peace in indian context

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Peace in Indian Context Gandhian Philosophy of Peace and Non- Violence - Techniques of Non-Violence Resistance - India a Peace-Loving Country: Policy of Panch Sheel and Non-Alignment By M.VIJAYALAKSHMI Assistant Professor

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Page 1: Peace in Indian Context

Peace in Indian Context

Gandhian Philosophy of Peace and Non-Violence - Techniques of Non-Violence

Resistance - India a Peace-Loving Country: Policy of Panch Sheel and Non-Alignment

By

M.VIJAYALAKSHMI

Assistant Professor

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Objectives

At the end of the course the student teacher will

1. Understand the concept of peace education.

2. Understand the dynamics of transformation of violence into Peace.

3. Understand the nature of conflicts and their resolution.

4. Imbibe the knowledge, attitudes and skills needed to achieve and sustain a global culture of peace.

5. Adopt peace education in the curriculum.

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Unit – 5: Peace in Indian Context

5.1 Peace in Ancient Indian Literature –Thirukkural

5.2 Emperor Asoka’s Kalinga War, Conversion

5.3 Propagation of Peace - Jainism and Buddhism

5.4 Gandhian Philosophy of Peace and Non-Violence - Techniques of Non-Violence Resistance - India a Peace-Loving Country: Policy of Panch Sheel and Non-Alignment

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Unit – 5: Peace in Indian Context

5.4 Gandhian Philosophy of Peace and Non-Violence - Techniques of Non-Violence Resistance - India a

Peace-Loving Country: Policy of PanchSheel and Non-Alignment

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Gandhian Philosophy of Peace and

Non-Violence

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• “It’s the action, not the fruit of the action, that’s important. You have to do the right thing... You may never know what results come from your action. But if you do nothing, there will be no result”

- Mahatma Gandhi

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Gandhian Concept of Peace

• Gandhian principles and the promotion of peace education through Gandhian studies are part of the fundamental architecture of many Indian educational Initiatives, as well as those in a variety of other countries.

• By nonviolent action, Gandhi meant peaceful, constructive mass action.

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• It is true that Gandhi did not write on peace education in any specific way, but his whole philosophy and life have been, of course, important in peace studies and peace education not only for India but for other nations of the world as well (Prasad 1998).

• Gandhi’s concept of peace and non-violence is integrally related to his world view.

• Gandhiji evolved his world view from a concept of “self” and human nature.

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• Acknowledging the inherent goodness of human beings, Gandhi emphasized the capacity of all human beings to develop their full potential of non-violence.

• He believed that all human beings are part of divine and they are interdependent and interrelated. Gandhiji’s concept of peace is also a board one.

• For him peace emerged from a way of life.

• Therefore peace is intimately linked up with Justice, development and environment.

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Gandhiji’s contributions to peace movement

• Gandhiji’s view on peace emphasizes positive concepts of peace, the power of nonviolence, the discovery of one’s own and other’s truths, empathy, forgiveness and community, and proactive peacemaking.

• The most fundamental principle and Gandhiji’sphilosophy of peace is “Ahimsa” or nonviolence which is the law of love, life and creation as opposed to violence, the cause of hatred, death and destruction.

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• According to him the Universal Human value of Ahimsa ought to be cultivated not merely at a personal level, but at social, national and international levels for avoiding personal, social, national and international conflicts.

• Gandhi observed “Fasting unto death” is the last step to oppose injustice.

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• Gandhi’s approach is ethical, as he believes that moral degeneration is the root cause of all evils including conflicts.

• Mahatma Gandhi lived, worked, fought and died for peace, equality and respect for all human beings, tolerance and respect for all religious faith and ethnic groups and settlement of difference.

• Nonviolence, as practiced by Gandhi, is a weapon not of the weak, but of the strong and fearless.

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Role of Academics

• It is very shocking to note that no serious and sustained consideration is given to human search for peace or peace studies in academic institutions and syllabi, while ours is a world of nuclear giants and moral infants.

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• Each and every citizen of the world must be educated to escape conflict, as ultimately the person himself is the insurmountable barrier in conflict resolution. Every educated person should be made aware of the fact that issues relating to peaceful co-existence basically belong to each citizen.

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• The foregoing outlines of Gandhi’s philosophy of peace endorses the j truism that Gandhi is one of the very relevant precursors of conflict-resolution movement with his comprehensible philosophy of peace based on the psychology of human nature, awareness of social realities and knowledge of economic and political systems and situations.

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• If conflict is not properly handled, it may lead to large-scale war, threatening the very existence of human survival. At times, the cooperative behaviour of a particular society or community may affect the peaceful life of others in the society. For example, the extreme form of nationalism of a particular country affects its relations with its neighbouring countries.

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• In the same way, the conflicting behaviour of a given society may develop group cohesiveness and strong identity, (e.g. at the time of war and emergency, people show national solidarity).

• Thus dealing with conflict requires enormous potentiality, skills, strategies etc.

• Normative forms and natural way (leaving it to its natural course of its end) of dealing with conflicts very often prove stereotypic, uncreative and less effective.

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• Since the causes for conflicts are multiple due to changing situations, the methods to deal with and respond to conflict cannot remain single and one dimensional.

• Albert Einstein said, “The significant problems we face today cannot be solved at the same level of thinking we were at when we created them.”

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• Thus we require multiple and more creative approaches to respond to conflict.

• This will not happen through repetitive way of using the normative techniques of conflict resolution.

• What is required is an in depth study on various dimensions and dynamics of conflicts and more effective and creative ways of coping with them.

• This necessitates the need for education on conflict resolution.

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• To bridge the gap between knowledge and action in conflict resolution, intensive training and wider exposure in this field becomes necessary.

• In order to improve human conditions at the micro and macro levels, education, research and training in conflict studies that is now phrased, as ‘Conflictology’ is needed.

• This comes very much under the purview of the academic field.

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Gandhi and Ahimsa

• Gandhi asserts that besides individual endeavour corporate, actions are also needed.

• The most fundamental principle of his philosophy of peace is “Ahimsa” or nonviolence which is the law of love, life and creation as opposed to violence, the cause of hatred, death and destruction.

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• According to Gandhi the universal human value of Ahimsa ought to be cultivated not merely at a personal level, but at social, national and international levels too if we wish to avoid personal, social, national and international conflicts.

• It is a very powerful means to avoid conflict, since it springs from an inner realization of the equality of all human beings.

• It is absence of intention of injuring, harming, disturbing and agonizing opponents. It is goodwill towards all human beings.

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• Nonviolence at interpersonal and international levels can be defined as altruistic approach.

• As a peaceful technique to resist injustice, it includes a concrete programme and leads to self-suffering and sacrifice.

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• For Gandhi “Fasting unto death” is the last step to oppose injustice, Gandhi’s approach is ethical, as he believes that moral degeneration is the root cause of all evils including conflicts.

• So he recommends acquisition of moral values such as truthfulness, nonviolence or love, self-control, forgiveness, non-enmity or friendliness, compassion, mercy etc.

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• In fact values are the best equipments discovered by human beings to escape various types of conflicts.

• Peace studies also show that the root of all problems invariably lies in the infringement of values — moral, religious, spiritual, economic and political and moral principles.

• Gandhi proposed and adopted “Satyagraha” as a moral equivalent to war and conflict.

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• In education along with spreading ideas of universal love and tolerance and importance of maintenance of peace for sustaining human development, there should be sufficient provision to make students conscious about denouncing extreme inequality in distribution of wealth.

• A mindset will be prepared that will help in developing a society where equitable distribution of wealth will be given due emphasis.

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• Proper concept of human welfare should be cultivated through education.

• A humanistic education covering various aspects responsible for creating social discontents giving rise to conflicts and emphasizing on maintaining peace in resolution of conflicts, will create a society worth living as Gandhi envisioned and worked for.

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• Mahatma Gandhi lived, worked, fought and died for peace, equality and respect for all human beings, tolerance and respect for all religious faiths and ethnic groups and settlement of differences.

• Nonviolence, as practiced by Gandhi, is a weapon not of the weak, but of the strong and fearless. It does not consist merely of abstention from physical injury, but demands a discipline of not even thinking of hurting others.

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• The mindset of people has to be made more pro-nonviolence and strong peace movements need to be created in all countries.

• The peace movement has struggled for many years to achieve world peace.

• The movement is aiming at ending violence and wars in a variety of different situations through a variety of methods.

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• Typically the peace movement advocates nonviolent means to achieve their goals.

• Through the small efforts of all of these groups it is possible to achieve world peace.

• When there is an end to all of the small instances of violence and injustice in the world, we will be closer to the goal of the peace movement.

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Techniques of Non-Violence Resistance

• In the contemporary world we are witnessing various conflicts around us.

• Non-violence has proved to be the most potent weapon to resolve them.

• Though, violence has been resorted on many occasions, it only leads to more violence.

• Violence is thus, abhorred by all and there is an urgent need to promote the principles of Nonviolence.

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• Conflict is actual or perceived disagreement over some issue. It has the potential to assume bigger proportions.

• Conflict could be social, religious, regional, national or international.

• Conflicts could be resolved in many ways.

• Violence is the most easy way to solve the conflict.

• However, Gandhiji remarked – “an eye for an eye will only make the whole world blind.”

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• Non-violence is not a new term, it has already been used many times to resolve conflicts the most famous and successful examples are the movement led by Gandhijiin both South Africa and India, Martin Luther king Jr. in USA and Nelson Mandel in South Africa.

• Non-violence has the potential to solve all kind of conflicts peacefully.

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• May it be racial, casteist, class-oriented, regional, national or religious.

• As Martin Luther king Jr. once said, “At the centre of non-violence is the principle of love.”

• Non-violence, thus, not only resolves the conflict, but, produce love. It is thus, definitely superior to violence.

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• The world today has lost the message of non-violence enunciated by great people and as a result we witness mindless violence with a fear creeping in our mind and paralysing us all the time, there is an urgent need to promote the principle of non-violence to stop ourselves treading the path of self-destruction.

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• Over periods of time with various movements (Indian Freedom struggle, Civil Rights movement in USA etc.), certain principles of Non-violence have emerged.

• These include peaceful resistance, spirituality, principle of love, worth of human being, compassion towards all, even adversary.

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• Specific Gandhian principle include Ahimsa, Truthfulness, Absorbing suffering, Respecting others, Understanding reasons of conflict, appreciating differences and compassion for all.

• According to him, “The only devils in the world are those running around in our own hearts that is where the battle should be fought,”

• His version involved the battle within first and foremost.

• His method showed remarkable results both in South Africa and India.

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• The most important struggles were Champaran and Kheda-Satyagraha, Non-cooperation movement, Salt-Satyagraha, and Quit India movement.

• Through his principle of Nonviolence he could fight successfully against untouchability.

• He showed to the world that conflicts could be resolved peacefully through non-violent means.

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• Eventually, British had to abandon their pursuit of colonalisation.

• The non-violent technique was superior and most acceptable. It continues to be so today.

• This is a reason why we still enjoy good relations with England even after centuries of subjugation.

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• The Martin Luther King Jr’s principle of non-violence were similar to that of Gandhiji and included defeat injustice, not people, suffering for a cause, win friendship and understanding an so on.

• These principles were also shared by Nelson Mandela in his non-violent and peaceful struggle in South Africa against Apartheid.

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• The promotion of principles of non-violence requires some pre-cursor.

• The most important pre-requisite is TOLERANCE and rejection of hatred.

• As Gandhiji said “Hate the evil not the evil doer.”

• Tolerance is the virtue of most powerful, it is strength not weakness.

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• Without tolerance, there cannot be promotion of non-violence.

• We must remember that as a result of absence of tolerance and ability to suffer, Gandhiji had to suspend Non-Cooperation

• The agencies to promote principle of non-violence include school, family, society, work place and media.

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• Love and compassion are few other important ingredients of non-violence.

• One should continue to love his adversary in all circumstances.

• Love and compassion was the reason for Angulimal [the heinous bandit who used to kill people for their fingers] to leave violence under the influence of Lord Buddha.

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• Family is the place where the initial training of a child starts. Thus, families should be motivated to display strong-values of nonviolence.

• School is the first formal agency to mould the covert and overt behavior of a child.

• It is here that a child comes under the influence of many agencies an agent under one umbrella.

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• Thus, it becomes one of the most important agencies to promote the principles of non-violence.

• Media of all types has one of the most important role in promotion and establishing the principle of non-violence in conflict resolution.

• Media propagates the message and values directly.

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• It creates big impact among people.

• With the availability of audio-visual, audio media with print media, the importance of media has grown many-fold.

• Moreover, media assists indirectly also by publishing and displaying the stories of success of non-violent movement and about the life of leaders.

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• Non-violent act produces sympathy, love and a feeling of guilt in the heart of the person in question (perpetrator of violence or tyrants). This helps in softening on his part resulting in help to resolve conflict.

• Non-violence resolves the conflict in an integrated manner.

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• It helps in taking the best route to resolve conflict.

• It provides the way for discussion, negotiation, compromise and integration of the final goal.

• We had enough of violence and bloodshed. Now we must make the way for world peace through the principles of non-violence and role of national and international organizations is vital in this regard.

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• United Nations Organization should coordinate and inspire the nations to evolve the universally acceptable principle of non-violence for conflict resolution.

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India a Peace-Loving Country

• India is a peace loving nation.

• It achieved independence from centuries old British colonial rule through peaceful nonviolent movements.

• India has a long tradition of peace and apathy towards war of any kind.

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• Ashoka the Great renounced the use of weapon and abandoned the principles of war.

• This is one of the earliest examples of disarmament.

• Till the arrival of the Europeans in India, the longs had fought wars and battles.

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• But these battles did not affect the lives and properties of the common citizens.

• Pursuing the tradition of peace, India at the very dawn of its Independence declared peace as the cornerstone of its policies.

• In 1954 India took the initiative to ban the nuclear tests.

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• India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru proposed at the U.N. a standstill agreement in respect of the atomic tests.

• He knew that the total destruction of the existing weapons was not possible; so he wanted to stop the tests so that there might not be further escalation of nuclear weapons.

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• Many countries of the world supported the view, but the big powers hardly paid any heed to the proposal.

• However, the proposal set the ball of disarmament in motion and countries in the UN became vocal in support of peace and disarmament.

• Consequently from early 1960s new initiatives towards the direction of disarmament started.

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• Though the armaments are the cause of tension and war, the nationstates are reluctant to disband the arms.

• Both from political and economic points of view, the states are compelled to pile up the stock of arms.

• Consequently, disarmament proposals are being neutralized.

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• The efforts for reduction of arms to ensure peace in the world during the inter-war period and during the Cold War years have failed to check the stockpiling and inventions of more sophisticated and deadly weapons.

• India though the initiator of the disarmament movement, has refused to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, etc., because 0f their discriminatory character as these treaties will not deter the weapon states to sharpen and improve their technology.

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• Because they have reached a stage, now they can further improve their technology' through computer and other indoor tests which have not been banned.

• They are also not willing to destroy the existing weapons within a time frame.

• These treaties, therefore are not in a position to eliminate the nuclear weapons leading to general and complete disarmament.

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• CND campaigns nonviolently to rid the world of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction to create genuine security for future generations.

• CND opposes ail nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, their development, manufacture, testing, deployment and use or threatened use by any country.

• Hence CND is actively involved in world peace.

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Panchsheel

• Panchsheel was born fifty years ago in response to a world asking for a new set of principles for the conduct of international relations that would reflect the aspirations of all nations to co-exist and prosper together in peace and harmony.

• Fifty years later, on the golden anniversary of Panchsheel, the chord that was struck in 1954 still rings pure and true in a world yet seeking the lodestar that will guide it into the harbour of peaceful co-existence.

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• Panchsheel, or the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence, were first formally enunciated in the Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet region of China and India signed on April 29, 1954, which stated, in its preamble, that the two Governments “have resolved to enter into the present Agreement based on the following principles: -

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i. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty,

ii. Mutual non-aggression,

iii.Mutual non-interference,

iv.Equality and mutual benefit, and

v. Peaceful co-existence.

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• An underlying assumption of the Five Principles was that newly independent states after decolonization would be able to develop a new and more principled approach to international relations.

• The principles were emphasized by the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, in a broadcast speech made at the time of the Asian Prime Ministers Conference in Colombo, Sri Lanka just a few days after the signing of the Sino-Indian treaty in Beijing.

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• Nehru went so far as to say: "If these principles were recognized in the mutual relations of all countries, then indeed there would hardly be any conflict and certainly no war."

• The five principles were subsequently incorporated in modified form in a statement of ten principles issued in April 1955 at the historic Asian-African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia, which did more than any other meeting to form the idea that post-colonial states had something special to offer the world.

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• It has been suggested that the five principles had partly originated as the five principles of the Indonesian state.

• In June 1945 Sukarno, the Indonesian nationalist leader, had proclaimed five general principles, or pancasila, on which future institutions were to be founded. Indonesia became independent in 1949.

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• The Five Principles as they had been adopted in Colombo and elsewhere formed the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement, established in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961.

• The history of the first major enunciation of the Five Principles is not wholly encouraging.

• China has often emphasized its close association with the Five Principles.

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• It had put them forward, as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, at the start of negotiations that took place in Delhi from December 1953 to April 1954 between the Delegation of the PRC Government and the Delegation of the Indian Government on the relations between the two countries with respect to the disputed territories of Aksai Chin and what China calls South Tibet and India Arunachal Pradesh.

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• The 29 April 1954 agreement mentioned above was set to last for eight years.

• When it lapsed, relations were already souring, the provision for renewal of the agreement was not taken up, and the Sino-Indian War broke out between the two sides.

• However, in the 1970s, the Five Principles again came to be seen as important in Sino-Indian relations, and more generally as norms of relations between states.

• They have become widely recognized and accepted throughout the region.

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Non-Aligned Movement

• The term ‘non-alignment’ is used to describe the foreign policies of those states that refused to align with either of the two blocs led by the two Superpowers i.e. the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., and instead, opted to pursue an independent course of action in International politics.

• The Non-Aligned Movement (N.A.M.) emerged when individual non-aligned states came together and coordinated their efforts on a common platform.

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• It changed the nature of inter-state relations by enabling the newly independent developing countries to play a significant role in world affairs.

• 'Non- alignment means the refusal of states to take sides with one or the other of the two principal opposed groups of powers such as existed at the time of the Cold War.

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• Non-alignmen t can be defined as not entering into military alliances with any country, either of the Western bloc led by the U.S. or the communist bloc led by the U.S.S.R.

• It is an assertion of independence in foreign policy.

• Non-aligned nations' continuously opposed the politics of Cold War confrontations.

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• Non-alignment emerged in the context of two global developments:

• the national liberation struggles of colonies and the Cold War between the U.S. and

• the U.S.S.R. leading to two military blocs and alliances

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• There is a debate about the relevance of non-alignment in a world without Cold War or bipolarism.

• But while the context of Cold War may have changed, the world remains divided into the rich and the poor nations.

• The developing countries which constitute three-fourth of the world’s population remain only on the periphery of the international system.

• The policy of non-aligned will remain valid until the system operates on the basis of genuine equality and reciprocity.

• There is an urgent need to reactivate the Non-Aligned Movement in order to work concertedly for a more egalitarian world order.

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Objectives of Non-Aligned Movement

• To promote and reinforce multilateralism and, in this regard, strengthen the central' role that the United Nations must play.

• To serve as a forum of political coordination of the developing countries to promote and defend their common interests in the system of international relations.

• To promote unity, solidarity and cooperation between developing ' countries’ based on shared values and priorities agreed upon by consensus.

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• To defend international peace and security) and settle all international disputes by peaceful means in accordance with the principles and the purposes of the UN Charter and International Law.

• To encourage relations of friendship and cooperation between all nations based on the principles of International Law, particularly those enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations

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• To promote and encourage sustainable development through international cooperation and, to that end, jointly coordinate the implementation of political strategies which strengthen and ensure the full participation of all countries, rich and poor, in the international economic relations, under equal conditions and opportunities but with differentiated responsibilities.

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• To encourage the respect, enjoyment and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all on the basis of the principles of universality, objectivity, impartiality and non-selectivity, avoiding politicization of human rights issues, thus ensuring that all human rights of individuals and peoples, including the right to development, are promoted and protected in a balanced manner.

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• To promote peaceful coexistence between nations regardless of their political, social or economic systems.

• To coordinate actions and strategies in order to confront jointly the threats to international peace and security, including the threats of use of force and the acts of aggression, colonialism and foreign occupation, and other breaches of peace caused by any country or group of countries.

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• To promote international cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to facilitate access to nuclear technology, equipment and material for peaceful purposes required by developing countries.

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• To respond to the challenges and to fake advantage of the opportunities arising from globalization and interdependence with creativity and a sense of identity in order to ensure its benefits to all countries, particularly those most affected by underdevelopment and poverty, with a view to gradually reducing the abysmal gap between the developed and developing countries.

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Principles of Non-Aligned Movement

• Respect for the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and International Law.

• Respect for sovereignty, sovereign equality and territorial integrity of all States.

• Recognition of the equality of all races, religions, cultures and all nations, both big and small.

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• Promotion of a dialogue among peoples, civilizations, cultures and religions based on the respect of religions, their symbols and values, the promotion and the consolidation of tolerance and freedom of belief.

• Respect for and promotion of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, including the effective implementation of the right of peoples to peace and development.

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• Respect for the equality of rights of States, including the inalienable right of each State to determine freely its political, social, economic and cultural system, without any kind of interference whatsoever from any other State.

• Non-interference in the internal affairs of States. No State or group of States has the right to intervene either directly or indirectly whatever the motive, in the internal affairs of any other State.

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• Rejection of unconstitutional change of governments.

• Total rejection of aggression as a dangerous and serious breach of International Law, which entails international responsibility for the aggressor.

• Respect for the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.

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• Rejection of and opposition to terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes, as it constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security. In this context, terrorism should not be equated with the legitimate struggle of peoples under colonial or alien domination and foreign occupation for self-determination and national liberation.

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• Defense and consolidation of democracy, reaffirming that democracy is a universal value based on the freely expressed will of people to determine their own political, economic, social, and cultural systems and their full participation in all aspects of their life.

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• Promotion and defense of multilateralism and multilateral organizations as the appropriate frameworks to resolve, through dialogue and cooperation, the problems affecting humankind.

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• Support to efforts by countries suffering internal conflicts to achieve peace, justice, equality and development.

• Peaceful settlement of all international conflicts in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.

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Goals and Achievements of the Non-Aligned Movement

• NAM made a significant contribution to the preservation of peace and disarmament Its espousal of peace, of peaceful co-existence and of human brotherhood, opposition to wars of any kind contributed to the lowering of Cold War tensions and expanded areas of peace in the world with fewer states joining military blocs.

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• It also continuously strove for disarmament and for an end to the arms race stating that universal peace and security can be assumed only by general and complete disarmament, under effective international control.

• It is no longer possible to ignore this platform. Thus we see that non- alignment has facilitated third world’s participation in world politics and in the process has democratized the international relations.

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• It actively involves in restructuring of the international economic and monetary systems on the basis of equality, non-discrimination and cooperation.

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• Non-aligned Movement’s struggle for economic justice has demonstrated how realistic it is to divide the world between the North and the South rather than between the East and the West It has proved that what concerns the majority of humanity is not the choice between capitalism and communism but a choice between poverty and prosperity.

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• Non-alignment has also succeeded in legitimizing the interventionist trade policy that the developing countries want to pursue. It has successfully turned world attention to the problem created by the role as played by multinationals, especially in the context of transfer of technology.

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Sources are taken from

• Slidesharenet.com

•Web sources