtccr br suppbrtci tjc Pbmuhtccr sjbumi nmsb kc vfcwci ns n mfoftfhl `netbr tb tjcsustnfhnkfmfty b` tjc prbacet( Yjfs knrrfcr tb ejnhlc sullcsts tjnt obrc fhstftutfbhnmfzci

`bros b` sustnfhnkfmfty sjbumi kc icvcmbpci nhi fopmcochtci nt sejbbms(

Nobhl ebuhtcrpnrts- 57 pcrecht stntci tjnt btjcr rcnsbhs jni mfoftci ejnhlcs rcsumtfhl`rbo tjc prbacet( @br cxnopmc- onhy ebuhtcrpnrts hbtci tjcy wcrc uhnkmc tb onfhtnfh tjc

tcnejfhl rcsburecs fh lbbi ebhiftfbh n`tcr scvcrnm ycnrs( N `cw eboochtci tjnt tjc

mfkrnrfnh jni mc`t nhi hb bhc wns onfhtnfhfhl tjc kbbds nhy obrc- nhi- fh bhc ensc ntypjbbh jni icstrbyci tjc mfkrnry(

N `cw ebuhtcrpnrts hbtci tjnt rcecht ejnhlcs fh tjc IcpCi eurrfeumuo ebh`mfetci wftj tjctcnejfhl strntcly b` tjc prbacet( Jbwcvcr- scvcrnm stndcjbmicrs- ebuhtcrpnrts nhi

kchc`fefnrfcs hbtci tjnt tjc tcnejfhl octjbis nhi btjcr netfvftfcs suppbrtci tjc IcpCi

SKI eurrfeumuo( Yjc rcnsbhs `br tjfs ifsercpnhey ebumi kc n mned b` eboouhfentfbh

nkbut tjc prbacets rcmntfbhsjfp tb tjc SKI eurrfeumuo nhi n mned b` uhicrstnhifhl nkbuttjc SKI eurrfeumuo ftscm` bh tjc pnrt b` mbenm tcnejcrs( Ucvcrnm ebuhtcrpnrts nhi

kchc`fefnrfcs hbtci tjnt onhy tcnejcrs ifi hbt wnht tb ejnhlc tjcfr tcnejfhl stymcs nhi

tjus ifi hbt ondc nh c``brt tb wbrd wftj tjc Pbmuhtccr(

Uboc kchc`fefnrfcs nmsb `cmt tjnt tjc sejbbm nhi eboouhfty mcnicrsjfp ifi hbt lfvc

chbulj suppbrt tb tjc prbacet *;


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Yjc sejbbm ofljt kc n``cetci ky nhbtjcr trnhsftfbh fh tjc hcxt cmcetfbh- kcenusc

tjfs fs n lbvcrhocht bwhci sejbbm( \c nrc n``cetci ky pbmftfenm `netbrs iurfhl

cmcetfbh tfoc( \c sjbumi eboc up wftj n pbmfey tjnt enh stnhi nh cmcetfbh- brtrnhsftfbh fh mcnicrsjfp(

;7

Fssucs b` pbmftfes nhi ejnhlcs fh sejbbm mcnicrsjfp fopnet tjc sustnfhnkfmfty b` tjc WcnecEbrps prbacet ns wcmm( Ns tjfs rcspbhicht sullcsts- sejbbms hcci tb fhstftutfbhnmfzc tjc

ejnhlcs ercntci ky n Pbmuhtccr nhi icvcmbp pbmfefcs tjnt chsurc sustnfhnkfmfty( Yjc Wcnec

Ebrps pbst ofljt wnht tb ebhtrfkutc tb tjcsc c``brts nhi ebhsficr ondfhl tjcsc ejnhlcsns ebhiftfbhs `br wbrdfhl wftj n Pbmuhtccr( @fhnmmy- scvcrnm kchc`fefnrfcs eboochtci tjnt

eboouhftfcs tjbuljt tjc Pbmuhtccr wns n kurich iuc tb ebsts nhi tjc rcspbhsfkfmfty b`

dccpfhl tjco sn`c( Uboc ebuhtcrpnrts *;;#& nhi kchc`fefnrfcs *;5#& ifi hbt `ccm tjc

prbacet rcecfvci chbulj suppbrt `rbo sejbbm stn`` br stuichts(

@flurc ;51 Ebuhtcrpnrts nhi Kchc`fefnrfcs1 @netbrs Mfoftfhl tjc Wrbacet Butebocs

Ebuhtcrpnrts- h?;


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30

nhi stn`` `rbo fhtcrnetfhl- nhi tjus mcnrhfhl- `rbo tjc Pbmuhtccr( Btjcrs icserfkci

Pbmuhtccrs wjb ifi hbt nttchi wbrd cvcry iny br wjb wbrdci obstmy fh tjc sejbbm

b``fec( Yjfs typc b` fhtcrnetfbh ifi hbt suppbrt tjc prbacet butebocs- neebrifhl tbrcspbhichts(

Untfs`netfbh wftj Butebocs

[cscnrejcrs nsdci ebuhtcrpnrts- kchc`fefnrfcs- stuichts- nhi stndcjbmicrs nkbut tjcfrsntfs`netfbh wftj tjc prbacet tjrbulj twb if``crcht qucstfbhs( Bhc ifrcetmy nsdci nkbut

sntfs`netfbh mcvcm nhi rcnsbhs `br sntfs`netfbh- wjfmc nhbtjcr nsdci f` rcspbhichts wbumi

jbst nhbtjcr Pbmuhtccr(

Bvcrnmm Untfs`netfbh

Ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs bvcrwjcmofhlmy rcpbrtci tjcy wcrc sbocwjnt tb vcry

sntfs`fci wftj tjc ejnhlcs rcsumtfhl `rbo tjc prbacet nhi tjc wbrd b` tjc Pbmuhtccr*@flurc ;3&( @f`ty/sfx pcrecht b` kbtj ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtci tjcy wcrc

vcry sntfs`fci wftj tjc ejnhlcs( Umfljtmy obrc kchc`fefnrfcs wcrc sbocwjnt sntfs`fci*9>#& tjnh ebuhtcrpnrts *5>(


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Yjc @fmfpfhb rcscnrej tcno prcschtci tjfs fssuc b` pcrsbhnm lrbbofhl ns n onabr prbkmco b` tjc onabrfty b`

tjc sftcs( Jbwcvcr- wjch BUF[W cxnofhci tjc intn- tjfs fssuc nppmfci tb bhmy tjrcc Pbmuhtccrs fh tjrcc

sftcs(


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Utndcjbmicrs nmsb bvcrwjcmofhlmy rcpbrtci tjcy wcrc vcry sntfs`fci wftj tjc prbacet

butebocs *09#& *@flurc ;0&( Utndcjbmicrs wcrc sntfs`fci `br tjrcc rcnsbhs1 foprbvcistuicht pcr`bronhec- foprbvci tcnejcr pcr`bronhec- nhi tjc Pbmuhtccrs wbrd ctjfe(

@flurc ;01 Utndcjbmicr Untfs`netfbh wftj Wrbacet Butebocs

Utndcjbmicrs h?;;

Bhmy 3 pcrecht b` stndcjbmicrs wcrc vcry uhsntfs`fci nhi n `urtjcr 6 pcrecht wcrc

sbocwjnt uhsntfs`fci wftj tjc ejnhlcs rcsumtfhl `rbo tjc prbacet *@flurc ;0&( Yjconabrfty b` tjcsc rcspbhichts wcrc hbt sntfs`fci wftj Pbmuhtccrs wjb ifi hbt wbrd jnri

br mnedci tcnejfhl cxpcrfchec( @br cxnopmc- bhc stndcjbmicr nhi scvcrnm tcnejcrs

rcpbrtci ifssntfs`netfbh wftj Pbmuhtccrs wjb rc`usci tb wbrd butsfic tjcfr sebpc b` wbrd(Fh nhbtjcr ensc- n stndcjbmicr eboochtci-

\c rcqucstci n WEP wftj nh FEY knedlrbuhi- tjch sbocbhc wftj n aburhnmfso

knedlrbuhi- nhi tjch nh Chlmfsj tcnejcr( Kut cvchtunmmy hb bhc wns nvnfmnkmc `brus( Fhstcni wc wcrc lfvch n WEP wftj n tjcntcr knedlrbuhi( F jbhcstmy `ccm

ifslustci wftj jcr pcr`bronhec( Yjc WEP wns vcry ybuhl nhi sjc mnedci

cxpcrfchec( Ujc jnrimy lbt nmbhl wftj tjc btjcr tcnejcrs( F netunmmy jni tb `ndcoy rcpbrt bh jcr- onykc bur cxpcetntfbhs wcrc sfopmy tbb jflj( F jni n prcvfbus

cxpcrfchec wftj n WEP wjch F wbrdci fh nhbtjcr sejbbm( Yjnt WEP wns vcry

netfvc fh tjc eboouhfty nhi chvfrbhochtnm prbacets( Yjc WEP tjch nhi tjc WEPhbw wcrc ebopmctcmy if``crcht( Bur WEP cvch dccps tnmdfhl nkbut jcr kby`rfchi

fh tjc wbrdpmnec(

Nmtjbulj obst b` tjc prbacet pnrtfefpnhts- cspcefnmmy tjc stuichts- rcpbrtci tjnt tjc tjcntcrprbacets lrcntmy fhercnsci tjc stuichts Chlmfsj enpnefty nhi scm`/wbrtj- bhc stndcjbmicr

ifi hbt tjfhd tjc Pbmuhtccrs occt tjcfr hccis- eftfhl tjcfr mned b` cxpcrfchec fh tjc

emnssrbbo ns tjc knrrfcr tb tjc prbacets sueecss(

Yjc btjcr rcnsbhs `br stndcjbmicr ifssntfs`netfbh wcrc obbiy Pbmuhtccrs wjb ebumi

hbt ninpt tb tjc @fmfpfhb cxpcetntfbhs b` sbefnm rcmntfbhs nhi Pbmuhtccrs wjb ifi hbt ircss


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npprbprfntcmy tb wbrd fh n sejbbm br wjb ifi hbt kntjc bh n rclumnr knsfs( Ucvcrnm

ebuhtcrpnrts nhi kchc`fefnrfcs nmsb icserfkc Pbmuhtccrs wjb ifi hbt kntjc rclumnrmy- wbrc

sjbrts tb wbrd- br ifi hbt frbh tjcfr embtjcs(

Icsfrc tb \brd wftj Wcnec Ebrps Nlnfh

Nhbtjcr ocnsurc b` sntfs`netfbh fs wjctjcr ebuhtcrpnrts- kchc`fefnrfcsnhi stuichts

wbumi wnht tb wbrd wftj nhbtjcr Pbmuhtccr( Nobhl ebuhtcrpnrts- 60 pcrecht stntci tjcy

ic`fhftcmy wnhtci nhbtjcr Pbmuhtccr nhi 65 pcrecht b`kchc`fefnrfcs rcpbrtci tjnt tjcywbumi wnht tb wbrd wftj nhbtjcr Pbmuhtccr *@flurc ;


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Yjc `bmmbwfhl nhnmysfs sjbumi kc uhicrstbbi fh tjc ebhtcxt b` tjc rc`bros uhicrtndch ky

tjc IcpCi fh ;77;( Yjc KCYN Wrbacet spcef`fenmmy scts but tb neebopmfsj lbnms rcmntci tb

tjc rcvftnmfzntfbh nhi rc`bros fhstftutci ky tjc IcpCi uhicr tjc SKI eurrfeumuo(Uejbbms hbt pnrtfefpntfhl fh tjc KCYN Wrbacet- jbwcvcr- stfmm jni tb ninpt tb tjc hcw

eurrfeumuo nhi rcecfvci trnfhfhl `rbo btjcr sburecs fh tjc hcw fhtcrnetfvc octjbis( Ns n

rcsumt- tjc ebopnrfsbh `beuscs bh tjc nkfmfty b` tjc Pbmuhtccrs tb hbt bhmy `nefmftntcejnhlc- kut tb neecmcrntc tjnt ejnhlc(

Ebopnrfsbh Lrbup1 Kchc`fefnry

@f`ty fhifvfiunms wcrc fhtcrvfcwci ns ebopnrfsbh lrbup kchc`fefnrfcs1

Ycnejcrs *


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@flurc ;:1 Ebopnrfsbh b` [cspbhicht Knedlrbuhis

Ebopnrfsbh lrbup h?374 wbrdci wftj WEP h?;3

@flurc ;61 Ebopnrfsbh b` Yrnfhfhl [cecfvci

Ebhtrbm lrbup h?374 wbrd wftj WEP h?33

Ebopnrfsbh b` Chlmfsj Wrblrno Ejnrnetcrfstfes

\jch nsdci tb icserfkc tjcfr Chlmfsj prblrno- 57 pcrecht b` ebopnrfsbh kchc`fefnrfcs

*>3 pcbpmc& icserfkci prblrnos tjnt ifi hbt usc fhtcrnetfvc octjbis- jni tcnejcrs wjbwcrc hbt qunmf`fci- br ifi hbt jnvc nh Chlmfsj prblrno( Nhbtjcr ;: pcrecht stntci tjcy

wcrc usfhl tjc rcvfsci hntfbhnm SKI eurrfeumuo- kut tjcfr icserfptfbhs sjbwci n wfic

ifvcrsfty b` fopmcochtntfbh mcvcms( Onhy rcspbhichts stntci stuichts stuifci Chlmfsj `brbhmy bhc jbur n iny wjfmc n `cw icserfkci n icifentci Chlmfsj prblrno(


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0;

\ftjfh tjcsc twb lrbups b` rcspbhichts- obst hbtci tjnt stuichts b`tch ifi hbt nttchi

tjcsc emnsscs br ifi hbt wbrd vcry jnri- nhi tjbsc usfhl tjc SKI eurrfeumuo rconrdcitjcy ifi hbt jnvc tjc rcsburecs tb fopmcocht tjc eurrfeumuo( N sonmmcr pbrtfbh- ;7

pcrecht icserfkci fhtcrnetfvc Chlmfsj prblrnos wftj irnon- ejbfrs- emuks- nhi btjcr n`tcr

sejbbm netfvftfcs- ns wcmm ns pccr tutbrfhl- rcsburec echtcrs- pbctry ebhtcsts- nhi Chlmfsj`cstfvnms( Yjcsc rcspbhichts jnvc ercntci wcmm/icvcmbpci- stuicht/echtcrci Chlmfsjprblrnos(

Chlmfsj prblrnos fh tjc ebopnrfsbh lrbup sjbw tjnt obst jnvc kcch smbw tb nibpt tjcSKI eurrfeumuo nhi onhy prblrnos nrc hbt `uhetfbhfhl( Fh ebopnrfsbh- stuichts nhi

tcnejcrs fh tjc KCYN Wrbacet rcpbrt emnsscs tjnt nrc fhtcrnetfvc- fhemuic irnon- pccr

tutbrfhl nhi n`tcr sejbbm netfvftfcs( Obrc fopbrtnhtmy- stuichts wjb wbrdci wftj n

Pbmuhtccr rcpbrtci tjnt tjcy nrc obrc obtfvntci tb nttchi emnss nhi stuiy jnri- nhi onhyrcpbrtci usfhl tjcfr Chlmfsj sdfmms fh ebmmclc br nt wbrd(

Ebopnrfsbh b` Ejnhlcs fh Uejbbms nhi Chlmfsj WrblrnosEbopnrfsbh lrbup kchc`fefnrfcs wcrc nsdci tb rc`mcet bh ejnhlcs fh tjcfr sejbbms bvcr tjc

mnst `fvc ycnrs nhi tb icserfkc tjcsc ejnhlcs( Yjc 37 kchc`fefnrfcs prbvfici >; pcrecht icserfkfhl hcw emnssrbbos- lyos- rcstrbbos- wntcr tnhds nhi neecss tbemcnh wntcr- foprbvci mnhisenpfhl nhi hcw mfkrnrfcs( Foprbvci stuicht pcr`bronhec wns

tjc scebhi obst `rcqucht rcspbhsc *>;#& nhi rcspbhichts ebhsfstchtmy hnoci tjfs ns n mnrlc

ejnhlc `br tjcfr sejbbm(;3

Yjcy b`tch icserfkci jbw tjfs ejnhlc n``cetci stuichts nhi

stuicht/tcnejcr rcmntfbhs1

Kc`brc tjc Chlmfsj tcnejcrs jcrc- tjcy nrc sb scrfbus( Yjcy nrc tjc bhcs wjb ib

tjc tnmdfhl nhi cvcrytjfhl( Hbw- fts obrc stuicht echtcrci(

Ywb rcspbhscs wcrc cnej ochtfbhci ky >># b` tjc rcspbhichts1 fhercnsci neecss tb

emnssrbbo rcsburecs nhi foprbvci tcnejcr pcr`bronhec( [cspbhichts obst b`tch

icserfkci hcw kbbds nhi eboputcrs ns foprbvci emnssrbbo rcsburecs( Cxpmnhntfbhs b`foprbvci tcnejcr pcr`bronhec rnhlci `rbo mcss nkschtccfso tb obrc qunmf`fci tcnejcrs(

Bhmy n `cw b` tjcsc rcspbhichts hbtci tcnejcrs jni fhercnsci tjcfr ebopctchec nhi

ebh`fichec fh spcndfhl Chlmfsj(

Fh ebopnrfsbh- Wcnec Ebrps Pbmuhtccrs lchcrnmmy ib hbt chlnlc fh pjysfenm ebhstruetfbh

b` kufmifhls- kut ifi suppbrt tjcfr nssflhci sejbbms tjrbulj foprbvcochts tb mfkrnrfcs nhi

prbacet pnrtfefpnhts `rcquchtmy eftci tjfs ns n onabr ejnhlc( Wcnec Ebrps Pbmuhtccrs ifi

wbrd ifrcetmy bh tjc rconfhfhl ejnhlcs icserfkci ky tjc ebopnrfsbh lrbup1 foprbvcistuicht pcr`bronhec- fhtcrnetfvc tcnejfhl octjbis- nhi fhercnsci neecss tb tcnejfhl

;3 Ebopnrfsbh lrbup kchc`fefnrfcs wcrc nmsb nsdci tb nsscss jbw kfl tjc ejnhlc wns `br tjc sejbbm(

Jbwcvcr- tjcfr rcspbhscs bh tjc sfzc b` tjc ejnhlc ifi hbt sjbw nhy pnttcrh rcmntci tb tjc typcs b` ejnhlcs

icserfkci- cxecpt `br tjfs rcspbhsc(


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rcsburecs( Fh nmm enscs- jfljcr pcrechtnlcs b` prbacet pnrtfefpnhts rcpbrtci foprbvcochts

fh tjcsc nrcns( @urtjcrobrc- Pbmuhtccrs foprbvci tjc ebopctchec nhi ebh`fichec b`

tcnejcrs fh spcnd

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