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Peace Operations

The Regionalization of Peace Operations

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Content

1) Conceptual challenge and Political issue

2) Legal aspects

3) Historical evolution

4) Advantage et inconvenient

5) Inventory

6) New trend: interinstitutional cooperation

7) Conclusion

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1. Conceptual challenge and political issue

1.1. Various meanings (positive)

• Increasing RO involvement in Peace Operations

• Selective commitment of Big Powers

• Regional contributing countries

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1. Conceptual challenge and political issue (2)

1.2. Various meanings (Negative)

• Fading out of UN role

• Lack of interest of Western powers for “out-of-area” conflicts

• Withdrawal of Western powers from selected areas

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2. Legal aspects

UN Charter : Chapter VIII

• Art.52 §1 : « do not prevent » if « compatible »

• §2 et 3 : implicit subsidiarity principle (Chapter VI)

• Art.53 : SC monopole for coercive action (Chapter VII)

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3. Historical evolution

3.1. An agenda for peace (1992)

• Increasing role of RO

• Pragmatic approach

• Method: subordination

• UN AG Resolution (1993)

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3. Historical evolution (2)

3.2. Supplement to An Agenda for Peace

4 methods of cooperation:

• Consultation

• Diplomatic support

• Task sharing

• Joint operation

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3. Historical evolution (3)

4 principles:

• UN-RO consultation mechanisms

• United Nations primacy

• Clear tasks sharing

• Consistency of member states action

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3. Historical Evolution (4)

3.3. Brahimi Report (2000)

• « Encourage UN-RO cooperation»

• Disparity of RO capacities

• Training and support to RO

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3. Historical Evolution (4)

3.4. Recent trends

• SC Presidential Statement

• Increasing number of actors

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4. Advantages and Inconvenient

4.1. Advantages

• Proximity

• Rapidity

• Involvement and commitment

• Higher consensus probability

• Parties consent

• Non involvement of external powers

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4. Advantages and inconvenient

4.2. Inconvenient

• Neutrality more difficult

• Agenda of regional powers

• Capacity

• Legitimacy

• External influence

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4. Advantages and inconvenient

4.3. Underlying political debate

• Central role of Security Council

• Western troops under Blue Helmet?

• Enhancement of regional peacekeeping capacities

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5. Inventory

5.1. Organization of American States

• RO recognized by UN

• Non military contributions in the 90s (Salvador, Haiti)

• No planning capacity for military operations

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5. Inventory (2)

5.2. ASEAN

• More a forum than an OR

• Preference for UN action (Cambodia)

• Ad hoc coalition (Eastern Timor)

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5. Inventory (3)

5.3. European Union

• Headline Goal (Helsinki 1999) : 60 000 soldiers

• 13 « Battlegroups »

• Shortfalls : strategic tpt., comm., intelligence

• UE staff but no planning capacity

« Berlin plus »

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5. Inventory (4)

5.4. OSCE

Support to peace operations (niche between EU and NATO) :

• Reform of security sector

• Election Process

• Human rights monitoring

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5. Inventory (5)

5.5. African Union

• Peace and Security Council

• Stand-by African Forces (FAA)

• 1 brigade (5000 h.) in each of the 5 subregions

• 6 scenarios

• RECAMP, ACRI, ACOTA (African Contingency Operations Training

and Assistance program)

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5. Inventory (6)

5.6. NATO

• Military alliance turned to regional security organization

• Structures and efficiency inherited from the Cold War

• Balkans : SFOR, IFOR, KFOR

• Afghanistan : ISAF

• NATO Response Force (NRF) : 17 000 .

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6. New Trend : Interinstitutional Cooperation

- Tasks Sharing (Afgh., Kosovo)

- Sequential Deployment (Chad)

- Joint Operation (« Hybrid »)

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Joint Special Representative

Force Commander

Deputy Joint Representative

Police Commissioner

Deputy Force Commander

Deputy Police Commissioner

Joint Appointments

Force Commander

Deputy Force Commander

Security Council

Peace and Security Council

Secretary General

DPKO

Joint Special Representative

UNAMID

Joint Support Coordination Mechanism

Commission

Peace and Security

Darfur Desk

Security Council

Peace and Security Council

UNSG

DPKO

Joint Special Representative

UNAMIDJoint Support Coordination Mechanism

Commission

Peace and Security

Darfur Desk

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7. Conclusion

• Various meanings of ‘Regionalization’

• Heterogeneity with Western supremacy

• Primacy of UN Security Council?

• Main Powers involvement?

• Risk of proliferation of regional and subregional actors?

Peace and Security Council

Panel of the Wises

Chairman of the AU

Commission

Peace and Security

DepartmentMilitary Staff

African Peace Fund

African Stand-By Forces

ECOWASEconomic

Community of Western African

States

North Africa

CEMACCommunauté

économique et monétaire de

l’Afrique centrale

IGADIntergovernmental

Authority for Development

SADCSouth African Development Community

Peace and Security African Architecture

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